WO2011067338A3 - Solarzelle, solarmodul und herstellungsverfahren für eine solarzelle bzw. für ein solarmodul - Google Patents

Solarzelle, solarmodul und herstellungsverfahren für eine solarzelle bzw. für ein solarmodul Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2011067338A3
WO2011067338A3 PCT/EP2010/068744 EP2010068744W WO2011067338A3 WO 2011067338 A3 WO2011067338 A3 WO 2011067338A3 EP 2010068744 W EP2010068744 W EP 2010068744W WO 2011067338 A3 WO2011067338 A3 WO 2011067338A3
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
solar cell
solar
module
process steps
modules
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2010/068744
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
WO2011067338A2 (de
Inventor
Rüdiger Meyer
Lotte Ehlers
Andreas Beck
Florian Bode
Katrin Weise
Original Assignee
Stiebel Eltron Gmbh & Co.Kg
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Stiebel Eltron Gmbh & Co.Kg filed Critical Stiebel Eltron Gmbh & Co.Kg
Priority to DE112010004653.0T priority Critical patent/DE112010004653A5/de
Publication of WO2011067338A2 publication Critical patent/WO2011067338A2/de
Publication of WO2011067338A3 publication Critical patent/WO2011067338A3/de

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
    • H01L31/06—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers
    • H01L31/068—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers the potential barriers being only of the PN homojunction type, e.g. bulk silicon PN homojunction solar cells or thin film polycrystalline silicon PN homojunction solar cells
    • H01L31/0682—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers the potential barriers being only of the PN homojunction type, e.g. bulk silicon PN homojunction solar cells or thin film polycrystalline silicon PN homojunction solar cells back-junction, i.e. rearside emitter, solar cells, e.g. interdigitated base-emitter regions back-junction cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/02—Details
    • H01L31/0224—Electrodes
    • H01L31/022408—Electrodes for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier
    • H01L31/022425—Electrodes for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier for solar cells
    • H01L31/022433—Particular geometry of the grid contacts
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/02—Details
    • H01L31/0224—Electrodes
    • H01L31/022408—Electrodes for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier
    • H01L31/022425—Electrodes for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier for solar cells
    • H01L31/022441—Electrode arrangements specially adapted for back-contact solar cells
    • H01L31/02245—Electrode arrangements specially adapted for back-contact solar cells for metallisation wrap-through [MWT] type solar cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/02—Details
    • H01L31/0224—Electrodes
    • H01L31/022408—Electrodes for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier
    • H01L31/022425—Electrodes for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier for solar cells
    • H01L31/022441—Electrode arrangements specially adapted for back-contact solar cells
    • H01L31/022458—Electrode arrangements specially adapted for back-contact solar cells for emitter wrap-through [EWT] type solar cells, e.g. interdigitated emitter-base back-contacts
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/0248—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies
    • H01L31/036—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by their crystalline structure or particular orientation of the crystalline planes
    • H01L31/0368—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by their crystalline structure or particular orientation of the crystalline planes including polycrystalline semiconductors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
    • H01L31/042—PV modules or arrays of single PV cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
    • H01L31/042—PV modules or arrays of single PV cells
    • H01L31/05—Electrical interconnection means between PV cells inside the PV module, e.g. series connection of PV cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/18—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L31/1804—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof comprising only elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/547—Monocrystalline silicon PV cells
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
    • Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)

