WO2011032175A1 - Formulations combinées de tranilast et d'allopurinol et procédés associées à celles-ci - Google Patents

Formulations combinées de tranilast et d'allopurinol et procédés associées à celles-ci Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2011032175A1
WO2011032175A1 PCT/US2010/048823 US2010048823W WO2011032175A1 WO 2011032175 A1 WO2011032175 A1 WO 2011032175A1 US 2010048823 W US2010048823 W US 2010048823W WO 2011032175 A1 WO2011032175 A1 WO 2011032175A1
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Prior art keywords
pharmaceutically acceptable
acceptable salt
allopurinol
tranilast
subject
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PCT/US2010/048823
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English (en)
Inventor
Michael Kitt
Tito Serafini
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Nuon Therapeutics, Inc.
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Priority claimed from US12/642,802 external-priority patent/US20100160351A1/en
Priority claimed from PCT/US2009/068883 external-priority patent/WO2010071865A1/fr
Application filed by Nuon Therapeutics, Inc. filed Critical Nuon Therapeutics, Inc.
Publication of WO2011032175A1 publication Critical patent/WO2011032175A1/fr

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
    • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
    • A61K31/195—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having an amino group
    • A61K31/196—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having an amino group the amino group being directly attached to a ring, e.g. anthranilic acid, mefenamic acid, diclofenac, chlorambucil
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
    • A61K31/519—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic rings
    • A61K31/52—Purines, e.g. adenine
    • A61K31/522—Purines, e.g. adenine having oxo groups directly attached to the heterocyclic ring, e.g. hypoxanthine, guanine, acyclovir
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders

Definitions

  • Gout which is sometimes called podagre, affects 3 to 5 million individuals in the United States and continues to increase in incidence. Gout includes a group of disorders including painful attacks of acute, monarticular, inflammatory arthritis due to uric acid crystals, deposition of urate crystals in joints, deposition of urate crystals in renal parenchyma, urolithiasis (formation of calculus in the urinary tract), and nephrolithiasis (formation of kidney stones). Gouty arthritis is usually an extremely painful attack of gout with a rapid onset of joint inflammation. The joint inflammation is precipitated by deposits of uric-acid crystals in the joint fluid (synovial fluid) and joint lining (synovial lining).
  • Intense joint inflammation occurs as white blood cells engulf the uric-acid crystals and release chemicals of inflammation, causing pain, heat, and redness of the joint tissues.
  • Chronic gout can lead to deposits of hard lumps of uric acid in and around the joints, kidney stones, and blockage of the kidney-filtering tubules with uric-acid crystals, leading to kidney failure.
  • hyperuricemia has been associated with a serum uric acid (sUA) level of 6.8 mg/dL or greater, which is the upper limit of solubility of uric acid (also called urate) in extracellular fluids.
  • sUA serum uric acid
  • hyperuricemia also has been associated with other levels of serum uric acid depending on factors such as gender and age, for example. Hyperuricemia leads to gout when urate crystals are formed from supersaturated body fluids and deposited in joints, tophi, and parenchymal organs.
  • disorders related to elevated serum uric acid levels include gout- associated inflammation, renal disorders, cardiovascular disease, aberrant metabolic conditions, fatty liver disease, kidney stones, cognitive impairment and dementia. Elevated serum uric acid levels have been identified as an independent risk factor for chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease and hypertension. Edwards, N.L., Clev. Clin. J. Med., Vol. 75, Suppl. 5, July 2008, S I 3- 16. With respect to cardiovascular disease, hyperuricemia has been identified as an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic disease in general and for coronary artery disease in particular. Edwards, N.L., Curr. Opin. Rheum. , 2009, 21 : 132- 137.
  • Hyperuricemia independent of crystal deposition also may play a pathogenetic role in aberrant metabolic states, such as hypertriglyceridemia, obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Beck, M.A., et. al, Rheum Dis. Clin. Am., 32 (2006), 275-293.
  • hyperuricemia has been linked to cerebral vascular disease. Edwards, N.L., Curr. Opin. Rheum. , 2009, 21 : 132-137.
  • Elevated serum uric acid also has been independently associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
  • PNP phosphorylase
  • PNP phosphor lase
  • ⁇ Hyperuricemia can result from increased production or decreased excretion of uric acid, or from a combination of the two processes.
  • Urate is the end product of purine metabolism in humans, shown above in Scheme I.
  • uric acid synthesis inhibitors to inhibit the accumulation of uric acid in the body. These compounds function by inhibiting an enzyme involved in uric acid synthesis. In fact, it may be possible to inhibit uric acid synthesis by inhibiting any one of several enzymes shown above to be involved in uric acid synthesis.
  • xanthine oxidase inhibitors such as febuxostat and allopurinol or a
  • Known methods also include introduction of a recombinant, non- human uricase enzyme into the body, such as rasburicase or pegloticase.
  • Another known method for treating gout involves the use of uric acid excretion promoters These compounds accelerate the rapid excretion of uric acid accumulated in the body.
  • Probenecid, sulfinpyrazone and benzbromarone are examples of uric acid excretion promoters. These compounds prevent the reuptake of urate back into the bloodstream in the kidney, leading to a net increase in excretion.
  • Interleukin-6 (IL-6) has been proposed for use in the treatment of gout as a serum uric acid decreasing agent (see U.S. Pat. No. 6,007,804).
  • non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) corticosteroids and colchicine have been used to treat some of the painful symptoms associated with gout.
  • the present invention is directed to a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the amount by weight of said allopurinol or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in said composition is greater than the amount by weight of said tranilast or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in said composition.
  • the present invention provides a method of treating a condition associated with an elevated serum uric acid level comprising administering to a subject in need thereof tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the amount, by weight, of allopurinol or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered is greater than the amount, by weight, of tranilast or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered.
  • the present invention provides a method of decreasing serum uric acid level in a subject having a condition associated with an elevated serum uric acid level comprising administering to a subject in need thereof tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the amount, by weight, of allopurinol or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered is greater than the amount, by weight, of tranilast or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered.
  • Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of decreasing serum uric acid level in a subject comprising administering to a subject in need thereof tranilast or a
  • Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of treating hyperuricemia in a subject comprising administering to a subject in need thereof tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the amount, by weight, of allopurinol or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered is greater than the amount, by weight, of tranilast or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered.
  • the present invention provides a method of treating gout in a subject
  • tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof comprising administering to a subject in need thereof tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the amount, by weight, of allopurinol or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered is greater than the amount, by weight, of tranilast or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered.
  • the present invention provides a method for increasing the serum uric acid lowering effectiveness of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in a subject whose reduction in serum uric acid level upon administration of allopurinol or a
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is less than the median response of subjects administered an equivalent amount of allopurinol or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 100201 FlG. 1 shows the effects of Tranilast on serum uric acid levels in hyperuricemic patients. All patients had uric acid baseline levels equal to or above 8 mg/dL. Tranilast of was administered twice daily for one or three months at the indicated dosages.
  • FlG. 3 shows the percent change from baseline in serum uric acid levels of individual subjects upon administration of 400 mg of allopurinol as compared to administration of 300 mg of tranilast and 400 mg of allopurinol.
  • FlG. 4 shows the percent of subjects in individual dosing groups with ⁇ 4 mg/dL sUA levels after treatment with ( 1 ) Allopurinol 300 mg, (2) Allopurinol 400 mg, (3) Allopurinol 300 mg + Tranilast 300 mg or (4) Allopurinol 400 mg + Tranilast 300 mg.
  • Applicants have discovered that administration of tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a subject, wherein the amount by weight of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered is greater than the amount by weight of tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered significantly increases, as compared to administration of an equal amount by weight of tranilast and allopurinol, the percentage of subjects whose serum uric acid levels are reduced to below 4.0 mg/dL.
  • Applicants have discovered, surprisingly, that administration of 300 mg of tranilast in combination with 400 mg of allopurinol significantly increases the percentage of subjects whose serum uric acid levels are reduced to below 4.0 mg/dL. Applicants believe this effect will be observed upon administration of 300 mg of tranilast in combination with doses of allopurinol above 400 mg (e.g., 600 mg, 800 mg or 900 mg).
  • the present invention is directed to a pharmaceutical composition
  • the weight ratio of allopurinol or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to tranilast or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is at least 3.5:3.
  • the weight ratio of allopurinol or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to tranilast or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is at least 4:3.
  • the weight ratio of allopurinol or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to tranilast or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is at least 5:3.
  • the weight ratio of allopurinol or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to tranilast or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is at least 2: 1. In another such embodiment the weight ratio of allopurinol or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to tranilast or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is at least 7:3. In another such embodiment the weight ratio of allopurinol or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to tranilast or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is at least 8:3.
  • the weight ratio of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is at least 3: 1 (e.g., 900 mg allopurinol with 300 mg tranilast, 250 mg tranilast, 200 mg tranilast or 150 mg tranilast). [0026] In another such embodiment the weight ratio of allopurinol or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to tranilast or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is about 4:3. In another such embodiment the weight ratio of allopurinol or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to tranilast or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is about 2: 1 or about 3: 1.
  • the present invention provides a method of treating a condition
  • a subject in need thereof tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof comprising administering to a subject in need thereof tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the amount, by weight, of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered is greater than the amount, by weight, of tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered.
  • the present invention provides a method of decreasing serum uric acid level in a subject having a condition associated with an elevated serum uric acid level comprising administering to a subject in need thereof tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the amount, by weight, of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered is greater than the amount, by weight, of tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered.
  • the present invention provides a method of decreasing serum uric acid level in a subject comprising administering to a subject in need thereof tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the amount, by weight, of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered is greater than the amount, by weight, of tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered.
  • the present invention provides a method of treating hypericemia in a subject comprising administering to a subject in need thereof tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the amount, by weight, of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered is greater than the amount, by weight, of tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered.
  • the present invention provides a method of treating gout in a subject comprising administering to a subject in need thereof tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the amount, by weight, of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered is greater than the amount, by weight, of tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered.
  • the present invention provides a method for increasing the serum uric acid lowering effectiveness of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in a subject whose reduction in serum uric acid level upon administration of allopurinol is less than the median response of subjects administered an equivalent amount of allopurinol, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the amount, by weight, of allopurinol or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered is greater than the amount, by weight, of tranilast or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered.
  • a method of treating hyperuricemia in a subject in need thereof comprising administration of tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the amount by weight of said allopurinol or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is greater than the amount by weight of said tranilast or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein said subject's reduction in serum uric acid level upon administration of allopurinol alone is less than the median response.
  • said subject has gout.
  • said subject has moderate or severe gout.
  • said subject has chronic gout.
  • said subject has acute gout.
  • said subject has moderate or severe gout, and the amount of tranilast or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered is from about 300mg to about 600 mg per day, and the amount of allopurinol administered is from about 350 mg to about 900 mg per day. In another such embodiment, the amount of tranilast or
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is about 300mg and the amount of allopurinol or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is selected from the group consisting of about 350 mg, 400 mg, 500mg, 600 mg, 700 mg, 800 mg, and 900 mg.
  • the amount of tranilast or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is about 300mg and the amount of allopurinol or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is selected from the group consisting of about 400 mg, 600 mg, and 800 mg.
  • the amount of tranilast or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is about 300mg and the amount of allopurinol or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is selected from the group consisting of about 400 mg.
  • a method of treating hyperuricemia in a subject in need thereof comprising administration of tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the amount by weight of said allopurinol or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is greater than the amount by weight of said tranilast or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein said subject has experienced insufficient lowering of serum uric acid following treatment with allopurinol, febuxostat, probenecid, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • the subject experienced insufficient lowering of serum uric acid following treatment with allopurinol or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • said subject has gout. In another such embodiment, said subject has moderate or severe gout. In another such embodiment, said subject has chronic gout. In another such embodiment, said subject has acute gout. In another such embodiment, said subject has moderate or severe gout, and the amount of tranilast or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered is from about 300mg to about 600 mg per day, and the amount of allopurinol administered is from about 350 mg to about 900 mg per day. In another such embodiment, the amount of tranilast or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is about 300mg and the amount of allopurinol or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is selected from the group consisting of about 350 mg, 400 mg, 500mg, 600 mg, 700 mg, 800 mg, and 900 mg.
  • the amount of tranilast or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is about 300mg and the amount of allopurinol or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is selected from the group consisting of about 400 mg, 600 mg, and 800 mg. In another such embodiment, the amount of tranilast or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is about 300mg and the amount of allopurinol or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is selected from the group consisting of about 400 mg.
  • the amount of tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered to a subject may be from about 100 mg to about 500 mg per day and the amount of allopurinol or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be from about 150 mg to about 900 mg per day, from about 150 mg to about 800 mg per day, from about 200 mg to about 800 mg per day, from about 350 mg to 900 mg per day, from about 400 mg to about 800 mg per day, from about 400 mg to about 600 mg per day.
  • the amount of tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered is about 100 mg, about 200 mg, about 300 mg, about 400 mg or about 500 mg per day.
  • the amount of tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered is about 100 mg per day. In another such embodiment the amount of tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered is about 200 mg per day. In another such embodiment the amount of tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered is about 300 mg per day. In another such embodiment the amount of tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered is about 400 mg per day. In another such embodiment the amount of tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered is about 500 mg per day.
  • the amount of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered to a subject is greater than the amount of tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered to the subject, and may be from about 1 50 mg to about 800 mg per day. In one such embodiment, the amount of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered to the subject is about 150 mg per day. In another such embodiment, the amount of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered to the subject is about 200 mg per day. In another such embodiment, the amount of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered to the subject is about 250 mg per day.
  • the amount of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered to the subject is about 300 mg per day. In another such embodiment, the amount of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered to the subject is about 350 mg per day. In another such embodiment, the amount of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered to the subject is about 400 mg per day. In another such embodiment, the amount of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered to the subject is about 450 mg per day. In another such embodiment, the amount of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered to the subject is about 550 mg per day.
