WO2011117928A1 - 太陽電池 - Google Patents
太陽電池 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2011117928A1 WO2011117928A1 PCT/JP2010/002198 JP2010002198W WO2011117928A1 WO 2011117928 A1 WO2011117928 A1 WO 2011117928A1 JP 2010002198 W JP2010002198 W JP 2010002198W WO 2011117928 A1 WO2011117928 A1 WO 2011117928A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- layer
- metal porous
- solar cell
- refractive index
- film
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Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/02—Details
- H01L31/0224—Electrodes
- H01L31/022408—Electrodes for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier
- H01L31/022425—Electrodes for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier for solar cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/02—Details
- H01L31/0216—Coatings
- H01L31/02161—Coatings for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier
- H01L31/02167—Coatings for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier for solar cells
- H01L31/02168—Coatings for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier for solar cells the coatings being antireflective or having enhancing optical properties for the solar cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/18—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof
- H01L31/1804—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof comprising only elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/547—Monocrystalline silicon PV cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a solar cell having a metal porous film.
- the general structure of a solar cell is one in which a semiconductor photoelectric conversion layer is sandwiched between a surface electrode and a back electrode on the sunlight irradiation side.
- Silicon (Si) -based materials are the mainstream materials currently used for semiconductor photoelectric conversion layers, and single crystal Si or polycrystalline Si pn junctions and amorphous Si (a-Si) pin junctions are mainly used. .
- chalcopyrite solar cells which are compound semiconductors, have been developed.
- the biggest problem with solar cells is the improvement of photoelectric conversion efficiency.
- One means for increasing the efficiency of solar cells is a method of converting incident sunlight into a form more suitable for photoelectric conversion. For example, when a nanometer-scale microstructure of a metal exists, there is a phenomenon in which an enhanced electric field is generated at the end portion to increase carrier excitation. This is caused by a phenomenon in which collective vibration waves of electrons are generated on the metal surface by light, and it is said that an enhanced electromagnetic field generated thereby activates carrier generation.
- Patent Document 1 high efficiency is achieved by converting light on the long wavelength side that has not been photoelectrically converted in the crystalline Si layer into an enhanced electric field by using metal fine particles disposed on the back surface. Further, Non-Patent Document 1 reports that, in the Si photoelectric conversion element, an enhanced current is generated by arranging Au nanoparticles on the light receiving surface of a semiconductor substrate having a pn junction.
- the refractive index of the periphery, surface, and back surface of the metal with the microstructure It is desirable that (square root of dielectric constant) take a close value.
- the material of the photoelectric conversion layer used is Si, and its refractive index is about 3.8 on average. Therefore, when a metal microstructure is formed directly on Si, a very large refractive index difference is generated between Si and the atmosphere (refractive index 1). In the conventional solar cell, due to the mismatch, the intensity of the generated electric field is reduced, and there is a problem that a sufficient effect due to the electric field cannot be obtained and a sufficient conversion efficiency cannot be improved.
- the solar cell of the present invention is composed of “a refractive index adjusting layer, a metal porous film, and a photoelectric conversion layer laminated, and the metal porous film exists on the light irradiation surface side.
- the metal porous film is in direct contact with the photoelectric conversion layer, and the metal porous film has a plurality of openings therethrough, and the surface of the metal porous film and the openings At least a part of the inner surface is covered with the refractive index adjusting layer, and the refractive index of the refractive index adjusting layer is 1.35 or more and 4.2 or less ".
- an enhanced electric field generated by the interaction between incident light and the metal porous film is efficiently generated by coating the metal porous film formed on the photoelectric conversion layer with the refractive index adjustment layer,
- the solar cell having high power generation efficiency can be provided by the excitation of the carriers generated by the above.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a solar cell according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the solar cell 1 includes a photoelectric conversion layer 5 including a semiconductor layer between the light irradiation surface electrode 2 and the metal porous film 3 and the back electrode 4. Is sandwiched between.
- the metal porous film 3 is disposed on the photoelectric conversion layer 5 and has a plurality of openings 8 penetrating therethrough.
- the metal porous film 3 is continuously present between the plurality of openings 8 of the metal porous film 3 almost without any breaks.
- the refractive index adjusting layer 6 is disposed so as to cover at least a part of the metal porous film 3.
- the refractive index adjusting layer 6 may cover at least the surface of the metal porous film 3.
- the refractive index adjustment layer 6 may cover the insides of the plurality of openings 8 of the metal porous film 3.
- the present inventors have found that in the configuration shown in FIG. 1, more current can be generated than the current according to the amount of light propagated to the photoelectric conversion layer 5.
- the light receiving surface is the surface of the metal porous film 3 that is not in contact with the photoelectric conversion layer 5, and the surface that is in contact with the photoelectric conversion layer 5 is the lower surface.
- the end portion of the metal porous film 3 is a boundary between the metal porous film 3 and the opening 8, and a discontinuity point of vibration when free electrons of the metal porous film 3 are vibrated by incident light. Point to.
- the metal porous film 3 has innumerable openings 8, all free electrons cannot vibrate uniformly. That is, there are free electrons whose vibration is hindered by the opening 8 of the metal porous film 3. For this reason, a portion where electrons are dense and a portion where electrons are sparse appear at the end of the opening 8 on the light receiving surface of the metal porous film 3.
- an alternating electric field that vibrates in parallel with the traveling direction of light is generated between the end of the light receiving surface and the end of the lower surface of the metal porous film 3.
- this AC electric field is non-propagating and is localized at the end of the metal porous film 3. Since the localized electric field generated at this time is locally concentrated, the electric field is several hundred times as large as the electric field generated by incident light, and this electric field is considered to promote the generation of electron-hole pairs.
- the local electric field at the end of the metal porous film 3 is non-propagating, and the intensity of the electric field is an index parallel to the traveling direction of light from the lower surface of the metal porous film 3 toward the inside of the photoelectric conversion layer 5. Decrease functionally. Therefore, in order to obtain the effect of promoting the generation of electron / hole pairs by the localized electric field, it is preferable that the photoelectric conversion layer 5 and the metal porous film 3 are close to each other at the nm level.
