WO2012012644A1 - Carburant émulsionné à trois phases et procédés de préparation et d'utilisation - Google Patents

Carburant émulsionné à trois phases et procédés de préparation et d'utilisation Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2012012644A1
WO2012012644A1 PCT/US2011/044866 US2011044866W WO2012012644A1 WO 2012012644 A1 WO2012012644 A1 WO 2012012644A1 US 2011044866 W US2011044866 W US 2011044866W WO 2012012644 A1 WO2012012644 A1 WO 2012012644A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
emulsion
micro
fuel
phase
air
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2011/044866
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
German V. Avila
Original Assignee
Avila German V
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Avila German V filed Critical Avila German V
Priority to US13/811,040 priority Critical patent/US20130227877A1/en
Publication of WO2012012644A1 publication Critical patent/WO2012012644A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/32—Liquid carbonaceous fuels consisting of coal-oil suspensions or aqueous emulsions or oil emulsions
    • C10L1/328—Oil emulsions containing water or any other hydrophilic phase
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
    • C10L1/1608—Well defined compounds, e.g. hexane, benzene
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/182—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof
    • C10L1/1822—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms
    • C10L1/1826—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms poly-hydroxy
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
    • C10L1/198—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid
    • C10L1/1985—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid polyethers, e.g. di- polygylcols and derivatives; ethers - esters
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
    • C10L1/222—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond
    • C10L1/2222—(cyclo)aliphatic amines; polyamines (no macromolecular substituent 30C); quaternair ammonium compounds; carbamates
    • C10L1/2225—(cyclo)aliphatic amines; polyamines (no macromolecular substituent 30C); quaternair ammonium compounds; carbamates hydroxy containing
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/24—Organic compounds containing sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium
    • C10L1/2431—Organic compounds containing sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium sulfur bond to oxygen, e.g. sulfones, sulfoxides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/24—Organic compounds containing sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium
    • C10L1/2431—Organic compounds containing sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium sulfur bond to oxygen, e.g. sulfones, sulfoxides
    • C10L1/2437—Sulfonic acids; Derivatives thereof, e.g. sulfonamides, sulfosuccinic acid esters