  • the amount of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered to the subject is about 600 mg per day. In another such embodiment, the amount of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered to the subject is about 650 mg per day. In another such embodiment, the amount of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered to the subject is about 700 mg per day. In another such embodiment, the amount of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered to the subject is about 750 mg per day. In another such embodiment, the amount of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered to the subject is about 800 mg per day. In another such embodiment, the amount of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered to said subject is about 900 mg per day.
  • the amount of tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered to a subject is 300 mg per day and the amount of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered to the subject is 400 mg, 450 mg, 500 mg, 550 mg, 600 mg, 650 mg, 700 mg, 750 mg, 800 mg, 850 mg or 900 mg per day. In one such embodiment, the amount of allopurinol or a
  • the amount of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered to the subject is 400 mg per day. In another such embodiment, the amount of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered to the subject is 500 mg per day. In one such embodiment, he amount of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered to the subject is 600 mg per day. In one such embodiment, the amount of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered to the subject is 700 mg per day. In one such embodiment, the amount of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered to the subject is 800 mg per day. In another such embodiment, the amount of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered to said subject is about 900 mg per day.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention have from about 50 mg to about 500 mg of tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and from about 150 mg to about 900 mg of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may have about 50mg, about 100 mg, about 150 mg, about 200 mg, about 250 mg, about 300 mg, about 350 mg, about 400 mg, about 450 mg or about 500 mg of tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention also have about 150 mg, about 200 mg, about 250 mg, about 300 mg, about 350 mg, about 400 mg, about 450 mg, about 500 mg, about 550 mg, about 600 mg, about 650 mg, about 700 mg, about 750 mg, about 800 mg, about 850 mg or about 900 mg of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the pharmaceutical composition includes about 300 mg of tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and about 350 mg, about 400 mg, about 450 mg, about 500 mg, about 550 mg, about 600 mg, about 650 mg, about 700 mg, about 700 mg or about 800 mg of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the composition includes about 300 mg of tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and about 350 mg of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In another such embodiment the composition includes about 300 mg of tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and about 400 mg of allopurinol or a
  • composition includes about 300 mg of tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and about 450 mg of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In another such embodiment the composition includes about 300 mg of tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and about 500 mg of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In another such embodiment the composition includes about 300 mg of tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and about 550 mg of allopurinol or a
  • composition includes about 300 mg of tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and about 600 mg of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In another such embodiment the composition includes about 300 mg of tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and about 650 mg of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In another such embodiment the composition includes about 300 mg of tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof In another such embodiment the composition includes about 300 mg of tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and about 700 mg of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • composition includes about 300 mg of tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and about 750 mg of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In another such embodiment the composition includes about 300 mg of tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and about 800 mg of allopurinol or a
  • compositions of the present invention contain tranilast (or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof) and allopurinol (or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof)- Dosages for use with the present invention (both compositions of the invention and methods of the invention) are provided in Table A below.
  • Tranilast may be included in the pharmaceutical compositions and methods of the present invention in any pharmaceutically acceptable form, including the free acid, esters, co-crystals, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
  • tranilast is the free acid is tranilast without any salt or guest in a co-crystal form. In one embodiment, tranilast is in a co-crystal form.
  • condition associated with an elevated serum uric acid level is
  • hyperuricemia, gout a renal disorder, cardiovascular disease, an aberrant metabolic condition, cognitive impairment, a fatty liver disease or kidney stones.
  • the present invention provides methods for decreasing serum uric acid level in a subject, the subject has hyperuricemia, gout, gout-associated
  • the subject has cognitive impairment.
  • Cognitive impairment may be associated with cerebral vascular conditions, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease or aging. Schretlen, D.J., et al., Neuropsychology, 2007, Vol. 21 , No. 1 , 136- 140.
  • condition associated with an elevated serum uric acid level is hyperuricemia.
  • the method comprises reducing inflammation associated with
  • the present invention provides methods for treating hyperuricemia in a subject with a condition selected from the group of gout, a renal disorder, cardiovascular disease, an aberrant metabolic condition, cognitive impairment, a fatty liver disease and kidney stones.
  • the subject has gout.
  • the condition associated with an elevated serum uric acid level is gout.
  • the method comprises treating gouty symptoms.
  • the method comprises treating gouty attacks.
  • the method comprises reducing the incidence and/or severity of gouty flares.
  • the method comprises treating intercritical periods in gout patients.
  • the method comprises preventing, reducing or reversing uric acid crystal formation.
  • the method comprises reducing uric acid burden.
  • the method comprises reducing the size and/or number of tophi. The size and/or number of tophi may be assessed by, for example, use of CT scans.
  • the condition associated with an elevated serum uric acid level is a renal disorder.
  • the renal disorder is chronic kidney disease.
  • condition associated with an elevated serum uric acid level is kidney stones.
  • condition associated with an elevated serum uric acid level is an increased risk for developing cardiovascular disease.
  • the condition associated with an elevated serum uric acid level is cardiovascular disease.
  • the cardiovascular disease is coronary artery disease, stroke, peripheral artery disease, congestive heart failure or hypertension.
  • the cardiovascular disease is coronary heart disease.
  • the cardiovascular disease is stroke.
  • the cardiovascular disease is peripheral artery disease.
  • the cardiovascular disease is congestive heart failure.
  • the cardiovascular disease is hypertension.
  • the condition associated with an elevated serum uric acid level is an aberrant metabolic condition.
  • the aberrant metabolic condition is metabolic syndrome, obesity, hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, insulin resistance or diabetes.
  • the aberrant metabolic condition is metabolic syndrome.
  • the aberrant metabolic condition is obesity.
  • the aberrant metabolic condition is hyperlipidemia.
  • the aberrant metabolic condition is insulin resistance.
  • the aberrant metabolic condition is diabetes.
  • condition associated with an elevated serum uric acid level is cognitive impairment.
  • the condition associated with an elevated serum uric acid level is a fatty liver disease.
  • the fatty liver disease is nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
  • the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
  • administration of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention to a subject in accordance with a method of the present invention decreases a serum uric acid level in the subject by at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60% , at least about 70%, at least about 80% or at least about 90%.
  • the serum uric acid level in the subject is decreased by at least about 33%.
  • the serum uric acid level in the subject is decreased by at least about 50%.
  • administration of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention to a subject in accordance with a method of the present invention decreases a serum uric acid level in the subject by from about 5% to about 90%, by from about 10% to about 50%, by from about 20% to about 40%, or by from about 25% to about 35%.
  • the methods of the present invention comprise administering a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention to a subject whose serum uric acid . level is at least about 4.0 mg/dL, at least about 4.5 mg/dL, at least about 5.0 mg/dL, at least about 5.5 mg/dL, at least about 6.0 mg/dL, at least about 6.8 mg/dL, at least about 6.5 mg/dL, at least about 6.8 mg/dL, at least about 7.0 mg/dL, at least about 7.5 mg/dL, at least about 8.0 mg/dL, at least about 8.5 mg/dL, at least about 9.0 mg/dL, at least about 9.5 mg/dL, at least about 10.0 mg/dL, at least about 10.5 mg/dL or at least about 1 1.0 mg dL.
  • the subject's serum uric acid level is at least 7.0 mg/dL. In another such embodiment the subject's serum uric acid level is at least 7.5 mg/dL. In another such embodiment the subject's serum uric acid level is at least 8.0 mg/dL. In another such embodiment the subject's serum uric acid level is at least 8.5 mg/dL. In another such embodiment the subject's serum uric acid level is at least 9.0 mg/dL. In another such embodiment the subject's serum uric acid level is at least 9.5 mg/dL. In another such embodiment the subject's serum uric acid level is at least 10.0 mg/dL. In another such embodiment the subject's serum uric acid level is at least 10.5 mg/dL. In another such embodiment the subject's serum uric acid level is at least 1 1.0 mg/dL.
  • the methods of the present invention decrease a serum uric acid level in the subject below about 7.0 mg/dL, below about 6.8 mg/dL, below about 6.5 mg/dL, below about 6.0 mg/dL, below about 5.5 mg/dL, below about 5.0 mg/dL, below about 4.5 mg/dL, below about 4.0 mg/dL, below about 3.5 mg/dL, below about 3.0 mg/dL, below about 2.5 mg/dL, below about 2.0 mg/dL or below about 1.5 mg/dL.
  • the appropriate serum uric acid level may vary depending on the subject, and may vary for a given subject over time, depending upon the subject's overall medical condition.
  • the appropriate serum uric acid level for one group of subjects sharing a common medical condition may be different from that which is appropriate for a different group of subjects sharing a different medical condition.
  • the methods of the present invention decrease a serum uric acid level in the subject by an amount sufficient to cause the disappearance of tophi over a timeframe of weeks or months.
  • the methods of the present invention reduce the serum uric acid level of a subject to below about 6.0 mg/dL. In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention reduce the serum uric acid level of a subject to below about 5.0 mg/dL. In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention reduce the serum uric acid level of a subject to below about 4.0 mg/dL.
  • a serum uric acid level in the subject is decreased by between about
  • a serum uric acid level in the subject is decreased by between about 0.5 to about 8.0 mg/dL, by between about 1.0 to about 6.0 mg/dL, or by between about 2.0 to about 5.0 mg/dL. In certain other embodiment the serum uric acid level in the subject is decreased by between about 1.0 to about 4.0 mg/dL, or by between about 1.0 to about 2.0 mg/dL.
  • the amount of decrease of serum uric acid level that is appropriate may vary depending on the subject, depending upon the subject's overall medical condition. Similarly, the amount of decrease of serum uric acid level that is appropriate for one group of subjects sharing a common medical condition may be different from that which is appropriate for a different group of subjects sharing a different medical condition.
  • the methods of the present invention comprise administering a
  • composition of the present invention to a subject whose serum uric acid level is within the normal range.
  • the subject has gout.
  • Gout is characterized by excruciating, sudden, unexpected, burning pain, as well as by
  • a gout flare is a sudden attack of pain in affected joints, especially in the lower extremities, and most commonly in the big toe.
  • gout The frequency of gout flares typically increases over time in a subject who suffers gout. In this fashion, gout progresses from acute gout to chronic gout, which involves repeated episodes of joint pain.
  • chronic gout is also referred to as moderate gout, moderate to severe gout, moderately severe gout, severe gout, and/or refractory gout. Therefore, patients with moderate to severe gout can also be characterized as having chronic gout, and vice versa.
  • a patient with severe gout has a serum uric acid level greater than or equal to 8.0 mg/dL.
  • a patient with severe gout has at least one gout tophus or gouty arthritis or has had at least three gouty flares in an 18 month period.
  • the big toe, knee, or ankle joints are most often affected.
  • Acute gout may progress to chronic gout flares, or may resolve without further attacks.
  • the chronic appearance of several attacks of gout yearly can lead to joint deformity and limited joint motion.
  • Nodular uric acid deposits, called tophi may eventually develop in cartilage tissue, tendons, and soft tissues. These tophi are a hallmark of chronic gout, which usually develop only after a patient has suffered from the disease for many years. Deposits of monosodium urate can also occur in the kidneys of gout sufferers, potentially leading to chronic kidney failure.
  • Chronic gout patients include subjects having recurrent or prolonged gout flares, tophus formation, chronic inflammatory arthritis and/or joint destruction associated with gout.
  • a patient with moderate to severe gout has 2 or more gout flares in a period of about 6 to about 24 months.
  • the patient suffers from gouty arthritis or has at least one gout tophus.
  • a patient with moderate to severe gout suffers 3 or more gout flares in a period of about 6 to about 24 months.
  • the patient suffers from gouty arthritis or has at least one gout tophus.
  • a patient with moderate to severe gout suffers 3 or more gout flares in a period of about 12 to about 24 months.
  • the patient suffers from gouty arthritis or has at least one gout tophus.
  • a patient with moderate to severe gout suffers 3 or more gout flares in a period of about 12 to about 18 months. In another embodiment, a patient with moderate to severe gout suffers 3 or more gout flares in a period of about 12 months. In a further embodiment, the patient suffers from gouty arthritis or has at least one gout tophus.
  • the subject has a known risk of gouty attack.
  • the risk of gouty attack is determined by a combination of hyperuricemia and one or more of a history of gouty attack, obesity, diabetes, chronic kidney failure, hypertension, use of diuretic drugs, high purine diet, high fructose diet, exposure to lead, high consumption of red meat and protein, and high alcohol intake.
  • the uric acid crystal formation is in one or more of the joints, under skin, and kidney.
  • the formations include tophaceous deposits.
  • the renal disorder is renal insufficiency or chronic kidney disease.
  • the renal disorder is renal insufficiency.
  • the renal disorder is chronic kidney disease.
  • the cardiovascular disease is hypertension, myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, vascular dementia, preeclampsia, heart disease, congestive heart failure, stroke, atherogenesis, thrombogenesis, atherosclerosis, inflammatory disease or peripheral, carotid, or coronary vascular disease.
  • the cardiovascular disease is hypertension.
  • the cardiovascular disease is coronary artery disease.
  • the cardiovascular disease is congestive heart failure.
  • the cardiovascular disease is stroke.
  • the cardiovascular disease is atherosclerosis.
  • the cardiovascular disease is peripheral vascular disease.
  • the cognitive network [00811] In some embodiments of the methods for treating cognitive impairment, the cognitive network
  • the uric acid synthesis inhibitor is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor.
  • the xanthine oxidase inhibitor is allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the xanthine oxidase inhibitor is febuxostat.
  • a decrease in serum uric acid levels in a subject to below about 7 mg/dL, or below about 6.8 mg/dL, or below about 6.5 mg/dL, or below about 6.0 mg/dL, or below about 5.5 mg/dL, or below about 5.0 mg/dL, or below about 4.5 mg/dL, or below about 4.0 mg/dL, or below about 3.5 mg/dL indicates an effective treatment.