- the inventors have found that when the pitch between the openings 8 of the metal porous film 3 is about the wavelength of incident light, the above-described strong localized electric field occurs.
- the strong local electric field described above is generated.
- the inventors have found that the electric field in the vicinity of the opening 8 of the metal porous film 3 is enhanced, and exciting a large amount of carriers in the photoelectric conversion layer 5 contributes to improvement in conversion efficiency. .
- the refractive index described here refers to the real part of the complex refractive index of the substance.
- the structural analysis by an electron microscope (SEM), a transmission electron microscope (TEM), or X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) The chemical composition of the refractive index adjustment layer 6 is clarified from composition analysis such as secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), and the bulk value of the substance inferred from the chemical composition is defined as the thickness of the refractive index adjustment layer 6. .
- SIMS secondary ion mass spectrometry
- the thickness of the refractive index adjusting layer 6 is a value measured using a spectroscopic ellipsometer.
- the refractive index adjusting layer 6 only needs to cover at least a part of the metal porous film 3, and preferably only covers the light receiving surface on the opposite side to the photoelectric conversion layer 5, more preferably. Furthermore, the inside of the opening part 8 of the metal porous film 3 should just be coat
- FIG. 2 shows the result of the simulation by the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method.
- the simulation of FIG. 2 was performed under the condition that the substrate was Si, the material of the metal porous film 3 was Al, and the upper surface of the metal porous film 3 was air.
- the thickness of the metal porous film 3 was 30 nm, and periodic openings were prepared in the metal porous film 3.
- the opening size of the metal porous film 3 was 140 nm, the opening pitch was 200 nm, and the arrangement was a square lattice.
- the vertical axis and the horizontal axis represent the position of the metal porous membrane 3, and the darkness of the color indicates that the darker the color, the stronger the electric field.
- the simulation of FIG. 3 was performed under the condition that the substrate was Si, the material of the metal porous film 3 was Al, and the upper surface of the metal porous film 3 was Si.
- the thickness of the metal porous film 3 was 30 nm, and periodic openings were prepared in the metal porous film 3.
- the opening size of the metal porous film 3 was 140 nm, the opening pitch was 200 nm, and the arrangement was a square lattice.
- the vertical and horizontal axes in FIG. 3 represent the position of the metal porous membrane 3, and the darkness of the color indicates that the darker the color, the stronger the electric field.
- the color of the end of the metal porous film 3 is darker than that of FIG. 2, and the electric field generated at the end of the metal porous film 3 is significantly increased.
- the refractive index of all the periphery of the metal porous film 3 is substantially equal to that of the structure of FIG. It can be considered that the electric field generated at the edge portion of the porous metal film 3 is significantly increased compared to 2.
- FIG. 4 shows the electric field spectrum obtained by the FTDT method when the porous metal film 3 is arranged on a square lattice at a 100 nm diameter and 200 nm pitch on a Si substrate, and the refractive index adjustment layer 6 is provided thereon.
- the refractive index adjusting layer 6 is arranged at a thickness of 50 nm inside and on the top surface of the hole.
- the horizontal axis of FIG. 4 represents the wavelength of incident light
- the vertical axis represents the intensity of the electric field.
- the electric field in which incident light is selectively enhanced near 1000 nm further increases.
- the electric field enhancement effect is more than doubled. This is considered to be an effect in which the front and back surfaces of the metal porous film 3 and the internal refractive index are matched. As a result, the increased electric field can excite more carriers and improve the conversion efficiency.
- Specific materials include fluororesin polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), or polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, vinylidene acetate, polyethylene, melamine resin, nylon, polystyrene
- the novolak resin and the inorganic material include alumina, zirconia, SiO2, ZnS, ZnO, TiO2, SiN, and SiC. These materials can be used similarly as a coating agent used for the purpose of protecting the outermost surface of the solar cell 1 from physical impact.
- the refractive index adjusting layer 6 can be prepared by a generally known method, for example, resistance heating vapor deposition, electron beam (EB) vapor deposition, dip coating, spin coating, sputtering, chemical, and the like. It can be arbitrarily selected from Vapor® Deposition® (CVD) method, sol-gel method and the like.
- CVD Vapor® Deposition®
- the electric field enhancement effect can be increased as the refractive index of the refractive index adjustment layer 6 increases, but the Fresnel reflection at the interface between air and the refractive index adjustment layer 6 inevitably increases. End up. This is because Fresnel reflection has a property of increasing as the refractive index difference at the interface increases.
- an antireflection film 7 having a concavo-convex structure at an interval smaller than the wavelength of incident light on the outermost surface of the refractive index adjustment layer 6, thereby reflecting the outermost surface. I found that it can prevent.
- the antireflection film 7 having an uneven structure on the outermost surface will be described.
- the electric field becomes stronger as it is coated with a substance having a higher refractive index, but on the other hand, Fresnel reflection between the refractive index adjusting layer 6 and the atmosphere becomes larger.
- the reflection of the outermost surface is prevented by forming the antireflection film 7 having an uneven structure at an interval smaller than the wavelength on the outermost surface of the refractive index adjusting layer 6.
- the antireflection film 7 having a fine concavo-convex structure preferably has a structure such as a cone or a quadrangular pyramid made of a refractive index adjustment layer having a pitch smaller than the wavelength. More preferably, when the cross-sectional shape is a parabola, the refractive index gradient becomes uniform and the antireflection effect is enhanced. This is because light cannot be sensed in a structure smaller than the wavelength, and as a result, the refractive index is sensed so as to gradually change according to its volume fraction. Thus, the antireflection film 7 having a fine concavo-convex structure can transmit light without reflection without sensing an interface having a large refractive index difference for light.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic view of the antireflection film 7 having a concavo-convex structure provided in the refractive index adjustment layer 6.
- an antireflection film 7 having a concavo-convex structure having a two-dimensional periodic structure is provided on the light irradiation side surface of the refractive index adjustment layer 6.
- the portion shown on the right side of FIG. 5 has a two-dimensional cone or pyramid structure, and the refractive index adjustment layer 6 occupies in the horizontal direction of the substrate with respect to the vertical direction of the refractive index adjustment layer 6. It shows that the volume changes gradually and the effective refractive index changes continuously as shown in the figure.