Definitions

  • a micro-emulsion may comprise about 70 to 85% by volume of a hydrocarbon fuel, about 5 to 10 % by volume of air, and about 10 to 25% by volume of an aqueous solution.
  • the aqueous solution may comprise a first emulsifying agent in an amount effective to separate and disperse the hydrocarbon fuel, and a second emulsifying agent in an amount effective to stabilize the micro-emulsion.
  • the aqueous solution may form a continuous phase, the air may form a first dispersed phase and the hydrocarbon fuel may form a second dispersed phase.
  • the hydrocarbon fuel may be selected from the group consisting of heavy petroleum and fuel oil Nos. 4, 5, and 6.
  • the micro- emulsion may comprise about 85% by volume of the hydrocarbon fuel. In other aspects, the micro-emulsion may comprise about 80% by volume of the hydrocarbon fuel. In some nonlimiting aspects, the micro-emulsion may comprise a plurality of droplets each having a size in the range of about 10 to about 100 microns.
  • at least one of the first and second emulsifying agents includes anionic agents, while in other aspects, at least one of the first and second emulsifying agents includes nonionic agents.
  • At least one of the first and second emulsifying agents includes one or more of a detergent, a wetting agent, a dispersing agent, a surfactant, an agent improving lubricity, a mixing aid, and a heat stabilization aid.
  • at least one of the first and second emulsifying agents is present in an amount sufficient to stabilize the micro-emulsion for up to six months at room temperature.
  • the first emulsifying agent may include one or more of monoethanolamine, triethanol ammonium laurylsulphate, ethoxylate propoxylated fatty acid alcohol, coconut fatty betaine, and coconut alkylolamide.
  • the second emulsifying agent includes one or more of D-limonene, 4-nonylphenol ethoxylate, triethanol amine, sulfonic acid, and ethylene glycol.
  • at least some of the first dispersed phase substantially encapsulates at least some of the second dispersed phase.
  • the micro-emulsion may have a viscosity at room temperature of between about 80 and about 200 cSt. In other aspects, the micro-emulsion may have a viscosity at 80° C of less than about 40 cSt.
  • a method of preparing a three-phase micro-emulsion may comprise combining a hydrocarbon fuel and an aqueous solution, agitating the combined hydrocarbon fuel and aqueous solution in the presence of a first emulsifying agent while introducing air at a first flow rate to form an intermediate mixture, and agitating the intermediate mixture in the presence of a second emulsifying agent while introducing air at a second flow rate to form the three-phase micro-emulsion in which the hydrocarbon fuel and air form dispersed phases and the aqueous solution forms a continuous phase.
  • the method may further comprise terminating agitation upon achieving a predetermined viscosity value for the micro-emulsion.
  • the method may further comprise adding at least one of the first and second emulsifying agents in an amount of about 0.4 to about 0.8% by volume of the hydrocarbon fuel.
  • at least one of the first and second emulsifying agents comprises one or more of D-limonene, 4-nonylphenol ethoxylate, Methanol amine, sulfonic acid, and ethylene glycol.
  • At least one of the first and second emulsifying agents comprises one or more of monoethanolamine, Methanol ammonium laurylsulphate, ethoxylate propoxylated fatty acid alcohol, coconut fatty betaine, and coconut alkylolamide.
  • the method may further comprise proportioning the hydrocarbon fuel and the aqueous solution in a ratio between about 70%-30% and about 85%-15%. In other aspects, the method may further comprise proportioning the hydrocarbon fuel and the aqueous solution in a ratio of about 80%-20%. In at least some nonlimiting aspects, agitating comprises pneumatically agitating for between about 1 and 2 hours. In some aspects, the predetermined viscosity value comprises about 80 to 200 cSt at room temperature. In other aspects, the predetermined viscosity value comprises less than about 40 cSt at 80° C. In at least certain aspects, the method may further comprise pumping the micro-emulsion.
  • aspects of embodiments of the present invention may relate to air- water- hydrocarbon three-phase emulsified fuel. Some aspects relate to air-water-hydrocarbon three-phase emulsified fuel prepared by adding water, air, and emulsifier compositions to liquid hydrocarbon fuels, and to methods of preparation and uses of the emulsions.
  • One aspect of an embodiment relates to an air- water-hydrocarbon three-phase emulsified fuel prepared by adding water, air, and emulsifier compositions to liquid hydrocarbon fuels, to the methods of preparation, and to the uses of the said emulsions. More specifically aspects of embodiments relate to a three-phase emulsion fuel prepared by emulsifying heavy hydrocarbons such as bunker fuel oil (numbers 4, 5 and 6) and heavy petroleum, with water or an aqueous solution, air, and emulsifier compositions to be used as an alternative energy fuel that offers the advantages of lower viscosity, higher performance and cleaner burning.
  • heavy hydrocarbons it is understood to include all hydrocarbons with an API less than 16.0.
  • An exemplary fuel is produced in a process plant or directly on a user's premises. It is a three-phase micro-emulsion, which is composed of hydrocarbon-air- water, which is stable and homogenous. Compared to the use of crude oil, refinery residues or fuel oil, emulsion fuels according to aspects of embodiments exhibit lower viscosity, greater efficiency, and fewer emissions.
  • a liquid fuel comprises: a three-phase micro- emulsion including in ratios relative to the whole: about 70 to 85% by volume of a hydrocarbon fuel; about 5 to 10 % by volume of air; and about 10 to 25% by volume of an aqueous solution; in which the aqueous solution forms a continuous phase, the air forms a first dispersed phase and the hydrocarbon fuel forms a second dispersed phase.
  • the hydrocarbon fuel can, in some variations, be selected from the group consisting of heavy petroleum and fuel oil Nos. 4, 5, and 6.
  • the liquid fuel may be about 85% by volume of the hydrocarbon fuel.
  • the liquid fuel may be about 80% by volume of the hydrocarbon fuel.
  • the aqueous solution comprises water and an emulsifier.
  • the emulsifier includes anionic agents or the emulsifier includes nonionic agents.
  • the emulsifier includes one or more of a detergent, a wetting agent, a dispersing agent, a surfactant, an agent improving lubricity, a mixing aid, and a heat stabilization aid.
  • the emulsifier includes a first emulsifying additive in an amount effective in stabilizing said emulsion for up to six months at room temperature.
