WO2011012047A1 - 多循环发电热力系统及其实现方法 - Google Patents

多循环发电热力系统及其实现方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2011012047A1
WO2011012047A1 PCT/CN2010/075105 CN2010075105W WO2011012047A1 WO 2011012047 A1 WO2011012047 A1 WO 2011012047A1 CN 2010075105 W CN2010075105 W CN 2010075105W WO 2011012047 A1 WO2011012047 A1 WO 2011012047A1
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Prior art keywords
unit
cycle
power generation
working medium
expansion
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PCT/CN2010/075105
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
王世英
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Wang Shiying
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Publication of WO2011012047A1 publication Critical patent/WO2011012047A1/zh

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K23/00—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids
    • F01K23/02—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled
    • F01K23/04—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled condensation heat from one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K25/00—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for
    • F01K25/08—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using special vapours
    • F01K25/10—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using special vapours the vapours being cold, e.g. ammonia, carbon dioxide, ether

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a double cycle, multi-cycle condensing and coagulation power generation thermodynamic cycle, and a thermal circulation system of a fan or a compressor or a water pump directly driven by a steam turbine, which is improved by a Rankine cycle and a second The working fluid cycle, or the improved Rankine cycle and the second working medium (medium) cycle and the third working medium (medium) cycle and the multi-cycle above the third cycle or the gas turbine power generation, the water as the working medium of the Rankine
  • the cycle consists of a cycle with a low boiling point medium as the working medium.
  • the current main cause of thermal power generation is the Rankine cycle.
  • the condenser is generally a tubular heat exchanger, and its shell side is the condensed water of steam and steam that is completed.
  • the steam that has completed the work transfers the latent heat of condensation to the circulating cooling water and condenses into water.
  • the condensed water is sent to the chemical section for treatment by the condensate pump or sent to the boiler deaerator and mixed with the supplementary water. After deaeration, the feed water pump enters the boiler. , then become high temperature and high pressure steam into the steam turbine to do work, so reciprocating cycle.
  • the tube process takes the circulating cooling water, and the circulating water absorbs the latent heat of condensation of the water vapor, and then the temperature rises, and then sent to the hyperbolic cooling tower to evaporate and cool down, so that it is recycled.
  • This process converts the latent heat of condensation of water vapor into the latent heat of vaporization of circulating water, which is released into the atmosphere by a hyperbolic cooling tower, so that the water vapor can be condensed into water for recycling.
  • the thermal efficiency of the Rankine cycle is less than 40% for medium voltage units and less than 50% for supercritical units.
  • the root cause is that only the sensible heat of water vapor can be utilized, and the latent heat is released into the atmosphere through the cooling tower. This is why all power plants are now equipped with hyperbolic cooling towers.
  • the gas turbine generates electricity, and the exhaust gas temperature is about 500 °C, which has a very high utilization value.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a multi-cycle power generation thermal system, which uses a low boiling point working medium instead of the cooling water, and uses the latent heat of condensation of the water vapor entering the condenser of the Rankine cycle to generate electricity without increasing fuel.
  • the power generation of the condensing unit is greatly increased, and the amount of circulating cooling water is saved.
  • a multi-cycle power generation thermal system includes a first cycle containing a condenser, the first cycle being a modified Rankine cycle for water use, characterized by:
  • the system further includes a second cycle, which is a secondary power generation cycle using a low boiling point medium as a pressure vessel, the condenser in the first cycle being a pressure vessel, the condenser being made with a low boiling point working fluid
  • the water vapor is condensed, the condenser is used as the evaporation unit of the second cycle, the hot fluid side inlet of the condenser is connected to the steam exhaust of the steam turbine, and the outlet is connected to the condensing water system, and the cold fluid side of the condenser is connected in series
  • the second cycle further includes an expansion unit, a power generation unit, and a pressurization unit.
  • the low-boiling working medium absorbs latent heat of condensation of water vapor after passing through the first circulating condenser, and then vaporizes to convert thermal energy into kinetic energy.
  • the condenser unit or the condenser unit and the reheater unit are also included, that is, the second cycle is also a Rankine cycle, which constitutes a double Rankine cycle.
  • the first cycle can be connected to the gas turbine after power generation, and the gas turbine power generation is used as a pre-circulation.
  • the gas turbine exhaust pipe is connected in series to the inlet of the first cycle boiler shell, and the gas turbine exhaust is used as the first cycle heat source to constitute the gas-steam.
  • Low boiling point working fluid multi-cycle power generation thermal system Or the gas turbine power generation is taken as the first cycle, the gas turbine exhaust pipe is connected in series to the evaporator hot fluid side inlet of the second cycle, and the gas turbine exhaust gas is used as the second cycle high temperature heat source to form a gas-low boiling point working power generation double cycle.
  • the gas turbine power generation cycle includes basic units such as a compressor, a combustion chamber, a gas turbine, and a generator.
  • the low boiling point working fluid is a natural working fluid or a synthetic working medium capable of absorbing the latent heat of condensation of water vapor in the first circulating condenser under normal working conditions of the first circulating condenser and being a gas at normal temperature and pressure.
  • the low boiling point working medium in the circulation is one of the following: full gaseous, gaseous and liquid conversion, gaseous, liquid, solid state conversion, gaseous state is superheated state, saturated state, superheated state and saturated state transition.
  • the low boiling point working fluid has a boiling point of less than 100 ° C at a set pressure of the first circulating condenser.
  • the liquefaction temperature at the set pressure of the second circulating condenser is higher than normal temperature or close to normal temperature or lower than a certain temperature of normal temperature, and the ambient temperature can be used to cool water, air or lower than the working medium under the set condition.
  • the temperature of the refrigerant, the working fluid is cooled and condensed and liquefied, or compressed and liquefied, or compressed and cooled to achieve liquefaction.
  • the first cycle includes basic equipment such as a steam boiler, a steam turbine, a generator, a condenser, a feedwater Rankine cycle, and may also include a Rankine cycle accessory such as a condensate pump, a chemical water treatment, a deaerator generator. It can be a working machine such as a pump or a fan.
  • basic equipment such as a steam boiler, a steam turbine, a generator, a condenser, a feedwater Rankine cycle
  • a Rankine cycle accessory such as a condensate pump, a chemical water treatment, a deaerator generator. It can be a working machine such as a pump or a fan.
  • the pre-cycle includes a compressor, a combustion chamber, a gas turbine, and a generator.
  • the second cycle is a power generation cycle, which may be one of a subcritical, transcritical power generation cycle, and its reheat cycle and a supercritical power cycle cycle, wherein:
  • the second cycle When the second cycle is a subcritical, transcritical power generation cycle in which the expansion is complete, the second cycle includes a second evaporation unit, that is, a modified Rankine cycle condenser, a second expansion unit, a second power generation unit, and a second
  • the second condensing unit, the second pressurized pump unit, and the second working medium replenishing unit may further be provided with a second leakage working medium collecting unit; the high pressure low temperature liquid working medium absorbs the first circulating water vapor condensing latent heat in the condenser to make the water vapor Condensed into water, the medium vaporizes into the expansion unit, decompresses the volume expansion, converts the pressure energy into kinetic energy, pushes the movement of the expansion unit, and drives the power generation unit to generate electricity.
  • the temperature After the work is done, the temperature is lowered into the condensing unit to be liquefied, and then pressurized by the pump unit.
  • the condenser repeats the cycle.
  • a compression unit may also be provided after the second expansion unit to compress the medium to a certain pressure and then to the condenser to cool and condense, or to directly compress into a liquid.
  • the second cycle When the second cycle is a subcritical, transcritical power generation cycle in which a portion of the liquid is generated, the second cycle includes a second evaporation unit, that is, a modified Rankine cycle condenser, a second expansion unit, a second power generation unit, a second gas-liquid separation unit, a second compression unit, a second condensing unit, a condensing pump unit, a second gas-liquid separation unit, a liquid primary pressure pump unit, a secondary pressure pump unit, and a second working fluid supplement
  • the unit may also be provided with a second leakage working medium collecting unit; wherein the gas-liquid separation unit may not be provided, and the working medium is expanded and compressed into the second circulating condenser; the compression unit may also be omitted, and the working medium is expanded and then condensed into the second Rankine cycle.
  • a second evaporation unit that is, a modified Rankine cycle condenser, a second expansion unit, a second power generation unit, a second
  • the second cycle When the second cycle is a reheat cycle, the second cycle adds a reheat unit, a secondary expansion unit, and a secondary expansion power generation unit to the expansion unit based on the two subcritical and transcritical power generation cycles.
  • Other heat source units may be provided, and a part of the water vapor is exhausted from the first circulating condenser or the other heat source is used for secondary heating and secondary expansion of the working medium after the expansion, and the work may be performed several times.
  • the working fluid can be directly compressed into a liquid, and then pressurized into the condenser by the pressurized pump unit; when the second cycle is a supercritical power generation cycle without self-heat exchange, the second cycle includes The second evaporator unit is improved
  • the Rankine cycle condenser, the second expansion unit, the second power generation unit, the second compression unit, and the second working medium supplementing unit may further be provided with a second leakage working medium collecting unit, and a second heat exchange unit may also be provided.
  • the second cycle When the second cycle is a supercritical cycle with self-heat exchange, the second cycle includes a second evaporation unit, ie, a modified Rankine cycle condenser, a second expansion unit, a second power generation unit, a second compression unit, and a second
  • the second leakage working medium collecting unit may also be provided from the heat exchange unit or the second self-heat exchange unit and the heat exchange unit and the second working medium supplement unit.
  • the above five cycles are basic cycles, and the addition or subtraction of the auxiliary unit other than the basic unit or the change of the position of the auxiliary unit constitutes a modification of the basic cycle.
  • the second cycle When the second cycle is a power generation-cooling combined cycle, it may be two subcritical, transcritical power generation-refrigeration combined cycles, a reheated subcritical, a transcritical power generation-refrigeration combined cycle, and two supercritical power generations.
  • the second cycle When the second cycle is a subcritical, transcritical power generation-refrigeration combined cycle in which the expansion is complete, the second cycle includes a second evaporation unit, that is, a modified Rankine cycle condenser, a second expansion unit, and a second power generation.
  • a circulating water vapor condenses latent heat to condense water vapor into water, and the working fluid is vaporized into the expansion unit to reduce the volume expansion.
  • the pressure energy is converted into kinetic energy to promote the movement of the moving unit of the expansion unit to drive the power generation unit to generate electricity.
  • the temperature is lowered and the condensation is entered.
  • the device is cooled and liquefied, and then pressurized by the pressurized pump unit to enter the Langken cycle condenser to repeat the cycle, the cooling unit provides a part of the cooling capacity to the outside; after expansion, it can also be compressed by the compression unit and then into the condenser;
  • the second cycle When the second cycle is a subcritical, transcritical power generation-refrigeration combined cycle in which a portion of the liquid is formed, the second cycle includes a second evaporation unit, that is, a modified Rankine cycle condenser, a second expansion unit, and a second a power generation unit, a second gas-liquid separation unit, a second compression unit, a second condenser unit, a second condenser pressure pump unit, a liquid pressure pump unit separated from the second gas-liquid separation unit, and a second cooling unit
  • the second working medium replenishing unit may further be provided with a second leakage working medium collecting unit; wherein the gas-liquid separating unit may not be provided, and the working medium is expanded and compressed into the second circulating condenser; the compression unit may not be provided, and the working medium is expanded.
  • a second Rankine cycle condenser a second Rankine cycle condenser
  • the working fluid can be directly compressed into a liquid, and then pressurized into the condenser by the pressurized pump unit; when the second cycle is a supercritical power generation-cooling combined cycle without self-heat exchange, the first
  • the second cycle includes a second evaporation unit, that is, a modified Rankine cycle condenser, a second expansion unit, a second power generation unit, a second compression unit, a second cooling unit, a second working medium supplement unit, and a second
  • the leakage working medium collecting unit may further be provided with a second heat exchange unit and a second cooling unit; when the second cycle is a supercritical power generation-refrigeration combined cycle with self-heat exchange, the second cycle includes a second evaporation unit
  • the second cycle further includes a second cooling unit when the gas, water vapor, and low boiling point medium combined power generation-refrigeration multiple cycles are employed.
  • More cycles may be added after the second cycle, the number of cycles being greater than or equal to three, wherein: the first cycle is an improved Rankine cycle, and the second cycle and subsequent cycles are basic power generation cycles and modifications and basic power generation - One of the refrigeration combined cycle and the modification; the latent heat of condensation of the working fluid used in the latter cycle is smaller than the latent heat of condensation of the previous circulating working fluid; the boiling point of the working fluid in the latter cycle is lower than the boiling point of the working fluid used in the previous cycle; At the beginning of the cycle, a condensing unit or a cooling unit is provided after the expansion unit of the previous cycle; the condensing unit or the cooling unit is the evaporation unit of the latter cycle; and the unit fingers in the respective cycles include the body setting It is equipped with all its accessories, components, components, connections, and instruments and controls.
  • the second cycle When the second cycle is a first subcritical, transcritical power generation cycle, the second cycle includes: a second evaporation unit, a second expansion unit, a second power generation unit, a second condenser unit, and a second pressurization
  • the pump unit and the second working medium replenishing unit may further be provided with a second leakage working medium collecting unit, wherein the condenser unit is a third circulating evaporation unit; and a second compression and drag unit may be disposed behind the expansion unit;
  • the second cycle When the second cycle is a second subcritical, transcritical power generation cycle, the second cycle includes: a second evaporation unit, a second expansion unit, a second power generation unit, a second gas-liquid separation unit, and a second compression a liquid primary pressure pump unit, a second pressure pump unit, a second working medium supplement unit separated by the unit, the second condenser unit, and the second gas-liquid separation unit, and a second leakage working medium collecting unit may be further provided.
  • the condenser unit is a third circulation evaporation unit; wherein the gas-liquid separation unit may not be provided, and the working medium is expanded and compressed into the second circulation condenser; the compression unit may not be provided, and the working medium is expanded and then condensed into the second Rankine cycle.
  • the second cycle is a reheating cycle
  • the reheater unit, the reheat pump unit, the second heat source, the secondary expansion, and the second expansion power generation unit are added after the expansion units of the first two cycles
  • the second cycle is the first type of supercritical power generation cycle
  • the second cycle includes: a second evaporation unit, a second expansion unit, a second power generation unit, a second compression unit, a second cooling unit, and a second working fluid supplement a unit, a second leakage working medium collecting unit;
  • the working fluid can be directly compressed into a liquid, and then pressurized into the condenser by the pressurized pump unit;
  • the second cycle is the second supercritical power generation cycle, the second cycle includes a second evaporation unit, a second expansion unit, a second power generation unit, a second compression unit, a second self-heat exchange unit, and a second working medium supplement unit, and a second leakage working medium collection unit;
  • the above five cycles are basic cycles, and the addition or subtraction of auxiliary equipment other than the basic unit or the change of position constitutes a modification of the basic cycle.
  • the third cycle is a power generation cycle
  • the third cycle is one of a subcritical, transcritical power generation cycle or a supercritical power generation cycle and a basic cycle modification
  • the third cycle evaporation unit mentioned below is the second a second condenser unit or a second cooling unit that circulates, wherein:
  • the third cycle When the third cycle is a first subcritical, transcritical power generation cycle, the third cycle includes a third cycle evaporation unit, a third cycle expansion unit, a third cycle power generation unit, a third cycle condensation unit, and a third a circulating liquid pressure pump unit, a third circulation working medium supplementing unit, and a third circulating leakage working medium collecting unit;
  • the third cycle When the third cycle is a second subcritical, transcritical power generation cycle, the third cycle includes a third cycle evaporation unit, a third cycle expansion unit, a third cycle power generation unit, a third cycle gas-liquid separation unit, The third circulating compression unit, the third circulating condenser unit, the liquid primary pressure pump unit separated by the third circulating gas-liquid separation unit, the liquid secondary pressure pump unit, and the third circulating working medium supplementing unit may also be provided.
  • the third cycle leakage working fluid collection and secondary utilization unit wherein the gas-liquid separation unit may not be provided, the working medium is expanded and compressed into the second circulation condenser; the compression unit may also be omitted, and the working medium is expanded and then into the second Rankine cycle condensation.
  • the reheating unit, the secondary expansion unit and the secondary power generation unit are added after the expansion units of the first two cycles, and other heat source units may be provided;
  • the working fluid can be directly compressed into a liquid, and then pressurized into the condenser by the pressurized pump unit;
  • the third cycle when the third cycle is the first type of supercritical power generation cycle, the third cycle includes a three-cycle evaporation unit, a third circulation expansion unit, a third circulation power generation unit, a third circulation compression unit, a third circulation medium supplement unit, and a third circulation leakage working substance collection and reuse unit;
  • the third cycle When the third cycle is a second supercritical power generation cycle, the third cycle includes a third cycle evaporation unit, a third cycle a ring expansion unit, a third cycle power generation unit, a third cycle compression unit, a third cycle self-heat exchange unit, and a third cycle refrigerant supplement unit, and a third cycle leakage working medium collection unit;
  • the above five power generation cycles are the basic cycles of the third power generation cycle, and the addition of auxiliary equipment and the change of position in the cycle become a basic cycle modification;
  • the unit refers to the body device and its accessory devices, components, components, connections, and meters. All of the control;
  • the second cycle is a power generation-refrigeration combined cycle, which may be two subcritical, transcritical power generation-refrigeration combined cycles, a reheated subcritical, transcritical power generation-refrigeration combined cycle, and two supercritical power generation-cooling combined processes.
  • the second cycle When the second cycle is a subcritical, transcritical power generation-refrigeration combined cycle in which the expansion is complete, the second cycle includes a second evaporation unit, that is, a modified Rankine cycle condenser, a second expansion unit, and a second power generation.
  • a second evaporation unit that is, a modified Rankine cycle condenser, a second expansion unit, and a second power generation.
  • the unit, the second cooling unit, the second condenser unit, the second pressure pump unit, and the second working medium supplementing unit may further be provided with a second leakage working medium collecting unit; when the second cycle is the end of expansion, part of the liquid is generated In the subcritical, transcritical power generation-refrigeration combined cycle, the second cycle includes a second evaporation unit, ie, a modified Rankine cycle condenser, a second expansion unit, a second power generation unit, a second gas-liquid separation unit, a second compression unit, a second condenser unit, a second condenser pressure pump unit, a liquid pressure pump unit separated by the second gas-liquid separation unit, a second cooling unit, and a second working medium supplement unit, a second leakage working fluid collection unit; wherein the gas-liquid separation unit may not be provided, and the working medium is expanded and compressed into the second circulation condenser; the compression unit may not be provided, and the working medium is expanded into the second Rankine cycle condenser;
  • the second cycle is a subcritical, transcritical power generation-refrigeration combined cycle with reheating, a reheating unit, a reheating pump unit, a secondary expansion unit, and a secondary expansion power generating unit are added after the second circulating primary expansion unit.
  • the working medium may be directly compressed into a liquid, and then pressurized into the condenser by the pressurized pump unit; when the second cycle is supercritical power generation without self-heat exchange-
  • the second cycle includes a second evaporation unit, that is, a modified Rankine cycle condenser, a second expansion unit, a second power generation unit, a second compression unit, and a second cooling unit, and the second refrigerant is supplemented.
  • the unit may further be provided with a second leakage working medium collecting unit, and may also be provided with a second heat exchange unit and a second cooling unit; when the second cycle is a supercritical power generation-refrigeration combined cycle with self-heat exchange, the second The cycle includes a second evaporation unit, that is, a modified Rankine cycle condenser, a second expansion unit, a second power generation unit, a second compression unit, a second self-heat exchange unit, a second cooling unit, and a second work Supplementary means may also be provided a second working fluid leakage collection means;
  • the second cooling unit is further included; when the third cycle is a power generation-cooling combined cycle, the third cycle is subcritical and transcritical power generation.