- the refractive index of the atmosphere is n1
- the refractive index of the refractive index adjustment layer is n2.
- the period of the structure In order to obtain the antireflection effect, it is preferable to set the period of the structure to a period in which diffracted light other than the 0th-order diffracted light is not generated.
- a period ⁇ is obtained from a generally known diffraction equation: ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ / n2 (1) As shown.
- ⁇ is the wavelength of light in a vacuum.
- the height d of the structure is: d ⁇ 0.25 ⁇ (2) Is preferable.
- the light irradiated to the metal porous film 3 is divided into a component that propagates inside the photoelectric conversion layer 5, a component that becomes an electric field and contributes to power generation, and a component that does not contribute to power generation due to reflection.
- the loss due to reflection is relatively large.
- this reflection component decreases, and the component that propagates into the photoelectric conversion layer 5 increases. This is because when the metal is linearly continuous, free electrons are likely to vibrate in the continuous direction, and as a result, so-called metal reflection (plasma reflection) occurs. Therefore, when the linear continuity of the metal is interrupted, light reflection is suppressed.
- the openings 8 of the metal porous film 3 are connected by etching, so that the end of the metal porous film 3 remains, so that the effect of improving the power generation efficiency by the above-described localized electric field can be obtained. . As a result, it is considered that the effect of the localized electric field and the power generation by the component propagating into the photoelectric conversion layer 5 are added.
- the metal porous film 3 is not necessarily limited to the metal thin film provided with innumerable openings 8, and the openings 8 are continuous with each other, or the metal is formed inside the openings. May exist in an island shape.
- FIGS. 6 to 8 show electron microscope (SEM) images of a process in which a spin-on-glass (SOG) mask is formed on a mesh on an Al thin film on the light irradiation surface side and Al is gradually etched.
- . 6 to 8 are electron microscope (SEM) images of the process of etching the metal porous Al film.
- SEM electron microscope
- the metal porous membrane 3 in the present invention does not need to have a complete mesh structure, and it can be said that the metal porous membrane 3 is preferably partially interrupted.
- FIG. 10 and FIG. 11 show the relationship between the width of the metal porous film 3 sandwiched between the openings 8 and the strength of the localized electric field appearing at the end of the metal porous film 3.
- FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram showing the simulation conditions of FIG.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram showing the result of simulation under the conditions shown in FIG.
- the horizontal axis in FIG. 11 indicates the metal width between the openings 8, and the vertical axis indicates the electric field strength.
- the thickness of the metal porous film 3 was set to 50 nm, and the distance between the openings was set to X nm.
- the wavelength of light was 500 nm.
- the width of the metal porous film 3 has a peak in the range of 10 nm to 200 nm. This is because when the width of the metal porous film 3 is smaller than 10 nm, the absolute number of free electrons contained in the metal line is reduced, and the size of the dipole appearing at both ends of the single metal line is reduced. This is because the enhancement effect is lost. Further, in the range where the width of the metal porous film 3 is larger than 200 nm, the dipoles do not interact with each other, so that the electric field strength is constant.
- the average value of the distance of the minimum portion of the metal existing between the openings 8 is 10 nm or more and less than 200 nm.
- the average distance of the minimum portion of the metal is preferably 25 nm or more.
- the average value of the distance of the minimum portion of the metal is 100 nm or less because reflection of light by the metal portion is increased.
- the metal porous film 3 can also be used as an upper electrode of the photoelectric conversion layer 5 as in the solar cell of the present invention.
- the opening ratio of the opening 8 of the metal porous film 3 needs to be in the range of 10% or more and 66% or less, and between any two points of the metal porous film 3 It is desirable that the continuous volume occupies at least 50% or more.
- the end of the metal porous film 3 is An electrode having a structure containing many is preferable. That is, in the opening structure having the same opening diameter, a short inter-opening distance has a strong electric field enhancement. On the other hand, in the 1000 nm diameter opening and the 500 nm diameter opening having the same opening distance, the number of openings per unit area is large. Is more in the case of a 500 nm diameter opening, so it can be said that the electric field enhancement is strong.
- the proposal of the present invention does not limit the arrangement of the openings 8.
- the shape of the opening 8 is not limited to a circle.
- the opening diameter is preferably 5 nm or more and 500 nm or less, and even when the opening 8 is not circular, the area per opening 8 is preferably within the range of 80 nm 2 or more and 0.8 ⁇ m 2 or less. .
- the thickness of the metal porous membrane 3 is desirably a thickness that induces an electric field.
- the thickness is less than 2 nm, the difference in density of electrons between the light receiving surface and the lower surface of the metal porous film 3 is small, so the local electric field is weak.
- the thickness of the metal porous film 3 is desirably 2 nm or more and 200 nm or less.
- the thickness of the metal porous membrane 3 is more preferably 25 nm or more. In view of the efficiency of carrier excitation by an electric field, the thickness of the metal porous film 3 is more preferably 100 nm or less.
- the structure of the solar cell according to one embodiment of the present invention has been described from the viewpoint of the shape, but the material constituting such a structure can be selected and used from any conventionally known materials.
- the metal constituting the metal porous membrane 3 is arbitrarily selected.
- the metal refers to a metal element that is a single conductor, has a metallic luster, is ductile, and is solid at room temperature, and an alloy made thereof. Since the electric field enhancement effect in the present invention is induced by electromagnetic waves entering the metal porous film 3, in one embodiment, light absorption is performed in the wavelength region of light to be used for the material constituting the metal microstructure. Less is desirable.
- Such a material include aluminum, silver, gold, platinum, nickel, cobalt, chromium, copper, and titanium, and among these, aluminum, silver, gold, nickel, or cobalt is preferable. However, these are not limited as long as the metal has a metallic luster.
- the photoelectric conversion layer 5 is currently most widely distributed from a p-type semiconductor and an n-type semiconductor, and needs to be composed of a p-type semiconductor and an n-type semiconductor in order to perform inexpensive and simple manufacturing. It is.
- a semiconductor material Si, which is easily available, is preferably used, and single crystal Si, polycrystalline Si, amorphous Si, or the like can be used.
- the structure of the photoelectric conversion layer 5 is not limited to the stacked structure of the p layer and the n layer, and a Schottky junction, a PIN junction, or the like can be adopted.
