WO2011029538A1 - Véhicule électrique à système de climatisation du véhicule - Google Patents

Véhicule électrique à système de climatisation du véhicule Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2011029538A1
WO2011029538A1 PCT/EP2010/005304 EP2010005304W WO2011029538A1 WO 2011029538 A1 WO2011029538 A1 WO 2011029538A1 EP 2010005304 W EP2010005304 W EP 2010005304W WO 2011029538 A1 WO2011029538 A1 WO 2011029538A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
heat exchanger
vehicle
refrigerant circuit
battery
electric machine
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2010/005304
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Dirk Schroeder
Christian Rebinger
Original Assignee
Audi Ag
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Audi Ag filed Critical Audi Ag
Publication of WO2011029538A1 publication Critical patent/WO2011029538A1/fr

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
    • B60H1/00271—HVAC devices specially adapted for particular vehicle parts or components and being connected to the vehicle HVAC unit
    • B60H1/00278—HVAC devices specially adapted for particular vehicle parts or components and being connected to the vehicle HVAC unit for the battery
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
    • B60H1/00357—Air-conditioning arrangements specially adapted for particular vehicles
    • B60H1/00385—Air-conditioning arrangements specially adapted for particular vehicles for vehicles having an electrical drive, e.g. hybrid or fuel cell
    • B60H1/00392—Air-conditioning arrangements specially adapted for particular vehicles for vehicles having an electrical drive, e.g. hybrid or fuel cell for electric vehicles having only electric drive means
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
    • B60H1/00642—Control systems or circuits; Control members or indication devices for heating, cooling or ventilating devices
    • B60H1/00814—Control systems or circuits characterised by their output, for controlling particular components of the heating, cooling or ventilating installation
    • B60H1/00878—Control systems or circuits characterised by their output, for controlling particular components of the heating, cooling or ventilating installation the components being temperature regulating devices
    • B60H1/00899—Controlling the flow of liquid in a heat pump system
    • B60H1/00921—Controlling the flow of liquid in a heat pump system where the flow direction of the refrigerant does not change and there is an extra subcondenser, e.g. in an air duct
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
    • B60H1/00271—HVAC devices specially adapted for particular vehicle parts or components and being connected to the vehicle HVAC unit
    • B60H2001/00307—Component temperature regulation using a liquid flow
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
    • B60H1/00642—Control systems or circuits; Control members or indication devices for heating, cooling or ventilating devices
    • B60H1/00814—Control systems or circuits characterised by their output, for controlling particular components of the heating, cooling or ventilating installation
    • B60H1/00878—Control systems or circuits characterised by their output, for controlling particular components of the heating, cooling or ventilating installation the components being temperature regulating devices
    • B60H2001/00949—Control systems or circuits characterised by their output, for controlling particular components of the heating, cooling or ventilating installation the components being temperature regulating devices comprising additional heating/cooling sources, e.g. second evaporator

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a vehicle, in particular electric vehicle, according to the preamble of claim 1 and a method for operating a refrigerant circuit of an air conditioner in a vehicle, according to claim 12. Due to measures to increase efficiency falls in today's vehicles with power the proportion of Ab-A loss of heat in the engine cooling water from ever lower. This increasingly creates a lack of heating potential in order to be able to keep the level of comfort for vehicle passengers in the vehicle interior at a high level.
  • a refrigerant circuit which operates on the heat pump principle, in which a compressor are connected together with a condenser, an expansion valve and an evaporator in the refrigerant circuit.
  • a cooler side heat exchanger and two heat exchangers are connected in the air conditioner of the air conditioner.
  • the radiator-side heat exchanger operates as a condenser, which gives off heat to the environment.
  • one of the heat exchangers in the air conditioner works as an evaporator, which draws heat from the vehicle interior supply air.
  • a heat exchanger is connected in the refrigerant circuit, which is also part of an engine coolant circuit.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a vehicle, in particular an electric vehicle, as well as a method for operating a refrigerant circuit in such an electric vehicle, in which the forming waste / heat loss can be effectively used.
  • the characterizing part of claim 1 is in the refrigerant circuit additionally one, with the electric machine and / or with the associated battery thermally coupled heat exchanger can be switched on.
  • the heat exchanger arranged in the air conditioner can work as an evaporator, but additionally also the heat exchanger coupled thermally to the battery.
  • the battery can therefore be cooled indirectly in the cooling mode via the coupled heat exchanger directly or via an intermediate coolant circuit.
  • an additional indoor heat exchanger can be switched into the refrigerant circuit, so that in the cooling mode Total results in a two-evaporator system.