  • the first emulsifying additive includes one or more of monoethanolamine, triethanol ammonium laurylsulphate, ethoxylate propoxylated fatty acid alcohol, coconut fatty betaine, and coconut alkylolamide; and there may be a second emulsifying additive including one or more of D-limonene, 4-nonylphenol ethoxylate, triethanol amine, sulfonic acid, and ethylene glycol.
  • the micro-emulsion of some embodiments has droplets of the first dispersed phase and the second dispersed phase that are small enough to give the emulsion an appearance of a homogeneous, single, liquid phase.
  • the micro-emulsion of some nonlimiting embodiments has a viscosity at room temperature or ambient temperature (about 15° C to about 27° C) of substantially between 80 - 250 cSt (centistokes), for example, between 150 - 250 cSt.
  • Some nonlimiting embodiments may further have a viscosity at 80° C, of lower than 40 cSt.
  • Still other nonlimiting micro-emulsion embodiments have a viscosity at 50° C of substantially between 40-80 cSt.
  • a method for the preparation of a liquid fuel comprises: combining a hydrocarbon fuel and an aqueous solution;
  • the method may further comprise: terminating the agitating upon the liquid fuel having reached a predetermined low viscosity value to give the emulsion the appearance of a homogenous single liquid phase.
  • the method may yet further comprise: adding the emulsion stabilizing additive in an amount of 0.4 to 0.6% by volume of the liquid fuel.
  • the emulsion stabilizing additive of some methods may be a combination of D-limonene, 4-nonylphenol ethoxylate, triethanol amine, sulfonic acid, and ethylene glycol.
  • the method may even yet further comprise: adding to the aqueous solution a quantity between 0.6 to 0.8% by volume of the liquid fuel of a combination of one or more of monoethanolamine, triethanol ammonium laurylsulphate, ethoxylate
  • propoxylated fatty acid alcohol coconut fatty betaine, and coconut alkylolamide.
  • combining may further comprise: proportioning the hydrocarbon fuel and the aqueous solution in a ratio between 70%-30% and 85%-15%. According to other variations, combining further comprises: proportioning the hydrocarbon fuel and the aqueous solution in a ratio of about 80%-20%. According to some other variations, agitating further comprises: pneumatically agitating for between 1 and 2 hours. According to yet some other variations, the method further comprises: terminating agitating when the liquid fuel has a desired viscosity.
  • the desired viscosity is between 80 - 200 cSt (centistokes) at room temperature or ambient temperature (about 15° C to about 27° C), while according to others, the desired viscosity is between 40 - 80 cSt at 50° C, while according to still others, the desired viscosity is lower than 40 cSt at 80° C.
  • Figure 1 represents the resulting emulsified fuel with a higher combustion efficiency after the viscosity of the heavy hydrocarbon has been lowered.
  • Figure 2 shows the water in the emulsified fuel vaporizing, expanding, and entering the droplet of hydrocarbon and air once the temperature has been raised.
  • Figure 3 shows the water inside the droplet bursting through the hydrocarbon droplet's skin, disintegrating the droplet.
  • Figure 4 represents the increase in the fuel-effective contact area with oxygen.
  • Figure 5 shows the increases in the combustion efficiency.
  • Figure 6 shows a schematic of an emulsification process in accordance with one or more embodiments.
  • a three-phase micro-emulsion fuel has utility in connection to easier handling and transportation, and a cleaner and more efficient combustion of viscous fuels like heavy petroleum and fuel oils Nos. 4, 5, and 6.
  • Such a fuel is useful since it has a significantly lower pour point and viscosity compared to the original fuel, reducing the need for heating before the fuel is pumped.
  • Such a fuel solves long-standing problems of the formulation of fuel emulsions between liquid hydrocarbons and water in the presence of emulsifiers (surfactants) for the purpose of uniformly dispersing the water in the hydrocarbon phase and to stabilize the emulsion.
  • aspects of embodiments include the production of an emulsified fuel by mixing of liquid hydrocarbons with active ingredients to develop a three-phase emulsified fuel comprising liquid hydrocarbons, air and water, the hydrocarbon and the air forming a dispersed phase and the aqueous solution forming a continuous phase.
  • the method for producing a micro-emulsion may be used to lower the viscosity of a product or component stream in a particular process.
  • the micro-emulsion compositions and methods disclosed herein may be used to facilitate pumping of a process stream from a first location to a second location by lowering the viscosity of the process stream.
  • the method for producing a micro-emulsion is a stand-alone process, and in others the method is capable of being inserted into a multi-step process.
  • Exemplary methods and compositions may include, but are not limited to, the production or consumption of fuel, facilitating pumping in pipelines, remediation or cleaning efforts, or treatment of either incoming or waste streams from industry, such as in oil or gas production.
  • the micro-emulsion compositions and methods disclosed here may be used for cleaning purposes, for example in incremental cleaning of a furnace or engine.
  • an air- water-hydrocarbon three- phase micro-emulsified fuel may be prepared by adding water, air, and one or more emulsifying agents to liquid hydrocarbon fuels.
  • the three-phase micro-emulsion fuel may be prepared by emulsifying heavy hydrocarbons such as bunker fuel oil and heavy petroleum from the fraction distillation of petroleum, with water or an aqueous solution, air, and emulsifier composition.
  • the hydrocarbon fuel and the air may form dispersed phases and the aqueous solution may form a continuous phase.
  • the exemplary three-phase emulsified fuel now described is easy to handle and is also easy to transport. Additionally, it yields a cleaner and more efficient combustion of viscous fuels like heavy petroleum, vacuum residuum, petroleum distillate fractions, such as oil Nos. 4, 5, and 6.
  • the resulting emulsified fuel may be used as an alternative energy fuel in internal combustion engines, boilers, heaters, furnaces, combustion turbines or power plants offering the advantages of lower viscosity, higher performance and cleaner burning than the original fuel.
  • the micro-emulsion compositions and methods disclosed here may be used to pump a hydrocarbon fuel from one location to another with little or no requirement for additional heating of the fuel.
  • the target fuel can be used in any one of the exemplary methods described here to produce a three-phase micro- emulsion possessing a lower viscosity than the original hydrocarbon fuel.