  • a subject's serum uric acid levels is greater than about 5.5 mg/dL, or greater than about 6.0 mg/dL, or greater than about 6.8 mg/dL or greater than about 7.0 mg/dL after administration of a compound of the invention, the administration is not deemed effective.
  • dosages of allopunnol and/or tranilast are adjusted after initial administration, based on one or more of the following factors: ( 1 ) a change in the number gout flares, (2) a change in the number of tophi, (3) a change in the size of one or more tophi, for example the largest tophus, (4) a change in number of inflamed joints due to gouty arthritis, (5) a change in C-reactive protein (CRP) levels.
  • CRP C-reactive protein
  • a subject of any of the methods described herein has his or her liver function monitored at least once a month for a period of one month after initial treatment, at least once a month for a period of two months after initial treatment, at least once a month for a period of three months after initial treatment, at least once a month for a period of four months after initial treatment, at least once a month for a period of five months after initial treatment, at least once a month for a period of six months after initial treatment or at least once a month for a period of once a month for a year after initial treatment.
  • monitoring occurs at evenly spaced intervals, e.g., every 30 days, biweekly or weekly.
  • the method comprises administering to said subject about 400 mg of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In another embodiment of the method, the method comprises administering to said subject about 500 mg of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In another embodiment of the method, the method comprises administering to said subject about 600 mg of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In another embodiment of the method, the method comprises administering to said subject about 700 mg of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In another embodiment of the method, the method comprises administering to said subject about 800 mg of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In another embodiment of the method, the method comprises administering to said subject about 900 mg of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises administering to said subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof and allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein the amount by weight of said allopurinol or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof in said composition is greater than the amount by weight of said tranilast or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof in said composition.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 300 mg of tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 700 mg of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In one embodiment of the method of decreasing serum uric acid level, the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 800 mg of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In one embodiment of the method, the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 900 mg of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
  • composition comprising tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof and allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof is administered, the method reduces said subject's serum uric acid level below 6.0 mg/dL, below 5.0 mg/dL or below 4.0 mg/dL. In one embodiment of the method of decreasing serum uric acid level wherein a pharmaceutical composition comprising tranilast or a
  • the method comprises administering to said subject about 600 mg of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In another embodiment of the method, the method comprises administering to said subject about 700 mg of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In another embodiment of the method, the method comprises administering to said subject about 800 mg of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In another embodiment of the method, the method comprises administering to said subject about 900 mg of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In another embodiment of the method, the method reduces said subject's serum uric acid level below 6.0 mg/dL. In another embodiment of the method, the method reduces, said subject's serum uric acid level below 5.0 mg/dL. In another embodiment of the method, the method reduces said subject's serum uric acid level below 4.0 mg/dL.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 300 mg of tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In one embodiment of the method, the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 400 mg, about 500 mg, about 600 mg, about 700 mg, about 800 mg, or 900 mg of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
  • the method reduces said subject's serum uric acid level below 6.0 mg/dL.
  • the method reduces said subject's serum uric acid level below 5.0 mg/dL.
  • the method reduces said subject's serum uric acid level below 4.0 mg/dL.
  • the present invention provides a method of treating hyperuricemia in a subject comprising administering to a subject in need thereof tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof and allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein the amount by weight of said allopurinol or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof is greater than the amount by weight of said tranilast or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
  • the dosage of the allopurinol and/or tranilast is adjusted if the serum uric acid levels in a subject are not reduced to the desired serum uric acid level, after administration of tranilast and allopurinol.
  • a decrease in serum uric acid levels in a subject to below about 7 mg/dL, or below about 6.8 mg/dL, or below about 6.5 mg/dL, or below about 6.0 mg/dL, or below about 5.5 mg/dL, or below about 5.0 mg/dL, or below about 4.5 mg/dL, or below about 4.0 mg/dL, or below about 3.5 mg/dL indicates an effective treatment. Therefore, in one embodiment, if sUA levels are not reduced to the level indicated, the dose of allopurinol and/or tranilast is increased.
  • the dose of allopurinol is increased by about 100mg-700mg, by about 100mg-600mg, by about 100 mg-500mg, by about l OOmg- 400mg, by about 100mg-300 mg, by about 100mg-200mg, by about 50 mg, by about 100 mg, by about 200mg, by about 300 mg, by about 400 mg, by about 500 mg, by about 600 mg, by about 700 mg, or by about 800 mg.
  • the method comprises administering to said subject about 300 mg of tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
  • the method comprises administering to said subject about 700 mg of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In another embodiment of the method, the method comprises administering to said subject about 800 mg of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In another embodiment of the method, the method comprises administering to said subject about 900 mg of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
  • the method reduces said subject's serum uric acid level below 6.0 mg/dL. In another embodiment of the method for treating hyperuricemia, the method reduces said subject's serum uric acid level below 5.0 mg/dL. In another embodiment of the method, the method reduces said subject's serum uric acid level below 4.0 mg/dL.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 600 mg of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In one embodiment of the method for treating hyperuricemia, the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 700 mg of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In one embodiment of the method, the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 800 mg of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 900 mg of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
  • the method reduces said subject's serum uric acid level below 6.0 mg/dL.
  • the method reduces said subject's serum uric acid level below 5.0 mg/dL.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof and allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof is administered.
  • the present invention provides a method of treating gout in a subject comprising administering to a subject in need thereof tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof and allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein the amount by weight of said allopurinol or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof is greater than the amount by weight of said tranilast or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
  • the dosage of the allopurinol and/or tranilast is adjusted if the serum uric acid levels in a subject are not reduced to the desired serum uric acid level, after administration of tranilast and allopurinol.
  • a decrease in serum uric acid levels in a subject to below about 7 mg/dL, or below about 6.8 mg/dL, or below about 6.5 mg/dL, or below about 6.0 mg/dL, or below about 5.5 mg/dL, or below about 5.0 mg/dL, or below about 4.5 mg/dL, or below about 4.0 mg/dL, or below about 3.5 mg/dL indicates an effective treatment. Therefore, in one embodiment, if sUA levels are not reduced to the level indicated, the dose of allopurinol and/or tranilast is increased.
  • the method comprises administering to said subject about 300 mg of tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In another embodiment of the method, the method comprises administering to said subject about 400 mg, about 500 mg, about 600 mg, about 700 mg, about 800 mg, or about 900 mg of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
  • the method comprises administering to said subject about 400 mg of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In another embodiment of the method of treating gout, the method comprises administering to said subject about 500 mg of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In another embodiment of the method, the method comprises administering to said subject about 600 mg of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In another embodiment of the method of treating gout, the method comprises administering to said subject about 700 mg of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
  • the method comprises administering to said subject about 800 mg of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In another embodiment of the method of treating gout, the method comprises administering to said subject about 900 mg of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
  • the method reduces said subject's serum uric acid level below 6.0 mg/dL. In another embodiment of the method of treating gout, the method reduces said subject's serum uric acid level below 5.0 mg/dL. In another embodiment of the method of treating gout, the method reduces said subject's serum uric acid level below 4.0 mg/dL.
  • the method comprises administering to said subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof and allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein the amount by weight of said allopurinol or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof in said composition is greater than the amount by weight of said tranilast or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof in said composition.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 300 mg of tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 400 mg, about 500 mg, about 600 mg, about 700 mg, about 800 mg, or about 900 mg of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In one embodiment of the method of treating gout, the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 400 mg of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In one embodiment of the method of treating gout, the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 500 mg of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In one embodiment of the method of treating gout, the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 600 mg of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 700 mg of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In one embodiment of the method, the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 800 mg of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In one embodiment of the method of treating gout, the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 900 mg of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
  • the method reduces said subject's serum uric acid level below 6.0 mg/dL. In one embodiment of the method wherein a pharmaceutical composition comprising tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof and allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof is administered, the method reduces said subject's serum uric acid level below 5.0 mg/dL.
  • the method reduces said subject's serum uric acid level below 4.0 mg/dL.
  • Hyperuricemia may be defined as a serum urate concentration greater than or equal to 6.8 mg/dL.
  • uric acid crystals can precipitate out of solution and deposit in joints and other body tissues where they can produce an inflammatory response, neutrophil recruitment, and the production of proinflammatory cytokines as well as other inflammatory mediators.
  • uric acid crystals may precipitate at lower concentrations, such as 6.0 mg/dL or lower.
  • Hyperuricemia may be due to overproduction of uric acid. For example, overproduction of uric acid occurs in a variety of metabolic derangements or medical disorders. Alternatively, hyperuricemia may be result of underexcretion of uric acid, such as conditions due to alterations in renal function.
  • Hyperuricemia can lead to hyperuricosuria, which refers to excessive amounts of uric acid in the urine.
  • hereditary fructose intolerance glycogen storage disease
  • myeloproliferative disease lymphoproliferative disease
  • hemolytic anemia psoriasis
  • obesity * renal insufficiency
  • lead intoxication chronic beryllium disease
  • sarcoidosis and various drugs, e.g., low-dose salicylates, diuretics, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, nicotinamide and ethanol.
  • Table 1 list various causes in terms of their pathophysiology.
  • hyperuricemia Certain events can cause hyperuricemia. Rapid purine degradation can cause hyperuricemia, e.g., in conditions of rapid cell proliferation or death, e.g., leukimic blast crises, cytotoxic cancer treatment, hemolysis or rhabdomylosis. Hyperuricemia can also result from excessive degradation of ATP from muscles, e.g., after exercise or due to glycogen storage diseases III, V and VII. Relatedly, hyperuricemia can be caused by myocardial infarction, smoke inhalation, and acute respiratory failure.
  • compositions of the present invention can be used to treat hyperuricemia related to most, if not all, of the above causes, e.g., by reducing serum uric acid levels.
  • disorders associated with high levels of serum uric acid levels include, but are not limited to hyperuricemia, gout, urinary lithiasis, hyperuricemic nephropathy, acute uric acid nephropathy, cardiovascular disorders, renal disorders, metabolic disorders, fatty liver diseases, kidney stones and the like.
  • Complications resulting from high levels of uric acid and uric acid crystal formation include, but are not limited to, muscle spasm, localized swelling, inflammation, joint pains, muscle fatigue, stress feelings, and myocardial infarction.
  • the present invention provides compositions and methods for treating hyperuricemia and such related disorders.
  • Gout is a group of metabolic rheumatic disorders caused by aberrant purine metabolism and hyperuricemia and is the most common cause of an inflammatory arthropathy in middle-aged men. Gout is essentially a disorder of urate metabolism. Deposition of urate crystals in hyperuricemic individuals results in acute gout, characterized by agonizing pain and inflammation of rapid onset, most frequently affecting the first metatarsophalangeal joint. It can take decades for uric acid levels to rise to levels where uric acid crystals precipitate. Such precipitation can activate the NLRP3 (NALP3) inflammasome and result in a gouty attack.
  • NALP3 NLRP3
  • Hyperuricemia is associated with an increased risk of developing gout, and the risk of gout increases with the degree and duration of the hyperuricemia. Hyperuricemia in gout is typically accompanied by renal complications and suboptimal excretion of uric acid. Gouty attacks are typically severely painful and disabling.
  • a variety of risk factors have been identified for gout.
  • these include obesity, diabetes, chronic kidney failure, hypertension, use of diuretic drugs, high purine diet, high fructose diet, exposure to lead, consumption of red meat and protein, and alcohol intake. See also Table 1.
  • Gouty attack can be precipitated by perioperative ketosis in surgical patients, reduced body temperature, e.g., while sleeping, and by dehydration, e.g., by use of diuretic drugs.
  • Genetic risk factors for gout and hyperuricemia have also been identified.
  • LNS Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
  • HGPRT hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase
  • urate transporters include SLC22A 12 (URAT l ), solute carrier family 2 (facilitative glucose transporter), member 9 gene (SLC2A9; Glut9), ABCG2 and SLC 17A3.
  • SLC22A 12 URAT l
  • solute carrier family 2 facilitative glucose transporter
  • member 9 gene SLC2A9; Glut9
  • Cameron JS and Simmonds HA Hereditary hyperuricemia and renal disease. Semin Nephrol. 2005 25:9- 18; Bleyer AJ and Hart TC, Genetic factors associated with gout and hyperuricemia. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2006 13: 124-30; Enomoto A., et al. Molecular identification of a renal urate anion exchanger that regulates blood urate levels. Nature 2002 417:447-52; Vitart V., et al.
  • SLC2A9 is a newly identified urate transporter influencing serum urate concentration, urate excretion and gout. Nat Genet 2008 40:437-42; Dehghan A., et al. Association of three genetic loci with uric acid concentration and risk of gout: a genome-wide association study. Lancet 2008 372: 1953-61.
  • Gout can be either acute or chronic. Triggers for acute gouty attacks include infection, intravenous contrast media, acidosis, and rapid fluctuations in serum uric acid concentrations such as with trauma, surgery, psoriasis flare-ups, initiation of chemotherapy, diuretic therapy, and stopping or starting allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • Acute attacks usually begin in the joints of lower extremities. The attacks are characterized by joint pain and swelling. The first attack often comprises podagra, a sudden, unexplained swelling and pain of the big toe joint on just one foot. During an attack, which can last several days, pain can be so severe that patients are often unable to wear clothing or even touch bedsheets.
  • Tophi crystallized uric acid deposits that form firm swellings in joints, cartilage and bone. Tophi deposits sometimes disrupt the skin, exposing large chalky nodules. Extensive tophi can erode bone or other tissues and may require surgical removal.
  • Refractory gout In some patients, current medical treatments are ineffective at controlling serum uric acid levels at less than 6.0 mg/dL. Patients with such recalcitrant disease are deemed to have "refractory gout" and may exhibit severe clinical manifestations, including recurrent gout attacks, persistent swollen and painful joints, chronic pain, and progressive tophaceous deposits and joint damage. Refractory gout can have various causes, including but not limited to ineffectiveness of, or intolerance to, current treatments. AUopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof remains the most frequent therapeutic for such patients, but it is only effective in some cases and additional therapies are often required.