  • the electric machine, the battery and / or the environment can each be used independently or in any combination as heat sources.
  • the conditioning of the indoor supply air in the air conditioner can take place.
  • the incoming air can be cooled and dehumidified at the evaporator.
  • a heating / reheating takes place, wherein the air flow can be additionally heated at a further PTC heat element.
  • the supply of the heating heat exchanger can be done directly via a coolant circuit of the electric machine.
  • the amount of heat can be controlled via clock valves in water-controlled heaters or via louvers in air-controlled heaters.
  • the air conditioner may have two switchable in the refrigerant circuit heat exchanger.
  • the first heat exchanger heating register
  • the second heat exchanger in particular in a cooling operation, work as an evaporator.
  • the first heat exchanger (heating register) can be flowed through by refrigerant, while the second heat exchanger is shut down in the air conditioner, that is, it can not be flowed through by refrigerant.
  • the first heat exchanger (heating register) may be shut down, while the second heat exchanger operates as an evaporator and is flowed through accordingly by refrigerant.
  • a heating operation for heating the vehicle interior preferably both the heat from the environment and / or the waste heat of the electric machine can be used.
  • both the radiator-side heat exchanger and the thermally coupled to the electric machine heat exchanger can work as an evaporator.
  • an evaluation unit can detect both the actual temperature at the electric machine and the ambient temperature and compare both temperatures. On the basis of this comparison, the evaluation unit can connect the heat exchanger of the electric machine and / or the cooler side heat exchanger in the refrigerant circuit.
  • the heat exchanger thermally coupled to the electric machine is not switched on, so that only the cooler side heat exchanger in the refrigerant circuit can operate as an evaporator.
  • the first heat exchanger operating in the air conditioner as a condenser and the second heat exchanger operating as an evaporator can be switched on simultaneously into the refrigerant circuit.
  • a cooling / dehumidifying the incoming circulating air / fresh air takes place in the evaporator of the air conditioner first.
  • heating of the dried circulating air / fresh air can take place via the downstream condenser and optionally via further heating elements.
  • no temperature flap for controlling a desired outlet temperature can be provided in the air duct of the air conditioner.
  • a flow control member may be provided which adjusts a flow rate of the refrigerant flowing through the first heat exchanger (condenser).
  • the first heat exchanger condenser
  • the cooler side heat exchanger can be connected as a further capacitor by means of a switching valve.
  • the cooler-side heat exchanger can be bridged in the heating mode by means of a bypass line, if all the cooling power has already been delivered from the heat exchanger of the air conditioner to the air flowing to the vehicle interior supply air.
  • the refrigerant Downstream of the condenser arranged in the air conditioner, the refrigerant can flow via an expansion element to the second heat exchanger in the air conditioner, which operates as an evaporator to cool the circulating air / fresh air to cool.
  • the refrigerant can be passed to the, with the battery thermally coupled heat exchanger via a further expansion element, which acts as a second evaporator.
  • the invention is not limited to the use of special refrigerants. Rather, all common refrigerants can be used, such as R134A, R744, HFO-1234YF or the like.
  • refrigerants such as R134A, R744, HFO-1234YF or the like.
  • Figures 1 and 2 Show it: Figures 1 and 2, the circuit of an air conditioner according to the first embodiment respectively in the heating mode and in the cooling mode.
  • Embodiment respectively in heating and cooling operation
  • Fig. 5 shows the circuit of an air conditioner according to the third
  • Embodiment in the conditioning of the incoming air flowing through the air conditioner such as
  • Fig. 6 shows an extension of the circuit shown in FIG.
  • Air conditioning in heating mode where the ambient air, the electric machine and the battery serve as heat sources.
  • FIG. 1 an air conditioner of an electric vehicle is shown, by means of which the vehicle interior 2 can be cooled or heated and additionally can cool the battery 1, which is associated with the electric machine, not shown.
  • the heating operation for heating the vehicle interior 2 is shown with reference to FIG. 1, wherein the parts through which the refrigerant flows are emphasized by thick lines in comparison with the parts which are shut down in heating operation. Accordingly, the refrigerant is fed from the compressor 3 via a 3/2-way valve 5 into a first high-pressure line 6, which leads in the direction of the arrow to a first heat exchanger 7.
  • the first heat exchanger 7 is arranged in an air conditioner 9 indicated by dashed lines within an air duct, through which the supply air I is directed into the vehicle interior 2.
  • the working here as a condenser heat exchanger 7 is fluidly coupled via a second high-pressure line 11 and a 3/2-way valve 12 with the interposition of an expansion element 15 with a cooler side heat exchanger 17.