  • the third cycle includes: a third cycle evaporation unit, a third cycle expansion unit, a third cycle power generation unit, a third circulation condenser unit, a third circulation pressure pump unit, a third circulation cooling unit,
  • the third cycle working medium supplementing unit may further be provided with a third circulating leakage working medium collecting unit;
  • the third cycle includes: Circulating evaporation unit, third circulation expansion unit, third circulation power generation unit, third circulation gas-liquid separation unit, third circulation compression unit, third cycle The liquid phase primary pressure pump unit, the third circulating liquid working medium secondary pressure pump unit, the third circulating cooling unit, and the third circulating working medium supplement unit separated by the condenser unit
  • the reheating unit, the secondary expansion unit, and the secondary power generation unit are added after the expansion units of the first two cycles, or the secondary production unit Reheat unit, multiple expansion unit, still Other heat source units can be provided;
  • the working medium can be directly compressed into a liquid, and then pressurized into the condenser by the pressurized pump unit;
  • the third cycle is the first supercritical power generation-refrigeration combined cycle, the third The cycle includes: a third circulation evaporation unit, a third circulation expansion unit, a third circulation power generation unit, a third circulation compression unit, a third circulation cooling unit, a third circulation working medium supplement unit, and a third circulation leakage worker Quality collection unit;
  • the third cycle includes: a third cycle evaporation unit, a third cycle expansion unit, a third cycle power generation unit, a third cycle compression unit, and a third cycle a heat exchange unit, a third circulation cooling unit, a third circulation working medium supplementing unit, and a third circulating leakage working medium collecting unit;
  • the above five power generation-refrigeration combined cycles are the basic cycles of the power generation-refrigeration combined cycle.
  • the addition and subtraction of auxiliary equipment and the change of the position of the equipment constitute a basic cycle modification; the unit refers to the body device and its ancillary equipment, components and components. , connections, and all of the meters and controls.
  • the working fluid replenishing unit is a liquid working medium replenishing unit or a gaseous working medium replenishing unit or a liquid working medium replenishing unit and a gaseous working medium replenishing unit;
  • the working medium replenishing unit may be designed as Fixed and mobile, when designed to be mobile, only the interface is made on the system; the expansion unit and the compression unit do not have a working medium supplement unit when the leakage-free design is made, or the leakage amount is small, or the working medium supplement unit is not provided;
  • the unit refers to all of the body device and its accessory devices, components, components, connections, and meters and controls.
  • the expansion unit is one or a combination of a turboexpander, a volumetric expander, and a nozzle; it may be expanded in one stage or in multiple stages; it may be an expansion device or multiple expansion devices in parallel; It is a single expansion, or it can be multiple expansions. It can be reheated between two expansions; it can be a gas phase or a gas-liquid two-phase flow or a gas-liquid-solid three-phase expansion.
  • the turboexpander may be an axial flow type, a centrifugal type or a combination of the two, and may be of an impulse type or a reaction type; the blade can withstand single-phase gas state or single-phase liquid or two-phase flow liquid and gas state or three The impact of the gas phase, liquid and solid medium in the phase flow; the turbine impeller is made of alloy steel with excellent mechanical properties, as well as aluminum alloy and titanium alloy.
  • the first few stages are alloy steel. After the medium is lowered to a certain temperature, the alloy or aluminum alloy is changed.
  • the alloy, or the first few grades are alloy steels.
  • the aluminum alloy is changed to a certain temperature, and then the titanium alloy is changed to a certain temperature or the titanium alloy is first changed to the aluminum alloy.
  • the positive displacement expander can use a piston cylinder type, a rolling piston type, a swing rotor type, a scroll type, a screw type, and the output shaft of the expander has two output modes: one is only connected to the generator, and the second type is It is a one-end generator and the other end is connected to the compressor; the expander adopts oil-lubricated or oil-free lubricated bearings, and the oil-free lubricated bearings include a magnetic suspension shaft and a gas bearing.
  • the pressurizing unit comprises a compression unit for compressing a gaseous medium and a pressurizing pump unit for pressurizing the liquid medium, and the compression unit for the gaseous medium can adopt a turbine type or a volumetric single stage or two or more stages.
  • Stage compressor one or more compressors can be used; axial flow and centrifugation can be divided into two compressors, or one can be made: the first few stages are axial flow, the latter stage or the latter stages are centrifugal , or the first few stages use a turbine, the latter stage uses a positive displacement compressor; the pressure pump unit uses a single-stage or multi-stage centrifugal pump or a positive displacement pump to pressurize the medium to the necessary pressure; the compression unit uses a gas phase compressor or gas Liquid two-phase flow compressor; after compression, it can be equipped with a condenser unit or a cooling unit, which can be cooled by circulating water, air cooled or other working fluid, or cooled by a low temperature gas expanded from the previous circulating condenser;
  • the compression unit may be driven separately by an electric motor or directly by an expander.
  • the expander adopts an oil-lubricated or oil-free lubricating bearing, and the oil-free lubricating bearing includes a magnetic suspension shaft and a gas bearing.
  • the expander in the expansion unit and the compressor in the compression unit may be in a casing, that is, an expansion compressor; the type and type of the expansion compressor may be an axial flow type, a centrifugal turbine type, Axial flow centrifugal mixed flow, reciprocating piston type, rolling piston type, oscillating rotor type, sliding vane type, screw type, articulated vane type, etc.; may be gas phase flow or gas-liquid two-phase flow or gas-liquid-solid three-phase flow, may be used Magnetically lubricated or oil-free magnetically suspended bearings or gas bearings.
  • the equipment, equipment, and piping in the system are insulated and kept cold, so that the cycle becomes an adiabatic cycle or close to the adiabatic cycle.
  • a method for realizing a dual Rankine cycle power generation thermal system characterized in that:
  • a second Rankine cycle with a low boiling point quality as a circulating working medium is connected in series, that is, a double Rankine cycle power generation or a drag fan, a water pump, and the like;
  • the condenser of the first Rankine cycle is the evaporator of the second Rankine cycle; the refrigerant of the condenser of the first Rankine cycle does not use cooling water, but the circulating refrigerant of the second Rankine cycle;
  • the heat source can be used in the first Rankine cycle exhaust steam or other heat source, and then re-expansion after secondary expansion, can be expanded to a partial liquefied gas-liquid separator, gas-liquid separation
  • the gas separated by the compressor is compressed by the compressor into the second Rankine cycle condenser, cooled by a refrigerant to be condensed into a liquid and then pressurized by a pump.
  • the liquid separated by the gas-liquid separator is pressurized by the primary pump, and the two liquid streams merge and then enter.
  • the secondary pressure pump is secondarily pressurized into the first Rankine cycle condenser;
  • the working temperature of the second Rankine cycle is lower than 100 ° C at a set pressure of the first cycle condenser, absorbing the latent heat of condensation of the first Rankine cycle water vapor, and condensing latent heat and The sensible heat of the conversion is converted into the thermal energy and pressure energy of the second Rankine cycle working fluid;
  • the pressure of the second Rankine cycle working fluid into the evaporator may be below the critical pressure, the critical pressure, or the supercritical pressure;
  • the gas turbine power generation cycle can also be used as the pre-cycle of the first Rankine cycle, and the exhaust gas discharged from the gas turbine power generation cycle is the heat source of the first Rankine cycle steam boiler, thereby forming a gas-steam-low-boiling working medium combined with multi-cycle power generation thermal system.
  • the liquefaction temperature of the working fluid of the second Rankine cycle is higher than the normal temperature or near normal temperature or a certain set temperature lower than the normal temperature, and the normal temperature cooling water, air or lower than the second Rankine cycle working medium can be used in the set working condition.
  • the lower condensing temperature of the refrigerant, the working medium is cooled and condensed and liquefied, or compressed and cooled to achieve liquefaction, or directly compressed and liquefied.
  • the method of changing the proportion of each component of the mixture refrigerant of the second Rankine cycle is to obtain a liquefaction temperature and a gasification temperature which are more suitable for transferring the latent heat of condensation of water vapor to the second Rankine cycle, and using the cheap refrigerant to make the second lang
  • the Circulating Work Fluid is liquefied or liquefied with other refrigerants.
  • the new unit can be designed for high back pressure or extraction.
  • the existing unit can extract steam or remove the last stage or several stages of blades before the appropriate stage.
  • the thermal efficiency of the condensing and condensing Rankine cycle generator sets and the Rankine cycle fan, compressor and water pump unit are greatly improved. Since the condensation latent heat of water vapor is greater than sensible heat, the present invention can improve the thermal efficiency of the Rankine cycle. % or more; no fuel, then about 10% of the electricity generated by the condensing generator.
  • Figure 1 is a two-cycle power generation process: the first cycle is the improved Rankine cycle, and the second cycle is the first subcritical cross-boundary power generation cycle, that is, the outlet unit of the expansion unit is full-gas, direct condensation;
  • Figure 2 shows the two-cycle power generation process: the first cycle is the improved Rankine cycle, and the second cycle is the first subcritical cross-boundary power generation cycle.
  • the outlet unit of the expansion unit is fully gaseous and condensed after compression.
  • Figure 3 is a two-cycle power generation process three: the first cycle is an improved Rankine cycle, the second cycle is a second subcritical transcritical power generation cycle, and the outlet of the expansion unit is a gas-liquid two-phase flow, a saturated state;
  • the liquid separation unit may not be provided, and the working medium is expanded and compressed into the second circulation condenser; the compression unit may not be provided, and the working medium is expanded into the second Rankine cycle condenser;
  • FIG. 4 is a dual cycle power generation process 4: the first cycle is An improved Rankine cycle, the second cycle being the first subcritical transcritical power generation cycle with reheat;
  • Figure 5 is a two-cycle power generation process five: the first cycle is an improved Rankine cycle, and the second cycle is a second subcritical sub-critical power generation cycle with reheating; wherein the gas-liquid separation unit is not provided, and the working fluid is compressed and then compressed Into the second circulation condenser; the compression unit may not be provided, and the working medium is expanded into the second Rankine cycle condenser;
  • Figure 6 is a two-cycle power generation process six: the first cycle is an improved Rankine cycle, and the second cycle is a first type of supercritical power generation cycle, without self-heat exchange, and the expansion unit outlet gas is above a critical point;
  • Figure 7 is a two-cycle power generation process seven: the first cycle is an improved Rankine cycle, and the second cycle is a second supercritical power cycle with self-heat exchange;
  • Figure 8 shows the basic flow of gas, steam and low-boiling working fluid multi-cycle power generation: Gas power generation is a pre-generation power cycle, the first cycle is an improved Rankine cycle, and the second cycle is a low-boiling process power generation cycle. One of the loops;
  • Figure 9 is the basic flow of gas and low boiling point dual-cycle power generation: gas power generation is the pre-generation power cycle, and the second cycle is the low-boiling working power generation cycle, which is one of the first seven cycles;
  • Figure 10 is a two-cycle power generation-refrigeration process: the first cycle is an improved Rankine cycle, and the second cycle is a first sub-critical transcritical power generation refrigeration cycle;
  • Figure 11 is a two-cycle power generation-refrigeration process two: the first cycle is a modified Rankine cycle, and the second cycle is a second type of subcritical power generation refrigeration cycle; wherein the gas-liquid separation unit may not be provided, and the working fluid is expanded and then compressed. a two-cycle condenser; the compression unit may not be provided, and the working medium expands into the second Rankine cycle condenser;
  • Figure 12 is a reheating dual cycle power generation-refrigeration process three: the first cycle is an improved Rankine cycle, and the second cycle is a reheating first subcritical transcritical power generation refrigeration cycle;
  • Figure 13 is a dual cycle power generation-refrigeration process four: the first cycle is an improved Rankine cycle, and the second cycle is a first type of supercritical power refrigeration cycle;
  • Figure 14 is a two-cycle power generation-refrigeration process five: the first cycle is an improved Rankine cycle, and the second cycle is a second type of supercritical power generation-refrigeration cycle;
  • Figure 15 is a basic cycle of gas, steam, low boiling point working fluid multi-cycle power generation-refrigeration: gas power generation is a pre-generation cycle, the first cycle is an improved Rankine cycle, and the second cycle is a low-boiling working power refrigeration cycle.
  • gas power generation is a pre-generation cycle
  • the first cycle is an improved Rankine cycle
  • the second cycle is a low-boiling working power refrigeration cycle.
  • Figure 16 is a three-cycle power generation process: the first cycle is the improved Rankine cycle, the second cycle is the first subcritical cross-boundary power generation cycle, and the third cycle is the first subcritical transcritical power generation cycle;
  • Figure 17 is a three-cycle power generation process two: the first cycle is the improved Rankine cycle, the second cycle is the first subcritical cross-boundary power generation cycle, and the third cycle is the second subcritical, transcritical power generation cycle;
  • Figure 18 is a three-cycle power generation process three: the first cycle is the improved Rankine cycle, the second cycle is the first subcritical transcritical cycle, and the third cycle is the first reheated subcritical, transcritical critical power generation cycle;
  • Figure 19 is a three-cycle power generation process four: the first cycle is an improved Rankine cycle, and the second cycle is a second subcritical cross-critical cycle, in which the gas-liquid separation unit is not provided, and the working fluid is expanded and compressed into the second cycle. Condenser; compression unit may not be provided, the working medium expands into the second Rankine cycle condenser; the third cycle is the first type of supercritical cycle three-cycle power generation process; Figure 20 is the three-cycle power generation process.
  • the Rankine cycle, the second cycle is the first supercritical power generation cycle, and the third cycle is the second supercritical cycle three cycle power generation process;
  • Figure 21 is a three-cycle power generation refrigeration process: the first cycle is the improved Rankine cycle, the second cycle is the first subcritical transcritical power generation cycle, and the third cycle is the first subcritical, transcritical power generation-refrigeration cycle.
  • the three-cycle power generation refrigeration process; Figure 22 is the three-cycle power generation refrigeration process.
  • the first cycle is the improved Rankine cycle, the second cycle is the first subcritical transcritical power generation cycle, and the third cycle is the second subcritical.
  • Figure 23 is the three cycle power generation refrigeration process.
  • the first cycle is the improved Rankine cycle
  • the second cycle is the first subcritical transcritical power generation cycle
  • the third cycle is a three-cycle power generation refrigeration process with a reheated first subcritical, transcritical power generation refrigeration cycle;
  • Figure 24 is a three-cycle power generation and refrigeration process four:
  • the first cycle is an improved Rankine cycle
  • the second cycle is a second subcritical transcritical power generation-refrigeration cycle, in which the gas-liquid separation unit may not be provided, Compressed into the second circulation condenser; the compression unit may not be provided, and the working medium expands into the second Rankine cycle condenser;
  • the third cycle is the third cycle of the first supercritical power generation refrigeration cycle;
  • Figure 25 is a three-cycle power generation and refrigeration process five: the first cycle is the improved Rankine cycle, the second cycle is the first subcritical transcritical power generation-refrigeration cycle, and the third cycle is the second supercritical power generation refrigeration cycle.
  • the three-cycle process wherein the gas-liquid separation unit is not provided, the working medium is expanded and compressed into the second circulation condenser; the compression unit may not be provided, and the working medium is expanded into the second Rankine cycle condenser;
  • Figure 26 shows the power generation cycle in which the working fluid is directly compressed and liquefied after expansion.
  • FIG. 1 1 steam boiler 2 steam turbine 3 generator set or fan or compressor or water pump 4 condenser 5 condensate pump 6 chemical water treatment 7 deaerator 8 boiler feed water 9 second evaporation unit (also the first cycle condenser 10 second expansion unit 11 second power generation unit 12 second condensation unit 13 second pressure pump unit 14 second liquid working medium supplement unit 15 second gaseous working medium supplement unit 16 second leakage working medium collecting unit
  • FIG. 2 1 steam boiler 2 steam turbine 3 generator set or fan or compressor or water pump 4 condenser 5 condensate pump 6 Chemical water treatment 7 deaerator 8 boiler feed water 9 second evaporation unit (also first cycle condenser) 10 second expansion unit 11 second power generation unit 12 second compression unit 13 second compression drag unit 14 second condensation Unit 15 second pressurized pump unit 16 second liquid working medium replenishing unit 17 second working medium replenishing unit 18 second leakage working medium collecting unit
  • FIG. 3 1 steam boiler 2 steam turbine 3 generator or fan or compression or water pump 4 condenser 5 condensate pump 6 chemical water treatment 7 deaerator 8 boiler feed pump 9 second evaporation unit (also the first cycle condenser 10 second expansion unit 11 second power generation unit 12 second gas-liquid separation unit 13 second compression unit 14 second condensation unit 15 second-stage pressure pump unit 16 secondary pressure pump unit 17 second liquid medium supplement Unit 18 second gaseous working medium replenishing unit 19 second leakage working medium collecting unit
  • FIG. 4 1 steam boiler 2 steam turbine 3 generator or fan or compression or water pump 4 condenser 5 condensate pump 6 chemical water treatment 7 deaerator 8 boiler feed pump 9 second evaporation unit (also the first cycle condenser 10 first expansion unit 11 second cycle first power generation unit 12 reheat unit 13 second heat source unit 14 secondary expansion unit 15 second cycle second power generation unit 16 condensing unit 17 condensing pump unit 18 second liquid working fluid supplement Unit 19 second gaseous working medium replenishing unit 20 second leakage working medium collecting unit
  • FIG. 5 1 steam boiler 2 steam turbine 3 generator or fan or compression or water pump 4 condenser 5 condensate pump 6 chemical water treatment 7 deaerator 8 boiler feed pump 9 second evaporation unit (also the first cycle condenser 10 first expansion unit 11 second cycle primary power generation unit 12 reheat unit 13 second heat source unit 14 secondary expansion unit 15 second cycle second power generation unit 16 gas-liquid separation unit 17 compression unit 18 condensing unit 19 separator plus Pressure pump unit 20 secondary pressure pump unit 21 reheat pump unit 22 gaseous medium supplement unit 23 leakage working medium collection unit
  • Figure 6 1 steam boiler 2 steam turbine 3 generator set or fan or compressor or water pump 4 condenser 5 condensate pump 6 chemical water treatment 7 deaerator 8 boiler feed water 9 second evaporation unit (also the first cycle condenser 10 second expansion unit 11 second power generation unit 12 second compression unit 13 second cooling unit 14 second intermediate cooling unit 15 second working medium supplement unit 16 second leakage working medium collecting unit.
  • Figure 7 1 steam boiler 2 steam turbine 3 generator set or fan or compressor or water pump 4 condenser 5 condensate pump 6 chemical water treatment 7 deaerator 8 boiler feed water 9 second evaporation unit (also the first cycle condenser 10 second expansion unit 11 second power generation unit 12 second compression unit 13 second self-heat exchange unit 14 second working medium supplement unit 15 second leakage working medium collection unit.
  • Figure 8 1 compressor 2 combustion chamber 3 gas turbine 4 gas cycle generator 5 steam boiler 6 steam turbine 7 Rankine cycle generator or fan or compressor or pump 8 Rankine cycle condenser 9 Rankine cycle pump 10 low boiling point Working medium circulation evaporation unit 11 low boiling point working fluid circulation expansion unit 12 low boiling point working fluid circulation power generation unit 13 low boiling point working medium circulation condensing unit 14 low boiling point working medium circulation pressure pump unit.
  • Figure 9 1 compressor 2 combustion chamber 3 gas turbine 4 gas cycle generator 5 low boiling point working fluid circulation evaporation unit 6 low boiling point working fluid circulation expansion unit 7 low boiling point working cycle power generation unit 8 low boiling point working medium circulation condensing unit 9 low Boiling point working fluid circulation pump unit.
  • Figure 10 1 steam boiler 2 steam turbine 3 generator or fan or compressor or water pump 4 condenser 5 condensate pump 6 chemical water treatment 7 deaerator 8 boiler feed water 9 second evaporation unit (also the first cycle condenser 10 second expansion unit 11 second power generation unit 12 second condensation unit 13 second pressure pump unit 14 second cooling unit 15 second liquid working medium supplement unit 16 second gaseous working medium supplement unit 17 second leakage Quality collection unit.
  • Figure 11 1 steam boiler 2 steam turbine 3 generator set or fan, water pump 4 condenser 5 condensate pump 6 chemical water treatment 7 deaerator 8 boiler feed water 9 second evaporation unit (also the first cycle condenser) 10 Second expansion unit 11 second power generation unit 12 gas-liquid separation unit 13 compression unit 14 second condensation unit 15 gas-liquid separation pressure pump unit 16 Cooling unit 17 liquid working medium replenishing unit 18 gaseous working medium replenishing unit 19 leaking working medium collecting unit
  • Figure 12 1 steam boiler 2 steam turbine 3 generator or fan or compressor or water pump 4 condenser 5 condensate pump 6 chemical water treatment 7 deaerator 8 boiler feed water 9 second cycle evaporation unit (also the first cycle condensate 10) first expansion unit 11 second cycle first power generation unit 12 reheat unit 13 second heat source 14 second expansion unit 15 second cycle second power generation unit 16 condensing unit 17 condensing pump unit 18 cooling unit 19 reheat pump The unit 20 gaseous working medium replenishing unit 21 leaks the working medium collecting unit.
