Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
  • H01M4/8605—Porous electrodes
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M8/02—Details
  • H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
  • H01M4/8647—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites
  • H01M4/8657—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites layered
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
  • H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
  • H01M4/8878—Treatment steps after deposition of the catalytic active composition or after shaping of the electrode being free-standing body
  • H01M4/8892—Impregnation or coating of the catalyst layer, e.g. by an ionomer
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
  • H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
  • H01M4/9016—Oxides, hydroxides or oxygenated metallic salts
  • H01M4/9025—Oxides specially used in fuel cell operating at high temperature, e.g. SOFC
  • H01M4/9033—Complex oxides, optionally doped, of the type M1MeO3, M1 being an alkaline earth metal or a rare earth, Me being a metal, e.g. perovskites
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
  • H01M8/12—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte
  • H01M8/1213—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte characterised by the electrode/electrolyte combination or the supporting material
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
  • H01M8/12—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte
  • H01M8/124—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte characterised by the process of manufacturing or by the material of the electrolyte
  • H01M8/1246—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte characterised by the process of manufacturing or by the material of the electrolyte the electrolyte consisting of oxides
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
  • H01M8/12—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte
  • H01M8/124—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte characterised by the process of manufacturing or by the material of the electrolyte
  • H01M8/1246—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte characterised by the process of manufacturing or by the material of the electrolyte the electrolyte consisting of oxides
  • H01M8/1253—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte characterised by the process of manufacturing or by the material of the electrolyte the electrolyte consisting of oxides the electrolyte containing zirconium oxide
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
  • H01M8/12—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte
  • H01M8/124—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte characterised by the process of manufacturing or by the material of the electrolyte
  • H01M8/1246—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte characterised by the process of manufacturing or by the material of the electrolyte the electrolyte consisting of oxides
  • H01M8/126—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte characterised by the process of manufacturing or by the material of the electrolyte the electrolyte consisting of oxides the electrolyte containing cerium oxide
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
  • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
  • Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
  • Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product