- the photoelectric conversion layer has the structure. It doesn't matter.
- the present invention can be employed simultaneously with the improvement for improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency by devising the shape of the back surface of the antireflection film 7 or the photoelectric conversion layer 5, and does not limit the improvement in the photoelectric conversion layer 5.
- any material can be adopted as long as it is a material that can make ohmic contact with the semiconductor in contact therewith.
- Ag, Al, Ag / Ti, etc. are generally used.
- a transparent electrode etc. can also be used.
- improvement in efficiency by improving the front and back surfaces of the photoelectric conversion layer 5 such as an antireflection film 7 on the irradiation surface of the photoelectric conversion layer 5, texture etching, and BSF (Back Surface Field) has been studied. Yes.
- Example 1 Single Crystal Si Solar Cell
- Example 1 a method for manufacturing a single crystal Si solar cell and its characteristics will be described with reference to FIG.
- FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view of a single crystal Si solar cell using a surface electrode layer having a minute opening according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- a p-type silicon substrate 20 made of p-type single crystal silicon is prepared as a semiconductor substrate.
- a silicon ingot doped with boron and pulled up by the Czochralski method was sliced to a thickness of 540 ⁇ m with a multi-wire saw. Thereafter, the sliced silicon ingot was thinned to 380 ⁇ m by mechanical polishing of the p-type silicon substrate 20 having p-type single crystal silicon having a specific resistance of about 8 ⁇ ⁇ cm.
- polycrystalline silicon may be used as the semiconductor substrate.
- an n + layer 21 containing a large amount of an n-type impurity element such as phosphorus is formed on one main surface of the p-type silicon substrate 20.
- the n + layer 21 has a p-type silicon substrate 20 placed in a high-temperature gas containing phosphorus oxychloride (POCl 3), and diffuses an n -type impurity element such as phosphorus on one main surface of the p-type silicon substrate 20. It can be formed by a thermal diffusion method. In the case where the n + layer 21 is formed by a thermal diffusion method, the n + layer 21 may be formed on both surfaces and ends of the p-type silicon substrate 20 in some cases.
- Example 1 an n + layer 21 was formed on the p-type silicon substrate 20 by thermal diffusion under a condition of 15 minutes at a temperature of 1100 ° C. in a POCl 3 gas atmosphere.
- the sheet resistance value of the n + layer 21 is about 50 ⁇ / sq. Met.
- the surface of the required n + layer 21 among the n + layers 21 formed on both sides and ends of the P-type silicon substrate 20 is covered with an acid resistant resin 22.
- the acid resistant resin 22 is formed by immersing the p-type silicon substrate 20 in a hydrofluoric acid solution for 15 seconds. The portion of the n + layer 21 that was not formed was removed. By this step, the unnecessary n + layer 21 can be removed by immersing the p-type silicon substrate 20 in a hydrofluoric acid solution.
- the acid resistant resin 22 was removed to form an n + layer 21 only on one main surface of the p-type silicon substrate 20.
- the thickness of the n + layer 21 became approximately 500 nm.
- Au / Zn was deposited on the main surface of the p-type silicon substrate 20 by vacuum deposition to form the back electrode 4.
- the back electrode layer which is this Au / Zn film also serves as the back electrode and the reflective film.
- the inventors have found a method for forming a single particle layer of nanoparticles oriented in a close packed structure on a substrate. Furthermore, the inventors have found a method of creating a dot pattern by reducing the arranged nanoparticles to an arbitrary size by etching. This aligned dot pattern can be used as an electrode layer having an opening by transferring it to the metal porous film 3 on the photoelectric conversion layer 5 by a method described later.
- FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view showing a method for producing a metal porous film according to the solar cell of the present invention.
- FIG. 13 shows a specific method for producing the metal porous Al film 10 as a surface electrode layer having a minute opening.
- Al is deposited on the main surface of the n + layer 21 of the P-type silicon substrate 20 by vacuum deposition, and an Al film 30 having a thickness of 50 nm is formed. Formed.
- a solution obtained by diluting an i-line positive thermosetting resist (THMR IP3250 (trade name), manufactured by Tokyo Ohka Kogyo Co., Ltd.) 1: 1 with ethyl lactate is 0.
- Filtering with a 2 ⁇ m mesh filter was performed, and spin coating was performed on the Al film 30 at 2000 rpm for 60 seconds to form a resist layer 31.
- the film thickness of the resist 31 was approximately 240 nm.
- the resist layer 31 was etched using a reactive reactive etching apparatus (RIE-200L manufactured by SAMCO) at O2: 30 sccm, 100 mTorr, and RF power 100 W for 3 seconds.
- RIE-200L reactive reactive etching apparatus
- the uppermost resist layer was hydrophilized, and the wettability during the subsequent application of the dispersion was improved.
- a silica fine particle dispersion (PL-13 (trade name) manufactured by Fuso Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) in which the particle system of the silica fine particles 32 is 200 nm is made 5 wt% with acrylic. Dilution and filtering with a 1 ⁇ m mesh filter were performed to obtain a silica fine particle dispersion for coating. This solution was spin-coated on the substrate coated with the resist layer 31 at 2000 rpm for 60 seconds.
- the silica fine particles 32 subjected to spin coating were further heated in a non-oxidizing oven at 150 ° C. in a nitrogen atmosphere for 1 hour to perform an annealing treatment.
- the treatment of FIG. 13D only the lowermost layer particle of the silica fine particles 32 sinks the resist layer. Thereafter, by cooling at room temperature, the resist layer 31 is cured again, and only the lowermost layer of the fine particles is captured on the substrate surface.
- the silica fine particles 32 were etched at CF4: 30 sccm, 10 mTorr, and RF power 100 W for 2 minutes.
- the silica fine particles are etched and the radius is reduced, so that a gap is generated between the adjacent particles. Under this condition, the underlying resist layer 31 is hardly etched.
- the particle system of the silica fine particles 32 was about 120 nm, and the gap between the particles was about 80 nm.
- thermosetting resist layer 31 is etched for 270 seconds at O2: 30 sccm, 2 mTorr, and RF power 100 W. Went.