Abstract

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Solarzelle (10) und ein Solarmodul und ein Verfahren zum Herstellen einer erfindungsgemässen Solarzelle (10) und eines erfindungsgemässen Solarmoduls, und auch Solarzellen bzw. Solarmodule, mit denen auch ein hoher Stromfluss ermöglicht und somit die Leistungsverluste in der Solarzelle (10) minimiert werden können, wobei die Solarzelle eine topografische Rückseite aufweist. Bei Herstellungsverfahren sind die Prozessschritte an eine Solarzelle und/oder ein Solarzellenmodul angepasst. Eine erfindungsgemässe Solarzelle (10) ist dabei derart ausgeführt, dass ihre technischen Eigenschaften auch basierend auf bereits be- kannten Verfahrensschritten auf einfache und kostengünstige Weise in zusätzlichen oder abgewandelten erfindungsgemässen Verfahrensschritten realisiert werden können. Dazu ist die rückseitige Wafer-Oberfläche einer erfindungsgemässen Solarzelle (10) in einer vorteilhaften Einteilung mit einer Kontaktstruktur (11) ausgeführt, welche auch eine einfachere Herstellung von Zellen und Modulen ermöglicht. Auch kann die Langzeitstabilität einer Solarzelle (10) und damit eines Solarmoduls verbessert werden. Insbesondere weist eine erfindungsgemässe Solarzelle (10) eine von den üblicherweise erzeugten kammförmigen Strukturen abweichende, andersförmige Kontaktstruktur (11) auf, welche eine einfache Herstellung und eine vorteilhafte Kontaktierung auch bei grossflächigen Solarmodulen ermöglicht.
PCT/EP2010/068744 2009-12-02 2010-12-02 Solarzelle, solarmodul und herstellungsverfahren für eine solarzelle bzw. für ein solarmodul WO2011067338A2 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE112010004653.0T DE112010004653A5 (de) 2009-12-02 2010-12-02 Solarzelle, solarmodul und herstellungsverfahren für eine solarzelle bzw. für ein solarmodul

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102009056433.0 2009-12-02
DE102009056433 2009-12-02

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2011067338A2 WO2011067338A2 (de) 2011-06-09
WO2011067338A3 true WO2011067338A3 (de) 2012-04-19

Family

ID=43920812

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/EP2010/068744 WO2011067338A2 (de) 2009-12-02 2010-12-02 Solarzelle, solarmodul und herstellungsverfahren für eine solarzelle bzw. für ein solarmodul

Country Status (2)

Country Link
DE (2) DE112010004653A5 (de)
WO (1) WO2011067338A2 (de)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102683498A (zh) * 2012-05-30 2012-09-19 韩华新能源（启东）有限公司 分割金属穿孔卷绕太阳能电池组件的制备方法

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NL2006932C2 (en) * 2011-06-14 2012-12-17 Stichting Energie Photovoltaic cell.
US9306085B2 (en) * 2012-08-22 2016-04-05 Sunpower Corporation Radially arranged metal contact fingers for solar cells
GB2508792A (en) 2012-09-11 2014-06-18 Rec Modules Pte Ltd Back contact solar cell cell interconnection arrangements
DE102013200681A1 (de) * 2013-01-17 2014-07-17 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Referenzsolarzellenanordnung
KR102053138B1 (ko) * 2013-09-27 2019-12-06 엘지전자 주식회사 태양 전지
DE102015104236B4 (de) * 2015-03-20 2021-11-18 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Photovoltaische Solarzelle

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102005040871A1 (de) * 2005-04-16 2006-10-19 Institut Für Solarenergieforschung Gmbh Rückkontaktierte Solarzelle und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung
US7339110B1 (en) * 2003-04-10 2008-03-04 Sunpower Corporation Solar cell and method of manufacture
DE102007013553A1 (de) * 2007-03-19 2008-09-25 Q-Cells Ag Solarzellenvorrichtung, Solarzellenmodul und Verbindungsanordnung
WO2009134939A2 (en) * 2008-04-29 2009-11-05 Advent Solar, Inc. Photovoltaic modules manufactured using monolithic module assembly techniques

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7339110B1 (en) * 2003-04-10 2008-03-04 Sunpower Corporation Solar cell and method of manufacture
DE102005040871A1 (de) * 2005-04-16 2006-10-19 Institut Für Solarenergieforschung Gmbh Rückkontaktierte Solarzelle und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung
DE102007013553A1 (de) * 2007-03-19 2008-09-25 Q-Cells Ag Solarzellenvorrichtung, Solarzellenmodul und Verbindungsanordnung
WO2009134939A2 (en) * 2008-04-29 2009-11-05 Advent Solar, Inc. Photovoltaic modules manufactured using monolithic module assembly techniques