  • the micro- emulsion is not only lower in viscosity, but is also capable of remaining stable, making it easier to pump than the original fuel.
  • the micro-emulsion can subsequently be pumped from one location to another, and unlike traditional methods for lowering the viscosity of hydrocarbon fuels, the methods disclosed here require little or no additional heating of either the fuel or the micro-emulsion.
  • the micro-emulsion is pumped from one location to another for the purpose of being used as a component stream in a larger process.
  • the micro-emulsion is pumped from one location to another for the purpose of being used as an end-product, for example, as fuel for a furnace, boiler, or engine.
  • compositions disclosed here require a lower preheating temperature than a crude oil when pumped from one location to another.
  • crude oil requires preheating to a temperature of 90° C in order to lower the viscosity to a point where it can properly be fed into a boiler.
  • the micro-emulsion needs to be preheated to a temperature of 50° C to obtain the same result.
  • the required pressure for moving fuel through a feed line or pipeline is reduced when using the methods and compositions disclosed here.
  • a crude oil requires a pressure of 50 psi when moved through a feed line at a desired rate. This value drops to a value of 30 psi when a micro-emulsion of the fuel is used.
  • the methods disclosed here may be used to lower the viscosity of a target hydrocarbon fuel.
  • a crude oil with a viscosity at room temperature of 33,000 cSt can be reduced to 250 cSt.
  • a crude oil with a viscosity of 3090 cSt at 50° C can be reduced to 56 cSt.
  • the micro-emulsion composition disclosed here may be used as a fuel.
  • the micro-emulsion can be used in place of heavy or residual hydrocarbons, including, but not limited to, crude oils with an API of less than 12°, or oil refining residues.
  • the micro-emulsion fuel can be used in place of distilled hydrocarbons, for example, Diesel No. 2.
  • the micro-emulsion fuel can be used in any number of applications or equipment, including, but not limited to, use in electrical generation, maritime engines, industrial boilers, construction equipment, trains, public transportation fleets, or trash collection fleets.
  • the micro-emulsion When used as fuel, the micro-emulsion yields several beneficial results, including cost reductions from the corresponding decrease in fuel consumption and improved combustion efficiencies. In addition, use of the micro- emulsion as a fuel leads to reductions in harmful emissions to the environment. In certain exemplary applications, replacing the use of fuel oil Nos. 4 and 6 in a power generation setting with a micro-emulsion fuel could yield a 30 - 40% reduction in total costs.
  • micro-emulsion fuel can reduce both NOx and particulate emissions by up to 80%.
  • Exemplary methods and compositions disclosed here may include, but are not limited to, remediation or cleaning efforts, for example in incremental cleaning of a furnace or engine, or for use in treatment of either incoming or outgoing process streams in industrial settings, such as in oil or gas production.
  • a base hydrocarbon may be used to prepare the disclosed micro- emulsions.
  • a base hydrocarbon may be used to prepare the disclosed micro- emulsions.
  • a base hydrocarbon may be used to prepare the disclosed micro- emulsions.
  • the base hydrocarbon may include, but is not limited to, petroleum refining process wastes, crude or refined bitumen, diesel, kerosene, lubricating oils, paraffin waxes, tar, or any combination thereof. Additional and alternative suitable base hydrocarbons will be recognized by those skilled in the art given the benefit of this disclosure.
  • the resulting three-phase fuel micro-emulsion is useful as a substitute for the non-emulsified fuels.
  • the micro-emulsion prepared from fuel oil No.6 can be used in any furnace, boiler, engine, combustion turbine or power plant where fuel oil No.6 or lower-numbered fuel oils have heretofore been known for use.
  • the micro- emulsion prepared from heavy crude oil can be used as a substitute for fuel oil No.6 or lower-numbered fuel oils.
  • the viscosity of the resulting micro-emulsion is low enough to permit pumping of the emulsion at lower temperatures or even at ambient temperature, which is particularly valuable for micro- emulsions formed with heavy petroleum or bunker fuel oils No.4, 5 and 6.
  • the burning of the three-phase air- water-hydrocarbon micro-emulsion offers significant reductions in nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate emissions relative to the non- emulsified fuel oil. This reduces the need for and cost of exhaust gas treatment. There is also a significant reduction in the amount of soot generated, which reduces maintenance and, in boilers, improves heat transfer efficiency.
  • NOx nitrogen oxides
  • the fuel component of the micro-emulsion undergoes a more complete combustion, which leads to improvements in fuel efficiency and thermal efficiency.
  • Micro-emulsions prepared from heavy crude oil offer the further advantage of having the characteristics of the above-numbered fuel oils without requiring blending with a cutter stock or a distillated fraction. This provides a less expensive alternative to the above-numbered fuel oils.
  • a micro-emulsion may generally include a continuous phase and at least one dispersed phase.
  • the micro-emulsion may include first and second dispersed phases.
  • air may be present in a first dispersed phase and a hydrocarbon fuel may be present in a second dispersed phase.
  • the at least one dispersed phase may be dispersed in the continuous phase of the micro-emulsion.
  • At least some of the first dispersed phase may at least partially encapsulate the second dispersed phase.
  • the first dispersed phase may substantially or entirely encapsulate the second dispersed phase.
  • Encapsulation may result in a plurality of droplets present in the continuous phase. In some embodiments, this may be described as a continuous phase and a dispersed phase, where the dispersed phase comprises hydrocarbon fuel encapsulated in air.
  • the size of the droplets may vary.
  • the micro-emulsion may contain a plurality of droplets of the dispersed phase that are small enough to give the emulsion the appearance of a homogeneous single liquid phase.
  • the micro-emulsion is one in which the continuous phase is the aqueous solution and the dispersed phase is the fuel oil either partially or completely encapsulated by air.