  • FIG. 13 1 steam boiler 2 steam turbine 3 generator or fan or water pump 4 condenser 5 condensate pump 6 chemical water treatment 7 deaerator 8 feed pump 9 second evaporation unit (also the first cycle condenser) 10 Second expansion unit 11 Second power generation unit 12 Second compression unit 13 Second cooling unit 14 Second cooling unit 15 Second working medium supplement unit 16 Second leakage working medium collecting unit.
  • Figure 14 1 steam boiler 2 steam turbine 3 generator set or fan or compressor or water pump 4 condenser 5 condensate pump 6 chemical water treatment 7 deaerator 8 boiler feed water 9 second evaporation unit (also the first cycle condenser 10 second expansion unit 11 second power generation unit 12 second compression unit 13 second self-heat exchange unit 14 second cooling 15 second working medium supplement unit 16 second leakage working medium collecting unit.
  • Figure 15 1 compressor 2 combustion chamber 3 gas turbine 4 gas cycle generator 5 steam boiler 6 steam turbine 7 Rankine cycle generator or fan or compressor or pump 8 Rankine cycle condenser 9 Rankine cycle pump 10 low boiling point Working medium circulation evaporation unit 11 low boiling point working fluid circulation expansion unit 12 low boiling point working fluid circulation power generation unit 13 cooling unit 14 low boiling point working medium circulation condensing unit 15 low boiling point working medium circulation pump unit
  • Figure 16 1 steam boiler 2 steam turbine 3 generator set or fan, water pump 4 condenser 5 condensate pump 6 chemical water treatment 7 deaerator 8 boiler feed water 9 second cycle evaporation unit (also the first cycle condenser) 10 Second circulating expansion unit 11 second circulating power generating unit 12 second circulating condensing unit 13 second circulating pressurized pump unit 14 second circulating liquid working medium supplementing unit 15 second circulating gaseous working medium supplementing unit 16 second circulating leaking working fluid Collection unit.
  • third circulation evaporation unit also second circulation condensing unit
  • third circulation expansion unit 19 third power generation unit
  • third circulation condensing unit 21
  • third circulation pressure pump unit 22
  • third circulation liquid working medium replenishing unit 23
  • Third cycle gaseous working medium supplementing unit 24
  • Figure 17 1 steam boiler 2 steam turbine 3 generator set or fan, water pump 4 condenser 5 condensate pump 6 chemical water treatment 7 deaerator 8 boiler feed water 9 second cycle evaporation unit (also the first cycle condenser) 10 Second circulating expansion unit 11 second circulating power generating unit 12 second circulating condensing unit 13 second circulating pressurized pump unit 14 second circulating liquid working medium supplementing unit 15 second circulating gaseous working medium supplementing unit 16 second circulating leaking working fluid Collection unit.
  • third cycle evaporation unit also second cycle condensing unit
  • third cycle expansion unit 19 third power generation unit 20 third cycle gas-liquid separation 21 third cycle compression unit 22 third cycle condensing unit 23 third cycle one Stage pressure pump unit 24 third cycle primary pressure pump unit 25 third cycle liquid working medium replenishing unit 26 third cycle gaseous working medium replenishing unit 27 third circulating leakage working medium collecting unit
  • Figure 18 1 steam boiler 2 steam turbine 3 generator set or fan, water pump 4 condenser 5 condensate pump 6 chemical water treatment 7 deaerator 8 boiler feed water 9 second cycle evaporation unit (also the first cycle condenser) 10 Second circulating expansion unit 11 second circulating power generating unit 12 second circulating condensing unit 13 second circulating pressurized pump unit 14 second circulating working fluid supplementing unit 15 second circulating leaking working fluid collecting unit.
  • Figure 19 1 steam boiler 2 steam turbine 3 generator set or fan or compressor or water pump 4 condenser 5 condensate pump 6 chemical water treatment 7 deaerator 8 boiler feed water 9 second circulation evaporation unit (also the first cycle condensate 10) second cycle expansion unit 11 second cycle power generation unit 12 second cycle condensing unit 13 second cycle gas-liquid separation unit 14 second cycle compression unit 15 second cycle compression condensing unit 16 second cycle primary pressure pump Unit 17 second circulating secondary pressure pump unit 18 second gaseous working medium supplementing unit 19 second leakage working fluid collecting unit 20 third circulating evaporation unit 21 third circulating expansion unit 22 third circulating power generating unit 23 third cycle compression Unit 24 third cycle working fluid supplementing unit 25 third cycle leaking working fluid collecting unit
  • Figure 20 1 steam boiler 2 steam turbine 3 generator set or fan or compressor or water pump 4 condenser 5 condensate pump 6 chemical water treatment 7 deaerator 8 boiler feed water 9 second cycle evaporation unit (also the first cycle condensate 10) second circulation expansion unit 11 second circulation power generation unit 12 second circulation condensing unit 13 second circulation pressure pump unit 14 second gaseous working medium replenishing unit 15 second leakage working medium collecting unit 16 third circulating evaporation unit 17 third cycle expansion unit 18 third cycle power generation unit 19 third cycle compression unit 20 third cycle from heat exchange unit 21 third cycle working medium supplement unit 22 third cycle leakage working medium collection unit
  • Figure 21 1 steam boiler 2 steam turbine 3 generator set or fan, water pump 4 condenser 5 condensate pump 6 chemical water treatment 7 deaerator 8 boiler feed water 9 second evaporation unit (also the first cycle condenser) 10 Second expansion unit 11 second circulation power generation unit 12 second condensation unit 13 second circulation pressure pump unit 14 second circulation liquid working medium replenishing unit 15 second gaseous working medium replenishing unit 16 second leakage working medium collecting unit 17 third Circulating evaporation unit (also second condensing unit) 18 third circulating expansion unit 19 third power generating unit 20 third circulating condensing unit 21 third circulating pressurized pump unit 22 third cooling unit 23 third circulating working fluid supplement Unit 24 third cycle leakage working fluid collection unit
  • Figure 22 1 steam boiler 2 steam turbine 3 generator set or fan, water pump 4 condenser 5 condensate pump 6 chemical water treatment 7 deaerator 8 boiler feed water 9 second cycle evaporation unit (also the first cycle condenser) 10 Second circulating expansion unit 11 second circulating power generating unit 12 second condensing unit 13 second circulating pressurized pump unit 14 second circulating liquid working medium replenishing unit 15 second gaseous working medium replenishing unit 16 second leaking working substance collecting unit 17 Third cycle evaporation unit (also second cycle condensing unit) 18 third cycle expansion unit 19 third power generation unit 20 third cycle gas-liquid separation unit 21 third cycle compression unit 22 third cycle condensing unit 23 third cycle one Stage pressure pump unit 24 third cycle secondary pressure pump 25 third cycle cooling unit 26 third cycle working medium supplement unit 27 third cycle leakage working medium collecting unit
  • Figure 23 1 steam boiler 2 steam turbine 3 generator set or fan, water pump 4 condenser 5 condensate pump 6 chemical water treatment 7 deaerator 8 boiler feed water 9 second circulation evaporation unit (also the first cycle condenser) 10 Second circulating expansion unit 11 second circulating power generating unit 12 second circulating condensing unit 13 second circulating pressurized pump unit 14 second circulating working fluid supplementing unit 15 second circulating leaking working fluid collecting unit.
  • Figure 24 1 steam boiler 2 steam turbine 3 generator set or fan or compressor or water pump 4 condenser 5 condensate pump 6 chemical water treatment 7 deaerator 8 boiler feed water 9 second circulation evaporation unit (also the first cycle condensate 10) second circulation expansion unit 11 second circulation power generation unit 12 second circulation condensing unit 13 second circulation pressure pump unit 14 second circulation cooling unit 15 second circulation working medium replenishing unit 16 second circulation leakage working medium Collection unit 17 third circulation evaporation unit 18 third circulation expansion unit 19 third cycle power generation unit 20 third cycle compression unit 21 third cycle cooling unit 22 third cycle working medium supplement unit 23 third cycle leakage working substance collecting unit
  • Figure 25 1 steam boiler 2 steam turbine 3 generator set or fan or compressor or water pump 4 condenser 5 condensate pump 6 chemical water treatment 7 deaerator 8 boiler feed water 9 second cycle evaporation unit (also the first cycle condensate 10) second circulation expansion unit 11 second circulation power generation unit 12 second circulation condensing unit 13 second circulation pressure pump unit 14 second circulation cooling unit 15 second circulation medium replenishing unit 16 second circulation leakage working medium Collection unit 17 Third cycle evaporation unit 18 Third cycle expansion unit 19 Third cycle power generation unit 20 Third cycle compression unit 21 Third cycle from heat exchange unit 22 Third cycle cooling unit 23 Third cycle working medium supplement unit 24 Third cycle leakage working fluid collection unit
  • Figure 26 1 steam boiler 2 steam turbine 3 generator set or fan or compressor or water pump 4 condenser 5 condensate pump 6 chemical water treatment 7 deaerator 8 boiler feed water 9 second evaporation unit (also the first cycle condenser 10 second expansion unit 11 second power generation unit 12 second condensation unit 13 second compression unit 14 compressor drag unit 15 second liquid working medium supplement unit 16 second leakage working medium collection unit
  • the present invention is a multi-cycle power generation thermal system for the purpose of utilizing the latent heat of condensation of the steam to generate electricity.
  • the route is to replace the circulating cooling water with a low boiling point working fluid.
  • the low boiling point working fluid with a certain pressure energy absorbs the latent heat of condensation of water vapor, or increases from a liquid state to a gaseous volume, or the gas state rises from a low temperature to a high temperature volume, and turns the latent heat energy of water vapor into a low boiling point.
  • the qualitative pressure energy and thermal energy are then turned into kinetic energy, which promotes the movement of the moving parts of the second circulating expansion unit to drive the power generation unit to generate electricity or generate electricity and provide cooling capacity or drag other working machines.
  • the latent heat of the low boiling point working medium can be taken away by using air or circulating cooling water. Since the latent heat is less than the latent heat of the water, a part of the condensation latent heat of the water vapor can be converted into mechanical energy and converted into electric energy, thereby reducing Cooling circulating water consumption and increasing the cycle thermal efficiency of condensing and condensing units.
  • the third cycle can be increased to continue conversion to obtain more convertible energy.
  • the cycle is the same as the second cycle, and the working fluid is changed to a working fluid suitable for work at a lower temperature.
  • the fourth cycle and the fifth cycle can be added.
  • the amount of cooling water consumed by the hyperbolic cooling tower of the power plant can be reduced to improve the environment.
  • the implementation method of the system of the present invention is as follows:
  • a second Rankine cycle with a low boiling point quality as a circulating working medium is connected in series, that is, a double Rankine cycle power generation or a drag fan, a water pump, and the like;
  • the condenser of the first Rankine cycle is the evaporator of the second Rankine cycle; the refrigerant of the condenser of the first Rankine cycle does not use cooling water, but the circulating refrigerant of the second Rankine cycle.
  • the heat source can be used in the first Rankine cycle exhaust steam or other heat source, and then re-expansion after secondary expansion, can be expanded to a partial liquefied gas-liquid separator, gas-liquid separation
  • the gas separated by the compressor is compressed by the compressor Entering the second Rankine cycle condenser, cooling with a refrigerant to condense into a liquid and then pumping with a pump.
  • the liquid separated by the gas-liquid separator is pressurized by a primary pump, and the two liquid streams are merged and then introduced into a secondary pressurizing pump for secondary pressurization.
  • the first Rankine cycle condenser Into the first Rankine cycle condenser;
  • the working temperature of the second Rankine cycle is lower than 100 ° C under the set pressure of the first cycle condenser, that is, the second cycle evaporator, and absorbs the latent heat of condensation of the first Rankine cycle water vapor.
  • the pressure of the second Rankine cycle working fluid into the evaporator may be below the critical pressure, the critical pressure, or the supercritical pressure;
  • the gas turbine power generation cycle can also be used as the pre-cycle of the first Rankine cycle, and the exhaust gas discharged from the gas turbine power generation cycle is the heat source of the first Rankine cycle steam boiler, thereby forming a gas-steam-low-boiling working medium combined with multi-cycle power generation thermal system.
  • the liquefaction temperature of the working fluid of the second Rankine cycle is higher than the normal temperature or near normal temperature or a certain set temperature lower than the normal temperature, and the normal temperature cooling water, air or lower than the second Rankine cycle working medium can be used in the set working condition.
  • the lower condensing temperature of the refrigerant, the working medium is cooled and condensed and liquefied, or compressed and cooled to achieve liquefaction.
  • the method of changing the proportion of each component of the mixture refrigerant of the second Rankine cycle is to obtain a liquefaction temperature and a gasification temperature which are more suitable for transferring the latent heat of condensation of water vapor to the second Rankine cycle, and using the cheap refrigerant to make the second lang
  • the Circulating Work Fluid is liquefied or liquefied with other refrigerants.
  • the new unit can be designed to be high back pressure or extraction type.
  • the existing unit can extract steam or remove the last stage or several stages of blades before the appropriate stage.
  • the system of the present invention includes at least a first cycle, a second cycle, and may also include a third cycle, even a fourth, fifth cycle.
  • the first cycle is the Rankine cycle with water as the working fluid, including steam boilers, steam turbines, generators or fans or compressors or pumps, condensers and ancillary equipment.
  • the unit has a condensing type and a condensing type. The difference is that the condenser no longer uses circulating cooling water, but uses a low boiling point working fluid. The low boiling point working fluid does not rely on the cooling tower to cool down, but the work cooling and the cooling tower cooling.
  • the second cycle uses a low boiling point working fluid.
  • the basic unit of low-boiling working medium multi-cycle power generation is an evaporation unit, an expansion unit, a power generation unit, a medium pressurizing unit, a medium pressurizing unit, that is, a liquid press pump unit or a gas compression unit or a liquid press pump unit and a gas compression unit.
  • a medium pressurizing unit that is, a liquid press pump unit or a gas compression unit or a liquid press pump unit and a gas compression unit.
  • the other units are auxiliary units that can be added or removed depending on the nature of the cycle and the design needs.
  • the working medium replenishing device can be designed as both fixed and mobile. When the mobile replenishing device is adopted, only the interface is provided on the system.
  • the design is not required to supplement the medium and the manufacturing is excellent or other reasons can also cancel the working medium replenishing device; according to the process design and cost performance and other factors, there may be no leakage medium collecting device.
  • the first cycle can be connected to the gas turbine power generation cycle, the gas turbine exhaust pipe is connected to the improved Rankine cycle condenser shell inlet, and the gas turbine exhaust is used to improve the heat source of the Rankine cycle steam boiler, thereby forming a gas-water-low Boiling point working fluid multi-cycle power generation process.
  • the hot fluid side inlet of the evaporator of the low boiling point working fluid circulation can also be directly connected with the gas turbine exhaust pipe, and the gas turbine exhaust gas is used as a high temperature heat source of low boiling point working medium circulation, that is, the Langken cycle which does not use water to improve the working fluid, thereby forming a gas - Low boiling point working fluid double cycle.
  • the gas turbine power generation cycle includes basic units such as a compressor, a combustion chamber, a gas turbine, and a generator.
  • Figure 1 to Figure 9 are the five basic processes for low-boiling working fluid dual-cycle power generation. They can be divided into seven sub-flow processes and gas, water vapor, low-boiling working fluid combined power generation cycle, gas, low boiling point working fluid dual-cycle power generation.
  • the second cycle type Figure 1 is the first subcritical, transcritical power generation cycle, Figure 2 is the first subcritical, transcritical power generation cycle with compression, and Figure 3 is the second subcritical, transcritical power generation cycle.
  • Figure 4 is a first reheated subcritical, transcritical power generation cycle
  • Figure 5 is a second reheated subcritical, transcritical power generation cycle
  • Figure 6 is the first supercritical power generation cycle
  • Figure 7 is The second type of supercritical power generation cycle.
  • Fig. 8 is a combined power generation cycle of gas, water and low boiling point working fluid, wherein the low boiling point working fluid cycle may take one of Figs. 1 to 7.
  • Figure 9 is a gas, low boiling point combined power generation cycle, wherein the low boiling point working fluid cycle may take one of Figures 1 to 7.
  • the improved Rankine cycle consists of a steam boiler 1, a steam turbine 2, a generator or fan, a water pump 3, a condenser 4, a condensate pump 5, a chemical water treatment 6, a deaerator 7, a boiler feed pump 8 and ancillary equipment such as Economizer, high and low pressure heater, hydrophobic expansion vessel, fixed row, row, wide door, pipeline, desulfurization and dust removal device and control system, etc., part or all of the equipment and equipment.
  • the condensing condenser is not using circulating cooling water as the cooling medium, but the natural working fluid or synthetic working medium which is gas at normal temperature and pressure, including: hydrocarbons, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons.
  • oxygenates including ethers, alcohols, phenols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, oxygen-free halogen compounds, aerobic halogen compounds, sulfur compounds, nitrogen compounds;
  • Qualitative also a mixture, such as ethane, butane, n-butane, isobutane, n-pentane, isopentane, cyclopentane, ethylene, propylene, butene, butene, isobutylene, butadiene , xylene, ethyl chloride, chlorobutane, vinyl chloride, R134a series, R410A series, HFC series composition, dimethyl ether, liquefied petroleum gas, carbon dioxide gas, carbon dioxide and its absorbent mixture, and nitrogen, air,
  • Various applicable working fluids such as helium, neon, hydrogen, ammonia, and ammonia are collectively referred to as low-boiling media.
  • the low-boiling working medium replaces the circulating cooling water to absorb the latent heat of the completed steam, and then converts the steam to a part of the heat by the work power generation.
  • the latent heat of the low-boiling working medium continues to be cooled by the cooling tower or air-cooled, and the circulating cooling water is reduced. Therefore, the hyperbolic cooling tower load is reduced.
  • the Rankine cycle water vapor is condensed into water, and is sent to the chemical section for treatment by the condensate pump or directly into the deaerator and then sent to the boiler for recycling.
  • the second cycle is similar to the first cycle, and includes a basic unit such as an evaporation unit, an expansion unit, a power generation unit, and a pressurizing unit, and further includes a condensing unit or a compression unit in the subcritical transcritical cycle or further includes a compression unit and a condensing unit Or a reheat unit and a secondary expansion unit or a plurality of reheating and multiple expansion units, and a compression unit or a compression unit and a heat exchange unit in the supercritical cycle.
  • a boiler that does not use fuel, its "boiler" or evaporation unit is the first cycle of condenser. The change of state of matter and work is no longer water vapor, but a low-boiling medium.
  • the boiling point of the first cycle condenser is less than 100 ° C, and can be vaporized under the condenser operating temperature and the cold side pressure, absorbing the latent heat of condensation of the steam and steam, and partially sensible heat, condensing the water vapor
  • it is vaporized by itself, and is expanded and decompressed and cooled in the second circulation expansion unit, and a part of the latent heat of condensation of water vapor is converted into mechanical energy, and the rotor of the second circulation expansion unit is rotated or the piston is moved to drive the generator to generate electricity.
  • the liquefaction temperature of the low boiling point working fluid at the set pressure of the condenser is higher than the normal temperature or near normal temperature or higher than the temperature of the specific refrigerant, and is condensed by the normal temperature cooling water, air or a specific refrigerant, and is pumped.
  • the first circulating condenser starts to recirculate; in the supercritical cycle, the low boiling point working fluid after the work is cooled is compressed by the compression unit, and after cooling, the refrigerant can be cooled and cooled, and then enters the evaporation unit. That is, the first cycle of condensation is a secondary cycle.
  • the working pressure and temperature of the first circulating condenser can be appropriately increased to expand the temperature range of the low boiling point working temperature, the conversion of the latent heat and the selection of the working medium.
  • the power generation or work done in the first cycle will be reduced, and at the same time, the temperature of the power generation in the second cycle will increase by the same amount. More importantly, it is beneficial to absorb and convert latent heat into electrical energy.
  • the last stage or several stages of the turbine can be removed or the steam is extracted before the appropriate stage.
  • the newly manufactured steam turbine is designed to work with high back pressure.
  • Both the second cycle and the third cycle may be one of a subcritical cycle, a transcritical cycle, a reheat cycle, and a supercritical cycle.
  • Figure 1 through Figure 9 show the basic cycle.
  • the second loop and the third loop may be a combination of the above basic loop and its modifications.
  • each basic cycle and basic cycle, basic cycle and basic cycle modification, basic cycle modification and basic cycle modification can be combined as needed.
  • the second power generation cycle shown in FIG. 1 is a first type of subcritical and transcritical power generation cycle, and the evaporator unit 4 of the first cycle, that is, the evaporator unit of the second cycle is also the boiler unit 9 of the second cycle, and the second expansion unit. 10.
  • the unit 16 and the supporting device and the control device are composed.
