Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
  • G10K—SOUND-PRODUCING DEVICES; METHODS OR DEVICES FOR PROTECTING AGAINST, OR FOR DAMPING, NOISE OR OTHER ACOUSTIC WAVES IN GENERAL; ACOUSTICS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • G10K11/00—Methods or devices for transmitting, conducting or directing sound in general; Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
  • G10K11/16—Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
  • G10K11/162—Selection of materials
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
  • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
  • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
  • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
  • D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
  • D04H1/4209—Inorganic fibres
  • D04H1/4218—Glass fibres
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
  • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
  • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
  • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
  • D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
  • D04H1/425—Cellulose series
  • D04H1/4258—Regenerated cellulose series
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
  • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
  • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
  • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
  • D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
  • D04H1/4282—Addition polymers
  • D04H1/4291—Olefin series
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
  • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
  • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
  • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
  • D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
  • D04H1/4326—Condensation or reaction polymers
  • D04H1/4334—Polyamides
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
  • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
  • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
  • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
  • D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
  • D04H1/4326—Condensation or reaction polymers
  • D04H1/435—Polyesters
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
  • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
  • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
  • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
  • D04H1/44—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling
  • D04H1/46—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres
  • D04H1/48—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres in combination with at least one other method of consolidation
  • D04H1/49—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres in combination with at least one other method of consolidation entanglement by fluid jet in combination with another consolidation means
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
  • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
  • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
  • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
  • D04H1/44—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling
  • D04H1/46—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres
  • D04H1/492—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres by fluid jet
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
  • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
  • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
  • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
  • D04H1/44—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling
  • D04H1/46—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres
  • D04H1/498—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres entanglement of layered webs
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E04—BUILDING
  • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
  • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
  • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
  • E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
  • E04B1/82—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to sound only
  • E04B1/84—Sound-absorbing elements
  • E04B1/8409—Sound-absorbing elements sheet-shaped
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E04—BUILDING
  • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
  • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
  • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
  • E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
  • E04B1/82—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to sound only
  • E04B1/84—Sound-absorbing elements
  • E04B1/86—Sound-absorbing elements slab-shaped
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
  • G10K—SOUND-PRODUCING DEVICES; METHODS OR DEVICES FOR PROTECTING AGAINST, OR FOR DAMPING, NOISE OR OTHER ACOUSTIC WAVES IN GENERAL; ACOUSTICS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • G10K11/00—Methods or devices for transmitting, conducting or directing sound in general; Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
  • G10K11/16—Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
  • G10K11/162—Selection of materials
  • G10K11/168—Plural layers of different materials, e.g. sandwiches
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2305/00—Condition, form or state of the layers or laminate
  • B32B2305/10—Fibres of continuous length
  • B32B2305/20—Fibres of continuous length in the form of a non-woven mat
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
  • B32B2307/10—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular acoustical properties
  • B32B2307/102—Insulating
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2317/00—Animal or vegetable based
  • B32B2317/18—Cellulose, modified cellulose or cellulose derivatives, e.g. viscose
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
  • B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • B60R13/00—Elements for body-finishing, identifying, or decorating; Arrangements or adaptations for advertising purposes
  • B60R13/08—Insulating elements, e.g. for sound insulation
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E04—BUILDING
  • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
  • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
  • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
  • E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
  • E04B2001/742—Use of special materials; Materials having special structures or shape
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E04—BUILDING
  • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
  • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
  • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
  • E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
  • E04B2001/742—Use of special materials; Materials having special structures or shape
  • E04B2001/745—Vegetal products, e.g. plant stems, barks
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A30/00—Adapting or protecting infrastructure or their operation
  • Y02A30/24—Structural elements or technologies for improving thermal insulation
  • Y02A30/244—Structural elements or technologies for improving thermal insulation using natural or recycled building materials, e.g. straw, wool, clay or used tires
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T156/00—Adhesive bonding and miscellaneous chemical manufacture
  • Y10T156/10—Methods of surface bonding and/or assembly therefor

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a sound absorption material, and particularly to the use of sound absorption materials in acoustic applications such as vehicles, appliances, and buildings.
• environments such as buildings, vehicles, i.e., equipment, etc.