Definitions

• the invention relates to an arrangement for a fuel cell, with a
• a substrate is usually used, on which an electrolyte and the two electrodes (cathode and anode) are applied.
• the anode is first applied to the substrate, then the electrolyte and finally the cathode.
• These stratified components of the fuel cell are electrochemically active cell layers and are also called
• Cathode-electrolyte-anode-unit (KEA-unit), as e.g. From DE 103 43 652 A1 is known.
• the substrate acts as a mechanical support for the KEA unit and is e.g. ceramic or metallic.
• a metallic substrate e.g. a porous body made of sintered or pressed metal particles.
• Interconnector - also referred to as a bipolar plate or current collector - is arranged between two fuel cells and connects the individual
• Fuel cells electrically in series.
• the interconnectors mechanically support the fuel cells and provide for separation and routing of the reaction gases on the anode and cathode sides.
• Electrolyte must meet several requirements. It must conduct oxygen ions and at the same time be insulating for electrons. In addition, the electrolyte must be gas-tight. In addition, an undesirable chemical reaction between the electrolyte and an adjacent electrode must be avoided. In order to meet these requirements, DE 10 2007 015 358 A1 provides a multilayer structure of an electrolyte comprising at least three layers.
• the invention has for its object to provide an arrangement that simplifies the construction of a fuel cell. Furthermore, the invention has for its object to provide a method for producing such an arrangement.
• an adaptation layer is provided in the arrangement between an electrode and the electrolyte.
• This adaptation layer effects a good connection or adaptation of the electrolyte to the electrode. Furthermore, it supports a flat structure of the assembly or the fuel cell when a metallic porous support substrate for the electrodes and the electrolyte is provided.
• the gas-tight electrolyte should be made as thin as possible. This requires the smallest possible roughness on the electrode surface associated with the electrolyte (e.g., anode surface). Accordingly, the electrode material must be applied to the carrier substrate in such a way that this desired low surface roughness is achieved at the electrode. This is opposed by the relatively large surface roughness of the metallic porous carrier substrate. Achieving the desired low
• Adaption layer is smaller than the average pore size of the electrode.
• This ratio of the mean pore sizes applies at least to the near-surface layer regions of the surfaces facing the electrolyte Electrode layer and adaptation layer. This ratio preferably applies to the entire layer thickness of electrode and adaptation layer.
• a surface structure is made available in the arrangement which technically simplifies the application of a gas-tight thin-layer electrolyte.
• Electron beam evaporation or sputtering processes or sol-gel process - gas-tight application.
• a single thin electrolyte layer is sufficient for the proper functioning of the fuel cell, which simplifies the production of the fuel cell.
• the adaptation layer can be selected with regard to material and structure, in particular pore structure, such that an electrolyte is under
• Interlayer of the adaptation layer can always be applied to an electrode (anode or cathode).
• the adaptation layer is advantageously used in reduced anode layer structures, on which a direct application of a gas-tight
• Electrolyte layer is not possible. Such reduced
• Anode layer structures result e.g. in connection with metallic substrates. These substrates are preferably produced by powder metallurgy and thereby provided in particular plate-like. A central region of this substrate is usually porous and serves as a mechanical support for the electrochemically active cell layers. These cell layers can e.g. by wet chemical coating (such as screen printing or
• Metallic carrier substrates have the advantage over ceramic carrier substrates that they are more thermally stable and more stable to redox during operation. However, oxidation of the
• Support substrates are prevented during manufacture, since formation of metal oxide would cause changes in volume in the carrier substrate, the defect-free application of the electrodes and the electrolyte on the
• a sintering of the anode structure applied to the carrier substrate is carried out in a reduced atmosphere, so that the anode structure is in a reduced, porous form.
• the nickel oxide contained in the anode structure prior to sintering is reduced during sintering, resulting in a coarsening of its grain size due to the high sintering activity, and pores having relatively large diameters (e.g., 2 pm) are formed.
• gas-tight thin-film electrolyte applied directly to the anode structure.
