Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K1/00—General methods for the preparation of peptides, i.e. processes for the organic chemical preparation of peptides or proteins of any length
  • C07K1/14—Extraction; Separation; Purification
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D15/00—Separating processes involving the treatment of liquids with solid sorbents; Apparatus therefor
  • B01D15/08—Selective adsorption, e.g. chromatography
  • B01D15/42—Selective adsorption, e.g. chromatography characterised by the development mode, e.g. by displacement or by elution
  • B01D15/424—Elution mode
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D15/00—Separating processes involving the treatment of liquids with solid sorbents; Apparatus therefor
  • B01D15/08—Selective adsorption, e.g. chromatography
  • B01D15/26—Selective adsorption, e.g. chromatography characterised by the separation mechanism
  • B01D15/38—Selective adsorption, e.g. chromatography characterised by the separation mechanism involving specific interaction not covered by one or more of groups B01D15/265 and B01D15/30 - B01D15/36, e.g. affinity, ligand exchange or chiral chromatography
  • B01D15/3847—Multimodal interactions
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
  • B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
  • B01J20/04—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising compounds of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals or magnesium
  • B01J20/048—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising compounds of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals or magnesium containing phosphorus, e.g. phosphates, apatites, hydroxyapatites
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
  • B01J20/281—Sorbents specially adapted for preparative, analytical or investigative chromatography
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
  • B01J20/281—Sorbents specially adapted for preparative, analytical or investigative chromatography
  • B01J20/282—Porous sorbents
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies

Definitions

• the present invention provides methods for purifying a target molecule in a sample.
• the method comprises,
• the method comprises:
• step (c) eluting the target molecule from the solid support by contacting the solid support with a solution of different composition from the solution in step (b), thereby purifying the target molecule in a sample.
• the alkali metal ion is selected from lithium, sodium, or potassium.
• the alkali earth ion is selected from magnesium and calcium.
• the apatite is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite.
• the target molecule is a protein. In some embodiments, the target protein is an antibody.
• the solution in step (b) has a pH between 6.5 and 9.0 or between 7-8.5, or between 7.5-9.0. [0010] In some embodiments, the solution has 100 mM, 80 mM, 60 mM or less of alkali metal ion or alkali earth ion.
• the method further comprises one or more additional wash steps between steps (a) and (b) of paragraph [0003] or [0004] or between steps (b) and (c) of paragraph [0003] or [0004].
• the one or more additional wash steps remove at least one component of the sample from the solid surface while substantially retaining the target molecule on the solid support.
• the component washed from the support is selected from at least one of the group consisting of endotoxin, host cell protein, aggregated target protein or other aggregates, neutral lipids, charged lipids, polysaccharides, precipitating agents, non-target small molecules and aggregated target protein.
• the solution comprises a sulphonated amine compound.
• the sulphonated amine compound is selected from PIPES, MES, MOPS, ACES, MOPSO, and HEPES.
• the concentration of the sulphonated amine compound is between 5-500 mM. In some embodiments, the concentration of the sulphonated amine compound is between 5-100 mM. In some embodiments, the
• concentration of the sulphonated amine compound is between 5-50 mM.
• the solution comprises the amino compound.
• the amino compound is selected from the group consisting of
• the concentration of the amino compound is between 5-500 mM. In some embodiments, the concentration of the amino compound is between 5-100 mM. In some embodiments, the concentration of the amino compound is between 5-50 mM.
• the solid support is a column and the step (b) comprises contacting the solid surface with at least one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, or more column volumes of the solution.
• the apatite is ceramic hydroxyapatite or ceramic fluorapatite. In some embodiments, the apatite is a non-ceramic apatite.
• Neutralizing the solid apatite surface refers to treating the surface of the apatite surface such that the solid surface does not contain sufficient hydronium ions to significantly affect (i.e., cause a greater than 0.2 acidic pH shift of) the pH of a subsequent elution buffer.
• Antibody refers to an immunoglobulin, composite, or fragmentary form thereof.
• the term may include but is not limited to polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies of the classes IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, derived from human or other mammalian cell lines, including natural or genetically modified forms such as humanized, human, single-chain, chimeric, synthetic, recombinant, hybrid, mutated, grafted, and in vitro generated antibodies.
• Antibody may also include composite forms including but not limited to fusion proteins containing an immunoglobulin moiety. “Antibody” may also include antibody fragments such as Fab, F(ab')2, Fv, scFv, Fd, dAb, Fc and other compositions, whether or not they retain antigen-binding function.