• the external noises namely road noise, wind noise, engine noise, vibrations as well as internal noises through the use of various acoustic materials.
• Microfiber scrims have also been proposed and used in a multilayer acoustically tuned sound absorbing composite such as described in U.S. Patent No.
• an acoustically tunable sound absorption facing comprises cellulosic fibers entangled together, for example, via spunlacing.
• Such a sound absorption facing has controllable air flow resistance.
• the air flow resistance translates into acoustic performance measured in Rayls.
• a Rayl is one of two units of acoustic impedance. When sound waves pass through any physical substance the pressure of the waves causes the particles of the substance to move.
• the sound impedance is the ratio between the sound pressure and the particle velocity it produces.
• the impedance is one Rayl if unit pressure produces unit velocity.
• MKS units 1 Rayl equals 1 pascal-second per meter (Pa-s-m-1), or equivalently 1 newton-second per cubic meter ( ⁇ s- m-3). In SI base units, that's kg-s-1 -m-2. In CGS units, 1 Rayl equals 1 dyne-second per cubic centimeter (dyn-s-cm-3).
• the air flow resistance and, thus, the acoustic performance of the facing is controlled, or "tuned” by adjusting the facing construction, with regards to basis weight, cellulosic facing-to-nonwoven web ratio, and by the action of chemical and mechanical processing.
• Chemical finishing may include application of binder or filled binder coatings to fill in and reduce the permeability of the facing.
• Mechanical processing may include stretching, drawing, and/or overfeeding of the facing during the chemical finishing process, or calendaring the facing fabric after finishing to adjust the permeability.
• a facing may be acoustically tuned to have air flow resistance in the range of about 245 rayls to about 2450 rayls.
• an acoustically tunable sound absorption facing having controllable air flow resistance comprises cellulosic fibers and a nonwoven fiber batt entangled together.
• the cellulosic fibers comprise between about 20 to 100 percent by weight of the sound absorption facing and the nonwoven batt comprises about 0 to 80 percent by weight of the facing.
• the cellulosic fibers are in the form of a web or sheet.
• the sound absorption facing has a basis weight of at least about 0.7 osy.
• the sound absorption facing includes a flame retardant.
• An acoustically tunable sound absorption facing can be used in combination with one or more other layers or substrates to provide a sound attenuating laminate.
• a laminate can be used in a wide variety of environments including, but not limited to, vehicles.
• a facing may be treated with finishes or coatings to impart color, flame resistance, resistance to oils and greases, water repellency, anti-mold and mildew, corrosion resistance, and antimicrobial properties.
• An acoustically tunable sound absorption facing may also be coated, printed, sintered, sprayed, or otherwise treated with an adhesive layer to enable bonding and molding of subsequent parts.
• These bonded and molded panels are typically comprised of a sound absorption facing, according to
• an acoustically tunable sound absorption facing may be treated or fashioned in such a way to allow high levels of stretch when molded. This may be done by the incorporation of soft or elastomeric binders, soft or elastomeric fibers or a combination of such.
• An acoustically tunable sound absorption facing can be used in combination with one or more other layers or substrates to provide a sound attenuating laminate.
• This laminate comprises a layer of the surface facing fabric of the invention laminated to a thick low density material, comprised of materials such as fiberglass batting, resinated fiberglass panels, rock wool, plastic foam, urethane foam, shoddy pad from waste fiber, polyester batting or resinated fiberfill, aerogel, closed cell foam, reticulated foam and other insulation materials known to the art.
• the addition of the facing fabric significantly improves the sound attenuation properties of the base absorber material, allowing for improved performance, and reduced weight.
• the facing fabric may also be positioned on the top and bottom of the low density insulator to form a sandwich-type trilaminate.
• Such a laminate can be used in a wide variety of environments including vehicles, appliances, buildings, homes, and office furniture (i.e. office partitions), aircraft, commercial buildings, trains and motor coaches, theaters, audio studios, home audio or theater rooms, sound insulation for noisy equipment and machines, or other applications where sound attenuation is desired.
• office furniture i.e. office partitions
• aircraft commercial buildings, trains and motor coaches, theaters, audio studios, home audio or theater rooms, sound insulation for noisy equipment and machines, or other applications where sound attenuation is desired.