  • Patients having "severe gout” include those with serum uric acid levels that are greater than or equal to 8.0 mg/dL and have at least one gout tophus or gouty arthritis or have had at least three gouty flares in the past 18 months.
  • Patients having "moderately severe gout” include those with serum uric acid levels that are greater than or equal to 8.0 mg/dL and experiencing two or more flares within a 12 to 18 month period.
  • Refractory gout comprises patients with severe gout wherein, in addition, conventional therapies are contraindicated or have been or become ineffective.
  • Urate nephropathy manifests from severe gout and is characterized by urate crystals in the renal interstitium. Uric acid nephropathy can cause renal failure from deposition of large amounts of crystals in the renal collecting ducts, pelvis and ureters.
  • Other cardiovascular diseases associated with hyperuricemia include peripheral, carotid, and coronary vascular disease, stroke, preeclampsia, and vascular dementia.
  • drugs used to treat hyperuricemia e.g., allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, may be effective in treating diabetes, hypertension, and other uric acid related disorders. See, e.g., Feng et al., Uric Acid and Cardiovascular Risk, N Engl J Med 2008 359: 181 1-21.
  • Gout patients have higher death rates from all causes, although gout associated mortality is largely related to cardiovascular complications.
  • cardiovascular complications relate to high serum uric acid levels, as described above.
  • hypertension is often observed in subjects with hyperuricemia.
  • Higher serum uric acid levels are also associated with ongoing inflammatory response.
  • hyperuricemic patients often display higher levels of serum markers of inflammation, e.g., C reactive protein, fibrinogen, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and increased neutrophil count.
  • the serum of gout patients contains high levels of inflammatory markers even in the absence of an ongoing gouty attack. And during attack, crystal formation activates monocytes and stimulates the release of inflammatory markers including tumor necrosis factor-ct, IL-1 , IL-6, IL-8, and
  • cyclooxygenase-2 Ongoing low-grade inflammation among patients with gout may promote atherogenesis and thrombogenesis. Similar complications are also observed in other inflammatory rheumatic disorders associated with higher risk of cardiovascular disease, e.g., rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus.
  • compositions and methods for treating hyperuricemia and such related disorders as described herein including, but not limited to, gout, severe gout, refractory gout, chronic gout, cardiovascular disorders and related disorders, renal disorders and related disorders, fatty liver disease, kidney stones and aberrant metabolic conditions.
  • One standard for diagnosis of gout comprises aspiration of tophi or synovial fluid from an inflamed joint.
  • Tophi are crystallized uric acid deposits that form firm swellings in joints, cartilage and bone.
  • Synovial fluid is a thick fluid which lubricates and cushions synovial joints, e.g., the wrist, elbow, knee, shoulder and hip joints. Needlelike monosodium urate crystals observed in the synovial fluid when viewed under a microscope are highly indicative of gout.
  • aspiration techniques are not performed routinely in the clinical setting for various reasons, e.g., lack of availability of synovial fluid, time of the procedure and lack of physician experience.
  • gout can indicate hyperuricemia and gout.
  • serum urate levels are measured during and following a gouty attack.
  • elevated levels are only observed post-attack, e.g., two weeks later.
  • uric acid levels below 4.0 mg/dL e.g., uric acid levels below 4.0 mg/dL
  • Radiology can also assist in diagnosis of gout, e.g., to ascertain joint damage and urate deposits.
  • Radiological techniques include x-ray film, computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Dual Energy Computed Tomography (DECT), and ultrasound. See, e.g., Schlesinger, Diagnosis of Gout: Clinical, Laboratory, and Radiologic Findings, Am J Manag Care. 2005 1 1 :S443-S450; Dore, The Gout Diagnosis, Cleve.Clin J Med. 2008 75:S 17-S21 .
  • the aforementioned diagnostic techniques also may be used to monitor the efficacy of treatment.
  • the methods of the present invention may be used to treat, prevent and/or ameliorate the conditions and/or diseases described herein. Consequently, as used herein the term “treating” includes treating, preventing and/or ameliorating the condition or disease to which it refers. In certain embodiment the methods of the present invention treat the conditions and/or diseases described herein. In other embodiments the methods of the present invention prevent the conditions and/or diseases described herein. In other embodiments the methods of the present invention ameliorate the conditions and/or diseases described herein.
  • elevated serum uric acid level means serum uric acid level greater than normal. In some instances, elevated serum uric acid levels are above the mean level in a given population, such as gender and/or age.
  • hyperuricemia means serum uric acid level greater than the normal level for the population. In some instances, hyperuricemia includes serum uric acid levels greater than or equal to 6.0 mg dL, 6.8 mg/dL, 7 mg/dL or 8 mg/dL.
  • severe gout includes gout present in a subject having serum uric acid levels that are greater than or equal to 8.0 mg/dL and have at least one gout tophus or gouty arthritis or have had at least three gouty flares in the past 18 months.
  • chronic gout includes gout present in a subject having recurrent or prolonged gout flares, tophus formation, chronic inflammatory arthritis and/or joint destruction associated with gout.
  • acute gout includes gout present in a subject that has had or is having at least one gouty symptom, such as a gout flare or gouty attack.
  • gout-associated inflammation refers to local or systemic
  • inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, sulphuric, phosphoric, nitric, carbonic, boric, sulfamic, and hydrobromic acids, or salts of pharmaceutically acceptable organic acids such as acetic, propionic, butyric, tartaric, maleic, hydroxymaleic, fumaric, maleic, citric, lactic, mucic, gluconic, benzoic, succinic, oxalic, phenylacetic, methanesulphonic, toluenesulphonic, benezenesulphonic, salicyclic sulphanilic, aspartic, glutamic, edetic, stearic, palmitic, oleic, lauric, pantothenic, tannic, ascorbic and valeric acids.
  • inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, sulphuric, phosphoric, nitric, carbonic, boric, sulfamic, and hydrobromic acids
  • Hyperuricemia and chronic gout are treated with agents that lower urate levels, e.g., xanthine oxidase inhibitors and uricosuric agents, thereby reducing uric acid levels and potential crystal formation.
  • Xanthine oxidase is involved in purine metabolism and inhibiting the enzyme reduces uric acid levels. Allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, is the current first line standard of care for lowering urate levels.
  • Another xanthine oxidase inhibitor, Febuxostat was approved for treatment of gout in February 2009.
  • xanthine oxidase inhibitors include oxypurinol, tisopurine, inositols (e.g., phytic acid and myo-iriositol) and potentially propolis.
  • Uricosuric agents enhance excretion of uric acid and generally act by lowering the absorption of uric acid from the kidneys back to the blood, e.g., by inhibiting urate transporters, e.g, SLC22A12.
  • Probenecid is the most commonly used uricosuric agent in the U.S. and may be given in combination with allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to refractory gout patients.
  • Benzbromarone and sulfinpyrazone are also used as first line uricosuric agents. Guaifenesin, losartan, atorvastatin, amlodipine, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH or corticotropin), fenofibrate and cortisone also have uricosuric effects. Additionally, other uricosuric agents are being developed or are in clinical trials, such unease enzymes including rasburicase or the pegylated unease enzyme PURICASE® (Pegloticase), which has completed Phase III trials.
  • unease enzymes including rasburicase or the pegylated unease enzyme PURICASE® (Pegloticase), which has completed Phase III trials.
  • compositions is under going trials is a dimeric fusion protein and IL- 1 blocker, also undergoing trials as a treatment for gout. See also U.S. Patent Publication No. 2008/0300185, filed October 19, 2007 and entitled "Use of IL- 1 antagonists to treat gout and pseudogout.” Diet and lifestyle can be modified to reduce urate levels, e.g., lowering red meat or alcohol consumption, or substituting alternate treatments for diuretic drugs.
  • Acute gout typically presents with inflammation, pain and swelling.
  • Urate-lowering therapies described above for hyperuricemia and chronic gout, are usually not used until the acute phase of gout has resolved because fluctuations in serum uric acid can exacerbate the inflammatory process.
  • Therapy is generally directed at reducing the inflammation, pain and swelling, e.g., anti-inflammatory agents and pain killers.
  • Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or corticosteroids are typically given for acute gouty attacks, depending on co-morbidities.
  • NSAIDS include, but are not limited to, indomethacin, naproxen and sulindac.
  • Corticosteroids include, but are not limited to, prednisone or methylprednisone.
  • compositions of the invention can be used in combination with one or more agents described herein for reducing uric acid or otherwise treating gout.
  • the composition of the invention and the one or more gout treatments can be administered or applied sequentially or simultaneously.
  • Standards of Care for gout include but are not limited to administration of one or more therapeutic agents to treat pain and reduce urate in blood.
  • drugs used to lower the amount of urate or analgesic drugs may be administered before, concurrent to or after treatment of a subject in need thereof with pharmaceutical compositions and methods of the present invention.
  • Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs NSAIDs
  • a compound of the invention is administered before, concurrently or subsequent to administration of one or more non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
  • NSAIDs non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
  • administration of an NSAID can reduce the pain and inflammation experienced with gout.
  • a non-limiting list of NSAIDs includes diclofenac, indomethacin, naproxen, sulindac and lumiracoxib.
  • Further NSAIDs . capable of use with methods and compositions of the invention are disclosed in U.S. Patents Nos.: 7,423,042; 7,341 ,737; 7,303,761 ; and 6,787, 155, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
  • COX-2 inhibitors include celecoxib (SC-58635), 5-bromo-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-(methylsufonyl)phenyl)-thiophene (DUP-697), flosulide (CGP-28238), meloxicam, 6-methoxy-2 naphthylacetic acid (6-MNA), MK-966 (also known as Vioxx), nabumetone (prodrug for 6-MNA), nimesulide, N-[2- (cyclohexyloxy)-4-nitrophenyl]-methanesulfonamide (NS-398), SC-5766, SC-58215, or 3- Formylamino-7-methylsulfonylamino-6-phenoxy-4H- 1 -benzopyran- 1 -one (T-614); or combinations thereof.
  • SC-58635 celecoxib
  • DUP-697 5-bromo-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(4
  • Suitable corticosteroids which may be used in combination with the compounds of the invention include, but are not limited to, methyl prednisolone, prednisolone, dexamethas ' one, fluticasone propionate, 6a,9a-difluoro- 17-[(2-furanylcarbony l)oxy]- 1 1 ⁇ -hydroxy- 16a-methy 1-3-oxo-androsta- 1 ,4-diene- 17 ⁇ - carbothioic acid S-fiuoromethyl ester, 6 ⁇ ,9 ⁇ -difluoro-1 i p-hydroxy-16a -methyl-3-oxo- 17.alpha.-propionyloxy-androsta-l ,4-diene-l 7P-carbothioic acid S-(2-oxo-tetrahydro-furan- 3S-yl) ester, beclomethasone esters (e.g., the 17-propionate ester or the 17,21
  • Preferred corticosteroids include fluticasone propionate, 6a,9a-difluoro- 1 i -hydroxy- 16a - methyl- 17a -[(- 4-methyl- 1 ,3-thiazole-5-carbonyl)oxy]-3-oxo-androsta- 1 ,4-diene- 17 ⁇ - carbothioic acid S-fluoromethyl ester and 6a,9a-difluoro- 17a-[(2-furanylcarbonyl)oxy]-l 1 ⁇ - hydroxy- 16a-methyi-3-oxo-androsta- l ,4-diene- ⁇ -carbothioic acid S-fluoromethyl ester, more preferably 6a,9a-difluoro- 17a-[(2-furanylcarbonyl)oxy]- 1 ⁇ -hydroxy-16a-methy 1-3- oxo-androsta- 1 ,4-diene- 17 ⁇ -03 ⁇ acid S-flu
  • Colchicine In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is administered before,
  • Opioid agents In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is administered before, concurrently or subsequent to administration of an opioid analgesic. Opioids act as agonists, interacting, with stereo specific and saturable binding sites in the brain and other tissues. Endogenous opioid-like peptides are present particularly in areas of the central nervous system that are presumed to be related to the perception of pain; to movement, mood and behavior, and to the regulation of neuroendocrinological functions.
  • Cytokines can be involved in an inflammatory response. Cytokines include, without limitation, BDNF, CREB pS 133, CREB Total, DR-5, EGF.ENA-78, Eotaxin, Fatty Acid Binding Protein, FGF-basic, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), GCP-2, Granulocyte-macrophage Colony-stimulating Factor GM-CSF (GM-CSF), growth-related oncogene - keratinocytes (GRO- C), HGF, ICAM- 1 , IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma, the interleukins IL- 10, IL- 1 1 , IL- 12, IL- 12 p40, IL- 12 p40/p70, IL- 12 p70, IL- 13, IL- 15, IL- 16, IL- 17, IL- 18, IL-l alpha, IL- l beta, IL-l ra,
  • C/GROa LIF, Lymphotacin, M-CSF, monocyte chemoattractant protein- 1 (MCP-1 ), MCP- l (MCAF), MCP-3, MCP-5, MDC, IG, macrophage inflammatory (MIP- 1 alpha), MIP-1 beta, MIP- 1 gamma, MIP-2, MIP-3 beta, OSM, PDGF-BB, regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), Rb (pT821 ), Rb (total), Rb pSpT249/252, Tau (pS214), Tau (pS396), Tau (total), Tissue Factor, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), TNF-beta, TNF-RI, TNF-RII, VCAM-1 , and VEGF.
  • MIP-1 monocyte chemoattractant protein- 1
  • MCP- l MCP- l
  • MCP-5 MDC
  • MIP
  • the cytokine is IL- 12p70, IL- 10, IL- 1 alpha, IL-3, IL- 12 p40, IL- l ra, IL- 12, IL-6, IL-4, IL- 18, IL- 10, IL-5, eotaxin, IL- 16, MIG, IL-8, IL- 17, IL-7, IL- 15, IL- 13, JL-2R (soluble), IL-2, LIF/HILDA, IL- 1 beta, Fas/CD95/Apo- l , or MCP- 1.
