Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L7/00—Compositions of natural rubber
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
  • B60C—VEHICLE TYRES; TYRE INFLATION; TYRE CHANGING; CONNECTING VALVES TO INFLATABLE ELASTIC BODIES IN GENERAL; DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS RELATED TO TYRES
  • B60C1/00—Tyres characterised by the chemical composition or the physical arrangement or mixture of the composition
  • B60C1/0016—Compositions of the tread
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L19/00—Compositions of rubbers not provided for in groups C08L7/00 - C08L17/00
  • C08L19/006—Rubber characterised by functional groups, e.g. telechelic diene polymers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L9/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of conjugated diene hydrocarbons
  • C08L9/06—Copolymers with styrene
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08C—TREATMENT OR CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF RUBBERS
  • C08C19/00—Chemical modification of rubber
  • C08C19/30—Addition of a reagent which reacts with a hetero atom or a group containing hetero atoms of the macromolecule
  • C08C19/42—Addition of a reagent which reacts with a hetero atom or a group containing hetero atoms of the macromolecule reacting with metals or metal-containing groups
  • C08C19/44—Addition of a reagent which reacts with a hetero atom or a group containing hetero atoms of the macromolecule reacting with metals or metal-containing groups of polymers containing metal atoms exclusively at one or both ends of the skeleton
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/34—Silicon-containing compounds
  • C08K3/36—Silica
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
  • C08K5/01—Hydrocarbons
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
  • C08K5/54—Silicon-containing compounds
  • C08K5/548—Silicon-containing compounds containing sulfur
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L57/00—Compositions of unspecified polymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • C08L57/02—Copolymers of mineral oil hydrocarbons
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
  • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
  • Y02T10/80—Technologies aiming to reduce greenhouse gasses emissions common to all road transportation technologies
  • Y02T10/86—Optimisation of rolling resistance, e.g. weight reduction 

Definitions

• This invention relates generally to fires and more particularly to the treads of ti es that are suitable for use on passenger cars and light trucks.
• a tire tread is required to provide a certain number of often conflicting technical requirements, including low rolling resistance, good wear resistance and good traction on dry roads, wet roads and roads that may be covered with snow and/or melting ice. Tires having low rolling resistance have become of more interest due to the priorities placed upon fuel conservation and protection of the environment.
• a vehicle tire is made up of a number of parts or components, each of which has a specific function to perform in the tire.
• a tire includes a pair of beads in the form of hoops for anchoring the p!y and for providing a means for locking the tire onto the wheel assembly.
• the ply extending from bead to bead, is comprised of cords that serve as the primary reinforcing material in the tire casing.
• the tire further includes belts extending circumferenlially around the tire under the tread for stiffening the casing and the tread.
• the tread is located on the outer circumference of the tire above the belts and is that portion of the tire that contacts the road or other driving surface.
• the sidcwall of the fire protects the ply or plies from road hazards and ozone and is typically the outermost rubber component of the tire extending between the tread and the bead.
• Embodiments of the present invention include tires, and especially tires for passenger and light truck vehicles, that have treads constructed of a material that is based upon a cross-linkable rubber composition.
• Particular embodiments of the cross-linkable rubber composition include, per hundred parts by weight of rubber (phr), between 50 phr and 90 plir of natural rubber and between 10 phr and 50 phr of a silanoi end-functionalized styrene-butadiene rubber.
• the rubber composition may include between 5 phr and 40 phr of a plasticizing resin.
• the plasticizing resin may be characterized as having a glass transition temperature Tg of between 30 °C and 120 °C or alternatively, between 45 "C and 85 °C.
• the plasticizing resin may be a polylimonene resin.
• the rubber composition may include between 40 phr and 75 phr of a silica filler, which may be a highly dispersible precipitated variety of silica filler.
• Embodiments of the present invention include treads for the tires of passenger and light truck vehicles. These embodiments therefore exclude the treads on heavy vehicles, such as trucks and buses. More particularly, these treads are based upon rubber compositions that include natural rubber, silica, a plasticizing resin having a high glass transition temperature (Tg) and a silanoi end-functionalized styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR). Surprisingly, adding the silanoi end-functionalized SBR to a rubber composition having the high Tg resin provides an improvement in both the rolling resistance of a tire having a tread made from such a composition and its wet and dry traction.