• a moldable acoustic facing comprises cellulosic fibers (e.g., wood pulp, etc.) and synthetic fibers entangled together.
• the acoustic facing has a basis weight of from about 1.5 to about 5.0 ounces per square yard (osy), a thickness of less than about 0.050" as measured via ASTM D1777, a mean pore size of between about 8 microns and about 40 microns, and an elongation at break of at least twenty percent (20%) as measured via ASTM D5034.
• the acoustic facing comprises less than about five percent (5%) synthetic microfiber and has an acoustic resistance of at least about 250 Rayls.
• the cellulosic fibers comprise between about 20 to about 100 percent by weight of the acoustic facing and the nonwoven fibers comprises between about 0 to about 80 percent by weight of the acoustic facing.
• the cellulosic fibers are in the form of a web or paper sheet and the web or paper sheet is entangled with the nonwoven fibers.
• the synthetic fibers may include fibers selected from the group consisting of polypropylene, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyester, acetate, nylon, polylactic acid (PLA), glass, viscose, tencel, rayon, and acrylic fibers, and blends thereof. Additional modification of the air flow resistance of the acoustic facing may be provided by mechanical processes (e.g., stretching, bulking, and/or calendaring) and/or chemical treatment processes (e.g., finishing, coating, and/or adhesive application).
• the acoustic facing is attached to at least one additional layer to form a laminate.
• additional layers include, but are not limited to, fiberglass batting, a resinated fiberglass panel, rock wool, plastic foam, urethane foam, shoddy pad from waste fiber, polyester batting or resinated fiberfill, aerogel, closed cell foam, or reticulated foam.
• a decorative fabric layer may also be attached to the acoustic facing.
• a moldable acoustic facing has a basis weight of from about 1.5 to about 5.0 ounces per square yard (osy), a thickness of less than about 0.050" as measured via ASTM D1777, a mean pore size of between about 8 microns and about 40 microns, and an elongation at break of at least twenty percent (20%) as measured via ASTM D5034.
• the acoustic facing comprises less than about five percent (5%) synthetic microfiber and has an acoustic resistance of at least about 250 Rayls.
• the acoustic facing comprises nonwoven fabric that may include cellulosic fibers, such as wood pulp.
• the cellulosic fibers may comprise between about 20 to about 100 percent by weight of the acoustic facing and synthetic fibers may comprise between about 0 to about 80 percent by weight of the acoustic facing.
• the cellulosic fibers are in the form of a web or paper sheet and the web or paper sheet is entangled with the nonwoven fibers.
• the synthetic fibers may include fibers selected from the group consisting of polypropylene, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyester, acetate, nylon, polylactic acid (PLA), glass, viscose , tencel, rayon, and acrylic fibers, and blends thereof. Additional modification of the air flow resistance of the acoustic facing may be provided by mechanical processes (e.g., stretching, bulking, and/or calendaring) and/or chemical treatment processes (e.g., finishing, coating, and/or adhesive application).
• the acoustic facing is attached to at least one additional layer to form a laminate.
• additional layers include, but are not limited to, fiberglass batting, a resinated fiberglass panel, rock wool, plastic foam, urethane foam, shoddy pad from waste fiber, polyester batting or resinated fiberfill, aerogel, closed cell foam, or reticulated foam.
• a decorative fabric layer may also be attached to the acoustic facing.
• a sound absorption laminate includes first and second acoustic facings, and a low density layer of material sandwiched between the first and second acoustic facings.
• Each facing is a moldable fabric having a basis weight of from about 1.5 to 5.0 ounces per square yard (osy), a thickness of less than about 0.050" as measured via ASTM D1777, a mean pore size of between about 8 microns and about 40 microns, and an elongation at break of at least twenty percent (20%) as measured via ASTM D5034.
• the fabric of each facing includes less than about five percent (5%) synthetic microfiber and has an acoustic resistance of at least about 250 Rayls.
• the low density layer of material may include a fiberglass batting, a resinated fiberglass panel, rock wool, plastic foam, urethane foam, shoddy pad from waste fiber, polyester batting or resinated fiberfill, aerogel, closed cell foam, or reticulated foam.