  • Modulation can comprise up or downregulating the biological action of the one or more cytokines. For example, gout can be treated by inhibiting IL- 1.
  • Inhibitors can comprise small molecules, peptides, proteins or the like. Alternately, serum uric acid levels can be decreased by administration of IL-6, or fragments, conjugates or mimetics thereof. In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is administered before, concurrently or subsequent to administration of a modulator of one or more IL- 1 antagonists. In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is administered before, concurrently or subsequent to administration of a modulator of IL-6, or a fragment, conjugate or mimetic thereof.
  • a combination therapy comprising a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can further comprise a plurality of other
  • hyperuricemia is associated with any number of cardiovascular disorders, including without limitation cardiovascular disease and other conditions, including hypertension, metabolic syndrome, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease cerebrovascular disease, vascular dementia, preeclampsia, heart disease, congestive heart failure, atherosclerosis and kidney disease. Furthermore, high levels of uric acid can predict the onset of hypertension, obesity, diabetes and kidney disease.
  • a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may be any suitable pharmaceutical composition of the present invention.
  • agents used to treat diabetes include but are not limited to agents that improve insulin sensitivity such as PPAR gamma ligands (thiazolidinedones, glitazones, troglitazones, rosiglitazone (Avandia), pioglitazone, stimulators of insulin secretion such as sulphonylureas (gliquidone, tolbutamide, glimepride, chlorpropamide, glipizide, glyburide, acetohexamide) and meglitinides (meglitinide, repaglinide, nateglinide) and agents that reduce liver production of glucose such as metformin.
  • agents that improve insulin sensitivity such as PPAR gamma ligands (thiazolidinedones, glitazones, troglitazones, rosiglitazone (Avandia), pioglitazone
  • stimulators of insulin secretion such as sulphonylurea
  • agents used to treat hyperlipidemia include but are not limited to agents used to treat hyperlipidemia, including but not limited to agents that lower LDL such as statins (atovastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin calcium, simvastatin) and nicotinic acid, agents that stimulate PPAR alpha such as fibrates, gemfibrozil, fenofibrate, bezafibrate, ciprofibrate, agents that bind and prevent readsorption of bile acids and reduce cholesterol levels such as bile acid sequestrants, cholestyramine and colestipol, and cholesterol absorption inhibitors.
  • agents that reduce risk of heart attack including COX- 1 inhibitors including aspirin and NSAIDs, as described herein, or COX-2 inhibitors, also described herein.
  • a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may be
  • combination therapy can be used for modulating (preventing the onset of the symptoms or complications associated with) diabetes (or treating, preventing or reducing the risk of developing, diabetes and its related symptoms, complications, and disorders), wherein the a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be effectively, used in combination with, for example, biguanides (such as metformin); thiazolidinediones (such as ciglitazone, pioglitazone, troglitazone, and rosiglitazone); dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 ("DPP-IV") inhibitors (such as vildagliptin and sitagliptin); glucagonlike peptide- 1 ("GLP- 1 ”) receptor agonists (such as exanatide) (or GLP-1 mimetics); PPAR gamma agonists or partial agonists; dual PPAR alpha, PPAR gam
  • a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may be
  • a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be used in combination with, for example, phenylpropanolamine, phenteramine; diethylpropion;
  • mazindol fenfluramine; dexfenfluramine; phentiramine, beta-3 adrenoceptor agonist agents; sibutramine; gastrointestinal lipase inhibitors (such as orlistat); and leptins.
  • enterostatin enterostatin; cholecytokinin; bombesin; amylin; histamine H3 receptors; dopamine D2 receptors; melanocyte stimulating hormone; corticotrophin releasing factor; galanin; and gamma amino butyric acid (GABA).
  • statins such as atorvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, pravastatin, and simvastatin
  • CETP inhibitors such as torcetrapib
  • a cholesterol absorption inhibitor such as ezetimibe
  • PPAR alpha agonists or partial agonists PPAR delta agonists or partial agonists
  • dual PPAR alpha, PPAR delta agonists or partial agonists dual PPAR alpha, PPAR delta agonists or partial agonists
  • dual PPAR alpha, PPAR gamma agonists or partial agonists dual PPAR delta, PPAR gamma agonists or partial agonists
  • fenofibric acid derivatives such as gemfibrozil, clofibrate, fenofibrate, and bezafibrate
  • a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may be administered in combination with any other therapeutic agent and/or intervention that is commonly used for the treatment of atherosclerosis, wherein a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is administered in combination with one or more of the following active agents: an antihyperlipidemic agent; a plasma HDL-raising agent; an
  • antihypercholesterolemic agent such as a cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor, e.g. " , an hydroxymethylglutaryl (HMG) CoA reductase inhibitor (also referred to as statins, such as lovastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, fluvastatin, and atorvastatin); an HMG-CoA synthase inhibitor; a squalene epoxidase inhibitor; or a squalene synthetase inhibitor (also known as squalene synthase inhibitor); an acyl-coenzyme A cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitor, such as melinamide; probucol; nicotinic acid and the salts thereof and niacinamide; a cholesterol absorption inhibitor, such as beta-sitosterol; a bile acid sequestrant anion exchange resin, such as cholestyramine, colestipol or dialkylaminoalkyl derivative
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be administered in combination with more than one additional active agent, for example, a combination of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention with an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (e.g., atorvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, pravastatin, and simvastatin) and aspirin, or a combination of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention with an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor and a blocker.
  • an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor e.g., atorvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, pravastatin, and simvastatin
  • antihypercholesterolemic agent such as a cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor, for example, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor; an HMG-CoA synthase inhibitor; a squalene epoxidase inhibitor, or a squalene synthetase inhibitor (also known as squalene synthase inhibitor); an acyl-coenzyme A cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor; probucol; nicotinic acid and the salts thereof; CETP inhibitors such as torcetrapib; a cholesterol absorption inhibitor such as ezetimibe; PPAR alpha agonists or partial agonists; PPAR delta agonists or partial agonists; dual PPAR alpha, PPAR delta agonists or partial agonists; dual PPAR alpha, PPAR gamma agonists or partial agonists; dual PPAR delta, PPAR gamma agonists or partial agonists; pan PPAR
  • a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be any suitable pharmaceutical composition of the present invention.
  • halofenic acid administered in combination with halofenic acid, an ester of halofenic acid, or another prodrug of halofenic acid, preferably with (-)-(4-chlorophenyl)-(3-trifluoromethylphenoxy)- acetic acid 2-acetylaminoethyl ester (metaglidasen).
  • a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may be any suitable pharmaceutical composition of the present invention.
  • any other therapeutic agent and/or intervention that is used for the treatment of renal or urological or related disorders, e.g., NO donors, calcium channel blockers, cholinergic modulators, alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonists, beta-adrenergic receptor agonists, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, cAMP-dependent protein kinase activators (e.g., cAMP mimetics), superoxide scavengers, potassium channel activators, estrogen-like compounds, testosterone-like compounds, benzodiazepines, adrenergic nerve inhibitors, antidiarrheal agents, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, smooth muscle relaxants, adenosine receptor modulators, adenylyl cyclase activators, endothelin receptor antagonists, bisphosphonates, cGMP-dependent protein kinase activators (e.g., cGMP mimetics).
  • NO donors e.g., calcium channel blockers,
  • the treatments for renal disorders comprise treatments for kidney stones.
  • the compound of the present invention can be given with muscle relaxants that assist in stone passage, including alpha adrenergic blocking agents such as Flomax, Uroxatral, terazosin or doxazosin. Pain of stones can be treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) or opioids such as codeine or hydrocodone. NSAIDs and additional opioids are described herein.
  • NSAIDs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories
  • opioids such as codeine or hydrocodone.
  • NSAIDs and additional opioids are described herein.
  • thiazides, potassium citrate, magnesium citrate and allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof are prescribed depending on the type of stone. For high urinary calcium, thiazides may be prescribed. Calgranulin may help prevent calcium oxalate kidney stone formation.
  • compositions of the present invention may be administered by the usual routes and the dosage level depends upon the age, weight, conditions of the patient and the administration route.
  • the compositions of the invention can be administered in a variety of dosage forms, e.g. orally, in the form of tablets, capsules, sugar or film coated tablets, liquid solutions or suspensions; rectally in the form of suppositories; parenterally, e.g.
  • intramuscularly or by intravenous and/or intrathecal and/or intraspinal injection or infusion.
  • the tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof do not have to be administered in the same pharmaceutical composition, and, because of different physical and chemical characteristics, are optionally administered by different routes.
  • the initial administration is generally made according to established protocols, and then, based upon the observed effects, the dosage, modes of administration and times of administration subsequently modified.
  • Therapeutically effective dosages vary when the drugs are used in treatment combinations.
  • Combination treatment further includes periodic treatments that start and stop at various times to assist with the clinical management of the patient.
  • the multiple therapeutic agents are optionally provided in a single, unified form, or in multiple forms (by way of example only, either as a single pill or as two separate pills).
  • one of the therapeutic agents is given in multiple doses, or both are given as multiple doses.
  • the timing between the multiple doses optionally varies from more than zero weeks to less than four weeks.
  • the combination methods, compositions and formulations are not to be limited to the use of only two agents; the use of multiple therapeutic combinations are also envisioned (e.g., 2, 3, 4 or more combinations).
  • the dosage regimen to treat the condition(s) for which relief is sought is optionally modified in accordance with a variety of factors. These factors include the condition from which the subject suffers, .as well as the age, weight, sex, diet, and medical condition of the subject. Thus, the dosage regimen actually employed varies widely, in some embodiments, and therefore deviates from the dosage regimens set forth herein.
  • the pharmaceutical agents which make up the combination therapy disclosed herein are optionally a combined dosage form (e.g., combined in the same formulation) or in separate dosage forms (e.g., two or more different formulations) intended for substantially simultaneous administration. Simultaneous administration can be by the same route or by different routes.
  • the pharmaceutical agents that make up the combination therapy can optionally be administered sequentially, with either therapeutic agent being administered by a regimen calling for multi-step administration.
  • the multi-step administration regimen optionally calls for sequential administration of the active agents or spaced-apart administration of the separate active agents.
  • sequential administration is meant a time difference of from seconds, minutes, hours or days between the two or more administration steps of the two or more active ingredients.
  • the two or more agents may be administered in any order.
  • the time period between the multiple administration steps may depend upon the properties of each pharmaceutical agent, such as potency, solubility, bioavailability, plasma half-life and kinetic profile of the pharmaceutical agent. Circadian variation of the target molecule concentrations are optionally used to determine the optimal dose interval.
  • methods of the present invention may be used in combination with procedures that provide additional or synergistic benefit to the patient.
  • patients are expected to find therapeutic and or prophylactic benefit in the methods of the present invention described herein, wherein such methods are combined with genetic testing to determine whether that individual is a carrier of a mutant gene that is correlated with a certain disease or condition.
  • compositions of the present invention can be administered before, during or after the
  • a composition of the present invention can be used as a prophylactic and can be administered continuously to subjects at risk of developing a condition or disease (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease, myocardial infarction or an autoimmune disorder) in order to prevent the occurrence of the disease or condition.
  • a condition or disease e.g., inflammatory bowel disease, myocardial infarction or an autoimmune disorder
  • Said subjects may be asymptomatic.
  • Subjects with hyperuricemia as a sole diagnosis (or together with other indicators of disease) may be treated prophylactically for diseases and conditions described herein, e.g., those related to or arising from hyperuricemia.
  • Compositions of the present invention can be administered to a subject during or as soon as possible after the onset of the symptoms.
  • compositions of the present invention can be administered within the first 48 hours of the onset of the symptoms. In some embodiments the compositions can be administered within the first 6 hours of the onset of the symptoms or within 3 hours after the onset of the symptoms.
  • the initial administration can be via any suitable route.
  • Compositions comprising two or more active ingredients as disclosed herein can be administered as soon as is practicable after the onset of a disease or condition is detected or suspected, and for any length of time necessary for the treatment of the disease.
  • Tablets, troches, pills, capsules and the like may also contain the components as listed
  • a binder such as gum, acacia, corn starch or gelatin
  • excipients such as dicalcium phosphate
  • a disintegrating agent such as corn starch, potato starch, alginic acid and the like
  • a lubricant such as magnesium stearate
  • a sweetening agent such as sucrose, lactose or saccharin may be added or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, oil of wintergreen, or cherry flavoring.
  • a sweetening agent such as sucrose, lactose or saccharin may be added or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, oil of wintergreen, or cherry flavoring.
  • a liquid carrier Various other materials may be present as coatings or to otherwise modify the physical form of the dosage unit. For instance, tablets, pills, or capsules may be coated with shellac, sugar or both.
  • a syrup or elixir may contain one or more active ingredients, sucrose as a sweetening agent, methyl and propylparabens as preservatives, a dye and flavoring such as cherry or orange flavor.
  • additional ingredients for example, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or colchicine, ingredients for treating other related indications, or inert substances such as artificial coloring agents are added.
  • any material used in preparing any dosage unit form should be pharmaceutically pure and substantially non-toxic in the amounts employed.
  • the one or more active ingredients may be incorporated into sustained-release preparations and formulations as described herein.
  • 2008/0249091 ; 2008/02331 13; 2008/0200494; 2008/01 14058; 2008/0076776; 2008/0038242; 2008/01 88426; Patent Nos: 7,452,867; 7,361 ,671 ; 7,232,812; 7, 186,695; 7,030, 1 19;
  • Additional active agents that can be selected for combination therapy according to the present invention include structurally or functionally related therapeutic agents to those disclosed herein, e.g., without limitation, prodrugs, analogs, homologs, derivatives, isomers, mimetics, metabolic derivatives, secondary metabolites, esters, or salt forms.
  • Analogs include compounds with substituted atoms or functional groups, transition state analogs or similar structure.