• Tg glass transition temperature
• SBR silanoi end-functionalized styrene-butadiene rubber
• the rubber elastomers that are included in embodiments of the present invention include natural rubber and the silanol end-functionalized SBR. It should be noted that the invention requires the use of the functionalized SBR because the improved physical properties obtained with the invention are not obtained with rubber compositions using a non- functionalized SBR rather than the functionalized SBR. Silanol end-functionalized elastomers are well known in the industry. Examples of such materials and their methods of making may be found in US Patent No. 6,013,718, issued January 11, 2000, which is hereby fully incorporated by reference.
• the silanol end-functionalized SBR used in particular embodiments of the present invention may be characterized as having a glass transition temperature Tg of between -50 °C and -10 °C or alternatively between -40 °C and -15 °C or between -30 °C and -20 °C as determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) according to ASTM El 356.
• the styrene content may be between 15 % and 30 % by weight or alternatively between 20 % and 30 % by weight with the vinyl content of the butadiene part, for example, being between 25 % and 70 % or alternatively, between 40 % and 65 % or between 50 % and 60 %.
• the rubber compositions used to make the low rolling resistance treads include between 50 phr and 90 phr of natural rubber and between 10 phr and 50 phr of the silanol end-functionalized SBR.
• embodiments of the present invention may be made of rubber compositions having between 60 phr and 85 phr of natural rubber or between 65 phr and 85 phr of natural rubber.
• Embodiments may also include rubber compositions having between 15 phr and 40 phr of the silanol end-functionalized SBR or between 15 phr and 35 phr of such SBR.
• While some embodiments may include some quantity of other highly unsaturated diene rubber compositions, there are some embodiments that contain no other rubber components at all other than the silanol end-functionalized SBR and the natural rubber. It should be noted that essentially saturated diene rubbers are not included in the embodiments of the present invention. In some embodiments of the present invention, the rubber compositions include no essentially unsaturated diene elastomers that are not highly unsaturated.
• diene elastomers or rubber are those elastomers resulting at least in part (i.e., a homopolymer or a copolymer) from diene monomers (monomers bearing two double carbon-carbon bonds, whether conjugated or not).
• Essentially unsaturated diene elastomers are understood to mean those diene elastomers that result at least in part from conjugated diene monomers, having a content of members or units of diene origin (conjugated dienes) that are greater than 15 mol.%.
• diene elastomers such as butyl rubbers, nitrile rubbers or copolymers of dienes and of alpha-olefins of the ethylene-propylene diene terpolyiner (EPDM) type or the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer type do not fall within the preceding definition, and may in particular be described as "essentially saturated" diene elastomers (low or very low content of units of diene origin, i.e., less than 15 mol. %).
• EPDM ethylene-propylene diene terpolyiner
• essentially unsaturated diene elastomers are the highly unsaturated diene elastomers, which are understood to mean in particular diene elastomers having a content of units of diene origin (conjugated dienes) that is greater than SO mol.%.
• highly unsaturated elastomers include polybutadienes (BR), polyisoprenes (IB), natural rubber (NR), butadiene copolymers, isoprene copolymers and mixtures of these elastomers.
• the polyisoprenes include, for example, synthetic cis-1,4 polyisoprene, which may be characterized as possessing cis-1,4 bonds of more than 90 mol. % or alternatively, of more than 98 mol. %.
• SBR styrene-butadiene copolymers
• BIR butadiene-isoprene copolymers
• SIR isoprene-styrene copolymers
• SBIR isoprene-butadiene-styrene copolymers
• Silanol end-functional ized SBR that is a required component of the rubber compositions of the present invention is a highly unsaturated diene.
• elastomers utilized in particular embodiments of the present invention may also be functionalized. These elastomers can be functionalized by reacting them with suitable funclionalizing agents prior to or in lieu of terminating the elastomer.
• exemplary functional izing agents include, but are not limited to, metal halides, metalloid halides, alkoxysilanes, imine-containing compounds, esters, ester-carboxylate metal complexes, alkyl ester carboxylate metal complexes, aldehydes or ketones, amides, isocyanates, isothiocyanates, imines, and epoxides. These types of functionalized elastomers are known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
• embodiments may include one or more of these functionalized elastomers, other embodiments may include one or more of these functionalized elastomers mixed with one or more of the non-functionalized highly unsaturated elastomers as known to those having ordinary skill in the art while other embodiments include no other functionalized elastomers other than the silanol end- functional ized SBR.
• the rubber compositions useful in the present invention include a high Tg plasticizing resin.
• a plasticizing resin is known to one having ordinary skill in the art as a compound that is solid at ambient temperature, e.g., about 25 °C, and is miscible in the rubber composition at the level used, typically over 5 parts per hundred parts of rubber by weight (plir) so that it acts as a true diluting agent.