• a sound absorption article includes a facing having a finish coating for providing one or more additional functional properties (e.g., flame retardancy, adhesive properties, crock resistance, grab tensile, tear strength, color, microbial resistance, electrical conductivity, thermal
• the facing is a moldable fabric having a basis weight of from about 1.5 to 5.0 ounces per square yard (osy), a thickness of less than about 0.050" as measured via ASTM D1777, a mean pore size of between about 8 microns and about 40 microns, and an elongation at break of at least twenty percent (20%) as measured via ASTM D5034.
• the fabric comprises less than about five percent (5%) synthetic microfiber and has an acoustic resistance of at least about 250 Rayls;
• a method of making an acoustically tuned facing includes preparing a moldable acoustic fabric and tuning the fabric to have an acoustic resistance of at least about 250 Rayls by applying a chemical finish to the fabric and/or subjecting the fabric to one or more mechanical processes (e.g., stretching, bulking, calendaring, or a combination thereof).
• the moldable acoustic fabric has a basis weight of from about 1.5 to 5.0 ounces per square yard (osy), a thickness of less than about 0.050" as measured via ASTM D1777, a mean pore size of between about 8 microns and about 40 microns, and an elongation at break of at least twenty percent (20%) as measured via ASTM D5034. Furthermore, the moldable acoustic fabric comprises less than about five percent (5%) synthetic microfiber.
• the method further includes laminating at least one additional layer to the fabric.
• additional layers include, but are not limited to, fiberglass batting, a resinated fiberglass panel, rock wool, plastic foam, urethane foam, shoddy pad from waste fiber, polyester batting or resinated fiberfill, aerogel, closed cell foam, or reticulated foam.
• the at least one additional layer may be a decorative fabric layer.
• Figure 1 is the measured influence of various developmental facings measured in the impedance tube.
• Figure 2 is a predicted normal incidence sound absorption graph using ESI
• Figure 3 is a predicted alpha cabin sound absorption graph using ESI modeling software.
• Figure 4 is a table of properties of various facings, according to some embodiments of the present invention.
• Figure 5 is a graph of air permeability versus mean pore size for various facings, according to some embodiments of the present invention.
• Figure 6 is a graph of mean pore size versus Rayls for various facings, according to some embodiments of the present invention.
• facing is interchangeable as used herein and are defined as a layer of material that can be attached to a surface of another object or material.
• a facing layer can be attached to a surface of another object or material in various ways including, but not limited to, adhesive bonding, thermal bonding, point bonding, pressure bonding, extrusion coating, or ultrasonic bonding.
• laminate refers to a composite structure of two or more material layers that have been adhered through a bonding step, such as through adhesive bonding, thermal bonding, point bonding, pressure bonding, extrusion coating, or ultrasonic bonding.
• machine direction refers to the direction along the length of a fabric in the direction in which it is produced.
• cross machine direction means the direction across the width of fabric, i.e. a direction generally perpendicular to the MD.
• nonwoven and nonwoven web refer to materials and webs of material having a structure of individual fibers or filaments which are interlaid, but not in an identifiable manner as in a knitted fabric.
• fiber and “filament” are used herein interchangeably.
• Nonwoven fabrics or webs may be formed from many processes including, but not limited to, meltblowing, spunbonding, air laying processes, etc.
• an acoustically tunable sound absorption facing is provided by a cellulosic web or sheet and a nonwoven web entangled together.
• the cellulosic web or sheet consists of a wet-laid or paper like sheet of cellulosic fiber. While wood fiber is preferred, other types of cellulosic fiber that can be wet-laid into a paper sheet could be used as the precursor cellulosic web. Additionally, minor amounts, not to exceed 49% of the cellulosic web could be comprised of synthetic fibers.
• Useful cellulosic fibers include wood fibers (pulp) such as bleached Kraft, softwood or hardwood, high-yield wood fibers, cotton, viscose, and other fibers suitable for making into a paper sheet.
• wood fibers such as bleached Kraft, softwood or hardwood, high-yield wood fibers, cotton, viscose, and other fibers suitable for making into a paper sheet.