• the desired gas tightness of the electrolyte is not
• the primary profile was optically measured (confocal laser topograph) and the filtered roughness profile and the roughness values were calculated in accordance with DIN EN ISO 1 1562 and 4287.
• the lengths of the scanning distance (/,), measuring distances (/ ") and individual measuring distances (l r ) were determined according to
• the arithmetic mean roughness R a gives the arithmetic mean of the magnitudes of all profile values of a roughness profile.
• the root mean square roughness R q (also referred to as average surface roughness R q ) is the root mean square of all profile values and weights outliers stronger than the arithmetic mean roughness R a -
• the average roughness R z is according to DIN EN ISO 4287 as the
• a Single roughness means the distance between the highest peak and the deepest ridge in a single measurement section.
• the entire measuring section is divided into 5 equally sized, consecutive segments (individual measuring sections). Since the / VWert is determined by the lowest valleys and highest peaks, this is particularly dependent on the measuring method used. In contrast to the optical method used here, it has to be considered, for example in the case of mechanical stylus methods, that not all acute valleys can be detected, depending on the tip geometry used.
• micro-roughness is used in this invention, which is based on a cut-off wavelength of 0.15 mm with otherwise the same total measuring distances.
• Micro-roughnesses were labeled accordingly with R, R and R.
• the mean pore size and the sintered grain size can be used. Both measures can be used for any, also open-porous, structure via the line intersection method
• Average value of all lengths of the resulting sections, which are in one phase, represents the average section line length for this phase (eg pores).
• This average section line length is converted into the actual particle size or pore size by multiplication with a corresponding geometric factor.
• the geometrical factor was 1, 68, assuming the commonly used model of pores around tetracaidecahedral grains according to reference [1] and the value 1, 56 [2] for the grain size.
• the morphologically readable grain size from the microstructure is meant.
• the samples were not etched prior to analysis.
• the maximum pore size was made up of a number of
• the inner diameter of a pore refers to the length of the largest straight line that runs within the pore.
• a suitable enlargement should be observed in the microscopic images.
• the pore or grain size to be determined must still be dissolved and
• the adaptation layer allows a direct application of the electrolyte, so that in the sense of a simplified, space-saving construction of the fuel cell, additional intermediate layers between the electrolyte and the adaptation layer can be dispensed with.
• the average pore size of the adaptation layer is at most half as large as the mean pore size of the electrode.
• a gas-tight thin-film electrolyte ( ⁇ 10 m) via PVD this in particular via electron beam evaporation or sputtering processes, or to apply sol-gel technologies.
• the average pore size of the pores (at least in the near-surface layer region of the facing the electrolyte
• the adaptation layer surface of the adaptation layer at most 500 nm. This promotes homogeneous growth of the electrolyte material (e.g., as a PVD layer) on the adaptation layer. With average pore sizes above 500 nm, there is the danger that the pores can no longer be closed gas-tight with a thin electrolyte layer. In particular, the average pore size of the adaptation layer (at least in its
• the adaptation layer has a mean roughness average square roughness R q less than 2.5 pm, preferably at most 1, 5 pm, more preferably at most 1, 0 pm.
• R q mean roughness average square roughness
• Mean roughness R q above 2.5 m leads to potential leaks in the subsequent thin-layer electrolyte. For example, when
• the anode in particular the anode, arranged a diffusion barrier. It can prevent metallic interdiffusion and other substrate-electrode reactions, thus contributing to long-term stability and longer device life.
• the adaptation layer preferably has a thickness of 3 to 20 ⁇ m.
• the adaptation layer can not completely compensate for the roughness of the underlying electrode layer gas-tight application of a thin-layer electrolyte with homogeneous
• the applied to the adaptation layer electrolyte preferably has a layer thickness of 0.2 to 10 ⁇ on. Below a layer thickness of 0.2 [im, the required gas tightness of the electrolyte layer is not guaranteed.
• Increasing the layer thickness of the electrolyte is associated with a significant increase in the ohmic resistance and consequently with a reduced performance of the fuel cell, so that a maximum layer thickness of 10 m is preferred.