  • the hot fluid side inlet of the condenser 4 is connected to the steam turbine 2 for exhausting, the hot fluid side outlet is connected to the condensing water system, the cold fluid side inlet is connected to the second pressurized pump 13 outlet, and the cold fluid side outlet is connected to the expansion unit 10 inlet, the expansion unit
  • the outlet is connected to the inlet of the condensing unit 12
  • the outlet of the condensing unit is connected to the inlet of the second pressurized pump unit 13
  • the outlet of the second pressurized pump unit is connected to the inlet of the cold fluid side of the condenser 4.
  • the output shaft of the expansion unit is connected to the input shaft of the power unit.
  • the circulation process is: in the first cycle of the condenser 4, that is, the evaporation unit 9 of the second cycle, the high-temperature low-temperature liquid second working medium absorbs the latent heat of condensation of the water vapor which is completed by the Rankine cycle to condense the water vapor into water.
  • the second expansion unit 10 After self-gasification, entering the second expansion unit 10, the pressure is reduced, the volume is expanded, the pressure energy is turned into kinetic energy, and the expansion unit rotor rotation or the piston movement is pushed to work, and the power generation unit 11 sends the 3 ⁇ 4 to complete the work.
  • the set temperature such as the liquefaction temperature or the two-phase point temperature or the triple point temperature, enters the condensing unit 12, and is completely liquefied into a liquid, which is raised to a high pressure, subcritical or critical or supercritical pressure by the pressurizing pump unit 13 to enter the evaporation unit 9
  • a circulating condenser 4 begins the second cycle.
  • a liquid medium replenishing unit 14 is disposed between the condensing unit 12 and the second pressurizing pump 13, or a gaseous working medium replenishing unit 15 is disposed between the evaporating unit 9 and the expanding unit 10, which are two Or one of them is used to replenish the system when the working fluid reserves in the system decrease.
  • the leakage working medium collecting unit 16 is used for collecting the leakage working medium, mainly the expansion unit shaft seal Leakage, if it is designed to be leak-free or the value of the leaking work is low, it may not be set.
  • the main engine is equipped with measuring and indicating instruments such as pressure, temperature, flow and vibration, as well as automatic control systems, including adjustment of pressure, flow, temperature, speed, etc., as well as vibration monitoring, protection and fault handling.
  • the instrument has local indication and transmission.
  • the remote main control room displays, there is a local operation panel and a main control room console or control panel. Depending on the situation, it may be less or not.
  • the second cycle shown in FIG. 2 is still the first subcritical and transcritical power generation cycle, and the difference from FIG. 1 is that a second compression unit 12 and a second compression drag are added between the expansion unit 10 and the condensing unit 14.
  • Unit 13 the circulation process is after the working medium exits the expansion unit and then compressed by the compression unit 12 and then enters the condensing unit 14, which is favorable for adjusting the liquefaction pressure.
  • Figure 1 the same as Figure 1.
  • the second cycle shown in Figure 3 is the second subcritical and transcritical power generation cycle.
  • the difference from the first power generation cycle is that the expansion unit exit medium is a gas-liquid two-phase flow.
  • the evaporator unit 4 of the first cycle that is, the evaporator unit of the second cycle is also the evaporation unit 9, the second expansion unit 10, the second power generation unit 11, and the second gas-liquid separation unit 12 of the second cycle, and the separated gaseous state.
  • the second leakage working medium collecting unit 19 and the supporting device and the control device are composed.
  • the hot fluid side inlet of the condenser 4 is connected to the steam turbine 2, and the hot fluid side outlet is connected to the inlet of the condensing water pump 5, the cold fluid
  • the side inlet is connected to the outlet of the secondary pressure pump 16
  • the outlet of the cold fluid side is connected to the inlet of the expansion unit 10
  • the outlet of the expansion unit is connected to the inlet of the second gas-liquid separation unit 12
  • the gas outlet of the gas-liquid separation unit is connected to the inlet of the second compression unit 13
  • second The outlet of the compression unit is connected to the inlet of the second condensing unit 14, and the outlet of the second condensing unit is connected in parallel with the outlet of the second primary pressure pump 15
  • the liquid outlet of the gas-liquid separation unit is connected to the inlet of the primary pressure pump unit 15 of the gas-liquid separation unit
  • the outlet of the pressure pump unit is connected in parallel with the outlet of the second condensing unit 14 and then connected to the inlet of the secondary pressure pump unit 16, and the outlet of the secondary
  • the circulation process is: in the first cycle of the condenser 4, that is, the evaporation unit 9 of the second cycle, the high-pressure low-temperature liquid second medium absorbs the latent heat of condensation of the water vapor which is completed by the Rankine cycle, and condenses the water vapor into water.
  • Self-gasification entering the second expansion unit 10, the pressure is reduced by volume expansion, the pressure energy is turned into kinetic energy, the expansion unit rotor rotation or the piston movement is pushed to work, and the power generation unit 11 is driven to generate electricity, and the compression unit 13 can simultaneously drive the separated unit.
  • the gaseous second working medium is pressurized.
  • the temperature of the second working fluid whose work is completed is lowered to the liquefaction temperature or the two-phase point temperature or the triple point temperature, and the liquid portion is the gas, which enters the gas-liquid separation unit 12.
  • the separated liquid is pressurized to the secondary pressurizing pump 16 via the primary pressure pump unit 15.
  • the separated gas enters the compression unit 13, and is compressed and then sent to the second condensing unit 14 to be cooled and condensed into a liquid, which is merged with the liquid sent from the primary pressure pump 15 to enter the secondary pressure pump 16.
  • the secondary pressure pump 16 pressurizes the low-boiling liquid medium to a higher pressure such as a subcritical or critical or even supercritical pressure to the evaporator unit 9, and absorbs the latent heat of the water vapor that has completed the Rankine cycle to re-gasify and work. .
  • the gas-liquid separation unit may not be provided, and the working medium is expanded and compressed into the second circulation condenser; the compression unit may not be provided, and the working medium is expanded into the second Rankine cycle condenser.
  • a low-boiling liquid working medium replenishing unit 17 is disposed after the first-stage pressure pump 15, and a low-boiling point gaseous working medium replenishing unit 18 is provided after the evaporating unit to replenish the leakage working medium. It is also possible to comprehensively consider the pressure, physical state of the supplementary working fluid and the benefits as much as possible to select additional points.
  • a low-boiling working fluid collecting device 19 is provided, which is collected and used. According to the process design, the working fluid supplement unit and the leaking working fluid collection unit may not be provided.
  • the units described in this section include the main unit, auxiliary equipment, instruments and controls, etc., and several units may be connected in series or in parallel.
  • the main engine is equipped with measuring and indicating instruments such as pressure, temperature, flow and vibration, as well as automatic control systems, including adjustment of pressure, flow, temperature, speed, etc., as well as vibration monitoring, protection and fault handling.
  • the instrument has local indication and transmission.
  • the remote main control room displays, there is a local operation panel and a main control room console or control panel. Depending on the situation, it may be less or not.
  • Figure 4 shows the first subcritical cross-critical second cycle with reheating
  • the second cycle consists of the first cycle of the condenser 4, the second cycle of the evaporation unit 9, the first expansion unit 10,
  • the unit 19 the leakage working medium collecting unit 20, and the supporting device and the control device are composed.
  • the heat exchanger side of the heat exchanger part of the condenser 4 is connected to the steam turbine 2 for exhausting, the hot fluid side outlet is connected to the inlet of the condensing water pump 5, the cold fluid side of the heat exchange component is connected to the outlet of the condensate pump unit 17, and the outlet of the cold fluid side is connected to the first.
  • the expansion unit 10 is imported, the first expansion unit outlet is connected to the reheat unit 12 inlet, the reheat unit outlet is connected to the secondary expansion unit 14 inlet, the secondary expansion unit outlet is connected to the condensing unit 16 inlet, and the condensing unit outlet is connected to the condensing pump unit 17 inlet.
  • the outlet of the condensate pump unit is connected to the cold fluid side inlet of the heat exchange component of the condenser 4.
  • the output shaft of the first expansion unit is connected to the input shaft of the first power generation unit of the second cycle, and the secondary expansion unit is connected to the input shaft of the second cycle secondary expansion power generation unit.
  • the reheat unit 12 is connected to the inlet of the reheat pump 18, and the outlet of the heat pump unit is connected in parallel with the outlet of the first circulating condensate pump 5.
  • the circulation process is: in the first cycle of the condenser 4, that is, the evaporation unit 9 of the second cycle, the high-pressure low-temperature liquid working medium absorbs the latent heat of condensation of the water vapor which is completed by the Rankine cycle, and condenses the water vapor into water itself.
  • Gasification entering the first expansion unit 10 of the second cycle, the pressure is reduced, the volume is expanded, the pressure energy is turned into kinetic energy, the expansion unit rotor rotation or the piston movement is pushed to work, and the second power generation first power generation unit 11 is driven to generate electricity.
  • the second working temperature, the pressure is reduced to the set pressure, ⁇
  • the pressure is still high, and pressure can be utilized.
  • the reheat unit 12 is heated by the water vapor drawn from the first circulating condenser 4 or the heat of the second heat source unit, and is heated to a set temperature and then introduced into the secondary expansion unit 14. Secondary expansion, expansion to a set temperature such as saturation temperature or two-phase point temperature or triple point temperature into the condensing unit 16, completely liquefied into liquid by the refrigerant cooling, raised to high pressure, subcritical or critical or super by the condensing pump unit 17
  • the critical pressure enters the evaporation unit 9, i.e., the first circulating condenser 4 begins a second cycle.
  • the reheat pump unit sends the condensed water of the reheat unit to the first circulating chemical water treatment 6 in parallel with the outlet of the first circulating condensate pump 5.
  • a working medium replenishing unit 19 is arranged between the evaporation unit 9 and the expansion unit 10, and is used for replenishing the working system when the working medium reserves in the system are decreased. According to the situation, only the interface may be provided or not;
  • the leakage working fluid collecting unit 20 is used for collecting the leakage working fluid, mainly the air leakage of the expansion unit shaft seal, and may be omitted if it is designed to have no leakage type or the leakage working medium value is low.
  • Figure 5 shows a second subcritical transcritical power generation cycle with reheat.
  • the second cycle consists of the first cycle of the condenser 4, that is, the second cycle of the evaporation unit 9, the first expansion unit 10, the second cycle first power generation unit 11, the reheat unit 12, the second heat source unit 13, and the second Expansion unit 14, second circulation second power generation unit 15, gas-liquid separation unit 16, separated gas compression unit 17, condensing unit 18, separation pressure pump unit 19, secondary pressure pump unit 20, reheat pump unit 21
  • the quality replenishing unit 22, the leakage working medium collecting units 23 and 24, and the supporting device and the control device are composed.
  • the hot fluid side inlet of the condenser 4 is connected to the steam turbine 2, the hot fluid side outlet is connected to the condensate pump 5 inlet, the cold fluid side inlet is connected to the secondary pressure pump unit 20 outlet, and the cold fluid side outlet is connected to the primary expansion unit 10 inlet.
  • the outlet of the primary expansion unit is connected to the inlet of the reheat unit 12, the outlet of the reheat unit is connected to the inlet of the secondary expansion unit 14, the outlet of the secondary expansion unit is connected to the inlet of the gas separation unit 16, and the gas outlet of the gas separation unit is connected to the inlet of the compression unit 17, and is compressed.
  • the unit outlet is connected to the inlet of the condensing unit 18, the outlet of the condensing unit is connected in parallel with the outlet of the separation pressure pump 19, the liquid outlet of the gas-liquid separation unit is connected to the inlet of the separation pump unit 19, and the outlet of the separation unit pressure pump unit is connected in parallel with the outlet of the condensing unit 18
  • the inlet of the secondary pressurizing pump unit 20, the outlet of the secondary pressurizing pump is connected to the evaporating unit 9, i.e., the inlet of the cold fluid side of the modified Rankine cycle condenser 4.
  • the output of the primary expansion unit is coupled to the input shaft of the second power generating unit 11 of the second cycle, and the output shaft of the secondary expansion unit is coupled to the input shaft of the second circulating secondary power generating unit 15.
  • the reheat unit condensate outlet is connected to the reheat pump 21 inlet, and the reheat pump unit outlet is connected in parallel with the condensate pump outlet.
  • the gas-liquid separation unit may not be provided, and the working medium is expanded and compressed into the second circulation condenser; the compression unit may not be provided, and the working medium is expanded to enter the second Rankine cycle condenser.
  • the circulation process is: in the first cycle of the condenser 4, that is, the evaporation unit 9 of the second cycle, the high-pressure low-temperature liquid working medium absorbs the latent heat of condensation of the water vapor which is completed by the Rankine cycle, and condenses the water vapor into water itself.
  • the pressure reduces the volume expansion, the pressure energy becomes kinetic energy, pushes the expansion unit rotor rotation or the piston movement work, drives the second cycle first power generation unit 11 to generate electricity, and completes the work
  • the temperature is lowered, the pressure is lowered to the set pressure, the crucible is still high, and the pressure energy is available, and the heat entering unit 12 is heated by the water vapor drawn from the first circulating condenser 4 or the heat of the second heat source unit 13.
  • the secondary expansion unit 14 is expanded twice, and expanded to a set temperature such as a saturation temperature or a two-phase point temperature or a triple point temperature to enter the gas-liquid separation unit 16, and the separated gas enters the compression unit 17 to be compressed.
  • the condensing unit 18 is cooled by the refrigerant to be completely liquefied into a liquid.
  • the condensing unit is connected in parallel with the outlet of the separating pressure pump 19, and is introduced into the inlet of the secondary pressure pump unit 20.
  • the liquid separated by the separation unit is pressurized by the separation and pressure pump unit 19 into the inlet of the secondary pressure pump 20 in parallel with the outlet of the condensing unit 18, and all the liquid is pressurized by the secondary pressure pump to a high pressure, subcritical or critical Or the supercritical pressure enters the evaporation unit 9, that is, the first circulating condenser 4 starts the second cycle.
  • the reheat pump unit 21 sends the condensed water of the reheat unit 12 to the first circulating chemical water treatment 6 in parallel with the outlet of the first circulating condensate pump 5.
  • a working medium replenishing unit 22 is arranged between the evaporation unit 9 and the expansion unit 10 for replenishing the working medium to the system when the working medium reserves are decreased in the system, and the interface may or may not be provided according to the situation;
  • Leakage collection unit 23, 24 points It is not used to collect the leakage working fluid of the expansion unit 10 and the compression unit 17. The main reason is that the shaft seal leaks. If it is designed to be leak-free or the value of the leakage is low, it may not be used.
  • Figure 6 shows the second cycle of the first supercritical power generation cycle using external media cooling.
  • the second cycle consists of the first cycle of the condenser 4, that is, the second cycle of the evaporation unit 9, the second expansion unit 10, the second power generation unit 11, the second compression unit 12, the second cooling unit 13, and the second intermediate cooling unit 14.
  • the second working fluid replenishing unit 15 and the second leakage working fluid collecting unit 16 are formed.
  • the hot fluid side inlet of the condenser 4 is connected to the steam turbine 2, the hot fluid side outlet is connected to the inlet of the condensing water pump 5, the cold fluid side outlet is connected to the inlet of the expansion unit 10, the outlet of the expansion unit is connected to the inlet of the compression unit 12, and the outlet of the compression unit is connected to the cooling.
  • the inlet of the unit 13 is connected to the cold fluid side inlet of the condenser, the inlet of the intermediate cooling unit 14 is connected to the low pressure stage outlet of the compression unit, and the outlet of the intermediate cooling unit is connected to the lower stage inlet of the compression unit.
  • the circulation process is: high-pressure low-temperature gas enters the Rankine cycle condenser, absorbs the latent heat of condensation of the completed water vapor to cause the water vapor to condense into water, and the gas warms up and expands into the expansion unit, and the pressure energy becomes the dynamic output of the expansion unit.
  • the shaft movement drives the power generating unit rotor to rotate power generation or simultaneously drives the compression unit to pressurize the expanded gas.
  • the compression unit can also be dragged separately by the motor.
  • a process design is that the temperature of the compressed gaseous working medium rises above normal temperature, enters the cooler, and is cooled to a certain design value by circulating cooling water or air, aiming to increase the vacuum degree of the first circulating condenser, the second type
  • the design is that the temperature rise of the compression unit is very high, and interstage cooling is needed to reduce the compression work and improve the compression efficiency.
  • the intercooler is used to take out the gas in the middle of compression, and after cooling and cooling, it is sent to the lower stage of the compression unit and then enters the evaporator unit 9 to be condensed.
  • the steamer 4 if the temperature of the outlet gas of the compression unit is still high, the cooling unit continues to cool the gas, and then enters the condenser 4 after the temperature is lowered, and the latent heat of absorbing the water vapor is recycled again; when the process design is compressed, the gas temperature is still low. , there is no heat exchanger, and after compression, it directly enters the evaporation unit and circulates again.
  • the second cycle shown in FIG. 7 is a second supercritical power generation cycle, including a condenser 4, that is, a second circulation evaporation unit 9, an expansion unit 10, a power generation unit 11, a compression unit 12, a self-heat exchange unit 13, and a working fluid supplement.
  • the hot fluid side inlet of the condenser 4 is connected to the steam turbine 2 for exhausting, the hot fluid side outlet is connected to the inlet of the condensing water pump 5, the cold fluid side outlet is connected to the shell side inlet of the heat exchange unit 13, and the cold fluid side shell side outlet of the heat exchange unit Connected to the inlet of the expansion unit 10, the outlet of the expansion unit is connected to the inlet of the compression unit 12, the outlet of the compression unit is connected to the inlet of the tube of the heat exchange unit 13, and the outlet of the tube of the heat exchange unit is connected to the inlet of the cold fluid of the condenser 4.
  • This process is characterized by a heat exchange unit.
  • the second cycle is a self-heat exchange process in which the heat exchange unit is disposed between the evaporation unit 9 and the expansion unit 10.
  • the gas having a relatively low temperature after being compressed from the first circulating condenser is cooled to increase the degree of vacuum of the condenser.
  • the gas temperature of the condenser into the expansion unit is raised, and the function of the expansion unit is improved.
  • the circulation process is: the high-pressure low-temperature gas enters the Rankine cycle condenser 4, that is, the second evaporation unit 9, absorbs the latent heat of condensation of the completed water vapor to cause the water vapor to condense into water, and the gas warms up and expands into the heat from the heat exchange unit 13
  • the compressed gas on the fluid side and the cold fluid side exchanges heat into the expansion unit 10, and the pressure energy is changed to the movement of the output shaft of the expansion unit to drive the power generation unit 11 to rotate the power of the rotor or simultaneously drive the compression unit 12;
  • the expanded gas enters the compression
  • the unit 12 is compressed, and after the pressure rises, the volume is reduced and enters the cold fluid side of the heat exchange unit 13, and the heat exchange with the hot fluid side gas enters the cold fluid side of the evaporator to repeat the cycle. If the temperature of the intermediate stage of the compression unit is too high, the intermediate cooling unit can be used to cool the gas as shown in Figure 6.
  • Figure 8 shows the basic flow of the combined power generation cycle of the gas-fired power generation cycle, the Rankine cycle with water vapor as the working fluid, and the low-boiling solvent cycle.
  • the gas power generation cycle includes a compressor 1, a combustion chamber 2, a gas turbine 3, a gas cycle generator 4, a Rankine cycle including a steam boiler 5, a steam turbine 6, a Rankine cycle generator 7, a Rankine cycle condenser 8, a Rankine
  • the inlet of the compressor is connected to the atmosphere, the outlet is connected to the combustion chamber, the fuel is fed into the combustion chamber of the combustion chamber, the outlet of the combustion chamber is connected to the inlet of the gas turbine, the outlet of the gas turbine is connected to the shell of the Rankine cycle steam boiler, and the output shaft of the gas turbine is connected to the input shaft of the generator.
  • the inlet of the Rankine cycle steam boiler shell is connected to the gas turbine exhaust port.
  • the shell is connected to the atmosphere, the inlet of the tube is connected to the inlet of the Rankine circulating water pump, the outlet of the tube is connected to the inlet of the steam turbine, the outlet of the steam turbine is connected to the inlet of the hot fluid side of the condenser, and the outlet of the condenser of the condenser is connected to the Rankine cycle.
  • the water pump is imported, and the water pump outlet is connected to the steam boiler.
  • the Rankine cycle condenser is also a low boiling point working medium circulation evaporation unit.