  • the radiator-side heat exchanger 17 operates in the heating operation of FIG. 1 as an evaporator, which extracts heat from the ambient air.
  • the cooler-side heat exchanger 17 is guided downstream with a low pressure line 19 to the suction side of the compressor 3.
  • the low pressure line 19 is passed through an inner heat exchanger 21, in which a heat exchange to the high pressure side, that is to the high pressure line 11, can take place.
  • Fig. 2 the cooling operation of the system is illustrated, wherein the flowed through refrigerant lines are highlighted with thick lines.
  • the 3/2-way valve 5 blocks downstream of the compressor 3, the guided to the first heat exchanger 7 in the air conditioner 9 line 6, while an intermediate line 23 is opened to line 19.
  • At the branch point to line 19 is on the side facing away from the heat exchanger 17 side of the shut-off valve 25 in the closed position, so that the refrigerant can be passed through the radiator-side heat exchanger 17, which can deliver heat in the cooling operation as a condenser to the ambient air.
  • the coolant is guided via a parallel to the expansion element 15 switched one-way valve 27 via the inner heat exchanger 21 and the 3/2-way valve 12 to a second heat exchanger 29 within the air conditioner 9.
  • a second heat exchanger 29 within the air conditioner 9.
  • a partial line 33 branches off in the direction of a further heat exchanger 35, which is thermally coupled to the battery 1 via an indicated cooling circuit 37 and operates here as an evaporator.
  • the heat exchanger 35 is another expansion organ 39 upstream.
  • the heat exchanger 35 is coupled downstream with a return line 38, which opens downstream of the second heat exchanger 29 in the return line 36 through which the refrigerant is passed back to the suction side of the compressor 3.
  • an air conditioner according to the second embodiment is shown, in addition, a cooling circuit 41 of an electric machine 40 is thermally coupled via a heat exchanger 43 to the refrigerant circuit.
  • the circuit of the air conditioner basically corresponds to the air conditioning circuit shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.
  • Fig. 3 the heating operation of the air conditioner is highlighted, in which not only the ambient air at the radiator side heat exchanger 17 serves as a heat source, but also the heat generated in the electric machine 40 waste heat.
  • the refrigerant starting from the compressor 3 via the 3/2-way valve 5, first flows to the first heat exchanger 7 in the air conditioner 9.
  • the refrigerant via the 3/2-way valve 12 and the inner heat exchanger 21 and an additionally switched 3rd / 2-way valve 45 in the operating as evaporator cooler side heat exchanger 17 out.
  • the radiator-side heat exchanger 17 is coupled via a low-pressure line 47 to the suction side of the compressor 3.
  • each of the sub-lines 48, 49 has shut-off valves 50, 51, wherein the sub-line 48 is guided through the heat exchanger 43 coupled to the coolant circuit 41 of the electric machine 40.
  • the heat exchanger 43 can thus be switched into the refrigerant circuit or not.
  • the 3/2-way valve 45 upstream of Cooler side heat exchanger 17 of the heat exchanger 17 are bridged by means of a bypass line 53.
  • the switching positions of the shut-off valves 50, 51 and the 3/2-way valve 45 are predetermined by means of an indicated evaluation unit 55.
  • the evaluation unit 55 is in signal communication with an environmental sensor 56 and a temperature sensor 57, with the aid of which the ambient temperature Tu and the water temperature T w in the coolant circuit 41 are detected. If the ambient temperature T u and the water temperature T w are approximately of the same order of magnitude, the 3/2-way valve 45 is opened in the direction of the radiator-side heat exchanger 17 and the shut-off valve 51 connected upstream of the heat exchanger 43 is opened. By contrast, no refrigerant flows through the bypass line 53 and through the partial line 49.
  • the air conditioning can also be operated in cooling mode.
  • the cooling operation of the air conditioner shown in FIG. 3 substantially corresponds to the cooling operation shown in FIG. 2. 4 and 5, an air conditioner according to the third embodiment is shown in different operating states.
  • the air conditioner of Fig. 4 corresponds to the basic structure of the air conditioner shown in FIG.
  • FIG. 4 shows a heating operation in which the supply air I guided into the air conditioner 9 is first cooled and dehumidified in the second heat exchanger 29 and can then flow in the direction of the vehicle interior 2 while absorbing heat through the first heat exchanger 7.
  • an additional 3/2-way valve 60 is connected in the high-pressure line 6, which divides the high-pressure line 6 into two sub-lines 58, 59.
  • the sub-line 58 leads directly to the first heat exchanger 7, while the second sub-line 59 bridges the heat exchanger 7.