  • the droplet size (of the dispersed phase) can be controlled to some extent by using a conventional pneumatic mixer (Ingersoll Rand Compressor, Dublin, Ireland or similar) and/or a high-shear in-line mixer with work heads (Silverson 450 LS, Ohio, USA or similar). The size of the droplet is also dependent on the density of the hydrocarbon fuel used.
  • the lighter the hydrocarbon possibly the smaller the droplet.
  • the asphaltene or paraffinic content of the hydrocarbon may affect droplet size.
  • the droplet size can be reduced by decreasing the size of the hole in the work heads through which the micro- emulsion is forced.
  • the droplet size can also be controlled by the selection and amount of additives.
  • the droplet size may vary from about 1 to about 200 microns. In other embodiments, the droplet size may range from about 10 to about 100 microns, depending on the desired application and the equipment used. In some nonlimiting embodiments, the droplet size may be between about 40 and 80 microns.
  • the relative amounts of dispersed and continuous phases can vary while still falling within the scope of the invention.
  • the dispersed phase will generally constitute from about 70 to 80% by volume of the micro-emulsion and the continuous phase from about 10 to 25% by volume of the micro-emulsion.
  • the percentage of the continuous phase may be directly dependent on the API and viscosity of the heavy petroleum or fuel oil used. The lower the API, the greater the percentage of the aqueous continuous phase.
  • the word “about” is used to account for variance in measurement due to inherent errors associated with measurement techniques.
  • the word “about”, even if not explicitly used, is understood to modify all measurements disclosed, unless otherwise stated.
  • the continuous phase of the micro-emulsion may contain water as its major component.
  • the continuous phase may also include one or more emulsifying additives or emulsifying agents.
  • the micro-emulsions contain additives, some or all of which are miscible with or soluble in water, resulting in an aqueous solution of these additives.
  • the emulsifying additives can be a mixture of at least one or more of emulsifying agents, detergents, wetting agents, dispersing agents, surfactants, and other components that serve a variety of functions, including, but not limited to: increasing lubricity, serving as a mixing aid, and functioning as a heat stabilizer.
  • the choice can include anionic and nonionic agents.
  • the formation of the emulsion may be performed in two steps: first adding to an oil and water mixture a first
  • Hydrocarbon molecules have the tendency to group together and form long molecular clusters or chains. The presence of these clusters or chains does not allow for oxygen molecules to come in contact with fuel molecules. Because of this, the hydrocarbon molecules, which make up the fuel, do not burn completely. The residue or byproduct composed of partially oxidized molecules is exhausted to the environment as gaseous emissions that add to pollution. Aspects of exemplary embodiments disclosed here reduce such pollution by reducing the undesired clustering.
  • the three-phase micro- emulsion may be prepared by mixing a volume of viscous fuels, such as heavy petroleum and petroleum distillate fractions (fuel oil Nos. 4, 5, and 6), with at least one emulsifying additive and water, each constituting between 10 and 25% by volume of the total volume followed by pneumatic agitation.
  • a three-phase micro-emulsion is obtained, leaving the hydrocarbon and air components as the dispersed phase.
  • the three-phase micro- emulsion alters the physical characteristics of the original hydrocarbon component used by significantly diminishing its viscosity, given the presence of water, emulsifying agents, and air that produce a reduction of viscosity and interlaminar friction.
  • the emulsifying additives may be mixed with water in separate preparation tanks before they are pumped into a larger batch tank.
  • the mixing in the preparation tanks is performed by pneumatic agitation.
  • the emulsifying additives are pumped into the larger batch tank at ambient temperature.
  • mixing between the hydrocarbon fuel and the aqueous solution is performed by pneumatic agitation.
  • Pneumatic agitation may be achieved, for example, by introducing air at a rate capable of producing an emulsion with targeted physical or chemical characteristics.
  • air is introduced at a rate between 500 - 6000 cubic feet per minute.
  • air is introduced at a rate of between 600 - 1000 cubic feet per minute at a pressure between 100 - 150 psi.
  • air is introduced at a rate of between 2000 - 4000 cubic feet per minute at a pressure between 30- 40 psi.
  • the rate of air that is introduced may vary throughout the mixing process, or the air may be introduced at one rate at one stage of mixing, and at another rate during a different stage of mixing.
  • the air may be introduced at a rate of between 3000 - 4000 cubic meters per hour when a first emulsifying agent is added to the hydrocarbon fuel mixture.
  • the air may be introduced at a rate of between 4000-5000 cubic meters per hour when a second emulsifying agent is added to the hydrocarbon fuel mixture.
  • the air may be introduced at a rate that varies throughout the mixing cycle.
  • a double emulsion process may result in a three-phase product.
  • a first emulsion step may occur under a first set of conditions, such as at a first air flow rate and in the presence of a first emulsifying agent.
  • a second emulsion step may occur under a second set of conditions, such as at a second air flow rate and in the presence of a second emulsifying agent.
  • one or more emulsifying agents may be used.
  • pumping air to a micro-emulsion may lower the viscosity of the micro-emulsion without needing to raise the temperature. This may reduce the cost of use as well as the capital cost of installation.
  • the viscosity of the micro-emulsion may decrease dramatically with increasing pneumatic agitation as the micro-emulsion becomes prevalent in a fuel and aqueous solution combination. This may permit better handling of the resulting product.
  • oxygen molecules may be brought closer to the fuel in a three-phase emulsion. In at least some embodiments, this may be particularly true if the long fuel chains have been broken.
  • the viscosity may be lowered by insertion of air molecules, the combustion efficiency increased, and pollutants reduced with the resulting more complete combustion.
  • pneumatic agitation for introducing air may be related to achieving a predetermined viscosity and homogenous appearance. The predetermined viscosity may vary depending on the intended application.
  • the micro-emulsion may include droplets of about 40 to about 80 microns and a viscosity between about 150 and 250 cSt at room temperature.