  • the cold fluid side outlet of the Rankine cycle condenser is connected to the low boiling point working fluid circulation expansion unit inlet, the expansion unit outlet is connected to the hot side inlet of the low boiling point working medium circulation condenser, and the hot side outlet of the condenser is connected to the low boiling point working medium circulation plus
  • the pump unit is imported, and the outlet of the pressure pump is connected to the cold fluid side inlet of the low boiling point working medium evaporation unit.
  • the gas turbine output shaft is connected to the gas circulation generator input shaft, the steam turbine output shaft is connected to the Rankine cycle generator input shaft, and the low boiling point working fluid circulation expander output shaft is connected to the low boiling point working cycle power generation unit input shaft.
  • the cycle process is: Compressor
  • the steam steam that has been completed is put into the Rankine cycle condenser 8, and the latent heat and part of the sensible heat are transferred to the low-boiling working fluid to be condensed into water, which is pumped out by the Rankine circulating water pump and pressurized to the design pressure to enter the steam boiler.
  • the secondary boiling point; the low-boiling working medium absorbs the latent heat of steam and the partial sensible heat of the Rankine cycle in the Rankine cycle condenser 8 , that is, the low boiling point working fluid evaporation unit 10, to condense, and self-gasification
  • the volume expansion or expansion from low temperature to high temperature enters the expansion unit 11 to convert the pressure energy and the thermal energy into kinetic energy to drive the rotation of the expander rotor to drive the power generation unit 12 to generate electricity.
  • the pressure temperature is lowered, and the condensing unit 13 is cooled by the refrigerant.
  • the subcritical transcritical cycle is used, the liquid is condensed into a liquid.
  • the gas When the supercritical cycle is used, the gas is cooled and cooled, and the liquid or gaseous working medium is pressurized.
  • the pressurization is increased to the design pressure and enters the evaporation unit 10, that is, the Rankine cycle condenser 8 starts the second cycle.
  • Figure 9 shows the basic process of cogeneration dual-cycle for gas-fired power generation cycle and low-boiling working fluid cycle.
  • the gas power generation cycle includes a compressor 1, a combustion chamber 2, a gas turbine 3, a gas cycle generator 4, a low boiling point working medium circulation evaporation unit 5, a low boiling point working medium circulation expansion unit 6, a low boiling point working power generation unit 7, and a low boiling point work unit.
  • the compressor inlet is connected to the atmosphere, the outlet is connected to the combustion chamber, the fuel is introduced into the combustion chamber fuel inlet, the combustion chamber outlet is connected to the gas turbine inlet, and the gas turbine exhaust port is connected to the hot side inlet of the low boiling point working medium circulation evaporation unit, and the hot side of the evaporation unit
  • the outlet is exhausted, the cold side inlet of the evaporation unit is connected to the outlet of the pressure pump unit, the outlet of the cold side outlet is connected to the outlet of the expansion unit of the expansion unit, and the inlet of the low-boiling working medium circulation condenser is connected to the hot side of the inlet.
  • the hot side outlet of the condenser is connected to the low boiling point working medium circulation.
  • the inlet of the pressurized pump unit, the outlet of the pressurized pump is connected to the cold side inlet of the low boiling point working medium evaporation unit.
  • the gas turbine output shaft is connected to the gas circulation generator input shaft, and the low boiling point working fluid circulation expander output shaft is connected to the input shaft of the low boiling point working cycle power generation unit.
  • the circulation process is: Compressor 1 draws air from the atmosphere and pressurizes it to the design pressure into the combustion chamber 2.
  • the fuel also enters the combustion chamber and the combustion of the air is released.
  • the high temperature and high pressure gas is generated into the gas turbine 3, and the pressure energy is converted into kinetic energy to drive the gas turbine rotor to rotate.
  • the gas circulation generator 4 is driven to generate electricity.
  • the gas that has been completed is still at a very high temperature, and the low-boiling working medium circulation evaporation unit 5 releases heat to the low-boiling working medium, and the low-boiling working medium absorbs the gas, heats the gasification, heats up the volume expansion, or expands from low temperature to high temperature volume expansion.
  • the unit 6 converts the pressure energy and the thermal energy into kinetic energy to push the expander rotor to rotate to drive the power generating unit 7 to generate electricity.
  • the pressure temperature is lowered, and the condensing unit 8 is cooled by the refrigerant.
  • the subcritical cross critical cycle is used, the liquid is condensed into a liquid.
  • the supercritical cycle is used, the gas is cooled and cooled, and the liquid or gaseous working medium is pressurized. 9 Pressurization is increased until the design pressure enters the evaporation unit 5 to start a secondary cycle.
  • the third cycle can be used to continue work to obtain more convertible energy.
  • the composition of the third cycle is substantially the same as that of the second cycle, and the boiling point of the working fluid used is lower than the boiling point of the second circulating medium. Due to the large amount of work done in the second cycle, the high power is more suitable for the turboexpander. When subcritical and transcritical cycles are used, the latter stages must be resolved to resist droplet scouring. If a supercritical cycle is used, the droplet washout can be avoided. In order to convert the latent heat of the first circulating water steam into electricity as much as possible Yes, using the third cycle to continue energy conversion is one of the ways.
  • Figures 16 to 20 are representative five five-cycle power generation processes.
  • the second cycle and the third cycle of Figure 16 are both the first subcritical and transcritical cycles;
  • the second cycle of Figure 17 is the first subcritical, transcritical cycle, and the third cycle is the second subcritical, cross Critical cycle;
  • Figure 18 is a subcritical, transcritical cycle with reheat;
  • Figure 19 is the second subcritical, transcritical cycle, and the third cycle is the first supercritical cycle;
  • the first supercritical cycle, the third cycle is the second supercritical cycle.
  • the first cycle of the three cycles is the same as the first cycle of the double cycle.
  • the second cycle is a subcritical, transcritical cycle whose condensing unit is the evaporating unit of the third cycle, as shown in Figures 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20.
  • the second cycle is a supercritical cycle.
  • the cooling unit with the cooling unit is the evaporation unit of the third cycle, and the cooling unit without the cooling unit is added as the evaporation unit of the third cycle.
  • the first cycle of the three-cycle process is an improved Rankine cycle
  • the second cycle is the first subcritical, transcritical power generation process
  • the third cycle is also the first subcritical, transcritical Power generation process.
  • the second cycle consists of the first cycle of the condenser 4, that is, the second cycle of the evaporation unit 9, the second expansion unit 10, the second power generation unit 11, the second condensation unit 12 (also the third circulation evaporation unit 17), the second The pressure pump unit 13, the second liquid medium replenishing unit 14, the second gaseous medium replenishing unit 15, the second leaking medium collecting unit 16, and the supporting device and the control device are composed.
  • the hot side inlet of the condenser 4 is connected to the steam exhauster of the steam turbine, the hot side outlet is connected to the inlet of the condensing water pump 5; the cold side inlet is connected to the outlet of the second pressure pump 13, and the cold side outlet is connected to the inlet of the expansion unit 10;
  • the hot side inlet of the second condensing unit 12, the hot side outlet of the second condensing unit 12 is connected to the inlet of the second circulating pressurizing pump unit 13, and the outlet of the second pressurizing pump unit 13 is connected to the first circulating condenser 4, that is, the second circulating evaporation
  • the output shaft of the expansion unit is connected to the input shaft of the power unit.
  • the second cycle process is: in the first cycle of the condenser 4, that is, the evaporation unit 9 of the second cycle, the high-temperature low-temperature liquid second working medium absorbs the latent heat of condensation of the water vapor which is completed by the Rankine cycle to condense the water vapor. After the water is formed, it is vaporized by itself and enters the second expansion unit 10. The volume expansion turns the pressure energy into kinetic energy, causes the expansion unit output shaft to move, and drives the power generation unit 11 to generate electricity. The temperature of the second working fluid after completion is lowered to near the liquefaction temperature.
  • a second low-boiling liquid working medium replenishing unit 14 may be disposed in front of the second pressurizing pump unit 13, and a second low-boiling gaseous working medium replenishing unit 15 may be provided in the second evaporating unit to supplement the leakage working medium or Only set 13 or 15.
  • the supplementary point is selected. When designing the mobile type, only the supplementary interface or the supplementary device is not considered. In order to save the amount of working fluid, the second leakage working fluid collecting device 16 is provided for collection and reuse, or may not be provided.
  • the third cycle consists of the second condensing unit 12, that is, the third evaporation unit 17, the third expansion unit 18, the third power generation unit 19, the third circulation condensing unit 20, the third pressure pump unit 21, and the third liquid working medium supplement unit. 22, a third gas working fluid replenishing unit 23, a third leakage working fluid collecting unit 24, and the like, and all supporting devices, facilities, components, components, and instruments and control systems.
  • the circulation process is: the lower boiling point high pressure and low temperature third working medium absorbs the heat of the second working medium in the second condensing unit 12, that is, the third evaporation unit 17, liquefies the second working medium into a liquid and increases its own gasification volume.
  • the third circulating working medium from the expansion unit enters the third circulating condensing unit 20 and is cooled and condensed into a liquid by the refrigerant, and is pressurized to a subcritical or critical or supercritical pressure by the third circulating pressure pump unit 22 to enter the third cycle of evaporation.
  • the working medium replenishing units 22 and 23 may be provided with only one or none.
  • the invention is mainly used for increasing the amount of power generation, and the crucible can also provide the cooling capacity, that is, the power generation-cooling combined cycle.
  • the practice is based on The required cooling capacity level is added to one or more heat exchangers in the appropriate steps of the second cycle and the third cycle, and the cooling capacity is provided for cooling the medium for extracting the cold amount. At this point, the cycle becomes a power-cooling combined cycle.
  • Figure 10 to Figure 15 show the five basic processes of the dual-cycle power-cooling combined cycle.
  • Figure 10 is the first subcritical, transcritical power-cooling combined cycle
  • Figure 11 is the second sub-critical, transcritical The power generation-cooling combined cycle
  • Figure 12 is a reheated subcritical, transcritical power generation-refrigeration combined cycle
  • Figure '132 is the first supercritical power generation-refrigeration combined cycle
  • Figure 14 is the second type of supercritical power generation-cooling Combined cycle
  • Figure 15 is the basic flow of gas, water vapor, low boiling point working fluid multi-cycle power generation - refrigeration.
  • the first cycle of the dual-cycle power generation-refrigeration combined cycle process is an improved Rankine cycle
  • the second cycle is a first subcritical, transcritical power generation-refrigeration cycle
  • the second cycle is a circulating condenser 4, that is, a second cycle of the evaporation unit 9, a second expansion unit 10, a second power generation unit 11, a second condensation unit 12, a second pressure pump unit 13, a second cooling unit 14, and a
  • the two liquid working medium replenishing unit 15, the second leakage working medium collecting unit 16, and the supporting device and the control device are composed.
  • the hot side inlet of the condenser 4 is connected to the steam exhaust of the steam turbine, the hot side outlet is connected to the inlet of the condensing water pump 5, the cold side inlet is connected to the outlet of the cooling unit 14, the cold side outlet is connected to the inlet of the expansion unit 10, and the outlet of the expansion unit 10 is connected to the second condensation.
  • the hot side inlet of the unit 12, the hot side outlet of the second condensing unit 12 is connected to the inlet of the second pressurizing pump unit 13, the outlet of the second pressurizing pump unit 13 is connected to the inlet of the second cooling unit 14, and the outlet of the cooling unit 14 is connected
  • a circulating condenser 4 is the cold side inlet of the second circulating evaporation unit 9.
  • the output shaft of the expansion unit is connected to the input shaft of the power unit.
  • the second cycle process is: in the first cycle condenser 4, that is, the second cycle evaporation unit 9, the high-temperature low-temperature liquid second working medium absorbs the latent heat of condensation of the water vapor which is completed by the Rankine cycle to condense the water vapor into water.
  • the volume expansion turns the pressure energy into kinetic energy, causes the expansion unit output shaft to move, and drives the power generation unit 11 to generate electricity, and the second working temperature of the completed work is lowered to the saturation temperature or close to two.
  • the phase temperature enters the second condensing unit 12, transfers heat to the refrigerant in the condensing unit, and all liquefies into a liquid, which is pressurized by the second pressurizing pump unit 13 to a subcritical or critical or supercritical pressure to be supplied to the cooling unit 14
  • the cooling unit outputs a partial cooling amount to the second evaporator unit 9 for a second cycle, and the latent heat of the water vapor that absorbs the Langken cycle is re-gasified and work.
  • a second low-boiling liquid working medium replenishing unit 15 may be provided in front of the second pressurizing pump unit 13 to supplement the leakage working fluid.
  • the supplementary point is not selected.
  • the second leakage working fluid collecting device 16 is set by ft, and it may be reused after collection.
  • Figures 21 to 25 are representative three-cycle power generation-refrigeration combined cycles.
  • the second cycle of Figure 21 is the first subcritical, transcritical power generation cycle
  • the third cycle is the second subcritical, transcritical power generation-refrigeration combined cycle
  • the second cycle of Figure 22 is the first subcritical, cross
  • the critical power generation cycle is the second type of supercritical power generation-refrigeration combined cycle.
  • the second cycle of Figure 23 is the first subcritical, transcritical power generation cycle
  • the third cycle is the first subcritical transcritical critical generation-cooling combined cycle with reheat.
  • the second cycle of Fig. 24 is the first subcritical transcritical power generation-cooling combined cycle
  • the third cycle is the first supercritical power generation-refrigeration combined cycle.
  • the second cycle of Figure 25 is the first subcritical, transcritical power generation-refrigeration combined cycle
  • the third cycle is the second supercritical power generation-refrigeration combined cycle.
  • the second cycle is a first subcritical, transcritical power generation cycle, including a second cycle evaporator unit 9, that is, a first circulating condenser 4, a second expansion unit 10, a second power generation unit 11,
  • the second circulating condensing unit 12, the second circulating pressurized pump unit 13, the second circulating liquid working medium replenishing unit 14, the second circulating gaseous working medium replenishing unit 15, and the second circulating leaking working substance collecting unit 16 are composed.
  • the cold side outlet of the evaporator unit 9 is connected to the inlet of the expansion unit 10, the output unit of the expansion unit 10 is connected to the input shaft of the power generation unit 11, the inlet of the working fluid is connected to the inlet of the condensing unit 12, and the outlet of the condensing unit 12 is connected to the inlet of the second circulating pressure pump unit 13.
  • the outlet of the pressurized pump unit is connected to the second circulating evaporation unit 9, that is, the cold side inlet of the first circulating condenser 4.
  • the second cycle process is: in the first cycle condenser 4, that is, the second cycle evaporation unit 9, the second working medium of the high pressure and low temperature absorbs the latent heat of condensation of the water vapor which is completed by the Rankine cycle, and condenses the water vapor into water. Self-gasification, entering the second expansion unit 10, volume expansion turns the pressure energy into kinetic energy, causes the expansion unit output shaft to move, drives the power generation unit 11 to generate electricity, and the second working fluid temperature of the completed work is lowered to the saturation temperature or close to the two phases.
  • the temperature of the point enters the second condensing unit 12, and the heat is transferred to the circulating medium having a lower temperature of the third circulating temperature in the condensing unit, and is completely liquefied into a liquid, which is pressurized to a subcritical or critical state by the second circulating pressurized pump unit 13. Or the supercritical pressure is sent to the second circulation evaporator unit 9 for the second cycle, and the latent heat of the water vapor which is absorbed by the Rankine cycle is re-gasified and work.
  • the third cycle is a first supercritical power generation-refrigeration combined cycle, including a second circulating condensing unit 12, that is, a third circulating evaporation unit 17, a third circulating expansion unit 18, a third circulating power generating unit 19, and a third circulating condensing unit 20.
  • the working process is: the third cycle working medium with high pressure and lower temperature absorbs the latent heat of condensation of the second circulating working medium in the second circulating condensing unit 12, that is, the third circulating evaporation unit 17, completely condenses the second circulating working medium into a liquid, itself
  • the gasification volume increases and the temperature rises, enters the third circulation expansion unit 18, converts the pressure energy into kinetic energy to promote the movement of the third circulation expansion unit moving part, drives the third cycle power generation unit 19 to generate electricity, and the working medium temperature is lowered to saturation after work.
  • the two-cycle condensing unit 12 starts a second cycle.
  • the working fluid supplement unit 23 can be designed to be either fixed or mobile. When designed as a mobile type, only the interface is used on the system, and the working medium supplement unit is not required according to the process design.
  • the leakage working fluid collection unit 24 collects the leakage working medium for reuse, and may not be designed according to the process.
  • the second power generation cycle shown in Fig. 26 is a power generation cycle in which the working fluid is directly compressed into a liquid after expansion, and the evaporator unit 4 of the first cycle, that is, the evaporator unit of the second cycle is also the boiler unit 9 of the second cycle, the second Expansion unit 10, second power generation unit 11, second compression unit 12, compressor drag unit 13, pressure pump unit 14, second liquid working medium replenishing unit 15, and leakage second working medium collecting and reusing device unit 16 And the supporting device and control device.
  • the hot fluid side inlet of the condenser 4 is connected to the exhaust steam of the steam turbine 2, the hot fluid side outlet is connected to the condensate water system, the cold fluid side inlet is connected to the outlet of the second pressurizing pump 14, and the cold fluid side outlet is connected to the inlet of the expansion unit 10.
  • the outlet of the expansion unit is connected to the inlet of the compression unit 12, the outlet of the compression unit is connected to the inlet of the second pressurized pump unit 14, and the outlet of the second pressurized pump unit is connected to the cold fluid side inlet of the condenser 4.
  • the output shaft of the expansion unit is connected to the input shaft of the power generating unit, and the input shaft of the compression unit is connected to the output shaft of the drag unit.
  • the circulation process is: in the first cycle of the condenser 4, that is, the evaporation unit 9 of the second cycle, the high-temperature low-temperature liquid second working medium absorbs the latent heat of condensation of the water vapor which is completed by the Rankine cycle to condense the water vapor into water.
  • the second expansion unit 10 After self-gasification, entering the second expansion unit 10, the pressure is reduced, the volume is expanded, the pressure energy and the thermal energy are turned into kinetic energy, and the expansion unit rotor rotation or the piston movement is pushed to work, and the power generation unit 11 is driven to generate electricity, and the second working medium is completed.
  • the temperature is lowered to a set temperature such as a liquefaction temperature or a two-phase point temperature or a triple point temperature to enter the compression unit 12, compressed into a liquid, and secondarily boosted to a high pressure, subcritical or critical or supercritical by the pressurized pump unit 13.
  • the pressure enters the evaporation unit 9, i.e., the first circulating condenser 4 begins a second cycle.
  • a liquid medium replenishing unit 15 is provided between the compression unit 13 and the second pressurizing pump 14 for replenishing the working fluid to the system when the working fluid reserves in the system are lowered. According to the situation, only the interface or the interface may be provided.
  • the leakage working fluid collecting unit 16 is used for collecting leakage working fluid, mainly for the expansion unit shaft seal air leakage, and may be omitted if it is designed to have no leakage type or the leakage working medium value is low.
  • the main engine is equipped with measuring and indicating instruments such as pressure, temperature, flow and vibration, as well as automatic control systems, including adjustment of pressure, flow, temperature, speed, etc., as well as vibration monitoring, protection and fault handling.
  • the instrument has local indication and transmission.
  • the remote main control room displays, there is a local operation panel and a main control room console or control panel. Depending on the situation, it may be less or not. Whether it is a double cycle or a three cycle or more than three cycles, both the power generation cycle and the power generation-cooling combined cycle can be arbitrarily combined by the basic cycle and its modification as needed.
  • the two cycle junctions are provided with a previous cycle condensing unit or a cooling unit, that is, an evaporation unit of the latter cycle.
  • the whole process of the working fluid is in a gaseous state, and no physical state changes occur. That is, it is always overheated. ⁇ To reduce the compression power consumption, the temperature of the expansion unit should be as close as possible to the saturation temperature or to the saturation temperature.
  • the gaseous state has a superheated state, that is, it always circulates in a superheated state.
  • the gaseous medium in the circulation has a gaseous, liquid transformation or even a gaseous, liquid and solid transformation.
  • the subcritical and transcritical cycles are circulating in the gaseous and liquid transitions.
  • carbon dioxide is used as the working fluid, if the external energy supply is insufficient or not timely when the liquid carbon dioxide is vaporized, some dry ice will be formed, that is, gaseous, liquid and solid. Conversion.
  • the functional force is increased in turn, and the temperature can be lowered after the work.
  • the higher the temperature rise after compression When a certain value is exceeded, such as the first circulating condenser temperature, or to achieve the cycle process, the cooling unit is cooled to cool the compression process and the compressed working medium.