• the arrangement with the electrolyte and the adaptation layer is preferably used in a fuel cell, in particular in a high-temperature fuel cell.
• High-temperature fuel cells include oxide-ceramic fuel cells - also known as SOFCs.
• SOFC is due to its high electrical efficiency and the possible use of high
• the material for the metallic substrate for example, a ferritic FeCrMx alloy as well as a chromium-based alloy is suitable.
• the FeCrMx alloy regularly has chromium contents of between 16 and 30% by weight and additionally at least one alloying element in a proportion of 0.01 to 2% by weight, which is selected from the group of
• Rare earth metals or their oxides eg. B. Y, Y2O3, Sc, SC2O3, or from the group Ti, Al, Mn, Mo or Co derived.
• ferritic steels examples include ferrochrome (1.4742), CrAl20 5 (1.4767) and CroFer 22 APU from Thyssen Krupp, FeCrAlY from Technetics, ZMG 232 from Hitachi Metals, SUS 430 HA and SUS 430 Na Nippon Steel and all Plansee ITM class ODS iron-base alloys, such as ITM Fe-26Cr- (Mo, Ti, Y 2 O 3 )
• a chromium-based alloy that is, having a chromium content of more than 65 wt .-%, for example, Cr5FelY or Cr5FelY 2 03, are used.
• a diffusion barrier layer for preventing metallic interdiffusion between substrate and electrode, in particular in the case of anodes
• the diffusion barrier layer consists, for example, of lanthanum strontium manganite (LSM), lanthanum strontium chromite (LSCR) or gadolinium oxide doped cerium oxide (CGO).
• LSM lanthanum strontium manganite
• LSCR lanthanum strontium chromite
• CGO gadolinium oxide doped cerium oxide
• the anode can be constructed as a multilayer composite or as a single layer. The same applies in principle for the cathode.
• a first electrode is applied to the substrate, e.g. by a wet chemical method.
• Process costs are applied gas-tight, since the average pore size of the adaptation layer is smaller than the mean pore size of the electrode.
• a suitable layer thickness of the adaptation layer is achieved by being wet-chemically applied to the electrode. This can For example, by screen printing, dip coating or slip casting done.
• the adaptation layer can also be applied in multiple layers.
• the material of the adaptation layer in several
• the electrode is repeatedly dip-coated and dried between individual coating operations.
• the multilayer application supports a homogeneously constructed adaptation layer. Irregular surface courses of the adaptation layer are avoided. This in turn creates beneficial physical
• the adaptation layer consists of a pure ion-conducting, that is, of an electron-nonconducting material.
• the gas-tight electrolyte can therefore also consist of a layer which -. Under operating conditions of the fuel cell - has a significant electronic conductivity. This is e.g. for an electrolyte of gadolinia-doped ceria (CGO) at higher
• an oxide ceramic e.g. doped zirconium oxide for use. At least one oxide of the doping elements from the group Y, Sc, Al, Sr, Ca is suitable as doping.
• the adaptation layer as YSZ layer
• Yttria stabilized zirconia may be formed.
• an ion and electron conductive material (mixed conductor) is used for the adaptation layer.
• ion and electron conductive material mixed conductor
• Particularly suitable for this is doped cerium oxide.
• doping is advantageous at least one oxide of
• the adaptation layer may be formed as a CGO layer.
• the electrical insulation between the two electrodes should be taken over by the gas-tight electrolyte layer.
• Thin-layer electrolyte is preferably an oxide ceramic, e.g. doped zirconium oxide for use. At least one oxide of the doping elements from the group Y, Sc, Al, Sr, Ca is suitable as doping.
• the thin-film electrolyte as YSZ layer (yttria-stabilized
• the aforementioned materials for the adaptation layer may vary depending on
• cathodes can also be applied directly to this electrolyte, which are formed as a Sr component which reacts with ZrO 2 , for example lanthanum-strontium-cobalt-ferrite (LSCF) or lanthanum-strontium-cobaltite (US Pat. LSC).
• LSCF lanthanum-strontium-cobalt-ferrite
• US Pat. LSC lanthanum-strontium-cobaltite
• the adaptation layer applied to the electrode is preferably sintered.
• the sintering temperature is 950 ° C. to 1300 ° C., so that during operation of the fuel cell (for example SOFC, up to 850 ° C.) no undesired structural changes are to be expected in the adaptation layer.
• a powder having an average particle size of 30 to 500 nm, in particular 150 nm, is preferably used for the adaptation layer. This also avoids excessive infiltration into a porous electrode layer (e.g., anode layer).
• the adaptation layer offers the possibility of a stable and gas-tight
• an electrolyte having a layer thickness of 0.2 to 10 ⁇ m, preferably 1 to 3 ⁇ m, more preferably 1 to 2 ⁇ m, can be deposited on the adaptation layer.