• An "apatite solid surface” include fused nanocrystals (ceramic apatite),
• Ceramic apatites include, but not limited to, ceramic hydroxyapatite (e.g., CHTTM) or ceramic fluorapatite. Ceramic apatites are a form of apatite minerals in which nanocrystals are agglomerated into particles and fused at high temperature to create stable ceramic microspheres suitable for chromatography applications. Compounded microcrystals include but are not limited to HA Ultragel® (Pall Corp.).
• Microcrystals include but are not limited to Bio-Gel HTP, Bio-Gel® HT, DNA-Grade HT (Bio-Rad) and Hypatite C (Clarkson Chromatography).
• Hydroxapatite refers to a mixed mode support comprising an insoluble hydroxylated mineral of calcium phosphate with the structural formula Cai 0 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 . Its dominant modes of interaction are phosphoryl cation exchange and calcium metal affinity. Hydroxapatite is commercially available in various forms, including but not limited to ceramic, crystalline and composite forms. Composite forms contain hydroxyapatite microcrystals entrapped within the pores of agarose or other beads.
• Fluorapatite refers to a mixed mode support comprising an insoluble fluoridated mineral of calcium phosphate with the structural formula Caio(P0 4 ) 6 F 2 . Its dominant modes of interaction are phosphoryl cation exchange and calcium metal affinity. Fluorapatite is commercially available in various forms, including but not limited to ceramic and crystalline composite forms.
• sample refers to any composition having a target molecule or particle of interest.
• a sample can be unpurified or partially purified.
• Samples can include samples of biological origin, including but not limited to blood, or blood parts (including but not limited to serum), urine, saliva, feces, as well as tissues.
• alkali earth ion refers to any cation elements in Group IIA of the periodic table, including, e.g., beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba) and radium (Ra). Practitioners will recognize that Mg and Ca are most commonly used in chromatography.
• An alkali earth ion can be delivered to a solution, for example, as a salt with one or more ionic counter ion(s) (e.g., CaCl 2 , etc.).
• alkali metal ion refers to any cation elements in Group I of the periodic table, including, e.g., lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), and francium (Fr). Practitioners will recognize that Na and K are most commonly used in chromatography.
• An alkali metal ion can be delivered to a solution as a salt with one or more ionic counter ion(s) (e.g., KOH, NaOH, NaCl, etc.).
• the present invention is based, in part, on the discovery that a neutralization solution comprising an amino compound or a sulfonate amine compound, in combination with an alkali metal ion, and optionally also an alkali earth ion, is effective in neutralizing apatite solid surfaces used for chromatography purification, without significantly eluting the target molecule to be eluted at a later stage.
• the present application provides for methods of adsorbing a target molecule (e.g., protein or other molecule) to an apatite solid surface, neutralizing the apatite surface as described herein with a neutralization solution, and then eluting the target molecule with a separate solution or a solution having a different composition than the neutralization solution.
• a target molecule e.g., protein or other molecule
• the neutralization solution can comprise an amino compound or a sulfonate amine, or both.
• alkali earth or alkali metal ions displace hydronium ions on the apatite surface and the amino or sulfonate amine compounds act as hydronium ion acceptors, thereby removing the hydronium ions without harming the apatite solid surface, substantially changing the pH of the solution, or substantially eluting the target compound to be purified.
• the invention provides for neutralization by contacting with a buffer under conditions so that the buffer that can exchange a cation for a hydronium ion on the apatite surface, wherein the hydronium ion is sequestered by another component of the neutralization solution (i.e., an amino compound or a sulphonated amine compound).
• a buffer under conditions so that the buffer that can exchange a cation for a hydronium ion on the apatite surface, wherein the hydronium ion is sequestered by another component of the neutralization solution (i.e., an amino compound or a sulphonated amine compound).
• Elution of target proteins or other target molecules from apatite surfaces can create a significant release of hydronium ions, which can be harmful to the target molecule and/or the apatite solid surface, thereby reducing one's ability to re-use the apatite material.
• the inventors have discovered that following adsorption of the target molecule onto the apatite solid surface, one can remove and neutralize hydronium ions on the apatite by contacting the apatite surface with an amino compound or sulfonate amine compound, in combination with alkali earth or alkali metal ions, at a sufficiently low concentration and ionic strength to avoid substantially eluting the target molecule.
• the sample containing the target molecule is adsorbed to the apatite surface as is known in the chromatography arts.
• the apatite surface is previously sanitized and/or equilibrated prior to adsorption of the target to the surface.