  • the flow path of the 3/2-way valve 60 to the first heat exchanger 7 is permanently open, whereby the first heat exchanger 7 operates constantly as a capacitor.
  • the first heat exchanger 7 is connected downstream with a second high-pressure line 11, which opens at a further 3/2-way valve 61 in a connecting line 63 described later and is guided via the 3/2-way valve 12 to the expansion element 31, which operates as the evaporator associated with the second heat exchanger 29.
  • the second heat exchanger 29 is coupled via the already mentioned return line 36 to the suction side of the compressor 3.
  • the heat is first withdrawn from the supply air I into the second heat exchanger 29 operating as an evaporator.
  • the radiator-side heat exchanger 17 is shut down in the illustrated heating mode, so that the first heat exchanger 7 operates as the sole condenser in the refrigerant circuit.
  • FIG. 5 shows a reheating process in which a setpoint outlet temperature of the supply air I set by the user is not adjustable by means of a temperature flap, not shown here, but rather via a corresponding clocking of the 3/2-way valve 60, by means of which a through the first Heat exchanger 7 guided mass flow of the refrigerant is controlled.
  • a partial mass flow is passed through the partial line 58 through the first heat exchanger 7, while a remaining partial mass flow is passed through the sub-line 59 directly into the second high-pressure line 11.
  • the flow path branches off from the already mentioned 3/2-way valve 61 of the high-pressure line 11 into the connecting line 63, which leads to the cooler-side heat exchanger 17.
  • This works as a second capacitor in series connection to the first heat exchanger 7.
  • the cooled in the radiator heat exchanger 17 refrigerant is then via the 3/2-way valve 45 and the 3/2-way valve 12 via the respective expansion elements 31, 39 for working as an evaporator second Heat exchanger 29 and led to the battery side heat exchanger 35, which also operates as an evaporator.
  • the now gaseous refrigerant is returned to the suction side of the compressor 3 again.
  • FIG. 6 shows a circuit of an air conditioning system, the basic structure of which corresponds to the circuits shown in FIGS. 3 to 5.
  • a heating operation is illustrated, wherein the refrigerant flow lines are highlighted with thick lines.
  • the heating operation shown in FIG. 3 not only the ambient air at the radiator side heat exchanger 17 and in the Electric machine 40 formed waste heat as heat sources, but in addition also the waste heat formed in the battery 1.
  • the circuit according to FIG. 6 is expanded by an additional line 65.
  • the heat exchanger 35 is connected to the return line 38, which opens downstream of the disused here second heat exchanger 29 in the return line 36 and is recycled in this way again to the suction side of the compressor 3.
  • a check valve 67 is connected in its open position, the refrigerant can thus branch off from the partial line 48 and flow through the heat exchanger 35 of the battery.
  • the circuit state is illustrated, in which the first heat exchanger 7 in the air conditioner 9 as a condenser heats the circulating air flowing through I.
  • the radiator-side heat exchanger 17, the heat exchanger 43 of the electric machine 40 and the heat exchanger 35 of the battery 1 operate as evaporators, each receiving heat from the ambient air, the battery 1 and the electric machine 40.
  • the check valves 50, 51, the check valve 67 and the 3/2-way valve 45 serving as heat sources electric machine 40 battery 1 and ambient air can be arbitrarily turned on in the refrigerant circuit or decoupled from it.
  • the switching positions of the shut-off valves 50, 51, the check valve 67 and the 3/2-way valve 45 can be specified by means of the direction indicated in FIG. 3 evaluation unit 55.
  • the selection of the heat sources by the evaluation unit 55 is carried out analogously to the method described with reference to FIG. 3, according to which, depending on the particular heat source temperature, the corresponding heat source, ie electric machine 40, battery 1 and / or ambient air are switched on.
  • the one-way valves are designated 68 in FIG.

Abstract

L'invention concerne un véhicule, en particulier un véhicule électrique, comprenant une machine électrique (40) et une batterie associée (1), et un circuit réfrigérant, dans lequel sont connectés au moins un échangeur thermique (17) côté réfrigérant, et au moins un échangeur thermique (7, 29) d'un climatiseur (9), de sorte qu'en régime chauffage, pour chauffer l'habitacle (2) du véhicule, l'échangeur thermique (17) côté réfrigérant, fonctionne comme évaporateur, et l'échangeur thermique (7) du climatiseur (9) fonctionne comme condenseur. L'invention est caractérisée en ce qu'en outre, un échangeur thermique (43) couplé thermiquement avec la machine électrique (40) et/ou un échangeur thermique (35) couplé thermiquement avec la batterie (1) peut être connecté dans le circuit réfrigérant.