  • the second cycle and the third cycle and the multiple cycles of three cycles or more, the working fluid expansion process has the following modes: 1. primary expansion; 2. secondary and multiple expansion; 3. each expansion can be one level; Each expansion can be multi-stage; 5 can be reheated after expansion.
  • the core equipment for working fluid circulation is the expansion unit expansion unit.
  • the types are:
  • Turboexpander includes axial flow, centrifugal and its combined axial flow centrifugal mixing.
  • a whole process of expansion is a gaseous state, and the blades are only subjected to gas pushing.
  • the second type of expansion is to the saturation temperature or the two-phase point, the triple point temperature, and the last few stages of the blade can withstand partial liquefaction and full liquefaction even with the impact of solid particulate media.
  • the turbine can be made into an impulse (impact) or a reaction (counterback).
  • Turbine impeller material which can be alloy steel and aluminum alloy or titanium alloy. The first few grades are alloy steel.
  • the medium After the medium is lowered to a certain temperature, it is changed to aluminum alloy or titanium alloy, or alloy steel, aluminum alloy and titanium alloy combination; it can be sprayed, brushed or sintered outside the substrate to resist wear. Or resistant to abrasion and erosion or abrasion and scouring and corrosion resistant materials.
  • Volumetric expander Including piston cylinder type, rolling piston type, oscillating rotor type, scroll type, screw type. Volumetric expanders are less sensitive to droplets than turbines.
  • a combination of two or three of a turboexpander, a volumetric expander, and a nozzle 4.
  • the circulating gaseous working medium above the second, third and third cycles expands to a saturated gaseous state or is saturated and partially liquefied.
  • the liquid medium is pressurized by the pump and then enters the previous circulating condenser or condensing unit; the gaseous working medium can also be compressed by the compression unit and then cooled into the condenser, and then pumped into the evaporation unit, ie, the previous circulating condenser or Condensation unit.
  • the third cycle of gaseous working fluid expands to a saturated state, that is, there are liquids and gases or even solids. It is a two-phase flow or a three-phase flow.
  • the gas is separated by gas and liquid, and the separated liquid is added by a pressurized pump unit. Pressing, the separated gas is pressurized into the condensing unit by the compression unit and cooled and condensed into a liquid, and then pressurized by the secondary pressure pump unit into the previous circulating condenser, and the solid can be passed to the outside through the cooling unit.
  • a pressurized pump unit pressurized into the condensing unit by the compression unit and cooled and condensed into a liquid, and then pressurized by the secondary pressure pump unit into the previous circulating condenser, and the solid can be passed to the outside through the cooling unit.
  • cold that is, heat absorption to liquefy or vaporize.
  • the above process can also be used to liquefy the working fluid in the first step, and then pressurize the pump into the previous circulating condenser.
  • the second cycle and the third cycle of the gaseous working fluid are still gas after expansion.
  • the enthalpy is already the saturation temperature, the purpose is to minimize the compression work, which is easily compressed by the compressor, and then enters the previous cycle after being boosted. Cold unit.
  • the second cycle and the third cycle of the gaseous working fluid are still gas after the expansion work, and the superheat degree is high. ⁇
  • the final temperature of expansion is designed according to the process, and the compression work is minimized. After pressurizing with the compressor, cool down to the design value with air or circulating cooling water or another refrigerant as needed, and enter the previous working fluid condensing unit or subcooling unit.
  • the number and number of stages of compression and cooling can be designed as one or more stages of compression depending on the characteristics of the medium, one or more compressions, no cooling or primary (secondary) cooling or more. Stage (secondary) cooling, including intermediate cooling within the compression unit.
  • the compressor type of the compression unit can be turbine type and volumetric type, and the turbine type can be axial flow type, centrifugal type and axial flow type, centrifugal mixed flow type, that is, the front stage is axial flow type, the latter stage or several stages are made. In a centrifugal manner.
  • the volumetric type can be reciprocating (including piston type, swash plate type), scroll type, sliding type, rolling piston type, and screw type. Turbine compressor impeller or blade surfaces can be sprayed, brushed or sintered with other materials.
  • the expander can also drag the compressor at the same time, similar to the gas turbine. That is, the expander is connected to the generator at one end and the compressor is connected at the other end.
  • Type of expansion compressor The expander and compressor are housed in one housing.
  • the types are: axial flow, centrifugal, axial flow, centrifugal mixed flow, reciprocating piston, rolling piston, oscillating rotor, sliding vane, screw, articulated vane, etc.
  • the expander of the expansion unit and the bearings of the compressor of the compression unit can be lubricated with oil or oil-free, such as magnetic suspension bearings and gas bearings.
  • a second cycle and a third cycle of working fluid supplement interface and supplementation device are provided.
  • the position of the refill port is set before the secondary pressurizing pump unit or before the evaporating unit when replenishing with liquid working fluid.
  • gaseous working fluid replenishment according to the pressure of the supplementary working fluid, the pressure before the expansion of the expander is set at a suitable place, and the energy of the supplementary working medium is not wasted, and the maximum generating capacity or output is obtained.
  • the replenishing device can be designed in both fixed and mobile versions. When using a mobile replenishing device, only the interface is provided on the system. In addition, if the design is not required to supplement the working medium and the manufacturing is excellent or other reasons can also cancel the working medium replenishing device; according to the process design and cost performance and other factors, there may be no leakage working medium collecting device.
  • the second, especially third, working fluid cycle is operated at a low temperature, it is necessary to keep warm and keep cold, so that the cycle is close to the adiabatic cycle or it is an adiabatic cycle.

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Description

多循环发电热力系统及其实现方法 技术领域
本发明涉及一种双循环、 多循环凝汽式和抽凝式发电热力循环， 以及由蒸汽轮机直接拖 动的风机或压缩机或水泵的热力循环系统， 它由改进的朗肯循环和第二工质循环， 或由改进 的朗肯循环和第二工质 （介质） 循环及第三工质 （介质） 循环及第三循环以上的多循环或由 燃气轮机发电、 以水为工质的朗肯循环和以低沸点介质为工质的循环组成。
背景技术
现行火力发电占绝对主体的是朗肯循环。 在朗肯循环中， 凝汽器一般是列管式换热器， 其壳程是做完功的水蒸汽和水蒸汽的凝结水。 做完功的水蒸汽把凝结潜热传给循环冷却水后 凝结成水， 冷凝水被凝水泵送至化学工段精处理或送入锅炉除氧器与补充水混合， 除氧后经 给水泵进入锅炉， 再变成高温高压蒸汽进入汽轮机做功， 如此往复循环。 其管程走的是循环 冷却水， 循环水吸收了水蒸汽的凝结潜热后温度升高， 再送到双曲线冷却塔蒸发冷却降温， 如此循环使用。 此过程是把水蒸汽的凝结潜热转化成循环水的汽化潜热， 通过双曲线冷却塔 放散到大气中， 使水蒸汽得以凝结成水循环使用。
朗肯循环的热效率， 中压机组不到 40%, 超临界机组不到 50%。 其根本原因是只能利用水 蒸汽的显热， 而潜热是通过冷却塔放散到大气中。 这也是现在所有发电厂都配备双曲线冷却 塔的原因。
燃气轮机发电， 排出的尾气温度约 500°C , 有非常高的利用价值。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提出一种多循环发电热力系统， 采用低沸点工质代替冷却水， 把朗肯循 环做完功的进入凝汽器的水蒸汽的凝结潜热也用起来发电， 不增加燃料， 却大幅度地增加凝 汽机组的发电量， 并节约循环冷却水用量。
为此， 本发明采用以下技术方案：
一种多循环发电热力系统， 包括含有凝汽器的第一循环， 该第一循环为改进的用水作工 质的朗肯循环， 其特征在于：
该系统还包括第二循环， 该第二循环是使用低沸点介质做工质的二次发电循环， 所述第 一循环中的凝汽器是压力容器， 用低沸点工质使所述凝汽器中的水蒸汽凝结， 所述凝汽器作 为第二循环的蒸发单元， 该凝汽器的热流体侧进口接汽轮机排汽， 出口接凝结水系统， 该凝 汽器的冷流体侧串接于第二循环中； 所述第二循环还包括膨胀单元、 发电单元和加压单元， 所述低沸点工质经过第一循环凝汽器时吸收水蒸汽凝结潜热后汽化， 将热能变为动能， 推动 所述膨胀单元的输出轴运动， 带动所述发电单元发电或发电并制冷， 介质膨胀降温后经加压 单元加压送入第一循环凝汽器开始第二次循环； 所述第二循环为亚临界、 跨临界循环时还包 括冷凝器单元或冷凝器单元和再热器单元， 即第二循环也是朗肯循环,组成双朗肯循环。
所述第一循环可接在燃气轮机发电之后， 以燃气轮机发电作为前置循环， 燃气轮机排气 管串接于第一循环锅炉壳程进口， 用燃气轮机排气做第一循环的热源， 构成燃气 -蒸汽 -低沸 点工质多循环发电热力系统。 或者以燃气轮机发电作为第一循环， 燃气轮机排气管串接于第 二循环的蒸发器热流体侧进口， 用燃气轮机排气做第二循环的高温热源， 构成燃气-低沸点工 质发电双循环。 所述燃气轮机发电循环， 包括压气机、 燃烧室、 燃气轮机和发电机等基本单 元。 所述低沸点工质是在第一循环凝汽器正常工作工况下能够吸收第一循环凝汽器中水蒸汽 凝结潜热的并于常温常压下是气体的自然工质或人工合成工质， 包括： 烃， 烷类、 烯类、 炔 类、 芳香烃类， 包括醚在内的含氧化合物， 醇类、 酚类、 醛类、 酮类， 酯类， 无氧含卤化合 物， 有氧含卤化合物， 含硫化合物， 含氮化合物； 既可以是单工质， 也可以是混合物， 如乙 烷、 丁烷、 正丁烷、 异丁烷、 正戊烷、 异戊烷、 环戊烷、 乙烯、 丙烯、 丁烯、 顺丁烯、 异丁 烯、 丁二烯、 二甲苯、 氯乙烷、 氯丁烷、 氯乙烯、 R134a系列、 R410A系列、 HFC合成物系列、 二甲醚、 液化石油气、 二氧化碳气、 二氧化碳及其吸收剂的混合物， 以及氮气、 空气、 氦气、 氤气、 氢气、 氨、 氨的水溶液等各种适用工质。
所述低沸点工质在循环中物态是下述之一： 全程气态， 气态与液态转化， 气态、 液态、 固态转化， 气态是过热态、 饱和态、 过热态与饱和态转化。
所述的低沸点工质， 在第一循环凝汽器设定压力下的沸点小于 100°C。 在第二循环冷凝 器设定压力下的液化温度高于常温或接近常温或是低于常温的某一设定温度， 可用常温冷却 水、 空气或低于工质在设定工况下的冷凝温度的冷媒， 把工质冷却并实现冷凝液化， 或者压 缩液化， 或者压缩并冷却实现液化。
所述第一循环包括蒸汽锅炉、 蒸汽轮机、 发电机、 凝汽器、 给水泵朗肯循环等基本设备， 还可包括朗肯循环附属设备， 如凝水泵、 化学水处理、 除氧器发电机可以是泵、 风机等工作 机。
所述前置循环包括压气机、 燃烧室、 燃气轮机和发电机。
所述第二循环是发电循环， 可以是亚临界、 跨临界发电循环及其再热循环和超临界发电 循环基本循环之一， 其中：