• one or more wash steps can be performed before or after the neutralization step.
• the neutralization step itself also functions as a wash step, i.e., substantially removing at least one component of the sample from the solid support. Wash steps can be designed to remove one or more non-target components of the sample while retaining the target protein.
• wash steps can be employed to desorb one or more of endotoxin, host cell proteins, aggregates of target protein or other aggregates, neutral lipids, polysaccharides, small molecules, charged lipids, or other non-target molecules such as residual precipitating agents from a prior purification step while substantially retaining (e.g., retaining at least 80%, 90%, 95% or more) target proteins on the solid support during the wash.
• the neutralization comprises contacting the apatite surface comprising the adsorbed target with a solution comprising a buffer that can buffer in the range of 6.5-9.0 (including but not limited to an amino compound and/or a sulphonate amine compound) at an appropriate pH (e.g., pH 6.5-9.0) and concentration (e.g., 5-500 mM or 5-100 mM) to act as a hydronium ion acceptor, as further discussed below.
• a buffer that can buffer in the range of 6.5-9.0 (including but not limited to an amino compound and/or a sulphonate amine compound) at an appropriate pH (e.g., pH 6.5-9.0) and concentration (e.g., 5-500 mM or 5-100 mM) to act as a hydronium ion acceptor, as further discussed below.
• concentration e.g., 5-500 mM or 5-100 mM
• the concentration of the buffer e.g., amino compound and/or a sulphonate amine compound
• concentration of cation(s) are sufficiently low to prevent elution of the target molecule adsorbed to the apatite.
• concentrations can vary depending on the target molecule adsorbed to the apatite, but in some embodiments are less than 500 mM, or less than 100 mM or less than 50 mM, e.g., 5-100 mM, or 10-50 mM, or 10-30 mM.
• the pH of the neutralization solution can be adjusted such that the buffer acts as hydronium ion acceptors without significantly eluting the target molecule from the apatite surface.
• Neutralization of the apatite surface can be readily measured. For example, one can monitor the pH of the chromatography effluent during elution of the target molecule. A neutral apatite surface will result in a pH change of no more than 0.1 or 0.2 between the input and effluent following neutralization. For example, if the pH of the elution buffer is input at 7.0, the effluent would not drop to less than 6.8 during elution if the surface were neutralized. Alternatively, one can monitor calcium ions in the effluent to determine whether the surface is neutralized. In the presence of released free hydronium ion, apatite releases calcium.
• the target molecule is eluted. Elution is achieved, for example, by changing the pH and/or salt conditions compared to the neutralization conditions or otherwise changing the composition of the wash. In some embodiments, elution is achieved by changing the salt conditions in the liquid phase. For example, in some embodiments, the salt and/or conductivity of the liquid phase is increased (linearly or step-wise) to a point that which the target elutes. In some embodiments, the buffer in the neutralization solution is substantially removed prior to elution. In some embodiments, elution of the target is initiated by contacting the apatite surface with an elution solution that lacks the buffer in the neutralization solution. It will be appreciated that residual buffer from the neutralization step may be present but if so, will be at increasingly reduced concentration during elution due to absence of the buffer in the elution solution.
• Amino compounds refer to compounds that have an amino moiety, i.e., an -NH moiety. As demonstrated in the examples, a wide range of amino compounds can be used as hydronium ion acceptors, thereby neutralizing the ions. Exemplary amino compounds include, but are not limited to histidine, arginine, Tris ((HOCH 2 ) 3 CNH 2 ), and lysine. In some embodiments, arginine concentrations are from 5-100 mM, e.g., 5-50, 5-30, or 10-30 mM. The pH of the arginine solution in some embodiments is 7-9, e.g., 7.5-8.5.
• the amino compound is histidine.
• histidine is effective in neutralizing hydronium ions on apatite surfaces.
• the histidine solution has a pH of between 6.5-9, or 7-9, or 8.1-9, e.g., 8.2-8.6, and a concentrations of 5-500 mM, e.g., 5-100 mM, 5-50, or 5-30 mM.
• the amino compound is Tris.
• the Tris concentration is between 5-50 mM, e.g., 5-30 mM, and is sufficiently low to avoid significant target elution.
• an amount of sodium ions can be used to displace hydronium ions from the apatite surface.
• the pH is between 6.5-9, e.g., between 7.5-8.5.
• other amino compounds can also be used in a neutralization solutions according to the methods of the invention to accept hydronium ions from the solid surface.