• Other natural fibers include bagesse, milkweed, wheat straw, kenaf, jute, hemp, bamboo, cotton, and these natural fibers may be blended with the cellulosic fibers.
• Synthetic fibers that are prepared in very short fiber length may be formed into a wet-laid paper sheet. These fibers may be polyester, nylon, olefin, cellulose acetate, silk, wool, and other fibers known to the art.
• a preferred selection of wood fibers that provide the desired air flow resistance in the final cellulosic sheet may be employed for this facing; are red cedar and s
• the nonwoven web portion may contain randomly oriented fibers or substantially aligned fibers.
• Exemplary fibers include, but are not limited to, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyester, acetate, nylon, polylactic acid (PLA), glass, viscose and acrylic fibers, and blends thereof.
• performance fibers such as Nomex or evlar (DuPont), Kermel (Rhone Poulenc), polybenzimidazole (PBI - Hoechst), Basofil (BASF), polyetheretherketone (PEEK - Zyex Ltd.), Visil (Kuitu Finland Oy), Ultem, Lexan or Valox (GE Plastics) fibers may be used.
• the staple fiber batt may be made using 1.5 denier 1.5 inch long polyester drawn and crimped fibers which are known to spunlace well. However, other length and denier fibers including microfiber and splittable staple fibers may also be used for the nonwoven portion of the sound absorption facing.
• the basis weight for the facing fabric before finishing is from about 0.7 to about 5.0 ounces per square yard (osy).
• the facing comprises 20-100 percent by weight cellulosic fibers by weight and 0-80 percent by weight other fibers.
• the sound absorption facing after the sound absorption facing has been formed and dried, it may be used without additional processing. If the initial air flow resistance of a given fabric is not in the desired range, the sound absorption facing can be further modified by finishing and/or calendaring. Stretching, bulking, drawing, drying and curing of the facing are additional steps that generally occur during the finishing or coating process. These processes are to modify and adjust the permeability and sound attenuating properties of the sound absorption facing so as to tune the sound attenuation properties. Additionally, the use of the scrim fabric of the invention on the face of a bulky and heavy sound absorber panel, allows reduction in the weight and bulk, without a loss of performance.
• an elongation at break of at least 17% is necessary for an acoustic facing to be moldable, according to embodiments of the present invention.
• the chemical finishing of the facing comprises application of chemistry that will form film structure or fill in the structure of the facing thereby reducing the air permeability, and increasing the sound attenuation properties of the product.
• Emulsion and solution binders, adhesives, polymer dispersions, and thickeners may be used to reduce the permeability of the sheet.
• the binder solutions may have added filler materials such as clay, talc, glass beads, ceramic beads and particles, graphite, calcium carbonate, barium sulfate, vermiculite, hydrated alumina, titanium dioxide, expandable fillers, expandable microspheres, swellable fillers, and other particulate filler materials to assist in decreasing the permeability of the sheet.
• Auxiliary chemicals such as corrosion inhibitors, flame retardants, oil and water repellents, pigments and colors, antimicrobial agents, and adhesive promoters may be added to enhance the properties of the sheet for a particular end use.
• an acoustic panel for use in an automobile engine compartment would need to be both flame retardant and oil resistant.
• finishing application equipment may be used to accomplish the addition of the chemical finish to the facing, including printing, paste coating, kiss coating, spray, roller coating, gravure, slot coating, and other application methods known to the art.
• flame retardants may also be useful for finishing the sound absorption facing in order to impart flame retardant properties, low smoke generation and heat resistant properties and to increase the density or modify the air flow resistance of the facing.
• Flame retardants which are useful for this invention include durable, semi-durable and nondurable flame retardants, organic and inorganic flame retardants and combinations thereof.
• alumina trihydrate ammonium polyphosphate
• compounds containing alkali and alkaline earth metals borates, ammonium salts, nitrogen containing compounds, phosphates, phosphonates, halogens and sulfamates are useful for finishing and coating the facing.
• Other types of flame retardants which are of utility in this application include intumescent systems, vapor phase flame retardants and systems, endothermic flame retardants and combinations thereof. The list of possible flame retardants for this application is vast and will be obvious to those skilled in the art of finishing and coating fabrics.