当第二循环是膨胀终了为全气态的亚临界、 跨临界发电循环时， 该第二循环包括第二蒸 发单元即改进的朗肯循环凝汽器、 第二膨胀单元、 第二发电单元、 第二冷凝单元、 第二加压 泵单元、 第二工质补充单元， 还可设第二泄漏工质收集单元； 高压低温液态工质在凝汽器中 吸收第一循环水蒸汽凝结潜热使水蒸汽凝结成水， 介质气化进入膨胀单元减压体积膨胀把压 力能转化成动能推动膨胀单元运动件运动带动发电单元发电， 介质做功后温度降低进入冷凝 单元液化， 再经加压泵单元加压进入凝汽器重复循环。
还可在第二膨胀单元后设压缩单元， 把介质压缩至某一压力后进冷凝器冷却冷凝， 或直 接压缩成液体。
当第二循环为膨胀终了有部分液体生成的亚临界、 跨临界发电循环时， 该第二循环包括 第二蒸发单元即改进的朗肯循环凝汽器、第二膨胀单元、 第二发电单元、第二气液分离单元、 第二压缩单元、 第二冷凝单元、 冷凝泵单元、 第二气液分离单元分离出的液体一级加压泵单 元、 二级加压泵单元、 第二工质补充单元， 还可设第二泄漏工质收集单元； 其中气液分离单 元可不设， 工质膨胀后经压缩进第二循环冷凝器； 压缩单元也可不设， 工质膨胀后进第二朗 肯循环冷凝器。
当第二循环为再热循环时， 该第二循环在前述两种亚临界、 跨临界发电循环的基础上， 于膨胀单元后增加再热单元、 二次膨胀单元和二次膨胀发电单元， 还可设其他热源单元， 从 第一循环凝汽器分流一部分水蒸汽乏汽或用其他热源对一次膨胀后的工质二次加热并二次膨 胀做功， 还可多次再热多次做功。
上述各循环中还可把工质直接压缩成液体， 再经加压泵单元加压进入凝汽器重复循环； 当第二循环为无自换热的超临界发电循环时， 该第二循环包括第二蒸发器单元即改进的 朗肯循环凝汽器、 第二膨胀单元、 第二发电单元、 第二压缩单元， 第二工质补充单元， 还可 设第二泄漏工质收集元， 还可设第二换热单元。
当第二循环为有自换热的超临界循环时， 第二循环包括第二蒸发单元即改进的朗肯循环 凝汽器、 第二膨胀单元、 第二发电单元、 第二压缩单元、 第二自换热单元或第二自换热单元 和换热单元、 第二工质补充单元， 还可设第二泄漏工质收集单元。
上述五种循环是基本循环， 增减基本单元以外的辅助单元或改变辅助单元的位置则构成 基本循环的改型。
当所述第二循环是发电 -制冷联合循环时， 可以是两种亚临界、 跨临界发电 -制冷联合循 环,有再热的亚临界、 跨临界发电-制冷联合循环,两种超临界发电 -制冷联合循环共五种基本 发电-制冷联合循环之一；
当第二循环是膨胀终了为全气态的亚临界、 跨临界发电 -制冷联合循环时， 该第二循环包 括第二蒸发单元即改进的朗肯循环凝汽器、 第二膨胀单元、 第二发电单元、 第二供冷单元、 第二冷凝器单元、 第二加压泵单元、 第二工质补充单元， 还可设第二泄漏工质收集单元； 高 压低温液态工质在凝汽中吸收第一循环水蒸汽凝结潜热使水蒸汽凝结成水， 工质气化进入膨 胀单元减压体积膨胀把压力能转化成动能推动膨胀单元运动件运动带动发电单元发电， 工质 做功后温度降低， 进入冷凝器被冷却液化， 再经加压泵单元加压进入郎肯循环凝汽器重复循 环， 供冷单元向外界提供一部分冷量； 膨胀后也可用压缩单元压缩后再进冷凝器；
当第二循环为膨胀终了有部分液体生成的亚临界、 跨临界发电 -制冷联合循环时， 该第二 循环包括第二蒸发单元即改进的朗肯循环凝汽器、 第二膨胀单元、 第二发电单元、 第二气液 分离单元、 第二压缩单元、 第二冷凝器单元、 第二冷凝器加压泵单元、 第二气液分离单元分 离出的液体加压泵单元、 第二供冷单元、第二工质补充单元， 还可设第二泄漏工质收集单元; 其中气液分离单元可不设， 工质膨胀后经压缩进第二循环冷凝器； 压缩单元也可不设， 工质 膨胀后进第二朗肯循环冷凝器；
当该第二循环为有再热的亚临界、 跨临界发电 -制冷联合循环时，在第二循环一次膨胀单 元之后加再热单元、 二次膨胀单元、 二次膨胀发电单元， 还可设其他热源单元；
上述各循环中还可把工质直接压缩成液体， 再经加压泵单元加压进入凝汽器重复循环； 当第二循环为无自换热的超临界发电-制冷联合循环时，该第二循环包括第二蒸发单元即 改进的朗肯循环凝汽器、 第二膨胀单元、 第二发电单元、 第二压缩单元、 第二供冷单元， 第 二工质补充单元， 还可设第二泄漏工质收集单元， 还可设第二换热单元， 第二供冷单元； 当第二循环为有自换热的超临界发电 -制冷联合循环时，该第二循环包括第二蒸发单元即 改进的朗肯循环凝汽器、 第二膨胀单元、 第二发电单元、 第二压缩单元、 第二自换热单元、 第二供冷单元、 第二工质补充单元， 还可设第二泄漏工质收集单元。
当采取燃气、 水蒸气、低沸点介质联合发电-制冷多循环时， 该第二循环还包括第二供冷 单元。
进一步地：
在第二循环后还可增加更多的循环， 循环的数量大于或等于三， 其中： 第一循环是改进 的朗肯循环， 第二循环及后续循环是基本发电循环及改型和基本发电-制冷联合循环及改型之 一； 后一循环所用工质的冷凝潜潜热小于前一循环工质的冷凝潜热； 后一循环工质的沸点比 前一循环采用的工质沸点低； 从第三循环开始， 前一循环的膨胀单元后要设凝汽单元或冷却 单元； 该凝汽单元或冷却单元即为后一循环的蒸发单元； 所述各循环中的单元指包括本体设 备及其附属设备、 部件、 元件、 连接以及仪表和控制之全部。
当所述第二循环为第一种亚临界、跨临界发电循环时， 该第二循环包括： 第二蒸发单元， 第二膨胀单元、 第二发电单元、 第二冷凝器单元、 第二加压泵单元、 第二工质补充单元， 还 可设第二泄漏工质收集单元， 所述冷凝器单元即为第三循环蒸发单元； 还可在膨胀单元后设 第二压缩和拖动单元；
当所述第二循环为第二种亚临界、跨临界发电循环时， 该第二循环包括： 第二蒸发单元， 第二膨胀单元、 第二发电单元、 第二气液分离单元、 第二压缩单元、 第二冷凝器单元、 第二 气液分离单元分离出的液体一级加压泵单元、 二级加压泵单元、 第二工质补充单元， 还可设 第二泄漏工质收集单元，所述冷凝器单元即为第三循环蒸发单元； 其中气液分离单元可不设， 工质膨胀后经压缩进第二循环冷凝器； 压缩单元也可不设， 工质膨胀后进第二朗肯循环冷凝 器；
当所述第二循环为有再热的循环时， 在前二种循环的膨胀单元后增加再热器单元、 再热 泵单元、 第二热源、 二次膨胀和第二次膨胀发电单元； 当所述第二循环为第一种超临界发电 循环时， 该第二循环包括： 第二蒸发单元， 第二膨胀单元、 第二发电单元、 第二压缩单元、 第二冷却单元、 第二工质补充单元， 还可设第二泄漏工质收集单元；
上述各循环中还可把工质直接压缩成液体， 再经加压泵单元加压进入凝汽器重复循环； 当所述第二循环为第二种超临界发电循环时， 该第二循环包括： 第二蒸发单元， 第二膨 胀单元、 第二发电单元、 第二压缩单元、 第二自换热单元、 第二工质补充单元， 还可设第二 泄漏工质收集单元；
上述五种循环是基本循环， 增减基本单元以外的辅助设备或改变位置则构成基本循环的 改型。
当所述第三循环为发电循环时， 该第三循环是亚临界、 跨临界发电循环或超临界发电循 环和基本循环改型之一， 且以下提及的第三循环蒸发单元即为第二循环的第二冷凝器单元或 第二冷却单元， 其中：
当所述第三循环是第一种亚临界、 跨临界发电循环时， 该第三循环包括第三循环蒸发单 元、第三循环膨胀单元、第三循环发电单元、第三循环冷凝单元、第三循环液体加压泵单元、 第三循环工质补充单元， 还可设第三循环泄漏工质收集单元；
当所述第三循环是第二种亚临界、 跨临界发电循环时， 该第三循环包括第三循环蒸发单 元、 第三循环膨胀单元、 第三循环发电单元、 第三循环气液分离单元、 第三循环压缩单元、 第三循环冷凝器单元、 第三循环气液分离单元分离出的液体一级加压泵单元、 液体二级加压 泵单元、 第三循环工质补充单元， 还可设第三循环泄漏工质收集和二次利用单元； 其中气液 分离单元可不设， 工质膨胀后经压缩进第二循环冷凝器； 压缩单元也可不设， 工质膨胀后进 第二朗肯循环冷凝器；
当所述第三循环为有再热的循环时， 在前二种循环的膨胀单元后增加再热单元、 二次膨 胀单元和二次发电单元， 还可设其他热源单元；
上述各循环中还可把工质直接压缩成液体， 再经加压泵单元加压进入凝汽器重复循环； 当所述第三循环是第一种超临界发电循环时， 第三循环包括第三循环蒸发单元、 第三循 环膨胀单元、 第三循环发电单元、 第三循环压缩单元， 第三循环工质补充单元， 还可设第三 循环泄漏工质收集和再利用单元；
当所述第三循环是第二种超临界发电循环时， 第三循环包括第三循环蒸发单元、 第三循 环膨胀单元、 第三循环发电单元、 第三循环压缩单元、 第三循环自换热单元、 第三循环工质 补充单元， 还可设第三循环泄漏工质收集单元；
上述五种发电循环是第三发电循环的基本循环， 在循环中增加辅助设备及改变位置即成 为基本循环改型； 所述单元指包括本体设备及其附属设备、 部件、 元件、 连接以及仪表和控 制之全部；
所述第二循环是发电-制冷联合循环， 可以是两种亚临界、 跨临界发电-制冷联合循环， 有再热的亚临界、跨临界发电-制冷联合循环,两种超临界发电-制冷联合循环共五种基本发电 -制冷联合循环之一；
当第二循环是膨胀终了为全气态的亚临界、 跨临界发电 -制冷联合循环时， 该第二循环包 括第二蒸发单元即改进的朗肯循环凝汽器、 第二膨胀单元、 第二发电单元、 第二供冷单元、 第二冷凝器单元、 第二加压泵单元、 第二工质补充单元， 还可设第二泄漏工质收集单元； 当第二循环为膨胀终了有部分液体生成的亚临界、 跨临界发电 -制冷联合循环时， 该第二 循环包括第二蒸发单元即改进的朗肯循环凝汽器、 第二膨胀单元、 第二发电单元、 第二气液 分离单元、 第二压缩单元、 第二冷凝器单元、 第二冷凝器加压泵单元、 第二气液分离单元分 离出的液体加压泵单元、 第二供冷单元、第二工质补充单元， 还可设第二泄漏工质收集单元; 其中气液分离单元可不设， 工质膨胀后经压缩进第二循环冷凝器； 压缩单元也可不设， 工质 膨胀后进第二朗肯循环冷凝器；
当该第二循环为有再热的亚临界、 跨临界发电 -制冷联合循环时，在第二循环一次膨胀单 元之后加再热单元、 再热泵单元、 二次膨胀单元、 二次膨胀发电单元， 还可设其他热源单元； 上述各循环中还可把工质直接压缩成液体， 再经加压泵单元加压进入凝汽器重复循环； 当第二循环为无自换热的超临界发电-制冷联合循环时，该第二循环包括第二蒸发单元即 改进的朗肯循环凝汽器、 第二膨胀单元、 第二发电单元、 第二压缩单元、 第二供冷单元， 第 二工质补充单元， 还可设第二泄漏工质收集单元， 还可设第二换热单元， 第二供冷单元； 当第二循环为有自换热的超临界发电 -制冷联合循环时，该第二循环包括第二蒸发单元即 改进的朗肯循环凝汽器、 第二膨胀单元、 第二发电单元、 第二压缩单元、 第二自换热单元、 第二供冷单元、 第二工质补充单元， 还可设第二泄漏工质收集单元；
当采取燃气、 水蒸气、 低沸点介质联合发电-制冷多循环时， 还包括第二供冷单元； 当所述第三循环为发电 -制冷联合循环时， 第三循环是亚临界、 跨临界发电 -制冷联合循 环、 有再热的亚临界、 跨临界发电-制冷联合循环或超临界发电-制冷联合循环之一， 其中： 当所述第三循环是第一种亚临界、 跨临界发电 -制冷联合循环时， 该第三循环包括： 第三 循环蒸发单元、 第三循环膨胀单元、 第三循环发电单元、 第三循环冷凝器单元、 第三循环加 压泵单元、 第三循环供冷单元、第三循环工质补充单元， 还可设第三循环泄漏工质收集单元； 当所述第三循环是第二种亚临界、 跨临界发电 -制冷联合循环时， 该第三循环包括： 第三 循环蒸发单元、 第三循环膨胀单元、 第三循环发电单元、 第三循环气液分离单元、 第三循环 压缩单元、 第三循环冷凝器单元、 第三循环气液分离单元分离出的液态质一级加压泵单元、 第三循环液态工质二级加压泵单元、 第三循环供冷单元、 第三循环工质补充单元， 还可设第 三循环泄漏工质收集单元； 其中气液分离单元可不设， 工质膨胀后经压缩进第二循环冷凝器； 压缩单元也可不设， 工质膨胀后进第二朗肯循环冷凝器；
当所述第三循环为有再热亚临界、 跨临界发电 -制冷联合循环时，在前二种循环的膨胀单 元后增加再热单元、 二次膨胀单元和二次发电单元， 或多产次再热单元、 多次膨胀单元， 还 可设其他热源单元；
上述各循环中还可把工质直接压缩成液体， 再经加压泵单元加压进入凝汽器重复循环； 当所述第三循环是第一种超临界发电 -制冷联合循环时， 第三循环包括： 第三循环蒸发单 元、 第三循环膨胀单元、 第三循环发电单元、 第三循环压缩单元、 第三循环供冷单元、 第三 循环工质补充单元， 还可设第三循环泄漏工质收集单元；
当所述第三循环是第二种超临界发电制冷循环时， 第三循环包括： 第三循环蒸发单元、 第三循环膨胀单元、 第三循环发电单元、 第三循环压缩单元、 第三循环自换热单元、 第三循 环供冷单元、 第三循环工质补充单元， 还可设第三循环泄漏工质收集单元；
上述五种发电-制冷联合循环是发电-制冷联合循环的基本循环， 增减辅助设备及改变设 备的位置则构成基本循环的改型； 所述单元指包括本体设备及其附属设备、 部件、 元件、 连 接以及仪表和控制之全部。
更进一步地：
在第二循环和第三循环中， 所述工质补充单元是液态工质补充单元或气态工质补充单元 或液态工质补充单元和气态工质补充单元； 所述工质补充单元可设计成固定式和移动式， 设 计成移动式时，在系统上只做接口； 膨胀单元和压缩单元做无泄漏设计时不设工质补充单元, 或泄漏量很小时， 也可不设工质补充单元； 所述单元指包括本体设备及其附属设备、 部件、 元件、 连接以及仪表和控制之全部。
更进一步地：
所述膨胀单元是透平式膨胀机、 容积式膨胀机、 喷嘴之一种或组合； 可以一级膨胀， 也 可多级膨胀； 可以是一台膨胀设备， 也可是多台膨胀设备并联； 可以是一次膨胀,也可以是多 次膨胀， 两次膨胀之间可以再热； 可以是气相或气液两相流或气液固三相膨胀。
所述透平式膨胀机可采用轴流式、 离心式或二者的组合混流式， 可采用冲动式或反动式； 叶片能承受单相气态或单相液态或二相流液态和气态或三相流气态、 液态和固态介质的冲 击； 透平叶轮材质是机械性能优良的合金钢以及铝合金、 钛合金， 可以前几级是合金钢， 介 质降到某一温度后改用铝合金或钛合金， 或前数级是合金钢， 介质降到某一温度后改用铝合 金,再降到某一温度后改用钛合金或先改用钛合金再改用铝合金， 可以在基材上喷涂、刷涂或 烧结耐磨损或耐磨损和耐冲刷或耐磨损和耐冲刷和耐腐饨物质；
所述容积式膨胀机可使用活塞汽缸式、 滚动活塞式、 摆动转子式、 涡旋式、 螺杆式， 所 述膨胀机输出轴有二种输出方式： 一种是只接发电机， 第二种是一端联发电机， 另一端联压 缩机； 所述膨胀机采用有油润滑或无油润滑轴承， 无油润滑轴承中包括磁悬浮轴和气体轴承。
更进一步地：
所述的加压单元包括用于压缩气态介质的压缩单元和用于液态介质加压的加压泵单元， 用于气态介质的压缩单元可采用透平式或容积式单级或二级或多级压缩机， 可以采用一台及 一台以上的压缩机； 轴流和离心可分成两台压缩机， 也可做成一台： 前几级为轴流， 后一级 或后几级为离心， 或前几级用透平机， 后级用容积式压缩机； 加压泵单元采用单级或多级离 心泵或容积式泵把介质加压到必要压力； 压缩单元用气相压缩机或气液两相流压缩机； 压缩 后可带冷凝器单元或冷却单元， 可用循环水冷却、 空气冷却或其他工质冷却或用从前一循环 凝汽器膨胀后的低温气体冷却；
所述压缩单元可以是电动机单独驱动， 也可用膨胀机直接驱动。
所述膨胀机， 采用有油润滑或无油润滑轴承， 无油润滑轴承中包括磁悬浮轴和气体轴承。 所述的膨胀单元中的膨胀机可以和压缩单元中的压缩机做在一个壳体内， 即膨胀压缩 机； 所述膨胀压缩机的种类和型式可以是轴流透平式、 离心透平式、 轴流离心混流式、 往复 活塞式、 滚动活塞式、 摆动转子式、 滑片式、 螺杆式、 铰接叶片式等； 可以是气相流或气液 两相流或气液固三相流， 可采用有油润滑或无油润滑的磁悬浮轴承或气体轴承。
更进一步地：
系统中的设备、 装置、 管路采取隔热保温保冷措施， 使循环成为绝热循环或接近绝热循 环。
一种双朗肯循环发电热力系统的实现方法， 其特征在于：
在以水为循环工质的第一朗肯循环之后， 串接一个以低沸点质为循环工质的第二朗肯循 环， 即采用双朗肯循环发电或拖动风机、 水泵等工作机；
第一朗肯循环的凝汽器即为第二朗肯循环的蒸发器； 第一朗肯循环的凝汽器的冷媒不采 用冷却水， 而是第二朗肯循环的循环工质；
第二朗肯循环工质膨胀后进行如下流程之一：
1)膨胀到设定温度， 进入冷凝器冷凝成液体， 用泵加压后进入第一朗肯循环凝汽器；
2)膨胀到设定温度， 用压缩机加压升温， 进入第二朗肯循环冷凝器， 用冷媒冷却液化， 再用泵二次加压进入第一朗肯循环凝汽器；
3)膨胀到部分液化， 进入气液分离器气液分离， 气液分离器分离出的气体经压缩机压缩 升压升温后进入第二朗肯循环冷凝器， 用冷媒冷却冷凝成液态， 气液分离器分离出的液体经 一级泵加压， 两液体流汇合后进二级加压泵二次加压进第一朗肯循环凝汽器； 其中气液分离 单元可不设， 工质膨胀后经压缩进第二循环冷凝器； 压缩单元也可不设， 工质膨胀后进第二 朗肯循环冷凝器；
4)膨胀到一定温度和压力进再热器二次加热， 热源可用第一朗肯循环乏汽或其他热源， 再热后二次膨胀， 可膨胀到部分液化进气液分离器， 气液分离器分离出的气体经压缩机压缩 进入第二朗肯循环冷凝器， 用冷媒冷却冷凝成液态再用泵加压， 气液分离器分离出的液体经 一级泵加压， 两液体流汇合后进二级加压泵二次加压进第一朗肯循环凝汽器；
5)膨胀到设定温度， 用压缩机直接压缩成液体， 再用泵二次加压进入第一朗肯循环凝汽 器；
第二朗肯循环的工质在第一循环凝汽器某一设定压力下的气化温度低于 100°C , 吸收第 一朗肯循环工质水蒸汽的凝结潜热， 把凝结潜热及可转化的显热转化成第二朗肯循环工质的 热能和压力能；
第二朗肯循环工质进蒸发器即第一朗肯循环凝汽器的压力据介质特性可以在临界压力以 下， 也可以是临界压力， 也可以是超临界压力；
还可把燃气轮机发电循环作为第一朗肯循环的前置循环， 燃气轮机发电循环排出的废气 是第一朗肯循环蒸汽锅炉的热源， 从而构成燃气-蒸汽-低沸点工质联合多循环发电热力系统 第二朗肯循环的工质的液化温度高于常温或接近常温或是低于常温的某一设定温度， 可 用常温冷却水、 空气或低于第二朗肯循环工质在设定工况下的冷凝温度的冷媒， 把该工质冷 却并实现冷凝液化， 或者压缩并冷却实现液化， 或直接压缩液化。
对第二朗肯循环的混合物工质采取改变各组份比例的方法得到更适宜把水蒸汽凝结潜热 转移给第二朗肯循环工质的液化温度和气化温度， 以及使用廉价冷媒把第二朗肯循环工质液 化， 或用其他冷媒冷却液化。 提高第一朗肯循环凝汽器温度， 以扩大第二循环介质的膨胀做功温度区间、 有利于凝结 潜热有转化、 有利于工质的获取和减少第二循环工质用量， 并把第一朗肯循环因提高凝汽温 度而减少的做功量转移给第二循环工质， 在第二循环中做功。
为保证汽轮机设计工况， 新机组可设计成高背压或抽汽， 现有机组可在适宜级前抽汽或 去掉末一级或数级叶片。
本发明具有以下效果：
1.大幅度提高凝汽式和抽凝式朗肯循环发电机组和朗肯循环风机、 压缩机、 水泵机组的 热效率， 由于水蒸汽的凝结潜热大于显热， 本发明可提高朗肯循环的热效率 4%及以上； 不用 燃料， 再发出凝汽发电机组约 10%的电量。
2.不伹不增加循环冷却水消耗， 反而把凝汽机的循环冷却水消耗减少；
3.凝汽发电部分减少当量二氧化碳排放约 10%
4.减少基建投资。
附图说明
图 1是双循环发电流程一： 第一循环是改进的朗肯循环， 第二循环是第 1种亚临界跨临 界发电循环， 即膨胀单元出口介质为全气态， 直接冷凝；
图 2是双循环发电流程二： 第一循环是改进的朗肯循环， 第二循环是第 1种亚临界跨临 界发电循环， 膨胀单元出口介质为全气态， 压缩后冷凝；
图 3是双循环发电流程三： 第一循环是改进的朗肯循环， 第二循环是第 2种亚临界跨临 界发电循环， 膨胀单元出口为介质为气液二相流， 饱和态； 其中气液分离单元可不设， 工质 膨胀后经压缩进第二循环冷凝器； 压缩单元也可不设， 工质膨胀后进第二朗肯循环冷凝器； 图 4是双循环发电流程四： 第一循环是改进的朗肯循环， 第二循环是有再热的第 1种亚 临界跨临界发电循环；
图 5是双循环发电流程五： 第一循环是改进的朗肯循环， 第二循环是有再热第 2种亚临 界跨临界发电循环； 其中气液分离单元可不设， 工质膨胀后经压缩进第二循环冷凝器； 压缩 单元也可不设， 工质膨胀后进第二朗肯循环冷凝器；
图 6是双循环发电流程六： 第一循环是改进的朗肯循环， 第二循环是第 1种超临界发电 循环， 无自换热， 膨胀单元出口气体在临界点以上；
图 7是双循环发电流程七： 第一循环是改进的朗肯循环， 第二循环是第 2种超临界发电 循环， 有自换热；
图 8是燃气、 蒸汽、 低沸点工质多循环发电基本流程： 燃气发电是前置发电循环， 第一 循环是改进的朗肯循环， 第二循环是低沸点工质发电循环， 可取前七个循环之一；
图 9是燃气、 低沸点工质双循环发电基本流程： 燃气发电是前置发电循环， 第二循环是 低沸点工质发电循环， 可取前七个循环之一；
图 10是双循环发电-制冷流程一： 第一循环是改进的朗肯循环， 第二循环是第 1种亚临 界跨临界发电制冷循环；
图 11是双循环发电-制冷流程二： 第一循环是改进的朗肯循环， 第二循环是第 2种亚临 界发电制冷循环； 其中气液分离单元可不设， 工质膨胀后经压缩进第二循环冷凝器； 压缩单 元也可不设， 工质膨胀后进第二朗肯循环冷凝器；