- O2 30 sccm, 2 mTorr, and RF power 100 W. Went.
- a solution obtained by diluting spin-on-glass (SOG) 33 (SOG-5500 (trade name), manufactured by Tokyo Ohka Kogyo Co., Ltd.) to 14 wt% with ethyl lactate is 0.3 ⁇ m. Filtering with a mesh filter was performed, and spin coating was performed on the resist pattern composed of the silica fine particles 32 and the resist layer 31 at 2000 rpm for 40 seconds. Thereafter, the SOG layer 33 was heated on a hot plate at 110 ° C. for 90 seconds, and further heated in a non-oxidizing oven at 250 ° C. for 1 hour in a nitrogen atmosphere.
- SOG spin-on-glass
- the SOG 33 layer formed in FIG. 13 (e) and the fine silica particles 32 contained in the SOG layer are converted into CF4: 30 sccm, 10 mTorr, RF power. Etching was performed at 100 W for 11 minutes. By this treatment, the SOG layer 33 and the silica fine particles 32 on the resist layer 31 are removed, and the SOG layer 33 having a hole pattern shape appears on the substrate surface. The remaining columnar thermosetting resist layer 31 was etched for 150 seconds at O2: 30 sccm, 10 mTorr, and RF power 100 W. Next, as shown in FIG. 13 (i), the SOG layer 33 was used as a mask.
- the Al film 30 was etched using an ICP-RIE (manufactured by SAMCO) apparatus.
- ICP-RIE manufactured by SAMCO
- Al2O3 of several nm is immediately formed on the surface. Therefore, Ar: 25 sccm, 5 mTorr, ICP power: 50 W, Bias power: 150 W, sputter etching is performed for 1 minute to remove Al 2 O 3, and then continuously using Cl 2 / Ar: 2.5 / 25 sccm mixed gas, 5 mTorr,
- the Al film 30 was etched with ICP power 50 W and Bias power 150 W for 50 seconds.
- etching was performed for 150 seconds at CF4: 30 sccm, 10 mTorr, RF power 100 W, and the remaining SOG layer 33 was removed.
- an opening having a thickness of 50 nm, an average opening area of 4.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 ⁇ m 2 (opening diameter of 113 nm), and an average opening ratio of 30.3% is formed on the n + layer.
- a porous Al film 10 was prepared. Further, as a result of measuring the transmittance of the produced porous Al film 10 at an incident light wavelength of 500 nm, the transmittance was about 60% and the resistivity was about 107.3 ⁇ ⁇ cm.
- ZnS refractive index: about 2.4
- a refractive index adjusting layer 34 was deposited to 50 nm by vacuum evaporation on the solar cells fabricated in FIGS. 13 (a) to (j). .
- the outermost surface of the solar cell after vapor deposition was coated with ZnS and deposited to the inside of the opening. Under these conditions, the characteristics at room temperature when irradiated with AM1.5 simulated sunlight were evaluated using a solar simulator. As a result, the conversion efficiency was a good value of 7.2%.
- Example 2 Polycrystalline Si Solar Cell
- a method for producing a polycrystalline Si solar cell having an electric field enhancement layer made of a metal porous film 3 and its characteristics will be described.
- FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view of a polycrystalline Si solar cell of the solar cell according to the present invention.
- the manufacturing method of a polycrystalline Si type solar cell is substantially the same as Example 1, drawing is abbreviate
- a p-type silicon substrate 40 was prepared as a semiconductor substrate.
- One prepared a p-type polycrystalline Si substrate 40 of B-doped 1015 atoms / cm 3 and a thickness of 300 ⁇ m manufactured by a casting method.
- a generally known impurity other than boron may be doped as the impurity, or an n-type substrate may be prepared and a p-layer may be formed later.
- Example 2 an n + layer 41 doped with P was formed on the outermost surface of the p-type silicon substrate 40 using phosphorus oxychloride (POCl3).
- POCl3 phosphorus oxychloride
- Example 2 a metal porous Al film 42 was produced. First, Al was deposited on the main surface of the p layer of the P-type silicon substrate 40 by vacuum deposition to form a metal porous Al film 42 having a thickness of 30 nm.
- thermosetting resist for i-line is spin-coated on the substrate on which the metal porous Al film 42 is deposited, annealed at 270 ° C. for 1 hour in a nitrogen atmosphere, and subjected to a thermosetting reaction to form a resist layer having a thickness of about 240 nm. Formed.
- a dispersion containing silica fine particles having a particle diameter of 200 nm (PL-13 (trade name), manufactured by Fuso Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) is diluted to 5 wt% with a composition containing an acrylic polymer, and filtered. Secondary particles were removed to obtain a silica fine particle dispersion for coating. Further, this solution was spin-coated at 2000 rpm for 60 seconds on the substrate on which the resist layer was formed, and then annealed at 150 ° C. for 1 hour in a nitrogen atmosphere. Thereafter, by cooling at room temperature, an ordered single particle layer of silica fine particles was obtained on the hydrophilized resist layer.
- PL-13 trade name
- silica fine particles are used as the fine particles, but any inorganic or organic fine particles can be used as long as the difference in etching speed as described later can be achieved.
- the size of the fine particles is selected in accordance with the target opening size of the metal porous membrane 3, but generally a particle size of 60 to 700 nm is selected.
- the silica fine particle single particle film was etched at O2: 30 sccm, 10 mTorr, RF power 100 W for 20 seconds to remove excess acrylic. Etching was performed at CF4: 30 sccm, 10 mTorr, and RF power of 100 W for 2 minutes.
- the particle system of silica fine particles was about 120 nm, and the gap between the particles was about 80 nm.
- the underlying thermosetting resist was etched for 270 seconds under the conditions of O2: 30 sccm, 2 mTorr, and RF power 100 W.
- O2 30 sccm
- 2 mTorr 2 mTorr
- RF power 100 W RF power 100 W
- spin-on glass (SOG-14000 (trade name), manufactured by Tokyo Ohka Kogyo Co., Ltd.) was spin-coated on the columnar resist pattern and annealed at 250 ° C. for 1 hour in a nitrogen atmosphere. As a result, the gaps between the resist patterns were filled with SOG.