• Any water based emulsion or dispersion commonly known as a binder or latex may also be used to modify the air flow resistance of the sound absorption facing and to impart additional functional properties to the facing.
• Acrylic binders, vinyl acrylic binders, vinyl acetate binders, styrene containing binders, butyl containing binders, starch binders, polyurethane binders, and polyvinylalcohol containing binders are examples of binders that find utility in coating and finishing the facing.
• the binders may be film forming so as to reduce the air flow resistance of the sound absorption facing.
• the binders may also be loaded with a filler so as to reduce the air flow resistance of the sound absorption facing.
• the binders may be salt tolerant so that they can be used in conjunction with ionic flame retardants.
• the use of thermoplastic binders can provide adhesive properties to the sound absorption facing if the binder is on the surface of the facing and the facing is subsequently reheated to bond to another surface. Binders may also be thermoset to limit the degree of crushing during the calendaring process, thereby allowing for a controllable and small reduction in air flow resistance.
• thermoplastic binders may be utilized to cause a large reduction in air flow resistance during the calendaring process.
• Other properties that the binder may impart include, but are not limited to, improved crock resistance, increased grab tensile and greater tear strength. Selected binders may be applied to the sound absorption facing to modify its stiffness and flexibility and to cause the facing to retain its shape if it is post molded or "B staged.”
• the concentration of binder in a pad finishing formulation is generally between 0 percent and 25 percent.
• binders may comprise between 0 percent and 100 percent of the finish formulation.
• flame retardants may comprise between 0 percent and 100 percent of a finishing formulation depending on application method and the properties that are being sought through finishing.
• Pigment dispersions, water repellents, waxes, lubricants, dyes, antimicrobials, defoamers, profoamers, corrosion inhibitors, antimicrobials, thickening agents, wetting agents, fillers, and other coating additives are useful in the present invention.
• the chemical modification of the scrim can be accomplished through solvent based, 100% solids based, powder application, hot melt application or other chemistry application methods known to the art.
• the sound absorption facing may be used as a decorative layer, e.g., a fabric layer, or it may be covered with other layers to improve the aesthetic properties.
• a decorative layer e.g., a fabric layer
• the adhesive can be applied as a hot melt using a pattern engraved in a gravure roll, powder coating, adhesive web, adhesive film or net, by screen printing or foam coating a pattern of compounded powdered adhesive or adhesive onto the facing, or by spraying adhesive onto the facing.
• the adhesive is selected according to the temperature desired for thermally reactivating the adhesive, according to the material that will be mated with the sound absorption facing and according to other factors such as the open time of the adhesive, the temperature capabilities of the processing equipment, adhesive viscosity, melt-flow index, and the strength and esthetic qualities of the bond.
• the array of thermally reactivateable adhesives, application equipment, and application techniques is vast; however, someone trained in the art can quickly arrive at a suitable system for this application.
• the types of adhesives that have been used to good effect include thermoplastic and thermoset adhesives such as polyester based adhesives, polyamide, urethane, and olefmic adhesives.
• thermoset adhesives When thermoset adhesives are applied to the facing it is important not to keep the adhesive below the cross linking temperature when it is applied.
• the adhesive may be used to adjust the air flow resistance of the facing.
• continuous or perforated films or nets or other nonwoven material comprising low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, ethylene vinyl acetate, polypropylene, mealeic anhydride, or any olefmic materials manufacture using either the Ziegler Natta or a transition metal catalyst or any blends of these materials may be tacked to the surface of the air flow resistant scrim. These films, nets, and nonwoven materials are attached to the scrim with the knowledge that they will melt into adhesive islands during subsequent processes and will have minimal effect on the final air flow resistance of the acoustic composite.
• the mean pore size of the facing material directly relates to the permeability and air flow resistance, for example, as measured in Rayls.
• Experimental testing of mean pore size was performed on various acoustic facings, according to embodiments of the present invention, via a Capillary Flow Porometer CFP-1100-AEX manufactured by PMI, h e. The pore size determination was made for each acoustic facing using the following methodology:
• This test method is used to determine the pore size characteristics of non-woven and woven fabrics in a specific unit of measurement. This method ensures that finished goods meet specification or provides useful information regarding a sample.