  • a droplet may be an air bubble that has fuel entrapped inside, surrounded by water. Upon combustion, the water may vaporize, expand and enter inside the fuel, bursting through the fuel skin and carrying part of the skin and disintegrating the fuel, thereby increasing the fuel-effective contact area with the oxygen. This micro-explosion may result in higher combustion efficiency.
  • Ox primarily functions as an agent that separates and disperses clusters of hydrocarbon molecules. Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that Ox may act to decrease the surface tension of the hydrocarbon molecules, allowing them to separate and disperse.
  • the active ingredients for Ox may include, but are not limited to, D-limonene; 4-nonylphenol ethoxylate; triethanol amine; sulfonic acid; ethylene glycol, or a combination thereof. In certain non-limiting embodiments, Ox is chemically compatible with Px. Additional and alternative suitable Ox agents will be recognized by those skilled in the art given the benefit of this disclosure.
  • Px primarily functions as an agent that facilitates and stabilizes the generation of the three-phase micro-emulsion. Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that Px may act to allow the air molecules to either completely or partially encapsulate the hydrocarbon fuel droplets and to maintain the aqueous solution as the continuous phase. Stabilization may generally involve maintaining a dispersion of the micro-emulsion.
  • the active ingredients for Px may include, but are not limited to, monoethanolamine; triethanol ammonium lauryl sulfate; ethoxylate propoxylated fatty acid alcohol as the one produced by Plurafac D-25, a product of Wyandotte Chemical Division of BASF Corporation, also described in U.S. Patent No. 3,382,285; coconut fatty betaine; coconut alkylolamide, or a combination thereof. Additional and alternative suitable Px agents will be recognized by those skilled in the art given the benefit of this disclosure.
  • the process to make the emulsified fuel comprises:
  • the mixture of water and additives varies from 5 to 10% of the total amount of the final emulsified fuel amount.
  • the amount of Ox used varies from 0.4 to 0.6% of the final amount of emulsified fuel;
  • the desired value at room temperature or ambient temperature may be between about 80 - 200 cSt (centistokes) in some nonlimiting embodiments. At 80° C, the viscosity may be lower than 40 cSt.
  • a method of preparing a three-phase micro- emulsion may involve combining a hydrocarbon fuel and an aqueous solution.
  • the combined hydrocarbon fuel and aqueous solution may be agitated in the presence of a first emulsifying agent while introducing air at a first flow rate to form an intermediate mixture.
  • the first agitation may be performed for a predetermined duration or until a predetermined viscosity is attained.
  • the intermediate mixture may then be agitated in the presence of a second emulsifying agent while introducing air at a second flow rate to form the three-phase micro-emulsion.
  • the hydrocarbon fuel and air may form dispersed phases and the aqueous solution may form a continuous phase.
  • the second agitation may be performed for a predetermined duration or until a predetermined viscosity is attained.
  • Figure 6 presents an exemplary process flow diagram for producing a three-phase micro-emulsion.
  • water is mixed with emulsification additives in separate preparation batch tanks.
  • the emulsification additives are pumped separately into a larger batch tank containing crude oil and water.
  • the emulsification additives are mixed with crude oil and water in the larger batch tank using pneumatic agitation to produce a micro-emulsion.
  • the micro-emulsion may be pumped to a separate holding tank.
  • Ox and water are mixed in a first preparation batch tank (capacity 27 m ).
  • the resulting Ox solution is pumped into a larger batch tank at a rate of 54 m /hour and pneumatically agitated with crude oil and water in a larger batch tank (capacity 398 m ). Air flow to the larger batch tank is supplied by a blower at a rate of 1000 cfm and further controlled by a process controller and an in-line emulsifier with a capacity of 75 m /hour. Px and water are mixed in a second preparation batch tank (capacity 53 m ). The resulting Px solution is pumped into the larger batch tank at a rate of 106 m /hour and pneumatically agitated with the Ox solution, water, and crude oil until the desired viscosity is obtained. The resulting micro-emulsion is approximately 80% hydrocarbon fuel and 20% aqueous solution. Optionally, the micro-emulsion may be pumped to a secondary batch tank, where further processing, for example, additional pneumatic agitation, occurs.
  • micro-emulsion Although one exemplary method to prepare a micro-emulsion is disclosed here, it is to be understood that other methods and processing techniques for preparing the micro- emulsion may also be used. Other methods of producing micro-emulsions are possible. Various factors, such as the type of hydrocarbon fuel used, may alter process conditions, for example, the time required for pneumatic agitation, or the type of pumps used to provide air to the process. The method used also varies depending on specific process needs in an industrial setting.
  • the subject matter disclosed in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and methods described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims.
  • the resulting micro-emulsion was with bubbles (hydrocarbon surrounded by air) of 40 to 80 microns in size and a viscosity of less than 40 cSt at 80° C.
  • the emulsified fuel is a three-phase emulsion, 100, including a hydrocarbon or oil phase, 101, an air phase, 102, and a water phase, 103.
  • Figure 2 shows how, upon raising the temperature of the emulsion as happens for example on injection into an operating furnace, the water, 203, in the emulsified fuel vaporizes, expands, and enters the droplets of hydrocarbon, 201, and air, 202.
  • the emulsified fuel When the emulsified fuel is exposed to oxygen present in air, it facilitates the combustion reaction.
  • the emulsified fuel produces a fast and improved combustion of the hydrocarbon molecules and it is far more efficient and clean than heavy fuels and numbered fuel oils, with the added advantage of reduced pollutant emissions.
  • the characteristics of the emulsified fuel include that it is stable for periods greater than six months at room temperature. It has a high thermal efficiency and it is non-explosive. It is safe to produce, transport, handle and store. It has a low pour point and good combustion characteristics. It is an environmentally friendly fuel. It is a non- refined fuel, which looks, is handled, and burns like a fuel with a higher API gravity than the original product. When preparing the emulsion, no flammable solvents are added to the original hydrocarbon, yet the emulsion provides easy ignition and combustion characteristics. It has a density below one, which allows it to float in water.