  • Isomers include, without limitation, stereoisomers, enantiomers, geometrical isomers, cis-trans isomers, conformers, rotamers, tautomers, topoisomers or constitutional (structural) isomers.
  • a structurally related compound could be a drug modified to improve pharmacological properties or processability.
  • a biological therapeutic agent for a biological therapeutic agent, this could comprise a related peptide or immunotoxin.
  • a monoclonal antibody might be used in a combination therapy of the present invention.
  • combination therapy according to the present invention further comprises the monoclonal antibody conjugated to one or more toxic agents.
  • antibody drug conjugates are well known in the art. See, e.g., U.S. Patent Publication No. 2008/0025989, filed April 13, 2007 and entitled "Anti-Cd70 Antibody-Drug Conjugates and Their Use for the Treatment of Cancer and Immune Disorders.” Further, the present invention envisions the use of a peptide mimetic.
  • compositions of the present invention may be administered once daily (QD), twice daily (BID), three times daily (TID) or four times per day (QID).
  • QD once daily
  • BID twice daily
  • TID three times daily
  • QID four times per day
  • a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is administered once daily (QD).
  • a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is administered twice daily (BID).
  • a common target of treatment of gout aims to relieve pain and inflammation of the acute attack, and reduce the incidence of recurrent attacks.
  • Dietary and pharmacological urate- lowering therapies principally aim to prevent or reverse uric acid crystal formation and clinical joint damage.
  • Common approaches to the treatment of acute gout include corticosteroids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( SAIDs), and colchicine. The side effects of these drugs, particularly in the frail, elderly population who experience the highest incidence of acute gout, can be serious.
  • An approach to the prevention of recurrent gout is the use of a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can have serious side effects such as allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof hypersensitivity syndrome. See, e.g., Arellano et al. ( 1993) Ann Pharmacother 27:337-343.
  • Maintaining serum uric acid levels below 6.0 mg/dL is commonly the target of treatment for chronic gout.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions and methods of the present invention are useful in reducing uric acid in a subject, such as a mammal.
  • a mammal can include humans, primates, livestock animals (e.g., sheep, pigs, cattle, horses, donkeys), laboratory test animals (e.g., mice, rabbits, rats, guinea pigs), companion animals (e.g., dogs, cats) and captive wild animals (e.g., foxes, kangaroos, deer).
  • the mammal can be a human or a laboratory test animal. In some embodiments, the mammal is a human. Even in embodiments exemplified with respect to laboratory test animals, this should not be understood in any way as limiting the application of the present invention to humans.
  • subject as used herein can be a mammal. In some embodiments, the term
  • subject refers to a human.
  • the human is a patient.
  • the subject is known to suffer from a hyperuricemic disorder.
  • the subject has uric acid crystal formation determined by aspiration of tophi or by aspiration of synovial fluid of an inflamed joint.
  • gouty conditions are determined by clinical criteria, e.g., podagra, tophi, or other joint pain and swellings, or an elevated serum uric acid level.
  • Radiography techniques may also help determine whether a patient suffers from hyperuricemia, e.g., by showing evidence of joint damage or uric acid crystal formation.
  • Such techniques include x-ray film, computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), DECT and ultrasound.
  • CT computed tomography
  • MRI magnetic resonance imaging
  • ultrasound ultrasound.
  • the subject is known to suffer from gout, e.g., by one or more prior occurrences of gouty attack.
  • the subject has severe gout.
  • the subject has refractory gout wherein prior art treatments have proven insufficient to control disease.
  • the subject has chronic gout.
  • the methods of the present invention are used to treat a patient with acute gout, e.g., presenting with a first attack comprising podagra.
  • compositions and methods of the present invention are useful in controlling the level of uric acid and uric acid crystal formation in a subject suffering from gout and ameliorating symptoms related to a high level of uric acid and uric acid crystal formation such as muscle spasm, localized swelling, inflammation, joint pains, muscle fatigue, stress feelings, and myocardial infraction.
  • Crystal formation can be in one or more of the joints, under the skin, or in the kidneys. Some deposits may be so severe as to cause tophi.
  • Diseases associated with high levels of serum uric acid levels include, but are not limited to, gout, hyperuricemia, urinary lithiasis, hyperuricemic nephropathy, acute uric acid nephropathy and the like, especially gout and hyperuricemia.
  • An “effective amount” means an amount necessary at least partly to attain the desired
  • the amount varies depending upon the health and physical condition of the subject to be treated, the taxonomic group of individual to be treated, the degree of protection desired, the formulation of the composition, the assessment of the medical situation, and other relevant factors. It is expected that the amount will fall in a relatively broad range that can be determined through routine trials.
  • treatment does not necessarily imply that a subject is treated until total recovery.
  • prophylaxis does not necessarily mean that the subject will not eventually contract a disease condition. Accordingly, treatment and prophylaxis can include amelioration of the symptoms of a particular condition or preventing or otherwise reducing the risk of developing a particular condition.
  • the term “prophylaxis” may be considered as reducing the severity or onset of a particular condition. “Treatment” may also reduce the severity of an existing condition. As described above, “treatment” as used herein includes prophylaxis.
  • the methods of the present invention lower serum uric acid levels in a subject by at least about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90% or more, as compared to serum uric acid levels in the subject prior to administering the methods of the present invention.
  • serum uric acid levels are decreased by at least between 5% to 50%, decreased by at least 25% to 75%, or decreased by at least 50% to 99%.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions and methods of the present invention lower serum uric acid levels by 0.1 , 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, 9.0, 9.5 or 10.0 mg/dL, or greater, as compared to serum uric acid levels in the subject prior to administering the methods of the present invention.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions and methods of the present invention lower serum uric acid levels by between 0.1 - 10.0 mg/dL, 0.5-6.0 mg/dL, 1 .0-4.0 mg/dL or 1 .5-2.5 mg/dL.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions and methods of the present invention are used to treat a patient diagnosed with hyperuricemia, ameliorate symptoms associated with hyperuricemia, or prevent the onset of hyperuricemia by lowering or maintaining serum uric acid levels in a subject below 7.0 or 6.5 or 6.0 mg/dL,or lower.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions and methods are used to treat or prevent gout in a subject in need thereof.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions and methods are used to reduce the severity or number of gouty attacks in a subject in need thereof.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions and methods are used to reduce uric acid crystal formation in a subject in need thereof.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions and methods may ameliorate gout by reducing serum uric acid levels to an acceptable level wherein gouty attacks are less frequent or do not occur.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions and methods may ameliorate gouty symptoms by reducing serum uric acid levels to a level wherein adverse affects are no longer observed.
  • one or more other therapeutic agents are administered in combination with a pharmaceutical composition of the invention to treat hyperuricemia or the effects thereof, e.g., gout.
  • the one or more other therapeutic agents comprise a xanthine oxidase inhibitor.
  • the xanthine oxidase inhibitor is febuxostat, oxypurinol, tisopurine, or an inositol.
  • the one or more other therapeutic agents comprise a uricosuric agent.
  • the uricosuric agent is probenecid, benzbromarone, sulfinpyrazone, guaifenesin, losartan, atorvastatin, amlodipine, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH or corticotropin), or fenofibrate.
  • the one or more other therapeutic agents comprise a uricase enzyme, or a fragment or pegylated derivative thereof.
  • the uricase enzyme is rasburicase or pegloticase.
  • the one or more other therapeutic agents comprise cortisone.
  • the one or more other therapeutic agents comprise an anti-inflammatory agent.
  • the anti-inflammatory agent is a
  • the NSAID is diclofenac, indomethacin, naproxen, sulindac, lumiracoxib or a Cox-2 selective inhibitor.
  • the Cox-2 selective inhibitor is etoricoxib, celecoxib (SC-58635), 5- bromo-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-(methylsufonyl)phenyl)-thiophene (DUP-697), flosulide (CGP-28238), meloxicam, 6-methoxy-2 naphthylacetic acid (6-M A), MK-966 (Vioxx), nabumetone (6-MNA prodrug), nimesulide, N-[2-(cyclohexyloxy)-4-nitrophenyl]- methanesulfonamide (NS-398), SC-5766, SC-58215, or 3-Formylamino-7- methylsulfony
  • the anti-inflammatory agent is a corticosteroid.
  • corticosteroid is methyl prednisolone, prednisolone, dexamethasone, fluticasone propionate, 6a,9a-difluoro-17-[(2- furany lcarbony l)oxy]- 1 1 ⁇ -hydroxy- 16a-methyl-3-oxo-androsta- 1 ,4-diene- 17 -carbothioic acid S-fluoromethyl ester, 6a,9a-difluoro-l i p-hydroxy-16a -methyl-3-oxo-17.alpha.- propionyloxy-androsta-l ,4-diene- 17p-carbothioic acid S-(2-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-3S-yl) ester, beclomethasone esters, the 17-propionate ester or the 17,21 -dipropionate ester, bud
  • the one or more other therapeutic agents comprise Colchicine or a prodrug thereof.
  • the one or more other therapeutic agents comprise an opioid agent.
  • the opioid agent is morphine, heroin, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, levorphanol, levallorphan, methadone, meperidine, fentanyl, cocaine, codeine, dihydrocodeine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, propoxyphene, nalmefene, nalorphine, naloxone, naltrexone, buprenorphine, butorphanol, nalbuphine or pentazocine.
  • the one or more other therapeutic agents comprise an IL-1 antagonist.
  • the IL- 1 antagonist is Canakinumab (ACZ885) or Rilonacept (Arcalyst).
  • the one or more other therapeutic agents comprise IL-6 or a fragment thereof.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions and methods of the present invention may be used to treat effects associated with hyperuricemia and gout.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions and methods of the present invention are used to treat pain associated with inflammation attributable to flares associated with gout attacks.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions and methods of the present invention may be used for treating inflammatory pain associated with gout.
  • Pain may be assessed using a measurement index.
  • Indices that are useful in the methods of the present invention for the measurement of pain associated with hyperuricemia and gout include a visual analog scale (VAS), a Likert scale, categorical pain scales, descriptors, and the AUSCAN index, each of which is well known in the art.
  • VAS visual analog scale
  • Likert scale categorical pain scales
  • descriptors categorical pain scales
  • AUSCAN index each of which is well known in the art.
  • a visual analog scale provides a measure of a one-dimensional quantity.
  • a representation of distance such as a picture of a line with hash marks drawn at regular distance intervals, e.g., ten 1 -cm intervals.
  • a patient can be asked to rank a sensation of pain by choosing the spot on the line that best corresponds to the sensation of pain, where one end of the line corresponds to "no pain” (score of 0 cm) and the other end of the line corresponds to "unbearable pain” (score of 10 cm).
  • This procedure provides a simple and rapid approach to obtaining quantitative information about how the patient is experiencing pain.
  • VAS scales and their use are described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,709,406 and 6,432,937.
  • a Likert scale similarly provides a measure of a one-dimensional quantity.
  • a Likert scale has discrete integer values ranging from a low value (e.g., 0, meaning no pain) to a high value (e.g., 7, meaning extreme pain).
  • a patient experiencing pain is asked to choose a number between the low value and the high value to represent the degree of pain experienced.
  • Likert scales and their use are described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,623,040 and 6,766,319.
  • the AUSCAN (Australian-Canadian hand arthritis) index employs a valid, reliable, and responsive patient self-reported questionnaire. In one instance, this questionnaire contains 15 questions within three dimensions (Pain, 5 questions; Stiffness, 1 question; and Physical function, 9. questions).
  • An AUSCAN index may utilize, e.g., a Likert or a VAS scale.
  • PDS Pain Descriptor Scale
  • VAS Visual Analog Scale
  • VDS Verbal Descriptor Scales
  • NPIS Numeric Pain Intensity Scale
  • NPS Neuropathic Pain Scale
  • NPSI Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory
  • PPI Geriatric Pain Measure
  • MPQ McGill Pain Questionnaire
  • MPQ mean pain intensity
  • NMS numeric pain scale
  • GES GES
  • Multiphasic Personality Inventory the Pain Profile and Multidimensional Pain. Inventory, the Child Heath Questionnaire, and the Child Assessment Questionnaire.
  • compositions and methods of the present invention are further useful for the treatment of inflammation and immune-related disorders.
  • administration of conventional urate lowering therapies leads to uric acid crystal remodeling that may result in inflammatory attacks and increase in painful flares, e.g., gout flares, during treatment.
  • compositions and methods of the present invention provide anti-inflammatory and immune modulatory capabilities and are useful for reducing serum uric acid levels and concomitantly treating one or more of inflammation, inflammatory immune response, and pain associated therewith.
  • a number of conditions are associated with hyperuricemia in addition to gout. These include a number of cardiovascular and renal complications.
  • the methods of the present invention are used to treat a renal disorder in a subject in need thereof. Renal disorders that can be treated with the methods of the invention include, but are not limited to, urinary lithiasis, hyperuricemic nephropathy, acute uric acid nephropathy, microalbuminuria, renal dysfunction, impaired glomerular filtration rate, and nephrolithiasis.
  • the methods of the present invention are used to treat kidney stones.
  • kidney stones may result directly from the deposition of uric acid, but may also result from the deposition of other materials, e.g., calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate, as sometimes observed in patients with hyperuricemia.
  • the methods of the present invention facilitate serum uric acid reduction in subjects suffering from renal insufficiency or chronic kidney disease.
  • treatments comprise administering a combination of a compound of the invention or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more therapeutic agents known to treat renal or urological disorders, including, but not limited to, a NO donor, a calcium channel blocker, a cholinergic modulator, an alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonist, a beta-adrenergic receptor agonist, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, a cAMP-dependent protein kinase activator, a cAMP mimetic, a superoxide scavenger, a potassium channel activator, an estrogen-like compound, a testosterone-like compound, a benzodiazepine, an adrenergic nerve inhibitor, an antidiarrheal agent, a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, a smooth muscle relaxant, a adenosine receptor modulator, an adenylyl cyclase activator, an endothelin receptor antagonist, a bisphosphonate, a NO donor, a
  • the pharmaceutical compositions and methods of the invention are used to treat a cardiovascular disorder in a subject.