• the neutralization solution contains two or more different amino compounds as hydronium acceptors.
• Sulphonated amine compounds refer to a chemical compound that comprises a sulfoxide moiety and an amine.
• the amine can be a primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary amine.
• the sulfoxide moiety can, but does not have to be, directly linked to the amine.
• PIPES piperazine disuphonate
• the concentration of PIPES is between 5-500 mM, e.g., 5-100 mM, 5-50mM.
• a source of sodium ions can be used to displace hydronium ions from the apatite surface.
• the sodium concentration is 1-20 mM, e.g., 1-10 mM. However, as noted elsewhere other alkali earth or alkali metal cations can also be used.
• the pH is between 7-9, e.g., between 7.5-8.5.
• the sulphonated amine compound is MES (2-(N- morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid) or HEPES (4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-l-piperazineethanesulfonic acid).
• concentration of MES or HEPES is between 5-100 mM, e.g., 5-50 mM.
• a source of sodium ions can be used to displace hydronium ions from the apatite surface.
• the sodium concentration is 1-100 mM, e.g., 10-80, e.g., 10-50 mM.
• the pH is between 6.5-9, e.g., between 7.5-8.5.
• the sulphonated amine compounds are one of those described in US Patent Publication No 2009/0264651, including but not limited to those described in claims 12 or 13 of the publication.
• the sulphonated amine compound is ACES (N-(2- Acetamido)-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid), MOPS (3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid), or MOPSO (3-(N-Morpholino)-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid), optionally under conditions such as those described above for other sulphonated amines.
• ACES N-(2- Acetamido)-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid
• MOPS 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid
• MOPSO 3-(N-Morpholino)-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid
• Alkali metal cations can be used to displace hydronium ions from the apatite surface.
• the hydronium ion is subsequently sequestered by another component of the neutralization buffer.
• the alkali metal ions and/or the alkali earth ions can initially form a salt with the amino compound or the sulfonate amine compound or alternatively can be added separately to the neutralization solution, e.g., as a salt with another counter ion (e.g., -OH, -CI, etc.).
• Ceramic hydroxyapatite examples include, but are not limited to CHT Type I and CHT Type II.
• Ceramic fluorapatite examples include, but are not limited to CFTTM Type I and CFT Type II.
• ceramic hydroxyapatite and ceramic fluorapatite refer to roughly spherical porous particles of any average diameter, including but not limited to about 10, 20, 40, and 80 microns. The choice of hydroxyapatite or fluorapatite, the type, and average particle diameter can be determined by the skilled artisan.
• non-ceramic types of apatite solid surfaces can also be used according ot the invention.
• non-ceramic solid apatites include but are not limited to compounded microcrystals (e.g., HA Ultragel® (Pall Corp.)) and microcrystals (e.g., Bio-Gel HTP, Bio-Gel® HT, DNA-Grade HT (Bio-Rad) and Hypatite C (Clarkson Chromatography)).
• HA Ultragel® Pall Corp.
• microcrystals e.g., Bio-Gel HTP, Bio-Gel® HT, DNA-Grade HT (Bio-Rad) and Hypatite C (Clarkson Chromatography)
• sample preparation is also equilibrated to conditions compatible with the column equilibration buffer. In some embodiments, this involves adjusting the pH of the sample preparation prior to loading.
• the sample preparation is contacted with the column.
• the sample preparation can be applied at a linear flow velocity in the range of, for example, about 50-600 cm/hr. Appropriate flow velocity can be determined by the skilled artisan.
• the invention is practiced in a packed bed column, a fluidized/expanded bed column and/or a batch operation where the support is mixed with the sample preparation for a certain time.
• an apatite support is packed in a column.
• the apatite support is packed in a column of at least 5 mm internal diameter and a height of at least 25 mm.
• Another embodiment employs the apatite support, packed in a column of any dimension to support preparative applications.
• Column diameter may range from less than 1 cm to more than 1 meter, and column height may range from less than 1 cm to more than 30 cm depending on the requirements of a particular application. Appropriate column dimensions can be determined by the skilled artisan.
• the mixed mode column can optionally be cleaned, sanitized, and stored in an appropriate agent, and optionally, re-used.
• one benefit of the neutralization solution of the present invention is that degradation of an apatite column can be avoided or delayed.
• the methods of the invention can be used to purify essentially any target molecule in a complex sample.
• the target molecule to be purified is a component of a biological sample. Examples of such components include but are not limited to proteins, lipids, sugars, carbohydrates, viral particles, amino acids, nucleic acids, and can include combinations thereof, e.g., a lipidated or glycosylated protein, or mixtures thereof.