  • the exemplary emulsified fuel has a smaller gross caloric potential than crude oil because of its added fuel combustion efficiency, fuel consumption is diminished between 4% and 13%. This can be proven not only by fuel consumption figures but also by the reduction of pollutant particulate emissions (partially combusted carbon) and the absence of carbon monoxide in the resulting emissions, which translates into a complete or near total combustion, which reflects a far better usage of the available caloric potential.
  • the exemplary emulsified fuel has a lower pouring point, is less viscous, requires less pre-heating and less pressure for its injection, generates less polluting emissions and is far more efficient.
  • Chart 2 provides emission figure comparisons between crude oil and the exemplary emulsified fuel.
  • the exemplary emulsified fuel emits substantially less volume of sulfur oxides emissions (SOx) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), compared to crude oil.
  • Chart 3 summarizes an analysis of the exemplary emulsified fuel combustion exhaust gas composition.
  • the first experimental exemplary emulsified fuel can be combusted with substantially no carbon monoxide (CO) emissions.
  • CO carbon monoxide
  • the first exemplary emulsified fuel when compared to conventional non- emulsified fuel, has greater combustion efficiency. This advantage translates into a considerable increase in the reduction of contaminant emissions to the environment and increased efficiency. In addition, the emulsified fuel is less viscous and easier to handle.
  • the first experimental emulsified fuel when compared to the non- emulsified fuel, exhibits lower viscosity, lower pour point, requires less injection pressure, and less injection temperature, is easier to handle, has greater efficiency, has better performance, requires less consumption, and produces less CO emissions, less NOx emissions, less SOx emissions, and less particulate matter emissions.
  • Chart 4 The exemplary micro-emulsions were each burned and compared against the control Fuel Oil No. 4 in a steam boiler. The compared results are outlined in Chart 5. The results showed that the micro-emulsions produced 14.37% and 4.23% more steam using the 85/15 and 80/20 concentrations, respectively.
  • micro-emulsions resulted in a 64% reduction in the emission of particulate matter and at least a 90% decrease in carbon monoxide emissions.
  • the exemplary micro-emulsions were each burned and compared against the control Napo Crude Oil. The results indicated that the atmospheric emission of carbon monoxide when burning the micro-emulsion was reduced to zero, indicating that complete and efficient combustion had occurred. In addition, crude consumption reduced from 15 gallons/hour to 13 gallons/hour.
  • Chart 8 A substantial savings in fuel consumption was realized by both the 85/15 mix and the 80/20 mix.
  • the savings achieved by the exemplary embodiments was 13.70% when burning the 85/15 mix emulsion and 19.58% when burning the 80/20 mix emulsion.
  • the sulfur dioxide should have reduced by at least the same percentages as that by which crude was substituted by water (i.e., 15% and 20% for the 85/15 mix and the 80/20 mix, respectively). Instead, over the course of the test, a control run produced 893 mg/m3 while burning crude; emissions of sulfur dioxide increased to 968mg/m3 when subsequently burning the 85/15 mix; and then later the sulfur dioxide emissions fell to 863 mg/m3 when burning the 80/20 mix.
  • the testing laboratory has concluded that the natural furnace cleaning process that occurs through the burning of cleaner fuel occurred more slowly than expected while burning the exemplary emulsions, to the degree that when the measurements were taken, distorted values resulted. Upon continuous consumption of exemplary emulsion fuel, the sulfur dioxide emissions reduced considerably once the furnace cleaning process finalized.
  • the nitrous oxide also did not demonstrate typical behavior during combustion of the exemplary embodiments.
  • the emulsions tested during this experiment produced increased nitrous oxide emissions. While emissions from burning crude produced 76 mg/m3, the burning of the 85/15 mix produced 95 mg/m3 and the burning of the 80/20 mix produced 145 mg/m3. This result of the second and third tests is considered an unexplained anomaly because of contrary results obtained during other tests, including the first test described above.
  • the emulsified fuel is in a liquid state and may be utilized to operate internal combustion engines, boilers, heaters, furnaces, combustion turbines or power plants.
  • the exemplary emulsified fuel is an effective answer to three basic needs that the world faces today: the growing need for low cost energy, the preservation of a non-renewable resource and the preservation of the environment.
  • the exemplary emulsified fuel presents the following advantages: it homogenizes and stabilizes the fuel, it separates out the molecular clusters or aggregates exposing the hydrocarbon molecules to the oxygen molecules, it facilitates the handling and transportation, it improves combustion, it improves fuel performance, it reduces particulate and contaminating gas emissions, and it reduces operational costs.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un carburant micro-émulsionné à trois phases air/eau/hydrocarbure préparé par adjonction d'eau, d'air, et de compositions émulsionnantes à des hydrocarbures liquides, des procédés de préparation, et les utilisations des micro-émulsions. Le carburant micro-émulsionné à trois phases est préparé par émulsion d'hydrocarbures lourds comme le mazout lourd et le pétrole lourd issu de la distillation fractionnée du pétrole, avec de l'eau ou une solution aqueuse, et des compositions émulsionnantes, l'hydrocarbure et l'air formant une phase dispersée et la solution aqueuse formant une phase continue. Le carburant émulsionné obtenu est destiné à être utilisé comme énergie de substitution dans les moteurs à combustion interne, les chaudières, les appareils de chauffage, les fours, les turbines à gaz ou les centrales électriques, offrant les avantages d'une viscosité plus faible, de performances plus élevées et d'un brûlage plus propre que le carburant original.
PCT/US2011/044866 2010-07-21 2011-07-21 Carburant émulsionné à trois phases et procédés de préparation et d'utilisation WO2012012644A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US13/811,040 US20130227877A1 (en) 2010-07-21 2011-07-21 Three-phase emulsified fuel and methods of preparation and use