• a plasticizing resin should not be confused with a "tackifying" resin, which is generally used at a lower level, e.g., typically less than 5 phr, and is typically immiscible and thus intended to migrate to the surface to give tack to the rubber composition.
• Plasticizing resins have been widely described in the patent literature and also, for example, in the work entitled “Hydrocarbon Resins” by R. Mildenberg, M. Zander and G. Collin (New York, VCH, 1997, ISBN 3-527-28617-9). In particular, chapter 5 of this work is devoted to the applications for plasticizing resins, including their applications in the the rubber field (5.5. "Rubber Tires and Mechanical Goods”).
• Plasticizing resins are preferably exclusively hydrocarbon resins, comprised only of carbon and hydrogen atoms, and may be of the aliphatic type, aromatic type or aliphatic/aromatic type depending on the monomers (aliphatic or aromatic) that make up the resins.
• the resins may be naturally occurring or they be may be synthetic; those that are petroleum-based may be called petroleum resins,
• the resin may include at least one or preferably all of the following characteristics: a Tg greater than 40 °C, a number average molecular weight (Mn) of between 500 and 1500 g/mol, and a polydispcrsity index (PI) of less than 2. Therefore, in particular embodiments, the Tg may range between 30 °C and 120 °C or alternatively between 40 °C and 100 °C or between 45 °C and 85 °C,
• the glass transition temperature Tg is measured by DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) according to Standard ASTM D3418 (1999).
• the macrostructure (Mw, Mn and PI) of the hydrocarbon resin may be determined by size exclusion chromatography (SEC): solvent telrahydrofuran; temperature 35 °C; concentration 1 g/l; flow rate 1 ml/min; solution filtered through a filter with a porosity of 0.45 ⁇ m before injection; Moore calibration with polystyrene standards; set of 3 "Waters" columns in series (“Styragel” HR4E, HR1 and HR0.5); detection by differential refractometer ("Waters 2410") and its associated operating software ("Waters Empower").
• SEC size exclusion chromatography
• plasticizing resins for use in the present invention include cyclopentadiene (abbreviated to CPD) or dicyclopentadiene (abbreviated to DCPD) homopolymer or copolymer resins, terpene homopolymer or copolymer resins and C 5 fraction homopolymer or copolymer resins. Such resins may be used, for example, singly or in combination.
• CPD cyclopentadiene
• DCPD dicyclopentadiene
• terpene homopolymer or copolymer resins terpene homopolymer or copolymer resins
• C 5 fraction homopolymer or copolymer resins Such resins may be used, for example, singly or in combination.
• Suitable plasticizing resins are readily available and well known by those having ordinary skill in the art.
• poiylimonene resins are available from DRT under the name Dercolyte L120, which has a Mn of 625 g/mol, an Mw of 1010 g mol, a PI of 1.6 and a Tg of 72 °C, or from Arizona Chemical Company under the name Sylvagum TR7125C, which has a Mn of 630 g mol, an Mw of 950 g/mol, a PI of 1.5 and a Tg of 70 °C.
• C 5 fraction/vinylaromatic resins in particular C 5 fraction/styrene or C 5 fraction C 9 fraction copolymer resins are available from Neville Chemical Company under the names Super Nevtac 78, Super Nevtac 85 or Super Nevtac 99, from Goodyear Chemicals under the name Wingtack Extra, from Kolon under the names Hikorez T1095 and "Hikorez T1100", or from Exxon under the names Escorez 2101 , Excorez 1102 and ECR 373.
• Particular embodiments of the present invention include an amount of plasticizing resin of between 5 phr and 60 phr. Below the minimum indicated, the targeted technical effect may prove to be inadequate while, above 60 phr, the tackiness of the compositions in the raw state, with regard to the mixing devices, can in some cases become totally unacceptable from the industrial viewpoint.
• particular embodiments include between 5 phr and 40 phr, between 10 and 30 phr or between 10 and 25 phr of the plasticizing resin.
• plasticizing resins have been included in the rubber compositions of the present invention, particular embodiments may include no plasticizing oils.
• oils are well known to one having ordinary skill in the art, are generally extracted from petroleum, and are classified as being paraffinic, aromatic or naphthenic type processing oil and include MES and TDAE oils.
• plasticizing oils include, for example, sunflower oil, rapeseed oil and other naturally occurring oils,
• Particular embodiments of the present invention further include silica as reinforcing filler.