• a sample is wetted with a low surface tension and vapor pressure liquid and is placed in a chamber.
• An increasing air pressure is applied and as successively smaller pores empty, the airflow is recorded as a function of pressure.
• the maximum and minimum pore sizes are obtained and compared with the flow rate against applied pressure for a dry sample. The pore size distribution is thereby obtained in microns.
• the computer will signal the end of the test with a message box. Click on OK and remove the sample from the chamber.
• Applicants have unexpectedly discovered acoustic materials that are acceptable for a moldable sound absorption panel facing, that are extensible enough be molded, that are thin, that are not heavy in basis weight, and have the proper pore size to deliver the permeability and acoustic resistance.
• a useful range of average pore size is from about 8 to about 40 microns.
• microfibers are generally defined as fibers from about 0.1 to 10 microns in diameter.
• Microfiber can be produced by splitting larger fibers as in the Evolon® brand products from Freudenberg Nonwovens or by creating microfiber through meltblown processes as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,178,932 to Perkins, or by flash spinning fiber as in the Tyvek® brand products from DuPont, or by producing multi component fiber, and dissolving away some of the fiber mass to leave microfibers.
• the use of microfiber based acoustic facing is well known.
• Acoustic facings according to embodiments of the present invention have a pore size of from about 8 to 40 microns, without the use of microfiber.
• Applicants have also found that one way of developing these acoustic facings is to prepare a nonwoven fabric that contains an effective amount of cellulose fibers. Cellulose fibers are flat and can produce effective pore size structures at useful basis weights.
• embodiments of the present invention are not limited to the use of cellulosic fibers.
• Sontara Style 9918 onto a creel stand in front of a finishing frame.
• This Sontara fabric has an average air flow resistance of 449 Rayls.
• the fabric was pinned onto a pin tenter and stretched from 155" to 166".
• the stretched fabric had an air flow resistance of 740 Rayls, a SE rating for MVSS 302 flammability, and a basis weight of 4.3 osy.
• the 100 gallon pad bath mix was made to incorporate the following ingredients: 25 pounds of Amgard CT (Rhodia Corporation) a durable cyclic phosphonate, 33.5 pounds of Spartan 880FR (Spartan Flame Retardants, Inc), 70 pounds of Inmont S Black 6612 (BASF
• Phobol 8315 (Ciba Corporation) a fluorocarbon based water repellent.
• the fabric is pinned onto a pin tenter frame, where the fabric can be stretched or necked down.
• the product was unstreteched (63" in, 63" out), which resulted in a basis weight of 85 gsm, an air flow resistance of 93 Rayls, and a SE rating for MVSS 302 flammability.
• the product was further calendered at a temperature of 250 F and pressure of 2000 psi, which resulted in a reduction of air flow resistance to 278 Rayls.
• a nonwoven fiberglass batt having a density of 2.0 lbs/ft 3 was combined with a 1.7 ounce/square yard, 100% polyester thermal bonded nonwoven fabric, with a coating of low density polyethylene adhesive, from Textil perennial Hof, with a permeability of 50-100 rayls (average 60 rayls).
• Figure 2 illustrates the predicted normal incidence sound absorption of
• a 63" wide roll of a 78 gsm 70/30 Viscose / Polyester spunlaced fabric was loaded onto a creel stand in front of a finishing frame. This fabric has an average air flow resistance of 90 Rayls.
• the fabric is pinned onto a pin tenter frame, where the fabric can be stretched or necked down.
• the product was unstreteched (63" in, 63" out), which resulted in a basis weight of 85 gsm, an air flow resistance of 93 Rayls, and a SE rating for MVSS 302 flammability.
• the product was further calendered at a temperature of 250 F and pressure of 2000 psi, which resulted in a reduction of air flow resistance to 278 Rayls.
• a 58" wide roll of a 78 gsm 70/30 Viscose / Polyester spunlaced fabric was loaded onto a creel stand in front of a finishing frame. This fabric has an average air flow resistance of 90 Rayls.
• the fabric is pinned onto a pin tenter frame where the fabric width can be adjusted.
• the above finished fabric was processed at two different widths described below.
• the above material was further processed using a calendaring process at 2000 psi with the varied temperatures.

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• 2010
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