PCT/EP2010/005304 2009-09-11 2010-08-28 Véhicule électrique à système de climatisation du véhicule WO2011029538A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102009040972.6 2009-09-11
DE102009040972 2009-09-11
DE102009056027.0A DE102009056027B4 (de) 2009-09-11 2009-11-27 Fahrzeug, insbesondere Elektrofahrzeug
DE102009056027.0 2009-11-27

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Publication Number Publication Date
WO2011029538A1 true WO2011029538A1 (fr) 2011-03-17

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WO2011160777A1 (fr) * 2010-06-23 2011-12-29 Audi Ag Dispositif de climatisation de véhicules automobiles
US20120234518A1 (en) * 2011-03-18 2012-09-20 Denso International America, Inc. Battery heating and cooling system
WO2012131459A1 (fr) * 2011-04-01 2012-10-04 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Appareil de refroidissement
CN102889653A (zh) * 2011-07-21 2013-01-23 现代自动车株式会社 用于车辆的热泵系统及其控制方法
WO2013014513A1 (fr) * 2011-07-26 2013-01-31 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Système de refroidissement
FR2978534A1 (fr) * 2011-07-27 2013-02-01 Valeo Systemes Thermiques Installation de chauffage, ventilation et/ou climatisation à organe de commande amélioré
WO2013017936A1 (fr) * 2011-08-01 2013-02-07 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Système de refroidissement
WO2013030657A1 (fr) * 2011-08-31 2013-03-07 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Système de refroidissement
CN103124646A (zh) * 2010-10-08 2013-05-29 罗伯特·博世有限公司 用于调节电动车辆的内部空间和/或至少一个构件的空气的空气调节设备和方法
WO2013034967A3 (fr) * 2011-09-06 2013-07-11 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Clapet sélecteur et système de refroidissement
FR2987886A3 (fr) * 2012-03-06 2013-09-13 Renault Sa Pompe a chaleur pour vehicule automobile
WO2013136148A1 (fr) * 2012-03-16 2013-09-19 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Système de refroidissement et véhicule qui comprend un système de refroidissement
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CN105882349A (zh) * 2015-03-16 2016-08-24 中国新能源汽车有限公司 电动车辆的散热系统
EP2660086B1 (fr) 2012-05-02 2017-06-14 MAN Truck & Bus AG Système de circuit pour véhicule utilitaire
DE102016203045A1 (de) 2016-02-26 2017-08-31 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Temperiereinrichtung zum Temperieren eines Innenraums eines Fahrzeugs sowie Verfahren zum Betreiben einer solchen Temperiereinrichtung
DE102016006682A1 (de) 2016-05-31 2017-11-30 Audi Ag Verfahren zum Betreiben einer Klimaanlage eines Elektro- oder Hybridfahrzeugs sowie Klimaanlage zur Durchführung des Verfahrens
DE102016220474A1 (de) * 2016-10-19 2018-04-19 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Kühleinrichtung für ein Kraftfahrzeug, sowie Kraftfahrzeug mit einer solchen Kühleinrichtung
US9954260B2 (en) 2015-03-16 2018-04-24 Thunder Power New Energy Vehicle Development Company Limited Battery system with heat exchange device
WO2018166820A1 (fr) * 2017-03-13 2018-09-20 Audi Ag Installation frigorifique d'un véhicule avec un circuit de réfrigérant pouvant fonctionner comme un circuit frigorifique pour un mode ac et comme circuit de pompe à chaleur pour un mode de chauffage
WO2019101620A1 (fr) * 2017-11-23 2019-05-31 Volkswagen Ag Dispositif de régulation de température d'un habitacle ou de composants d'un véhicule automobile
FR3075109A1 (fr) * 2017-12-18 2019-06-21 Renault S.A.S Procede de fonctionnement d'un systeme de regulation thermique d'un vehicule automobile a propulsion electrique ou hybride
FR3077236A1 (fr) * 2018-01-30 2019-08-02 Valeo Systemes Thermiques Dispositif de traitement thermique d'un habitacle et d'une chaine de traction d'un vehicule
WO2020030556A1 (fr) * 2018-08-07 2020-02-13 Audi Ag Procédé de fonctionnement d'une installation de refroidissement pour un véhicule comportant un circuit d'agent réfrigérant comprenant une fonction de pompe à chaleur
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DE102021132039A1 (de) 2021-12-06 2023-06-07 Audi Aktiengesellschaft Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Kältemittelkreises eines Kraftfahrzeugs und Kraftfahrzeug

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