  • Cardiovascular disorders that can be treated with the pharmaceutical compositions and methods of the invention include, but are not limited to, hypertension, myocardial infraction, metabolic syndrome, ischemic cardiac disease, coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, vascular dementia, preeclampsia, heart disease, stroke, atherogenesis, thrombogenesis, atherosclerosis, inflammatory disease or peripheral, carotid, or coronary vascular disease.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions and methods of the present invention are useful for treating or preventing any disorder associated with hyperuricemia, e.g., metabolic syndrome, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, diabetes, and adverse effects of obesity.
  • treatments comprise administering a combination of a compound of the invention or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and ' one or more therapeutic agents known to treat a cardiovascular disorder, diabetes, or obesity, or complications thereof, including, but not limited to, glitazone, troglitazone, rosiglitazone (Avandia), pioglitazone, a sulphonylurea, gliquidone, tolbutamide, glimepride,
  • the pharmaceutical compositions and methods of the present invention can further comprise measuring serum uric acid levels in the subject before and after administering tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein a decrease in serum uric acid levels after the administering indicates an effective treatment. For example, a decrease below about 6 mg/dL indicates lack of hyperuricemia. But any decrease might be beneficial to the patient, e.g., by lowering serum uric acid level below a level where uric acid crystals form. Other diagnostic approaches can be used with the present invention to indicate a beneficial treatment.
  • uric acid crystals as determined by aspiration, visible reduction of tophi, reduced or eliminated symptoms of gout, e.g., reduced inflammation or pain, as decreased uric acid in urine, as well as imaging of uric acid crystal burden.
  • One or more active ingredients are optionally used in the preparation of medicaments for the prophylactic and/or therapeutic treatment of hyperuricemic conditions (e.g., gout) or conditions that would benefit, at least in part, from amelioration.
  • a method for treating any of the diseases or conditions described herein in a subject in need of such treatment involves administration of tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the amount by weight of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is greater than the amount by weight of tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, either in a single
  • the administration of one or more active ingredients are optionally administered chronically, that is, for an extended period of time, including throughout the duration of the patient's life in order to ameliorate or otherwise control or limit the symptoms of the patient's disease or condition.
  • administration of one or more active ingredients are optionally given continuously;
  • the dose of drug being administered is temporarily reduced or temporarily suspended for a certain length of time (i.e., a "drug holiday").
  • the length of the drug holiday optionally varies between 2 days and 1 year, including by way of example only, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days, 10 days, 12 days, 15 days, 20 days, 28 days, 35 days, 50 days, 70 days, 100 days, 120 days, .150 days, 180 days, 200 days, 250 days,- 280 days, 300 days, 320 days, 350 days, or 365 days.
  • the dose reduction during a drug holiday includes from 10%- 100%, including, by way of example only, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%.
  • the dosage or the frequency of administration, or both is reduced, as a function of the symptoms, to a level at which the improved disease, disorder or condition is retained.
  • patients require intermittent treatment on a long-term basis upon any recurrence of symptoms.
  • the formulations of the present invention is divided into unit doses containing appropriate quantities of tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the unit dosage is in the form of a package containing discrete quantities of the formulation.
  • Non- limiting examples are packaged tablets or capsules, and powders in vials or ampoules.
  • aqueous suspension compositions are packaged in single-dose non- reclosable containers. Alternatively, multiple-dose reclosable containers are used, in which case it is typical to include a preservative in the composition.
  • formulations for parenteral injection are presented in unit dosage form, which include, but are not limited to ampoules, or in multi dose containers, with an added preservative.
  • compositions disclosed herein are contemplated to exhibit therapeutic activity when administered in an amount which can depend on the particular case.
  • the variation in amount can depend, for example, on the human or animal and the active ingredients chosen. A broad range of doses can be applicable.
  • Dose titration or dose escalation protocols may be employed to determine the proper or optimal dose to administer to a subject. For example, dose titration or escalation studies may select for doses that improve efficacy or tolerability. Dose titration or escalation allows for the gradual adjusting of the dose administered until the desired effect is achieved. Dose titration gradually decreased the dosage administered while dose escalation gradually increases the dose administered. Methods of dose titration and escalation are well known in the art.
  • a mammal may be administered 300 mg/day tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and 400 mg/day of allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof every day and measured for serum uric acid levels on a daily basis.
  • the dosage may be increased in increments of 5 mg/day on a weekly basis.
  • the mammal may be monitored for a period of 12 weeks to find the desired dose.
  • Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of such therapeutic regimens are optionally determined in cell cultures, experimental animals, or human studies, including, but not limited to, the determination of the LD50 (the dose lethal to 50% of the population) and the ED50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population).
  • the dose ratio between the toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index, which is expressed as the ratio between LD50 and ED50.
  • Active ingredients exhibiting high therapeutic indices are preferred.
  • the data obtained from cell culture assays and animal studies are optionally used in formulating a range of dosage for use in human.
  • the dosage of such active ingredients lies preferably within a range of circulating concentrations that include the ED50 with minimal toxicity.
  • the dosage optionally varies within this range depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized.
  • kits are contemplated for use herein.
  • a kit comprises a first dosage form comprising a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention in quantities sufficient to carry out the methods of the present invention, e.g., decreasing serum uric acid level, treating or preventing hyperuricemia, reducing pain or inflammation associated with hyperuricemia, treating or preventing gout, treating gouty symptoms, reducing the severity or number of gouty attacks, treating intercritical periods in gout patients, preventing, reducing or reversing uric acid crystal formation, treating a renal disorder, treating kidney stones, or treating a cardiovascular disorder.
  • kits are for a subject with a hyperuricemic disorder (e.g., gout) to use in the self-administration of the pharmaceutical composition, wherein the kit comprises a container housing a plurality of dosage forms and instructions for carrying out drug administration therewith.
  • a kit comprises a first dosage form comprising tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in one or more of the forms identified above (e.g., a tablet, capsule, pill, delayed release formulation) and at least a second dosage form comprising allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in quantities sufficient to carry out the methods of the present invention.
  • the second dosage form, and any additional dosage forms can comprise any active ingredient disclosed herein for the treatment of a hyperuricemic disorder (e.g., gout). All dosage forms together can comprise a therapeutically effective amount of each compound for the treatment of a hyperuricemic disorder (e.g., gout).
  • a kit is for a subject with a hyperuricemic disorder (e.g., gout) to use in the self-administration of at least one oral agent, wherein the kit comprises a container housing a plurality of said oral agents and instructions for carrying out drug administration therewith.
  • At least one oral agent can comprise a combination of a therapeutically effective dose of tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and allopurinol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 1002111 Gout was a contraindication for patient enrollment in the PRESTO trial. Nevertheless, 1 100 patients enrolled in the trial were identified with baseline hyperuricemia defined as initial serum uric acid (sUA) levels greater than or equal to 7 mg/dL. Of these, approximately 300 participants had baseline serum uric acid levels greater than or equal to 8 mg/dL. In a prospective analysis of PRESTO data, serum uric acid levels were markedly decreased in patients treated with Tranilast.
  • FiG. 1 shows the effects of Tranilast on uric acid levels in the hyperuricemic patients having uric acid baseline levels greater than or equal to 8 mg/dL. Data for FiG. 1 are shown in Table 2. Table 3 shows the demographic characteristics of patient population for FiG. 1 and Table 4. As indicated in FIG. 1 and Table 4, some patients were treated with placebo, some patients were treated with Tranilast for 4 weeks followed by placebo, and some patients were treated with Tranilast for 12 weeks.
  • Study A3008GT was a Phase 2, randomized, double-blind, 3-period, 3-treatment, balanced crossover study in otherwise healthy subjects with documented hyperuricemia and a screening sUA level >7.1 mg/dL to evaluate the effect of tranilast on allopurinol and oxipurinol PK and pharmacodynamics (PD) and to evaluate the effect of allopurinol on tranilast PK and PD.
  • Subjects were randomized 1 : 1 : 1 in an initial 3-treatment crossover phase to 300 mg tranilast (T 30 o), 300 mg allopurinol (A 30 o), or a combination of A 30 o + T 30 o (C 30 o).
  • patients were randomized 1 : 1 in a 2-treatment crossover phase of allopurinol 400 mg (A00) or a combination of A 40 o + T 30 o (C 4 oo)-
  • Each period was 14 days in duration with 7 days active treatment orally once daily (Days 1 -7), followed by a 7-day washout interval.
  • Serum uric acid (sUA) levels were obtained each day of dosing and 24 hours after the last dose.
  • Plasma tranilast, allopurinol, and oxypurinol concentrations were evaluated over the 24-hour interval after the last dose of each period. The primary objective was to compare percent change from baseline sUA of the combination compared to tranilast or allopurinol alone.
  • Urine was collected over 24 hours, at timed intervals, to evaluate uric acid excretion and creatinine clearance at baseline of each period (Day - 1 ), on the first day of dosing in each period (Day 1 ), and the last day of dosing in each period (Day 7). Blood samples for the determination of trough plasma levels of tranilast and/or allopurinol and its metabolite oxipurinol were obtained on Days 6, 7, and 8 of each dosing period.
  • the C400 regimen was much more effective than any of the other dosing regimens, including the C 30 o regimen, in reducing the sUA levels of patients below 4 mg/dL.
  • Tranilast resulted in at least a 25% reduction in plasma concentration of the active metabolite, oxipurinol.
  • the objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory affects of tranilast versus a clinically active treatment for gout, colchicine, as well as a clinically active non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug, indomethacin.
  • This evaluation was carried out in male Sprague- Dawley rats in a rodent model of gout. The animals were injected subcutaneously with 20 ml of sterile air, followed three days later by a supplemental injection with 20 ml of sterile air.
  • the rats were injected intravenously with Evan's Blue and pretreated for thirty minutes with either a subcutaneous injection of colchicine ( 1 mg/kg) or indomethacin (5 mg/kg) or oral administration with either 200 mg/kg or 400 mg/kg of tranilast.
  • the rats were injected with 150 mg of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals (10 mg.ml) into the air pouch.
  • MSU monosodium urate
  • the air pouch was injected with 5 ml heparinized saline and the entire contents of the air pouch removed, recording the total volume. The air pouch contents were evaluated for plasma extravasation and total white blood cell (WBC) count.
  • WBC white blood cell
  • mice were weighed (Mettler, Model PE3000, SN: F69474) and sorted into six treatment groups of ten animals each, based upon average weight.
  • the animals were either dosed subcutaneously with 1 ml/kg colchicine or indomethacin, or orally with either 4 ml/kg or 8 ml/kg tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or 8 ml/kg vehicle.
  • the rats were intravenously injected with 2 ml/kg Evans Blue.
  • the exudate collected from the MSU treated animals had an average OD 6 20nm of 1.612 relative to 0.004 OD in the saline treated rats, indicative of plasma extravasation associated with the inflammatory cell infiltration of the air pouch in response to MSU challenge.
  • MSU challenge resulted in an 88% reduction in inflammatory cell infiltration associated with a 52% inhibition of plasma extravasation.
  • the objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potency of Tranilast. This evaluation was carried out in male Sprague-Dawley rats in a rodent model of gout. The animals were injected subcutaneously with 20 ml of sterile air, followed three days later by a supplemental injection with 20 ml of sterile air. Six days after the initial sterile air injection, the rats were injected intravenously with Evan's Blue and pretreated for thirty minutes with oral administration of 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg or 200 mg/kg tranilast. After the pretreatment period, the rats were injected with 150 mg of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals (10 mg/ml) into the air pouch. Four hours later, the air pouch was injected with 5 ml heparinized saline and the entire contents of the air pouch removed, recording the total volume. The air pouch contents were evaluated for plasma extravasation and total white blood cell (WBC) count.
  • WBC white blood cell
  • heparinized saline was injected into the air pouch.
  • the air pouch was gently massaged, the contents immediately removed using a 14G x 1 inch needle fitted to a 6 ml syringe, and the exudate volume recorded.
  • An aliquot of the exudate was transferred to heparin-treated microtainer tubes (Becton Dickinson, Cat. 365958, lot 91401 10, expo 07/2010) for white blood cell (WBC) counting.
  • the remainder of the exudate was centrifuged (Hermle Labrotechnik, Model Z200A, SN: 44060036), the supernatants removed and evaluated at ODwonm (Spectronic Unicam, Model 4000 1/4, SN: 3SGD003006) for plasma extravasation.
  • the exudate collected from the MSU treated animals had an average ODfi20nm of 1.420 relative to -0.002 OD in the saline treated rats, indicative of plasma extravasation associated with the inflammatory cell infiltration of the air pouch in response to MSU challenge.
  • the objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potency of Tranilast. This evaluation was carried out in male Sprague-Dawley rats in a rodent model of gout. The animals were injected subcutaneously with 20 ml of sterile air, followed three days later by a supplemental injection with 20 ml of sterile air. Six days after the initial sterile air injection, the rats were injected intravenously with Evan's Blue and pretreated for thirty minutes with oral administration of 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, or 300 mg/kg tranilast.
  • the rats were injected with 150 mg of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals (10 mg/ml) into the air pouch.
  • MSU monosodium urate
  • the air pouch was injected with 5 ml heparinized saline and the entire contents of the air pouch removed, recording the total volume.
  • the air pouch contents were evaluated for plasma extravasation and total white blood cell (WBC) count.
  • WBC white blood cell
  • mice intravenously injected with 2 ml/kg Evans Blue.
  • the animals were dosed orally with 0.5 ml/kg, 1 ml/kg, 2 ml/kg, 4 ml/kg tranilast or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or 6 ml/kg tranilast or 6 ml/kg vehicle.
  • heparinized saline was injected into the air pouch.