• the silica may be any reinforcing silica known to one having ordinary skill in the art, in particular any precipitated or pyrogenic silica having a BET surface area and a specific CTAB surface area both of which ate less than 450 m 2 /g or alternatively, between 30 and 400 m 2 /g.
• Particular embodiments include a silica having a CTAB of between 80 and 200 m 2 /g, between 100 and 190 m 2 /g, between 120 and 190 m 2 /g or between 140 and 180 m 2 /g.
• the CTAB specific surface area is the external surface area determined in accordance with Standard AFNOR-NFT-45007 of November 1987.
• Particular embodiments of the rubber compositions used in the tire treads of the passenger and light truck vehicles have a BET surface area of between 60 and 250 m 2 /g or alternatively, of between 80 and 200 m 2 /g.
• the BET specific surface area is determined in known manner, in accordance with the method of Brunauer, Emmet and Teller described in "The Journal of the American Chemical Society", vol. 60, page 309, February 1938, and corresponding to Standard AFNOR-NFT-45007 (November 1 87).
• the silica used in particular embodiments may be further characterized as having a dibutylphthlate (DHP) absorption value of between 100 and 300 ml/100 g or alternatively between 150 and 250 ml/100 g.
• DHP dibutylphthlate
• Highly dispersible precipitated silicas are used exclusively in particular embodiments of the disclosed rubber composition, wherein "highly dispersible silica” is understood to mean any silica having a substantial ability to disagglomerate and to disperse in an elastomeric matrix. Such determinations may be observed in known manner by electron or optical microscopy on thin sections.
• known highly dispersible silicas include, for example, Perkasil KS 430 from Akzo, the silica BV3380 from Degussa, the silicas Zeosil 1165 MP and 1115 MP from Rhodia, the silica Hi- Sil 2000 from PPG and the silicas Zeopol 8741 or 8745 from Hubcr.
• Particular embodiments of the present invention include little or no carbon black or other reinforcement fillet's.
• carbon black For those embodiments that include adding a silane coupling agent that is commercially available on a carbon black substrate, up to about 50 wt. % of the commercial coupling agent weight is carbon black.
• the rubber compositions having such amounts of carbon black may be characterized as having essentially no carbon black. Some embodiments may include up to 10 phr, or up to 5 phr of carbon black just to provide a typical black coloring of the rubber composition.
• the amount of silica added to the rubber composition disclosed herein is between 45 and 1 10 phr or alternatively between 45 and 80 phr, between 45 and 70 phr, between 45 and 65 phr or between 50 and 70 phr.
• a proportional amount of a silane coupling agent is also added to the rubber composition, e.g., between 5 % and 10 % of the silica loading.
• the silane coupling agent is a sulfur-containing organosilicon compound that reacts with the silanol groups of the silica during mixing and with the elastomers during vulcanization to provide improved properties of the cured rubber composition.
• a suitable coupling agent is one that is capable of establishing a sufficient chemical and/or physical bond between the inorganic filler and the diene elastomer, which is at least bifimctional, having, for example, the simplified general formula "Y-T-X", in which: Y represents a functional group ("Y" function) which is capable of bonding physically and/or chemically with the inorganic filler, such a bond being able to be established, for example, between a silicon atom of the coupling agent and the surface hydroxyl (OH) groups of the inorganic filler (for example, surface silanols in the case of silica); X represents a functional group ("X" function) which is capable of bonding physically and/or chemically with the diene elastomer, for example by means of a sulfur atom; T represents a divalent organic group making it possible to link Y and X.
• sulfur-containing organosilicon si lane coupling agents include 3,3'-bis(triethoxysilylpropyl) disulfide and 3,3'-bis(triethoxy-silylpropyl) tetrasulfide. Both of these are available commercially from Degussa as X75-S and X50-S respectively, though not in pure form. Both of these commercially available products include the active component mixed 50-50 by weight with a N330 carbon black.
• silane coupling agents include 2,2 , -bis(triethoxysilylethyel) tetrasulfide, 3,3'-bis(tri-t-butoxy- silylpropyl) disulfide and 3,3'-bis(di t- butylmethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide.
• silane coupling agents having just one silicon atom in the silane molecule include, for example, 3,3'(triethoxysilylpropyl) disulfide and 3,3' (triethoxy-silylpropyl) tetrasulfide.
• the rubber compositions disclosed herein are cured with a sulfur curing system that typically includes sulfur and an accelerator.
• Suitable free sulfur includes, for example, pulverized sulfur, rubber maker's sulfur, commercial sulfur, and insoluble sulfur.