Non-Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
GEE J M ET AL: "Emitter wrap-through solar cell", PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE, LOUISVILLE; NEW YORK, IEEE, vol. CONF. 23, 10 May 1993 (1993-05-10) - 14 May 1993 (1993-05-14), pages 265 - 270, XP010113396, ISBN: 978-0-7803-1220-3, DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.1993.347173 *
HARDER N-P ET AL: "Laser-processed high-efficiency silicon RISE-EWT solar cells and characterisation", PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI (C), WILEY - VCH VERLAG, BERLIN, DE, vol. 6, no. 3, 14 January 2009 (2009-01-14), pages 736 - 743, XP002588333, ISSN: 1610-1634, DOI: 10.1002/PSSC.200880720 *
KÖNTGES M ET AL: "A novel photovoltaic-module assembly system for back contact solar cells using laser soldering technique", PROCEEEDINGS OF THE 23RD EUROPEAN PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR ENERGY CONFERENCE, 1 September 2008 (2008-09-01) - 5 September 2008 (2008-09-05), Valencia-Spain, pages 2709 - 2712, XP040529473, ISBN: 978-3-936338-24-9 *

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102683498A (zh) * 2012-05-30 2012-09-19 韩华新能源（启东）有限公司 分割金属穿孔卷绕太阳能电池组件的制备方法

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2011067338A2 (de) 2011-06-09
DE112010004653A5 (de) 2014-08-07
DE202010017906U1 (de) 2013-01-28

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
WO2011067338A3 (de) Solarzelle, solarmodul und herstellungsverfahren für eine solarzelle bzw. für ein solarmodul
WO2011110682A3 (en) Photovoltaic cell with porous semiconductor regions for anchoring contact terminals, electrolitic and etching modules, and related production line
WO2006053032A8 (en) Thermal process for creation of an in-situ junction layer in cigs
WO2010023264A3 (en) Thin film solar cell and photovoltaic string assembly
WO2008052767A3 (de) Solarzelle und solarzellenmodul mit verbesserten rückseiten-elektroden sowie verfahren zur herstellung
WO2013152965A3 (de) Photovoltaische dünnschichtsolarmodule sowie verfahren zur herstellung solcher dünnschichtsolarmodule
WO2010030109A3 (ko) 전력 손실이 최소화된 태양전지용 전면 전극 및 이를 포함하는 태양전지
WO2009007375A3 (de) Dünnschichtsolarzellen-modul und verfahren zu dessen herstellung
WO2011076369A3 (de) Verfahren zur herstellung von konusförmigen nanostrukturen auf substratoberflächen
WO2011112765A3 (en) Flexible solar cell interconnection systems and methods
WO2010099892A3 (de) Solarzellen mit rückseitenkontaktierung sowie verfahren zu deren herstellung
WO2013022479A3 (en) High-efficiency solar photovoltaic cells and modules using thin crystalline semiconductor absorbers
WO2007044555A3 (en) System and method for making an improved thin film solar cell interconnect
MX2009008265A (es) Metodo de preparacion de un arreglo de electrodos primarios para arreglos de celdas electroquimicas fotovoltaicas.
WO2013124394A3 (de) Verfahren zum herstellen einer solarzelle
WO2008028625A3 (de) Verfahren zur simultanen dotierung und oxidation von halbleitersubstraten und dessen verwendung
WO2011055946A3 (ko) 태양전지 및 이의 제조방법
WO2011061011A3 (en) Holey electrode grids for photovoltaic cells with subwavelength and superwavelength feature sizes
WO2011028054A3 (ko) 다공성 금속박막을 이용한 실리콘 나노선 어레이 제조방법
WO2009146115A3 (en) Solar cell modules comprising high melt flow poly(vinyl butyral) encapsulants
WO2012136387A3 (de) Metallpartikelhaltiges und ätzendes druckbares medium insbesondere zur kontaktbildung mit silizium beim herstellen einer solarzelle
EP2429005A3 (de) Verfahren zur Herstellung einer monokristallinen Siliciumsolarzelle und Ätzverfahren dafür
MY152748A (en) Edge deletion of thin-layer solar modules by etching
WO2010124078A3 (en) Photovoltaic arrays, micro-concentrator solar cells and modules and methods of making
WO2005116299A3 (de) Solarbetriebene elektrolysevorrichtung zur erzeugung von wasserstoff und verfahren zum betreiben einer solchen

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application

Ref document number: 10782637

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 1120100046530

Country of ref document: DE

Ref document number: 112010004653

Country of ref document: DE

122 Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase

Ref document number: 10782637

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A2

NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: DE

Effective date: 20120604

REG Reference to national code

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: R225

Ref document number: 112010004653

Country of ref document: DE

Effective date: 20140807