  • the air pouch was gently massaged, the contents immediately removed using a 14G x 1 inch needle fitted to a 6 ml syringe, and the exudate volume recorded.
  • An aliquot of the exudate was transferred to heparin-treated microtainer tubes (Becton Dickinson, Cat. 365958) for white blood cell (WBC) counting.
  • the remainder of the exudate was centrifuged (Hermle Labrotechnik, Model Z200A, SN: 44060036), the supernatants removed and evaluated at OD 62 o n m (Spectronic Unicam, Model 4000 1/4, SN: 3SGD003006) for plasma extravasation.
  • the exudate collected from the MSU treated animals had an average OD 6 20nm of 1.753 relative to 0.008 OD in the saline treated rats, indicative of plasma extravasation associated with the inflammatory cell infiltration of the air pouch in response to MSU challenge.
  • the objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potency of Tranilast. This evaluation was carried out in male Sprague-Dawley rats in a rodent model of gout. The animals were injected subcutaneously with 20 ml of sterile air, followed three days later by a supplemental injection with 20 ml of sterile air. Six days after the initial sterile air injection, the rats were injected intravenously with Evan's Blue and pretreated for thirty minutes with oral administration of 3 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, or 300 mg/kg tranilast.
  • the rats were injected with 150 mg of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals ( 10 mg/ml) into the air pouch.
  • MSU monosodium urate
  • the air pouch was injected with 5 ml heparinized saline and the entire contents of the air pouch removed, recording the total volume.
  • the air pouch contents were evaluated for plasma extravasation and total white blood cell (WBC) count.
  • WBC white blood cell
  • Example 7 A Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel Group Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Tranilast in Combination with Allopurinol in Patients with Moderate to Severe Gout
  • This Example sets forth a phase 2 clinical study of the efficacy and safety of the combination of allopurinol and tranilast administered to patients with moderate to severe gout.
  • sUA serum uric acid
  • QD once daily
  • Secondary Objectives of this study include: ( 1) determination of the proportion of subjects whose sUA levels fall below 6.0 mg/dL following 4 weeks of dosing; (2) determination of the subjects' percent change from baseline in sUA levels following 24 weeks of dosing; (3) determination of the proportion of subjects whose sUA levels fall below 6.0 mg/dL following 24 weeks of dosing, and below 5.0 mg/dL, and below 4.0 mg/dL following 4 and 24 weeks of dosing; (4) assessment of the number of gout flares in subjects following 4 and 24 weeks of dosing; (5) assessment of the change in number of tophi in subjects following 24 weeks of dosing; (6) determination of the change from baseline in size of the largest tophus following 24 weeks of dosing; (7) assessment of the change in number of inflamed joints due to gouty arthritis following 4 and 24 weeks of dosing; (8) determination of the change in C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in subjects (a marker of inflammation) following 4 and 24 weeks of dosing
  • the Phase 2 study is a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, active-comparator study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tranilast in combination with allopurinol compared with allopurinol alone in subjects with hyperuricemia and moderate to severe gout, over a 4-week double-blind period.
  • Scheme 1 provides a flowchart of the study design. All subjects will receive double- blind study treatment for 4 weeks. Dosing will occur at breakfast time. At the end of Week 4, all subjects will have the option to continue in an open-label extension (OLE) for an additional 20 weeks for a total dosing period of up to 24 weeks. All subjects in the OLE will receive a QD dose of tranilast 300 mg plus allopurinol 400 mg (C400).
  • OLE open-label extension
  • a The Screening Visit can occur between Day -28 and Day -3.
  • i Including serum uric acid and parameters for monitoring of hepatic and renal function, j Serum uric acid and creatinine only.
  • a 24 hr urine collection will begin one day before the Day -5 visit and end the following day on Day -5 (or up to Day -2) during Screening.
  • a second collection will begin one day ( ⁇ Day 27) before Week 4 (Day 28) visit and end on the day of the Week 4 visit.
  • the total urine volume will be measured and an aliquot of urine taken for measurement of urinary creatinine and uric acid concentrations.
  • the timed urine collection will be used to calculate the UUAE, FEUA, and CLcreat.
  • spot urine samples may be taken to assess urine uric acid (uUA) on these days.
  • n ET Early termination; evaluations to be conducted for any subject who discontinues prematurely. o For all subjects, a Safety Visit will be required 2 weeks after the last dose of study drug (Week 6 or Week 26).
  • blood sample will be taken for assessment of HAV, HBV, HCV and related viruses.
  • ESR Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
  • Serum uric acid (sUA) and safety laboratory testing will be collected at screening, Baseline (Day 0), and at each study visit (Weeks 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 20 and 24.).
  • UU AE urinary uric acid excretion
  • FEUA fractional uric acid excretion
  • CLcreat creatinine clearance
  • 24-hour urine collections will be required at Day 5 (or up to Day 2) prior to Baseline and Week 4.
  • Subjects with tophi will have a tophus assessment (total count and measurement of the largest tophus) completed by the Investigator at Baseline, Week 4, and Week 24/ET.
  • Subjects with tophi may have digital photographs of their tophi obtained by the Investigator at the specified timepoints as part of the study archives.
  • CRP additional markers of inflammation will be collected at Baseline, Week 4, and Week 24/ET.
  • Hyperuricemia with a sUA >8.0 mg/dL assessed at screening OR if on a urate-lowering agent, has a sUA >6.0 mg/dL assessed at screening and a sUA >8.0 mg/dL assessed after a washout period from urate-lowering therapy;
  • contraception i.e., hormonal (oral, depot, patch), IUD, or barrier and spermicide, or have a partner with a vasectomy
  • Gout flare during screening or at baseline that has been resolved for fewer than seven (7) days prior to first treatment with study drug [subject can be rescreened once flare has resolved for more than one week as reported by the subject]; subjects with chronic joint inflammation due to gout (chronic gout flare) may be included;
  • Cytopenia to include any of the following: WBC ⁇ 3.5 x 103/ ⁇ ; Hgb ⁇ 10 g/dL; platelets ⁇ 100 ⁇ 103/ ⁇ ; neutrophils absolute ⁇ 1.5> ⁇ 103/ ⁇ ; lymphocytes absolute ⁇ 0.8* 103/ ⁇ ) that persists upon repeat testing
  • Subject is planning or likely to require a surgical procedure during the study
  • colchicine prophylaxis For subjects who are to receive colchicine prophylaxis, receipt of drugs that may result in potentially significant interactions with colchicine, including inhibitors of P-glycoprotein, potent CYP3A4 inhibitors, and digoxin;
  • Safety assessments will be conducted throughout the study at protocol-specified timepoints ⁇ see Schedule of Assessments), and include: Adverse events (AEs); Vital sign measurements; Physical examinations; Electrocardiograms (ECGs); and Clinical laboratory tests (chemistry, hematology, urinalysis)
  • Tranilast 300 mg capsule taken orally QD.
  • Allopurinol 400 mg capsule taken orally QD.
  • Allopurinol 600 mg taken orally QD. The allopurinol 600 mg dose is administered by taking a 400 mg capsule and a 200 mg capsule.
  • Subjects may take acetaminophen at doses ⁇ 1000 mg/day, low-dose aspirin ( ⁇ 325 mg/day), and non-salicylate NSAIDs as needed, but may not take other medications that are frequently used to treat elevated sUA, such as probenecid, allopurinol (other than as study treatment), or febuxostat.
  • Other treatments known to affect sUA including fenofibrate, losartan, citrate ( ⁇ 500 mg/day), nicotinic acid and ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) may be used if taken at stable doses prior to screening and throughout the study without dose modification.
  • Subjects already taking colchicine or an NSAID for gout prophylaxis at the screening visit can continue this medication throughout the study.
  • Subjects not on medication to prevent gout flares will initiate therapy at the screening visit with 0.6 mg Colcrys® (colchicine, USP), to be provided by Sponsor, orally once daily unless they are intolerant of colchicine; if intolerant, subjects should use an NSAID [such as naproxen 375 mg twice daily] as daily prophylaxis (not provided by Sponsor).
  • Prophylaxis for gout flares should be taken through completion of the study. Should a subject's renal function begin to decline during the study, consideration should be given to changing gout flare prophylaxis from an NSAID to colchicine.

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Abstract

L'invention porte sur une composition pharmaceutique qui comporte du tranilast ou un sel de qualité pharmaceutique de celui-ci et de l'allopurinol ou un sel de qualité pharmaceutique de celui-ci, la quantité en poids dudit allopurinol ou dudit sel de qualité pharmaceutique de celui-ci dans ladite composition étant supérieure à la quantité en poids dudit tranilast ou dudit sel de qualité pharmaceutique de celui-ci dans ladite composition.
PCT/US2010/048823 2009-09-14 2010-09-14 Formulations combinées de tranilast et d'allopurinol et procédés associées à celles-ci WO2011032175A1 (fr)

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US12/642,802 2009-12-19
US12/642,802 US20100160351A1 (en) 2008-12-19 2009-12-19 Pharmaceutical compositions and methods for treating hyperuricemia and related disorders
USPCT/US2009/068883 2009-12-19
PCT/US2009/068883 WO2010071865A1 (fr) 2008-12-19 2009-12-19 Compositions pharmaceutiques et procédés de traitement de l'hyperuricémie et des troubles associés
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WO2013066349A1 (fr) * 2011-11-04 2013-05-10 Metabolex, Inc. Procédés de traitement de l'hyperuricémie chez des patients atteints de goutte, au moyen d'halofénate ou d'acide halofénique et d'un second agent de réduction d'urate
US9023856B2 (en) 2011-11-04 2015-05-05 Cymabay Therapeutics, Inc. Methods for treating hyperuricemia in patients with gout using halofenate or halogenic acid and a second urate-lowering agent
US9060987B2 (en) 2011-11-04 2015-06-23 Cymabay Therapeutics, Inc. Methods for treating gout flares
WO2018089808A1 (fr) 2016-11-11 2018-05-17 Horizon Pharma Rheumatology Llc Polythérapies de molécules de prednisone et d'uricase et leurs utilisations
CN110585200A (zh) * 2019-07-10 2019-12-20 郴州市第一人民医院 一种具有止咳平喘作用的复方药物组合物及其用途
WO2021224338A1 (fr) * 2020-05-07 2021-11-11 Frederiksberg Hospital Traitement de l'hyperuricémie
US11598767B2 (en) 2009-06-25 2023-03-07 Horizon Therapeutics Usa, Inc. Methods and kits for predicting infusion reaction risk and antibody-mediated loss of response by monitoring serum uric acid during pegylated uricase therapy
US11781119B2 (en) 2005-04-11 2023-10-10 Horizon Therapeutics Usa, Inc. Variant forms of urate oxidase and use thereof

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US11781119B2 (en) 2005-04-11 2023-10-10 Horizon Therapeutics Usa, Inc. Variant forms of urate oxidase and use thereof
US11598767B2 (en) 2009-06-25 2023-03-07 Horizon Therapeutics Usa, Inc. Methods and kits for predicting infusion reaction risk and antibody-mediated loss of response by monitoring serum uric acid during pegylated uricase therapy
US11982670B2 (en) 2009-06-25 2024-05-14 Horizon Therapeutics Usa, Inc. Methods and kits for predicting infusion reaction risk and antibody-mediated loss of response by monitoring serum uric acid during pegylated uricase therapy
US11639927B2 (en) 2009-06-25 2023-05-02 Horizon Therapeutics Usa, Inc. Methods and kits for predicting infusion reaction risk and antibody-mediated loss of response by monitoring serum uric acid during PEGylated uricase therapy
CN109908124A (zh) * 2011-11-04 2019-06-21 西玛贝医药公司 利用卤芬酯或卤芬酸以及第二尿酸降低剂治疗痛风患者中高尿酸血症的方法
US9439891B2 (en) 2011-11-04 2016-09-13 Cymabay Therapeutics, Inc. Methods for treating hyperuricemia in patients with gout using halofenate or halofenic acid and a second urate-lowering agent
US9801860B2 (en) 2011-11-04 2017-10-31 Cymabay Therapeutics, Inc. Methods for treating hyperuricemia in patients with gout using halofenate or halofenic acid and a second urate-lowering agent
WO2013066349A1 (fr) * 2011-11-04 2013-05-10 Metabolex, Inc. Procédés de traitement de l'hyperuricémie chez des patients atteints de goutte, au moyen d'halofénate ou d'acide halofénique et d'un second agent de réduction d'urate
US9433612B2 (en) 2011-11-04 2016-09-06 Cymabay Therapeutics, Inc. Methods for treating hyperuricemia in patients with gout using halofenate or halofenic acid and a second urate-lowering agent
US9060987B2 (en) 2011-11-04 2015-06-23 Cymabay Therapeutics, Inc. Methods for treating gout flares
US9023856B2 (en) 2011-11-04 2015-05-05 Cymabay Therapeutics, Inc. Methods for treating hyperuricemia in patients with gout using halofenate or halogenic acid and a second urate-lowering agent
CN104066427A (zh) * 2011-11-04 2014-09-24 西玛贝医药公司 利用卤芬酯或卤芬酸以及第二尿酸降低剂治疗痛风患者中高尿酸血症的方法
WO2018089808A1 (fr) 2016-11-11 2018-05-17 Horizon Pharma Rheumatology Llc Polythérapies de molécules de prednisone et d'uricase et leurs utilisations
CN110234340A (zh) * 2016-11-11 2019-09-13 好利恩风湿病制药有限责任公司 泼尼松和尿酸酶分子的组合疗法及其用途
EP3538135A4 (fr) * 2016-11-11 2020-07-29 Horizon Pharma Rheumatology LLC Polythérapies de molécules de prednisone et d'uricase et leurs utilisations
CN110585200A (zh) * 2019-07-10 2019-12-20 郴州市第一人民医院 一种具有止咳平喘作用的复方药物组合物及其用途
WO2021224338A1 (fr) * 2020-05-07 2021-11-11 Frederiksberg Hospital Traitement de l'hyperuricémie

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