• samples to which the method is applied include unpurified or partially purified biomolecules from natural, synthetic, or recombinant sources.
• Unpurified samples can be derived from, e.g., plasma, serum, ascites fluid, milk, plant extracts, bacterial lysates, yeast lysates, or conditioned cell culture media.
• partially purified samples come from unpurified preparations that have been processed by at least one chromatography, ultrafiltration, precipitation, other fractionation step, or any combination thereof.
• An exemplary target molecule is an antibody (including but not limited to a monoclonal antibody and/or antibody fragments) or other peptide or polypeptide.
• the chromatography step or steps can employ any method, including but not limited to size exclusion, affinity, anion exchange, cation exchange, protein A affinity, hydrophobic interaction, immobilized metal affinity chromatography, or mixed-mode chromatography.
• the precipitation step or steps can include, for example, salt or PEG precipitation, or precipitation with organic acids, organic bases, or other agents.
• Other fractionation steps can include but are not limited to crystallization, liquid:liquid partitioning, or membrane filtration.
• Ultrafiltration can include direct concentration of the sample and/or diafiltration.
• adsorption and subsequent elution of proteins from apatite supports can generate strong acids, including hydrochloric and nitric acids, which have been attributed to chemical degradation of the supports, limiting the re-use of the supports.
• Post load surface neutralization was determined as follows. A hydroxyapatite (CHT Type I) column was sanitized with Sanitization solution (1 M NaOH/1 M NaCl), rinsed briefly with Equilibration buffer (5 mM sodium phosphate/0.1 M NaCl, at pH 6.5), conditioned with Regeneration buffer (0.4 M sodium phosphate, pH 7.0), rinsed with 20 volumes of Equilibration buffer (10 column volumes to equilibrate, 8 column volumes as simulated protein load and 2 column volumes for post load rinsing) then contacted with 1.0 column volume of post-load solution comprising 0.1 M arginine, pH 11 We found that the 1.0 column volume post-load step quickly shifted the pH to greater than 8.
• Example 4 [0056] 0.1 M arginine citrate, pH 8 was used as a post-load solution. Most but not all of the bovine IgG was eluted under this condition, indicating that the lower pH reduced the ability of arginine to act as a cation exchanger, and to displace the IgG. This was particularly interesting as we found that use of 120 mM citrate pH 8.3, while an effective surface neutralizer, dissolved the CHT column.
• Example 5 Example 5:
• PIPES piperazine disulphonate
• pH 8.25 25 mM PIPES/5 mM sodium phosphate/25 mM NaCl/4 ppm calcium at pH 8.25 was effective at neutralizing the column when at least 6 column volumes were used as a post-load treatment.
• the Elution buffer effluent contained less than 4 ppm calcium ion.
• Tris when applied at a sufficiently high pH, and in sufficient amount as a post-load treatment, is an effective column neutralizer without displacing the bound protein.
• relatively high concentrations of Tris e.g., 50 mM
• 25 mM Tris, 25 mM NaCl pH 8.4 was effective at neutralizing the column while not eluting bound IgG when 6 column volumes were used as a post-load treatment (1.9 column volumes was not sufficient to neutralize the column).
• a relatively low concentration of Tris when applied over a number of column volumes, is effective in neutralizing the column surface without significant (e.g., less than 10% or less than 5%) elution of the bound protein.
• HSA human serum albumin
• HSA and IgG were adsorbed to the column and then washed in a post-load treatment in 4 column volumes of 25 mM Tris-HCl, 25 mM NaCl pH 8.4.
• the post-load treatment neutralized the surface of the column and desorbed HSA but IgG was retained.
• the post-load washes are effective in neutralizing the column surface while eluting HSA, but not the IgG target protein.
• a solution of one or more basic amino compounds or sulphonated amine compounds in the presence of less than 100 mM alkali metal (e.g., lithium, sodium, etc.) or alkali earth (calcium, magnesium, etc.) at a pH of between 6.5-9.0 is used to neutralize the column surface prior to elution of the target protein.
• the proteins are initially adsorbed to the solid surface in a low ionic strength solution at between pH 6.5 and 7.4, though those of skill in the art will recognize that other conditions can also be employed for protein adsorption.
• Failed indicates significant calcium leaching or column mass loss. Failed runs could indicate insufficient volume of neutralizing wash buffer, pH too low, lack of NaCI in the wash buffer, or a combination thereof

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