• Particularly suitable for this purpose is the PVD process (physical vapor deposition).
• the electrolyte can be applied by sol-gel technology.
• FIG. 1 shows the surface of a reduced anode structure (Ni / 8YSZ), which is applied to a porous metallic substrate (ITM), not shown here.
• ITM porous metallic substrate
• Anode structure is relatively large.
• Figure 2 shows a transverse section of the coated with an electrolyte
• the multilayered electrolyte was applied to the anode structure by means of PVD coating and consists of a CGO layer (E1), an 8YSZ layer (E2) and a further CGO layer (E3).
• E1 CGO layer
• E2 8YSZ layer
• E3 CGO layer
• FIG. 3 shows the surface structure of an anode structure
• FIG. 4 shows a transverse section of the adaptation layer according to FIG. 3 and an electrolyte applied thereto.
• the electrolyte is formed as a single layer of CGO and was applied by PVD.
• the growth of the electrolyte layer is undisturbed and homogeneous, so that the required gas tightness of the electrolyte is achieved. Examples of the structure of the inventive arrangement or the
• Fuel cell are the figures 5 and 6 schematically removed.
• a porous porous substrate S which is provided with a diffusion barrier D, has a porous anode structure T EP2010 / 007002
• D diffusion barrier made of LSM or CGO.
• Ni / 8YSZ cermet mixture of nickel and a zirconia stabilized with 8 mol% yttria
• NiO / 8YSZ mixture of nickel oxide and a zirconia stabilized with 8 mol% yttria
• AD YSZ (yttria-stabilized zirconia) or ScSZ
• K LSCF or LSM or LSC.
• a porous cathode K is applied to a metallic porous substrate S (ITM).
• the following layers are successively applied to this cathode K: a porous adaptation layer AD, a gas-tight electrolyte layer E, a porous anode A.
• the following materials are used, for example:
• K LSM or LSCF or LSC.
• E YSZ or ScSZ.
• the surface area of this anode structure should be less than 3 pm, preferably less than 2 pm, for the square root mean square R q
• the roughness was determined using the laser topograph CT200
• LT9010 used (spot size approx. 2pm, vertical resolution 0nm).
• the primary profiles, measured in 1 meter increments, were filtered using a Gaussian filter, a ln (2), filter length 5pm, prior to application of DIN regulations to minimize single misfire due to multiple reflections.
• an 8YSZ powder having a mean dispersible primary particle size of 150 nm and a specific surface area of 13 m 2 / g was used (TZ-8Y, Tosoh Corp., Japan).
• a dipping suspension was mixed with grinding balls of diameter 5 and 10 mm and homogenized on a roller bench for 48 hours, consisting of 67.2% by weight of solvent DBE (dibasic esters, Lemro Chemie approximately Michael Mrozyk KG, Grevenbroich), 30.5% by weight.
• Binder (Fluka, 3-5.5 mPa s, Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Kunststoff).
• the support substrates with the anode structure attached thereto were immersed vertically in the suspension and sintered after a drying step in H 2 atmosphere at 1200 ° C for 3 hours.
• coating parameters Immersion speed, dripping time
• the applied adaptation layer exhibited a square mean roughness R q of 1.2 ⁇ m and an average surface roughness Rz of 5.8 ⁇ m.
• the square micrometer roughness value R indicated a value of 0.21 pm
• the average microroughness R indicated a value of 0.67 ⁇ m.
• Adaptation layer in this case about 240 nm (see Figure 3).
• the gas-tightness of this electrolyte was determined by He-leak test to be 3.4 ⁇ 10 -3 (hPa dm 3 ) / (cm 2 ) for a pressure difference of 1000 hPa, which corresponds to common anode-supported fuel cells in the reduced state.

Landscapes

• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
• Electrochemistry (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Sustainable Development (AREA)
• Sustainable Energy (AREA)
• Materials Engineering (AREA)
• Composite Materials (AREA)
• Inert Electrodes (AREA)
• Fuel Cell (AREA)

Priority Applications (4)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Publications (2)

Family

ID=42077208

Family Applications (1)

Country Status (6)

Families Citing this family (7)

Citations (6)

Family Cites Families (10)

• 2009
  • 2009-11-18 EP EP09014400A patent/EP2325931A1/de not_active Withdrawn
• 2010
  • 2010-11-12 TW TW099138966A patent/TW201131875A/zh unknown
  • 2010-11-17 CA CA2781129A patent/CA2781129A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2010-11-17 US US13/510,080 patent/US20130189606A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2010-11-17 EP EP10784263.5A patent/EP2502296B1/de active Active
  • 2010-11-17 JP JP2012539224A patent/JP5809159B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2010-11-17 WO PCT/EP2010/007002 patent/WO2011060928A1/de not_active Ceased

Patent Citations (6)

Non-Patent Citations (4)

Also Published As

Similar Documents

Legal Events