- the SOG layer formed in the above step and the finely divided silica fine particles contained in the SOG layer were etched for 11 minutes under the conditions of CF4: 30 sccm, 10 mTorr, and RF power 100 W.
- CF4 30 sccm, 10 mTorr, and RF power 100 W.
- the columnar thermosetting resist was etched at O2: 30 sccm, 10 mTorr, and RF power 100 W for 150 seconds to form an SOG mask having a structure in which the columnar resist pattern was inverted on the metal porous Al film 42.
- the metal porous Al film 42 was etched with an ICP-RIE apparatus (manufactured by Samco Corporation) through the SOG mask.
- the native oxide film Al2O3 formed on the surface is removed by sputter etching for 1 minute under conditions of Ar: 25 sccm, 5 mTorr, ICP power 50 W, Bias power 150 W, and then using a Cl2 / Ar: 2.5 / 25 sccm mixed gas,
- the Al thin film was etched for 50 seconds under the conditions of 5 mTorr, ICP power 50 W, and Bias power 150 W.
- etching was performed for 150 seconds under conditions of CF4: 30 sccm, 10 mTorr, and RF power 100 W, and the remaining SOG mask was removed.
- a polycrystalline Si layer 43 for forming an n + layer was volumed on the produced metal porous Al film 42. That is, a 50 nm thick polycrystalline Si layer 43 was formed by RF plasma CVD. The polycrystalline Si layer was formed under the conditions of a substrate temperature of 500 ° C., PH3, SiH4, and H2 as source gases, and an RF power of 50 W. At this time, an n + polycrystalline Si layer 43 was filled in the opening of the metal porous Al film 42.
- the light irradiation surface side electrode 44 was formed on the polycrystalline silicon layer 43 of n + layer, and the photovoltaic cell was produced.
- Example 2 The solar cell of Example 2 produced as described above was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. As a result, the photoelectric conversion efficiency was a good value of 5.8%. Moreover, also when using metal materials other than Al as a material of a light-incidence surface side electrode, as a result of performing the same examination, it was confirmed that the effect of this invention is acquired.
- Example 3 Amorphous Si Solar Cell
- an Au porous film was formed between n layers of an amorphous Si pin structure.
- an example in which an Au thin film is etched to form an Au porous film will be described.
- FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view of an amorphous solar cell according to the solar cell of the present invention.
- drawing of the manufacturing method of the amorphous solar cell of Example 3 is abbreviate
- a back electrode 51 mainly composed of tin oxide (SnO2) is formed on a light-transmitting quartz substrate 50 at a film thickness of about 500 nm to 800 nm and about 500 ° C. using a thermal CVD apparatus. To do. At this time, an appropriately uneven texture is formed on the surface of the light transmissive electrode.
- a p-type amorphous Si layer 52 is formed using a plasma CVD apparatus. The p-type amorphous Si layer 52 is formed on the back electrode 51 by mixing SiH4 gas and H2 gas as main raw materials and B2H6 as a doping gas.
- an i-type amorphous Si layer 53 and an n-type amorphous Si layer 54 were formed.
- a plasma CVD apparatus is used to sequentially deposit an i-type amorphous Si layer 53 with SiH4 gas to 300 nm and an n-type amorphous Si layer 54 with PH3 and SiH4 mixed gas to 30 nm in sequence. A conversion layer was formed.
- a substrate having a quartz substrate 50, a back electrode 51, a p-type amorphous Si layer 52, an i-type amorphous Si layer 53, and a type amorphous Si layer 54 is taken out of the vacuum chamber, and a metallic porous Au made of Au having a thickness of 30 nm.
- a film 55 is deposited. Further, a positive thermosetting resist for i-line was spin coated to form a resist layer having a film thickness of about 150 nm.
- the fine concavo-convex pattern corresponding to the opening structure proposed by the present invention is transferred to this resist layer using a stamper as a mold.
- a stamper having a surface structure in which holes having a depth of 120 nm and a diameter of 320 nm were arranged in a close-packed arrangement with a period of 500 nm was prepared on quartz by electron beam lithography.
- the material of the stamper and the method for creating the fine uneven structure of the stamper are not limited.
- the stamper can be formed by a method using the fine particles described above or a method using a block copolymer.
- the release treatment the surface of the stamper was coated with a fluorine-based release agent such as perfluoropolyether, and the release energy was improved by reducing the surface energy of the stamper.
- the stamper is pressed onto the resist layer using a heater plate press at a substrate temperature of 125 ° C. and a stamping pressure of 6.7 kgf / cm 2, returned to room temperature over 1 hour, and released vertically to form a mold on the resist layer.
- the reversal pattern was transferred.
- a periodic opening resist pattern having a structure in which columnar protrusions having a diameter of 320 nm are periodically arranged was created.
- the present invention is not limited to thermal nanoimprinting, and the solar cell functions provided by the present invention even when similar patterns are formed using various imprinting techniques such as optical imprinting and soft imprinting. Is not detrimental.
- the metal porous Au film 55 was etched by an ion beam milling apparatus using this resist pattern as an etching mask.
- the etching conditions were Ar gas: 5 sccm, ion source output: 500 V, 40 mA, and the etching time was 45 s.
- a metal porous Au film 55 having an opening with a thickness of 30 nm, an average opening area of 8.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 ⁇ m 2 (opening diameter of 320 nm), and an average opening ratio of 37.1% was obtained.
- this metal porous film was used as an electrode of a solar cell.
- an n-type amorphous Si layer 56 of 50 nm was further deposited on the obtained metal porous Au film 55 by a similar method. Thereby, the n-type amorphous Si layer 56 was filled up to the inside of the metal porous Au film 55.
- the back electrode was attached in the same manner as in Example 1, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency was evaluated. As a result, the conversion efficiency was a good value of 4.8%.
- the same examination was performed, and it was confirmed that the effects of the present invention were obtained.
- Example 4 In this example, a refractive index adjustment layer 63 made of SiO2 is deposited on the single crystal solar cell produced in Example 1, and Fresnel reflection between the refractive index adjustment layer 63 and air is prevented. Therefore, an example in which a 200 nm pitch conical uneven structure 64 is formed on the surface of the refractive index adjustment layer 63 will be described.
- FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional view of a single crystal solar cell provided with a refractive index adjustment and a concavo-convex structure according to the solar cell according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 17 is sectional drawing which shows the manufacturing method of the surface uneven
- an n + Si layer 61 is laminated on a P-type silicon substrate 60 in the same manner as the solar cell fabricated in Example 1. Further, a metal porous Al film 62 is provided on the n + Si layer 61 with a predetermined pitch. A back electrode 4 is provided below the P-type silicon substrate 60.
- a refractive index adjustment layer 63 made of SiO 2 is formed to a thickness of 300 nm by the CVD method so as to cover the metal porous Al film 62. As a result, the refractive adjustment layer 63 was filled into the porous metal Al film 62.
- a half-micron compatible resist (THMR-ip3250 (trade name) manufactured by Tokyo Ohka Kogyo Co., Ltd.) is applied by a spin coat method under the conditions of 2000 rpm and 35 seconds. Spin coating was performed on the refractive index adjustment layer 63. Then, it baked for 90 seconds on a 110 degreeC hotplate. When the film thickness of the particle trapping layer 70 formed on the refractive index adjusting layer 63 was confirmed, a thin film suitable for adhering only a single layer of 55 nm particles having an average particle diameter of 200 nm was obtained.
- THMR-ip3250 trade name manufactured by Tokyo Ohka Kogyo Co., Ltd.
- the surface of the particle capturing layer 70 was hydrophilized by an etching apparatus (manufactured by Samco). Etching conditions were oxygen gas, a flow rate of 30 sccm, a pressure of 0.1 Torr, and a power of 100 W for 5 seconds.
- silica fine particles 71 manufactured by Fuso Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., PL-13 (trade name), silica average particle size 200 nm
- spin-coated at 1000 rpm for 60 seconds Spin coating was performed to form a multi-particle layer in which two to three silica fine particles 71 were laminated.
- the P-type silicon substrate 60 is baked on a hot plate at 210 ° C. for 30 minutes, so that only the lowest layer particles of the silica fine particles 71 that are multi-particle layers are P-type silicon substrate 60. Glued to.
- the obtained P-type silicon substrate 60 was cleaned by water ultrasonic cleaning for 10 minutes and then drained. Further, after replacing pure water for cleaning, ultrasonic cleaning was performed for 1 minute to remove excess particles not adhered to the P-type silicon substrate 60.
- ultrasonic cleaning was performed for 1 minute to remove excess particles not adhered to the P-type silicon substrate 60.
- the particle trapping layer 70 was removed by dry etching. Etching was performed for 1 minute using O 2 gas at a flow rate of 30 sccm, a pressure of 0.01 Torr, and a power of 100 W.
- Etching was performed for 1 minute using O 2 gas at a flow rate of 30 sccm, a pressure of 0.01 Torr, and a power of 100 W.
- the refractive adjustment layer 63 was etched by dry etching. Etching was performed for 8 minutes using CF 4 gas at a flow rate of 30 sccm, a pressure of 0.01 Torr, and a power of 100 W. As a result of observing the obtained refractive adjustment layer 63 in detail by SEM, the silica fine particles 71 are slimmed during the etching, whereby the surface of the refractive index adjustment layer 63 is processed into a protruding shape, and a fine concavo-convex structure 65 is formed. It was.
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the produced solar cell was evaluated. As a result, the conversion efficiency was a good value of 7.6%.
- the same examination was performed, and it was confirmed that the effects of the present invention were obtained.
- the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments as they are, and can be embodied by modifying the components without departing from the scope of the invention in the implementation stage.
- various forms can be formed by appropriately combining a plurality of constituent elements disclosed in the above embodiments. For example, some components may be omitted from all the components shown in the embodiment.
- constituent elements over different embodiments may be appropriately combined.
- Light irradiation surface electrode 50 ... -Quartz substrate 51 ... Back electrode 52 ; P-type amorphous Si layer 53 ... i-type amorphous Si layer 54 ... n-type amorphous Si layer 55 ... Metal porous Au film 56 ... n Type amorphous Si layer 60... P type silicon Plate 61.. N + Si layer 62 ... Al-made porous membrane 63 ... refractive index adjusting layer 64 ... unevenness structure 70 ... bead capturing layer 71 ... Silica particles