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US12/840,348 2010-07-21
US12/840,348 US20110265370A1 (en) 2005-11-14 2010-07-21 Three phase emulsified fuel and method of preparation and use

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2012012644A1 true WO2012012644A1 (fr) 2012-01-26

Family

ID=45497181

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US2011/044866 WO2012012644A1 (fr) 2010-07-21 2011-07-21 Carburant émulsionné à trois phases et procédés de préparation et d'utilisation

Country Status (2)

Country Link
US (2) US20110265370A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2012012644A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US11384303B2 (en) * 2020-08-15 2022-07-12 Tarbiat Modares University Three-phase fuel composition
CN113186006B (zh) * 2021-04-23 2022-09-16 唐山中海船舶燃料有限公司 一种船舶用微乳化燃油组合物及其制备方法

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3458294A (en) * 1967-03-16 1969-07-29 Exxon Research Engineering Co Viscous emulsion of liquid hydrocarbon
US4357184A (en) * 1979-04-02 1982-11-02 C-I-L Inc. Explosive compositions based on time-stable colloidal dispersions
US5478365A (en) * 1986-11-13 1995-12-26 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Heavy hydrocarbon emulsions and stable petroleum coke slurries therewith
US5851245A (en) * 1996-05-23 1998-12-22 Kao Corporation Method for producing superheavy oil emulsion fuel and fuel produced thereby
US6840290B2 (en) * 2000-12-06 2005-01-11 Bp Oil International Limited Process and apparatus for fuelling a marine vessel
WO2009054377A1 (fr) * 2007-10-22 2009-04-30 Mg Grow Up Corp. Carburant en émulsion et processus et matériel de production de ce carburant

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CA998910A (en) * 1972-06-28 1976-10-26 Sigurd J. Rosenlund Oil dispersant
FR2548208B1 (fr) * 1983-06-30 1987-01-09 Inst Francais Du Petrole Procede de fabrication de combustibles solides a partir d'huiles lourdes d'hydrocarbures et de matieres vegetales
US5283001A (en) * 1986-11-24 1994-02-01 Canadian Occidental Petroleum Ltd. Process for preparing a water continuous emulsion from heavy crude fraction
US6187063B1 (en) * 1998-04-22 2001-02-13 Rudolf W. Gunnerman Aqueous emulsion fuels from petroleum residuum-based fuel oils
US6211251B1 (en) * 1998-08-07 2001-04-03 John R. Satterfield Fluid emulsification system and methods

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3458294A (en) * 1967-03-16 1969-07-29 Exxon Research Engineering Co Viscous emulsion of liquid hydrocarbon
US4357184A (en) * 1979-04-02 1982-11-02 C-I-L Inc. Explosive compositions based on time-stable colloidal dispersions
US5478365A (en) * 1986-11-13 1995-12-26 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Heavy hydrocarbon emulsions and stable petroleum coke slurries therewith
US5851245A (en) * 1996-05-23 1998-12-22 Kao Corporation Method for producing superheavy oil emulsion fuel and fuel produced thereby
US6840290B2 (en) * 2000-12-06 2005-01-11 Bp Oil International Limited Process and apparatus for fuelling a marine vessel
WO2009054377A1 (fr) * 2007-10-22 2009-04-30 Mg Grow Up Corp. Carburant en émulsion et processus et matériel de production de ce carburant

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US20110265370A1 (en) 2011-11-03
US20130227877A1 (en) 2013-09-05

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
CN1084377C (zh) 内燃机含水燃料及其制备方法
Melo-Espinosa et al. Emulsification of animal fats and vegetable oils for their use as a diesel engine fuel: An overview
US20120167451A1 (en) Pyrolysis oil based fuel and method of production
CA2650333A1 (fr) Composition de biocombustible et procede de production d'un biocombustible
US6663680B1 (en) Emulsion fuels and their use in gas turbines
AU3651499A (en) Aqueous emulsion fuels from petroleum residuum-based fuel oils
JP4551968B2 (ja) 石油製品乳化物
Shahnazari et al. Atomization characteristics of different water/heavy fuel oil emulsions in a pressure-swirl injector
US20130227877A1 (en) Three-phase emulsified fuel and methods of preparation and use
WO2010086619A1 (fr) Compositions de combustible comprenant des émulsions de gaz dans l'huile dans l'eau et leurs procédés de fabrication
JP2008280489A (ja) 油・水エマルジョン燃料及びその製造に用いる乳化剤
JP7425799B2 (ja) 改良されたディーゼル燃料の製造プロセス
JP2012021105A (ja) 化石油水可溶化用添加剤、該添加剤の製造方法及び、該添加剤を用いた化石油水可溶化の製造方法
TWI398512B (zh) 複合燃料乳劑，及該乳劑與水乳化所製備之複合燃料乳液，以及該乳劑及該乳液之製備方法及其應用
Md Ishak et al. Ternary phase behavior of water microemulsified diesel-palm biodiesel
KR19990085956A (ko) 벙커-씨유를 원료로 하는 정제연료유의 제조방법과 그 장치
WO2003016439A1 (fr) Carburant sous forme d'emulsion eau dans l'huile
US20030041507A1 (en) Water-in-oil emulsion fuel
CN115404109A (zh) 一种乳化燃料油及其制备方法和应用
JP2017197683A (ja) エマルジョン燃料、その製造方法およびその製造装置
CN115340892A (zh) 一种复合型表面活性剂乳化船用煤焦燃料油及制备方法
JP3677236B2 (ja) 可燃性の水／炭化水素燃料混合物に用いられる添加剤
CN115340891A (zh) 一种乳化用渣油煤焦油调合成燃料油的复合型表面活性剂
Bora Formulation of micro-emulsion based hybrid biofuels from non-edible vegetable oil using non-ionic surface active agents
AU5798201A (en) A water-in-oil emulsion fuel

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application

Ref document number: 11810411

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1

NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: DE

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 13811040

Country of ref document: US

32PN Ep: public notification in the ep bulletin as address of the adressee cannot be established

Free format text: NOTING OF LOSS OF RIGHTS PURSUANT TO RULE 112(1) EPC (EPO FORM 1205A DATED 06/05/2013)

122 Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase

Ref document number: 11810411

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1