• the amount of free sulfur included in the rubber composition may range between 0.5 and 3 phr or alternatively between 0.8 and 2.5 phr or between 1 and 2 phr.
• Use may be made of any compound capable of acting as curing accelerator in the presence of sulfur, in particular those chosen from the group consisting of 2- mercaptobenzothiazyl disulphide (MTBS), diphcnyl guanidine (DPG), N-cyclohexyl-2- benzothiazolesulphenamide (CBS), N,N-dicyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolesulphenamide (DCBS), N-tert-butyl-2-benzo-thiazole-sulphenamide (TBBS), N-tert-butyl-2-benzothiazolesulphen- imide (TBSI) and the mixtures of these compounds, in particular embodiments, a primary accelerator of the sulphenamide type or guanidine type is used.
• MTBS 2- mercaptobenzothiazyl disulphide
• DPG diphcnyl guanidine
• CBS N,N-dicyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolesulphenamide
• additives can be added to the rubber composition disclosed herein as known in the art.
• Such additives may include, for example, some or all of the following: antidegradants, antioxidants, tatty acids, pigments, waxes, stearic acid, zinc oxide and other accelerators.
• antidegradants and antioxidants include 6PPD, 77PD, 1PPD and TMQ and may be added to rubber compositions in an amount of from 0.5 and 5 phr.
• Zinc oxide may be added in an amount of between 1 and 6 phr or 2 and 4 phr.
• methylene acceptors e.g., phenolic novolak resin or methylene donors, e.g., HMT or H3M
• vulcanization accelerators e.g., vulcanization activators or antireversion agents.
• Moduli of elongation were measured at 10% (MA 10), 100% (MA 100) and at 300% (MA300) at a temperature of 23 °C based on ASTM Standard D412 on dumb bell test pieces. The measurement were taken in the second elongation; i.e., after an accommodation cycle. These measurements are secant moduli in MPa, based on the original cross section of the test piece.
• Hysteresis losses were measured in percent by rebound at 60 °C at the sixth impact in accordance with the following equation:
• W 0 is the energy supplied and W 1 is the energy restored.
• the rolling resistance (RR) of a tire is measured on a test drum according to the SAE 1269 test method.
• the tire is tested on the test drum at 80 kph and 70 % of the maximum rated load.
• the dry grip performance (DG) of a tire mounted on an automobile fitted with an ABS braking system is measured by determining the distance necessary to go from 60 mph to a complete stop upon sudden braking on a dry asphalt surface.
• the wet braking performance (WB) of a tire mounted on an automobile fitted with an ABS braking system is measured by determining the distance necessary to go from 40 mph to a complete stop upon sudden braking on a wetted (no puddles) asphalt surface.
• a value greater than that of the control which is arbitrarily set to 100, indicates an improved result, i.e., a shorter braking distance indicating improved wet grip.
• the grip on snow-covered ground is evaluated by measuring the forces on a single driven lest t e in snow according to the ASTM F180S test method.
• the vehicle travels at a constant 5 mph speed and the forces are measured on the single test tire at the target slip.
• SRTT Standard Reference Test Tire
• the cooled mixture was transferred to a mill having two cylinders that operated at a speed of 30 RPM.
• the vulcanizing agents were added and mixing continued until the vulcanizing agents were well dispersed.
• the rubber compositions were roiled into sheets and cured for the 30 minutes at a temperature of 150 °C for all the materials.
• the silanoi end-functionalizcd SBR had a Tg of -24 °C with 25 % styrene and 58 % vinyl content
• the high Tg resin was Sylvares TR 5147 from Arizona Chemical, a terpene resin having a Tg of 72 °C.
• the carbon black was a 300 series black.
• the silica was a ZEOSIL 1 0, highly dispersible silica available from Rhodia,
• the accelerators were n- cyclohexyl -2-benzothiazole sulfenamide (CBS) and diphenylguanidine (DPG). There were no plasticizing oils added to the formulations.
• the cured sheets were of the rubber formulations Fl through F3 were cut into testing pieces suitable for the testing methods utilized to determine the physical characteristics of the examples.
• the witness material was a tread compound used for treads marketed as having low rolling resistance. This material was based on butadiene/non-functionalized SBR lubber mixture. The physical properties of these materials are shown in Table 2.
• Tires were manufactured (P225/50R17 93T TL ENERGY LX4) using the formulations shown above to form the treads. They were tested using the testing procedures described above. The tires were mounted on a 2009 Honda Accord LX car.

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