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Abstract
Description
ここで、発明者らは、以下の3点について、新たに知見した。
(1)屈折率の効果
発明者らは、鋭意検討を行った結果、Si等の光電変換層5上に形成された金属多孔質膜3を屈折率調整層6で被覆し、金属周囲の屈折率の調整を行った結果、屈折率調整層で覆っていないものに比較して、金属多孔質膜3で生じる電場が増大し、光電変換効率が向上することを見出した。以下、詳細に原理を説明する。
(2)表面凹凸による反射防止効果(モスアイ構造)
一方で、屈折率調整層6の屈折率が大きくなるにつれて電場の増強効果を大きくすることができるが、必然的に空気と屈折率調整層6との界面でのフレネル反射が増大することになってしまう。フレネル反射は界面での屈折率差が大きいほど、大きくなる性質があるためである。
Λ≦λ/n2 (1)
のように示される。
d≧0.25λ (2)
とするのが好ましい。
(3)金属多孔質膜の一部が途切れている場合の構造の効果
さらに、発明者らは、金属多孔質膜3がすべての開口部8が独立し、開口部8の各々がつながっていない構造ではなく、部分的に開口部8の間がつながっている場合、より高い発電能を示すことを見出した。具体的には、金属多孔質膜3を作製する方法のひとつとして、メッシュ構造のマスクを金属多孔質膜3上に形成し、RIE(Reactive-Ion Etching)法によるエッチングを行っているが、当該エッチングを、金属多孔質膜3がすべての開口部8が独立し、開口部8の各々がつながっていない構造よりもさらにエッチングを続け、開口部8の間がつながるような条件まで行った際、発電能の向上が見られた。
一方、図7及び図8に示すように、そこからさらにエッチングを続け、メッシュ構造が部分的に途切れ始めると、図9に示すように、大幅な発電能の向上が見られた。これは、前述のように、金属多孔質膜3による電場の効果に加えて、メッシュ構造のみでは反射されてしまった伝播光成分が足しあわされたためと考えられる。したがって、本発明における金属多孔質膜3は、完全なメッシュ構造である必要はなく、部分的に途切れているほうが好ましいといえる。
[実施例1]単結晶Si太陽電池
実施例1では、単結晶Si型太陽電池の製造方法及びその特性について、図12を参照して説明する。
次に、図13(i)に示すように、当該SOG層33をマスクとして用いて、Al膜30のエッチングをICP-RIE(SAMCO製)装置により行った。Al膜30は空気中に暴露すると、すぐに数nmのAl2O3を表面に形成する。そこで、Ar:25sccm、5mTorr、ICPパワー50W、Biasパワー150Wで1分間スパッタエッチングを行い、Al2O3を除去したのち、連続して、Cl2/Ar:2.5/25sccm混合ガスを用いて、5mTorr、ICPパワー50W、Biasパワー150Wで50秒間、Al膜30をエッチングした。
[比較例1]
実施例1において作製した太陽電池に、ZnSを堆積しない場合について、同様のサンプルを作製して、AM1.5の擬似太陽光を照射した際の室温における特性をソーラシミュレータを用いて評価した。その結果、変換効率が6.1%であった。
[実施例2]多結晶Si太陽電池
本例では、金属多孔質膜3からなる電場増強層を有する多結晶Si型太陽電池の製造方法及びその特性について説明する。
[実施例3]アモルファスSi太陽電池
本実施例では、アモルファスSiのpin構造のn層の間にAu多孔質膜を形成させた。ここでは、Au薄膜をエッチングしてAu多孔質膜を形成した例について述べる。
[実施例4]
本実施例においては、実施例1において作製した単結晶太陽電池に対して、SiO2を材料する屈折率調整層63を堆積させ、さらに屈折率調整層63と空気との間のフレネル反射を防止するために、屈折率調整層63の表面に200nmピッチの円錐状の凹凸構造64を形成した例について述べる。
2 ・・・光照射面電極
3 ・・・金属多孔質膜
4 ・・・裏面電極
5 ・・・光電変換層
6 ・・・屈折調整層
7 ・・・反射防止膜
8 ・・・開口部
20 ・・・P型シリコン基板
21 ・・・n+層
22 ・・・耐酸性樹脂
30 ・・・Al膜
31 ・・・レジスト層
32 ・・・シリカ微粒子
33 ・・・SOG層
34 ・・・屈折率調整層
40 ・・・P型シリコン基板
41 ・・・n+層
42 ・・・金属多孔質Al膜
43 ・・・多結晶Si層
44 ・・・光照射面電極
50 ・・・石英基板
51 ・・・裏面電極
52 ・・・P型アモルファスSi層
53 ・・・i型アモルファスSi層
54 ・・・n型アモルファスSi層
55 ・・・金属多孔質Au膜
56 ・・・n型アモルファスSi層
60 ・・・P型シリコン基板
61 ・・・n+Si層
62 ・・・金属多孔質Al膜
63 ・・・屈折率調整層
64 ・・・凹凸構造
70 ・・・粒子捕捉層
71 ・・・シリカ微粒子
Claims (8)
- 光電変換層と金属多孔質膜と屈折率調整層と、が積層されて構成され、
前記金属多孔質膜は、光照射面側に存在し、
前記金属多孔質膜は、前記光電変換層に直接接しており、
前記金属多孔質膜は、貫通する複数の開口部を有しており、
前記金属多孔質膜の表面及び前記開口部の内表面の少なくとも一部が前記屈折率調整層で被覆され、
前記屈折率調整層の屈折率が、1.35以上4.2以下である
ことを特徴とする太陽電池。
- 前記多孔質金属層の一部が途切れていることを特徴とした請求項1に記載の太陽電池。
- 前記屈折率調整層の前記光照射面側の最表面が、隣接する複数の凹凸部を有する反射防止膜を備えていることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の太陽電池。
- 前記金属多孔質膜の、前記開口部の平均面積が80nm2以上0.8μm2以下の範囲であり、前記開口部の開口率が10%以上66%以下の範囲であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の太陽電池。
- 前記金属多孔質膜の膜厚が10nm以上200nm以下の範囲であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の太陽電池。
- 前記光電変換層が、少なくともp型半導体とn型半導体、またはショットキー接合、PIN接合を含むことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の太陽電池。
- 前記光電変換層が、少なくともp型シリコンとn型シリコンを含み、かつ前記シリコンは、単結晶シリコン、あるいは多結晶シリコン、あるいはアモルファスシリコンからなる群から選択されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の太陽電池。
- 前記金属多孔質膜の材料が、Al、Ag、Au、Pt、Ni、Co、Cr、Cu、Tiからなる群から選択されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の太陽電池。
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PCT/JP2010/002198 WO2011117928A1 (ja) | 2010-03-26 | 2010-03-26 | 太陽電池 |
JP2012506669A JP5216937B2 (ja) | 2010-03-26 | 2010-03-26 | 太陽電池 |
CN201080065818.1A CN102947945B (zh) | 2010-03-26 | 2010-03-26 | 太阳能电池 |
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US9293611B1 (en) * | 2014-09-24 | 2016-03-22 | Huey-Liang Hwang | Solar cell structure and method for fabricating the same |
US11145772B2 (en) | 2019-03-11 | 2021-10-12 | At&T Intellectual Property I, L.P. | Device for photo spectroscopy having an atomic-scale bilayer |
CN111063805B (zh) * | 2019-11-11 | 2021-06-22 | 上海大学 | 一种有机-无机钙钛矿太阳能电池及制备和回收方法 |
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D.M.SCHAADT ET AL.: "Enhanced semiconductor optical absorption via surface plasmon excitation in metal nanoparticles", APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 86, 2 February 2005 (2005-02-02), pages 063106 * |
S.PILLAI ET AL.: "Surface plasmon enhanced sillicon solar cells", JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 101, 7 May 2007 (2007-05-07), pages 093105 * |
S.PILLAI ET AL.: "Targeting better absorption at longer wavelengths using surface plasmons", IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPEC CONF, vol. 31, 2005, pages 171 - 174, XP010822676, DOI: doi:10.1109/PVSC.2005.1488098 * |
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