图 12是有再热双循环发电-制冷流程三： 第一循环是改进的朗肯循环， 第二循环是有再 热第 1种亚临界跨临界发电制冷循环； 图 13是双循环发电-制冷流程四： 第一循环是改进的朗肯循环， 第二循环是第 1种超临 界发电制冷循环；
图 14是双循环发电-制冷流程五： 第一循环是改进的朗肯循环， 第二循环是第 2种超临 界发电 -制冷循环；
图 15是燃气、 蒸汽、低沸点工质多循环发电-制冷基本循环： 燃气发电是前置发电循环， 第一循环是改进的朗肯循环， 第二循环是低沸点工质发电制冷循环， 可取前述发电制冷循环 之一；
图 16是三循环发电流程一： 第一循环是改进的朗肯循环， 第二循环是第 1种亚临界跨临 界发电循环， 第三循环是第 1种亚临界跨临界发电循环；
图 17是三循环发电流程二： 第一循环是改进的朗肯循环， 第二循环是第 1种亚临界跨临 界发电循环， 第三循环是第 2种亚临界、 跨临界发电循环；
图 18是三循环发电流程三： 第一循环是改进的朗肯循环， 第二循环是第 1种亚临界跨临 界循环， 第三循环是第有再热的亚临界、 跨临界临界发电循环；
图 19是三循环发电流程四： 第一循环是改进的朗肯循环， 第二循环是第 2种亚临界跨临 界循环， 其中气液分离单元可不设， 工质膨胀后经压缩进第二循环冷凝器； 压缩单元也可不 设， 工质膨胀后进第二朗肯循环冷凝器； 第三循环是第 1种超临界循环的三循环发电流程； 图 20是三循环发电流程五 第一循环是改进的朗肯循环， 第二循环是第 1种超临界发电 循环， 第三循环是第 2种超临界循环的三循环发电流程；
图 21是三循环发电制冷流程一： 第一循环是改进的朗肯循环， 第二循环是第一种亚临界 跨临界发电循环， 第三循环是第 1种亚临界、 跨临界发电-制冷循环的三循环发电制冷流程； 图 22是三循环发电制冷流程二 第一循环是改进的朗肯循环， 第二循环是第一种亚临界 跨临界发电循环， 第三循环是第 2种亚临界、 跨临界发电-制冷循环的三循环发电制冷流程； 图 23是三循环发电制冷流程三 第一循环是改进的朗肯循环， 第二循环是第一种亚临界 跨临界发电循环， 第三循环是有再热的第 1种亚临界、 跨临界发电制冷循环的三循环发电制 冷流程；
图 24是三循环发电及制冷流程四： 第一循环是改进的朗肯循环， 第二循环是第 2种亚临 界跨临界发电 -制冷循环， 其中气液分离单元可不设， 工质膨胀后经压缩进第二循环冷凝器； 压缩单元也可不设， 工质膨胀后进第二朗肯循环冷凝器； 第三循环是第 1种超临界发电制冷 循环的三循环流程；
图 25是三循环发电及制冷流程五： 第一循环是改进的朗肯循环， 第二循环是第 1种亚临 界跨临界发电 -制冷循环， 第三循环是第 2种超临界发电制冷循环的三循环流程，其中气液分 离单元可不设， 工质膨胀后经压缩进第二循环冷凝器； 压缩单元也可不设， 工质膨胀后进第 二朗肯循环冷凝器；
图 26 是膨胀后工质被直接压缩液化的发电循环。
图中各标号的含义如下：
图 1 : 1蒸汽锅炉 2蒸汽轮机 3发电机组或风机或压缩机或水泵 4凝汽器 5凝水泵 6 化学水处理 7除氧器 8锅炉给水 9第二蒸发单元 （也是第一循环凝汽器） 10第二膨胀单元 11第二发电单元 12第二冷凝单元 13第二加压泵单元 14第二液态工质补充单元 15第二气 态工质补充单元 16第二泄漏工质收集单元
图 2: 1蒸汽锅炉 2蒸汽轮机 3发电机组或风机或压缩机或水泵 4凝汽器 5凝水泵 6 化学水处理 7除氧器 8锅炉给水 9第二蒸发单元 （也是第一循环凝汽器） 10第二膨胀单元 11第二发电单元 12第二压缩单元 13第二压缩拖动单元 14第二冷凝单元 15第二加压泵单元 16第二液态工质补充单元 17第二工态介质补充单元 18第二泄漏工质收集单元
图 3: 1蒸汽锅炉 2蒸汽轮机 3发电机或风机或压缩或水泵 4凝汽器 5凝水泵 6化学 水处理 7除氧器 8锅炉给水泵 9第二蒸发单元（也是第一循环凝汽器） 10第二膨胀单元 11 第二发电单元 12第二气液分离单元 13第二压缩单元 14第二冷凝单元 15第二一级加压泵单 元 16二级加压泵单元 17第二液态介质补充单元 18第二气态工质补充单元 19第二泄漏工 质收集单元
图 4: 1蒸汽锅炉 2蒸汽轮机 3发电机或风机或压缩或水泵 4凝汽器 5凝水泵 6化学 水处理 7除氧器 8锅炉给水泵 9第二蒸发单元（也是第一循环凝汽器） 10第一膨胀单元 11 第二循环第一发电单元 12再热单元 13第二热源单元 14二次膨胀单元 15第二循环第二发 电单元 16冷凝单元 17冷凝泵单元 18第二液态工质补充单元 19第二气态工质补充单元 20第二泄漏工质收集单元
图 5: 1蒸汽锅炉 2蒸汽轮机 3发电机或风机或压缩或水泵 4凝汽器 5凝水泵 6化学 水处理 7除氧器 8锅炉给水泵 9第二蒸发单元（也是第一循环凝汽器） 10第一膨胀单元 11 第二循环一次发电单元 12再热单元 13第二热源单元 14二次膨胀单元 15第二循环第二发 电单元 16气液分离单元 17压缩单元 18冷凝单元 19分离器加压泵单元 20二级加压泵单 元 21再热泵单元 22气态工质补充单元 23泄漏工质收集单元
图 6: 1蒸汽锅炉 2蒸汽轮机 3发电机组或风机或压缩机或水泵 4凝汽器 5凝水泵 6 化学水处理 7除氧器 8锅炉给水 9第二蒸发单元 （也是第一循环凝汽器） 10第二膨胀单元 11第二发电单元 12第二压缩单元 13第二冷却单元 14第二中间冷却单元 15第二工质补充 单元 16第二泄漏工质收集单元。
图 7: 1蒸汽锅炉 2蒸汽轮机 3发电机组或风机或压缩机或水泵 4凝汽器 5凝水泵 6 化学水处理 7除氧器 8锅炉给水 9第二蒸发单元 （也是第一循环凝汽器） 10第二膨胀单元 11第二发电单元 12第二压缩单元 13第二自换热单元 14第二工质补充单元 15第二泄漏 工质收集单元。
图 8: 1压气机 2燃烧室 3燃气轮机 4燃气循环发电机 5蒸汽锅炉 6蒸汽轮机 7朗肯 循环发电机或风机或压缩机或水泵 8朗肯循环凝汽器 9朗肯循环水泵 10低沸点工质循环蒸 发单元 11低沸点工质循环膨胀单元 12低沸点工质循环发电单元 13低沸点工质循环冷凝单 元 14低沸点工质循环加压泵单元。
图 9: 1压气机 2燃烧室 3燃气轮机 4燃气循环发电机 5低沸点工质循环蒸发单元 6 低沸点工质循环膨胀单元 7低沸点工质循环发电单元 8低沸点工质循环冷凝单元 9低沸点 工质循环加压泵单元。
图 10: 1蒸汽锅炉 2蒸汽轮机 3发电机或风机或压缩机或水泵 4凝汽器 5凝水泵 6化 学水处理 7除氧器 8锅炉给水 9第二蒸发单元（也是第一循环凝汽器） 10第二膨胀单元 11 第二发电单元 12第二冷凝单元 13第二加压泵单元 14第二供冷单元 15第二液态工质补充 单元 16第二气态工质补充单元 17第二泄漏工质收集单元。
图 11 : 1蒸汽锅炉 2蒸汽轮机 3发电机组或风机、 水泵 4凝汽器 5凝水泵 6化学水处 理 7除氧器 8锅炉给水 9第二蒸发单元 （也是第一循环凝汽器） 10 第二膨胀单元 11第二 发电单元 12 气液分离单元 13 压缩单元 14第二冷凝单元 15 气液分离加压泵单元 16 供冷单元 17液态工质补充单元 18气态工质补充单元 19泄漏工质收集单元
图 12: 1蒸汽锅炉 2蒸汽轮机 3发电机或风机或压缩机或水泵 4凝汽器 5凝水泵 6化 学水处理 7除氧器 8锅炉给水 9第二循环蒸发单元 （也是第一循环凝汽器） 10第一膨胀单 元 11第二循环第一发电单元 12再热单元 13第二热源 14第二膨胀单元 15第二循环第二 发电单元 16冷凝单元 17冷凝泵单元 18供冷单元 19再热泵单元 20气态工质补充单元 21 泄漏工质收集单元。
图 13: 1蒸汽锅炉 2蒸汽轮机 3发电机或风机或水泵 4凝汽器 5凝水泵 6化学水处理 7除氧器 8给水泵 9第二蒸发单元 （也是第一循环凝汽器） 10第二膨胀单元 11第二发电单 元 12第二压缩单元 13第二供冷单元 14第二冷却单元 15第二工质补充单元 16第二泄漏 工质收集单元。
图 14: 1蒸汽锅炉 2蒸汽轮机 3发电机组或风机或压缩机或水泵 4凝汽器 5凝水泵 6 化学水处理 7除氧器 8锅炉给水 9第二蒸发单元 （也是第一循环凝汽器） 10第二膨胀单元 11第二发电单元 12第二压缩单元 13第二自换热单元 14第二供冷 15第二工质补充单元 16第二泄漏工质收集单元。
图 15: 1压气机 2燃烧室 3燃气轮机 4燃气循环发电机 5蒸汽锅炉 6蒸汽轮机 7朗肯 循环发电机或风机或压缩机或水泵 8朗肯循环凝汽器 9朗肯循环水泵 10低沸点工质循环蒸 发单元 11低沸点工质循环膨胀单元 12低沸点工质循环发电单元 13供冷单元 14低沸点工 质循环冷凝单元 15低沸点工质循环泵单元
图 16: 1蒸汽锅炉 2蒸汽轮机 3发电机组或风机、 水泵 4凝汽器 5凝水泵 6化学水处 理 7除氧器 8锅炉给水 9第二循环蒸发单元（也是第一循环凝汽器） 10 第二循环膨胀单元 11第二循环发电单元 12 第二循环冷凝单元 13第二循环加压泵单元 14第二循环液态工 质补充单元 15第二循环气态工质补充单元 16第二循环泄漏工质收集单元。 17第三循环 蒸发单元 （也是第二循环凝汽单元） 18 第三循环膨胀单元 19第三发电单元 20第三循环冷 凝单元 21第三循环加压泵单元 22第三循环液态工质补充单元 23第三循环气态工质补充 单元 24第三泄漏工质收集单元
图 17: 1蒸汽锅炉 2蒸汽轮机 3发电机组或风机、 水泵 4凝汽器 5凝水泵 6化学水处 理 7除氧器 8锅炉给水 9第二循环蒸发单元（也是第一循环凝汽器） 10 第二循环膨胀单元 11第二循环发电单元 12 第二循环冷凝单元 13第二循环加压泵单元 14第二循环液态工 质补充单元 15第二循环气态工质补充单元 16第二循环泄漏工质收集单元。 17第三循环 蒸发单元 （也是第二循环凝汽单元） 18 第三循环膨胀单元 19第三发电单元 20第三循环气 液分离 21第三循环压缩单元 22第三循环冷凝单元 23第三循环一级加压泵单元 24第三循 环一级加压泵单元 25第三循环液态工质补充单元 26第三循环气态工质补充单元 27第三 循环泄漏工质收集单元
图 18: 1蒸汽锅炉 2蒸汽轮机 3发电机组或风机、 水泵 4凝汽器 5凝水泵 6化学水处 理 7除氧器 8锅炉给水 9第二循环蒸发单元（也是第一循环凝汽器） 10 第二循环膨胀单元 11第二循环发电单元 12 第二循环冷凝单元 13第二循环加压泵单元 14第二循环工质补 充单元 15第二循环泄漏工质收集单元。 16第三循环蒸发单元（也是第二循环凝汽单元） 17 第三循环一次膨胀单元 18第三循环一次发电单元 19第三循环再热单元 20第三循环其他热 源 21第三循环二次膨胀单元 22第三循环二次发电单元 23第三循环冷凝单元 24第三循环 加压泵单元 25第三循环工质补充单元 26第三循环一次膨胀泄漏工质收集单元 27第三循 环二次膨胀泄漏工质收集单元
图 19: 1蒸汽锅炉 2蒸汽轮机 3发电机组或风机或压缩机或水泵 4凝汽器 5凝水泵 6 化学水处理 7除氧器 8锅炉给水 9第二循环蒸发单元（也是第一循环凝汽器） 10第二循环 膨胀单元 11第二循环发电单元 12第二循环冷凝单元 13第二循环气液分离单元 14第二循 环压缩单元 15第二循环压缩冷凝单元 16第二循环一级加压泵单元 17第二循环二级加压 泵单元 18第二气态工质补充单元 19第二泄漏工质收集单元 20第三循环蒸发单元 21 第 三循环膨胀单元 22第三循环发电单元 23第三循环压缩单元 24第三循环工质补充单元 25 第三循环泄漏工质收集单元
图 20: 1蒸汽锅炉 2蒸汽轮机 3发电机组或风机或压缩机或水泵 4凝汽器 5凝水泵 6 化学水处理 7除氧器 8锅炉给水 9第二循环蒸发单元（也是第一循环凝汽器） 10第二循环 膨胀单元 11第二循环发电单元 12第二循环冷凝单元 13第二循环加压泵单元 14第二气 态工质补充单元 15 第二泄漏工质收集单元 16第三循环蒸发单元 17 第三循环膨胀单元 18第三循环发电单元 19第三循环压缩单元 20第三循环自换热单元 21第三循环工质补充 单元 22第三循环泄漏工质收集单元
图 21 : 1蒸汽锅炉 2蒸汽轮机 3发电机组或风机、 水泵 4凝汽器 5凝水泵 6化学水处 理 7除氧器 8锅炉给水 9第二蒸发单元（也是第一循环凝汽器） 10第二膨胀单元 11第二 循环发电单元 12第二冷凝单元 13第二循环加压泵单元 14第二循环液态工质补充单元 15第二气态工质补充单元 16第二泄漏工质收集单元 17第三循环蒸发单元（也是第二循环 凝汽单元） 18第三循环膨胀单元 19第三发电单元 20第三循环冷凝单元 21第三循环加压 泵单元 22第三供冷单元 23第三循环工质补充单元 24第三循环泄漏工质收集单元
图 22: 1蒸汽锅炉 2蒸汽轮机 3发电机组或风机、 水泵 4凝汽器 5凝水泵 6化学水处 理 7除氧器 8锅炉给水 9第二循环蒸发单元（也是第一循环凝汽器） 10第二循环膨胀单元 11第二循环发电单元 12第二冷凝单元 13第二循环加压泵单元 14第二循环液态工质补 充单元 15第二气态工质补充单元 16第二泄漏工质收集单元 17第三循环蒸发单元（也是 第二循环凝汽单元） 18第三循环膨胀单元 19第三发电单元 20第三循环气液分离单元 21 第三循环压缩单元 22第三循环冷凝单元 23 第三循环一级加压泵单元 24第三循环二级加 压泵 25第三循环供冷单元 26第三循环工质补充单元 27第三循环泄漏工质收集单元
图 23: 1蒸汽锅炉 2蒸汽轮机 3发电机组或风机、 水泵 4凝汽器 5凝水泵 6化学水处 理 7除氧器 8锅炉给水 9第二循环蒸发单元（也是第一循环凝汽器） 10第二循环膨胀单元 11第二循环发电单元 12第二循环冷凝单元 13第二循环加压泵单元 14第二循环工质补 充单元 15第二循环泄漏工质收集单元。 16第三循环蒸发单元（也是第二循环凝汽单元） 17 第三循环一次膨胀单元 18第三循环一次发电单元 19第三循环再热单元 20第三循环其他热 源 21第三循环二次膨胀单元 22第三循环二次发电单元 23第三循环冷凝单元 24第三循环 加压泵单元 25第三循环供冷单元 26第三循环工质补充单元 27第三循环一次膨胀泄漏工 质收集单元 28第三循环二次膨胀泄漏工质收集单元
图 24: 1蒸汽锅炉 2蒸汽轮机 3发电机组或风机或压缩机或水泵 4凝汽器 5凝水泵 6 化学水处理 7除氧器 8锅炉给水 9第二循环蒸发单元（也是第一循环凝汽器） 10第二循环 膨胀单元 11第二循环发电单元 12第二循环冷凝单元 13第二循环加压泵单元 14第二循环 供冷单元 15第二循环工质补充单元 16第二循环泄漏工质收集单元 17第三循环蒸发单元 18第三循环膨胀单元 19第三循环发电单元 20第三循环压缩单元 21 第三循环供冷单元 22第三循环工质补充单元 23 第三循环泄漏工质收集单元
图 25: 1蒸汽锅炉 2蒸汽轮机 3发电机组或风机或压缩机或水泵 4凝汽器 5凝水泵 6 化学水处理 7除氧器 8锅炉给水 9第二循环蒸发单元 （也是第一循环凝汽器） 10第二循环 膨胀单元 11第二循环发电单元 12 第二循环冷凝单元 13第二循环加压泵单元 14第二循 环供冷单元 15 第二循环工质补充单元 16 第二循环泄漏工质收集单元 17 第三循环蒸发单 元 18 第三循环膨胀单元 19 第三循环发电单元 20 第三循环压缩单元 21 第三循环自换热 单元 22第三循环供冷单元 23第三循环工质补充单元 24第三循环泄漏工质收集单元
图 26: 1蒸汽锅炉 2蒸汽轮机 3发电机组或风机或压缩机或水泵 4凝汽器 5凝水泵 6 化学水处理 7除氧器 8锅炉给水 9第二蒸发单元 （也是第一循环凝汽器） 10第二膨胀单元 11第二发电单元 12第二冷凝单元 13第二压缩单元 14压缩机拖动单元 15第二液态工质补 充单元 16第二泄漏工质收集单元
具体实施方式
本发明是一种多循环发电热力系统， 目的是把蒸汽的凝结潜热也利用起来发电。 途径是 用低沸点工质代替循环冷却水。 具有一定压力能的低沸点工质吸收水蒸汽的凝结潜热后， 或 者由液态变成气态体积增大， 或者是气态由低温升至高温体积增大， 把水蒸汽的潜热能变成 低沸点工质的压力能和热能再变为动能， 推动第二循环膨胀单元运动部件运动进而带动发电 单元发电或发电兼提供冷量或拖动其他工作机。
采用亚临界跨临界循环时， 可使用空气或循环冷却水带走低沸点工质的潜热， 由于其潜 热比水的潜热少， 可把水蒸汽的一部分凝结潜热转化成机械能进而转化成电能， 减少冷却循 环水的消耗和提高凝汽式和抽凝式机组的循环热效率。
采用超临界循环时， 也可使用空气或循环冷却水带走部分能量， 伹与水蒸汽的凝结潜热 相比要小。 可把水蒸汽的一部分凝结潜热转化成机械能进而转化成电能， 减少冷却循环水的 消耗和提高凝汽式和抽凝式机组的循环热效率。
为提高热电转化率， 可增加第三循环继续转化， 以获得更多的可转换能量。 其循环同第 二循环， 伹工质改成适于在更低温度下做功的工质。 同理， 可以增加第四循环、 第五循环。
基于此， 发电厂的双曲线冷却塔消耗的冷却水量可减少， 改善环境。
本发明系统的实现方法如下：
在以水为循环工质的第一朗肯循环之后， 串接一个以低沸点质为循环工质的第二朗肯循 环， 即采用双朗肯循环发电或拖动风机、 水泵等工作机； 第一朗肯循环的凝汽器即为第二朗 肯循环的蒸发器； 第一朗肯循环的凝汽器的冷媒不采用冷却水， 而是第二朗肯循环的循环工 质。
第二朗肯循环工质膨胀后进行如下流程之一：
1)膨胀到设定温度， 进入冷凝器冷凝成液体， 用泵加压后进入第一朗肯循环凝汽器；
2)膨胀到设定温度， 用压缩机加压， 进入第二朗肯循环冷凝器， 用冷媒冷却液化， 再用 泵二次加压进入第一朗肯循环凝汽器；
3)膨胀到部分液化， 进入气液分离器气液分离， 气液分离器分离出的气体经压缩机压缩 升压升温后进入第二朗肯循环冷凝器， 用冷媒冷却冷凝成液态， 气液分离器分离出的液体经 一级泵加压， 两液体流汇合后进二级加压泵二次加压进第一朗肯循环凝汽器；
4)膨胀到一定温度和压力进再热器二次加热， 热源可用第一朗肯循环乏汽或其他热源， 再热后二次膨胀， 可膨胀到部分液化进气液分离器， 气液分离器分离出的气体经压缩机压缩 进入第二朗肯循环冷凝器， 用冷媒冷却冷凝成液态再用泵加压， 气液分离器分离出的液体经 一级泵加压， 两液体流汇合后进二级加压泵二次加压进第一朗肯循环凝汽器；
5)膨胀到一定温度和压力用压缩单元直接压缩成液态， 再用泵二次加压进入第一朗肯循 环凝汽器。
第二朗肯循环的工质在第一循环凝汽器即第二循环蒸发器设定压力下的气化温度低于 100°C, 吸收第一朗肯循环工质水蒸汽的凝结潜热， 把凝结潜热及可转化的显热转化成第二朗 肯循环工质的热能和压力能；
第二朗肯循环工质进蒸发器即第一朗肯循环凝汽器的压力据介质特性可以在临界压力以 下， 也可以是临界压力， 也可以是超临界压力；
还可把燃气轮机发电循环作为第一朗肯循环的前置循环， 燃气轮机发电循环排出的废气 是第一朗肯循环蒸汽锅炉的热源， 从而构成燃气-蒸汽-低沸点工质联合多循环发电热力系统 第二朗肯循环的工质的液化温度高于常温或接近常温或是低于常温的某一设定温度， 可 用常温冷却水、 空气或低于第二朗肯循环工质在设定工况下的冷凝温度的冷媒， 把该工质冷 却并实现冷凝液化， 或者压缩并冷却实现液化。
对第二朗肯循环的混合物工质采取改变各组份比例的方法得到更适宜把水蒸汽凝结潜热 转移给第二朗肯循环工质的液化温度和气化温度， 以及使用廉价冷媒把第二朗肯循环工质液 化， 或用其他冷媒冷却液化。
提高第一朗肯循环凝汽器温度， 以扩大第二循环介质的膨胀做功温度区间、 有利于凝结 潜热的转化、 有利于工质的获取， 减少第二循环工质用量， 并把第一朗肯循环因提高凝汽温 度而减少的做功量转移给第二循环工质， 在第二循环中做功。 为保证汽轮机工作在设计工况， 新机组可设计成高背压或抽汽式， 现有机组可在适宜级前抽汽或去掉末一级或数级叶片。
下面结合附图作进一步说明。
本发明系统至少包括第一循环、 第二循环， 还可包括第三循环， 甚至第四、 第五循环。 第一循环是以水作工质的朗肯循环， 包括水蒸汽锅炉、 水蒸汽汽轮机， 发电机或风机或 压缩机或水泵， 凝汽器及附属设备。 机组有凝汽式和抽凝式。 不同之处是凝汽器不再使用循 环冷却水， 而是使用低沸点工质。 低沸点工质不全靠冷却塔降温， 而是做功降温和冷却塔降 温。 第二循环使用低沸点工质。
低沸点工质多循环发电的基本单元是蒸发单元、 膨胀单元、 发电单元、 介质加压单元， 介质加压单元即液体加压泵单元或气体压缩单元或液体加压泵单元和气体压缩单元， 采取亚 临界、 跨临界循环时还有冷凝单元。 其他单元是辅助单元， 根据循环性质和设计需要可增减 辅助单元和变换辅助单元位置。 如工质补充装置可设计成固定式和移动式两种， 当采取移动 式补充装置时， 在系统上只设接口。 进而若设计成不需要补充介质且制造精良或其他原因也 可取消工质补充装置； 根据流程设计及性价比等因素全面考虑， 可以不设泄漏介质收集装置。
上述第一循环可接在燃气轮机发电循环之后， 燃气轮机排气管接改进的朗肯循环凝汽器 壳程进口， 燃气轮机排气做改进的朗肯循环蒸汽锅炉的热源， 从而构成燃气-水 -低沸点工质 多循环发电流程。
上述低沸点工质循环的蒸发器热流体侧进口也可直接与燃气轮机排气管相连， 燃气轮机 排气做低沸点工质循环的高温热源， 即不要用水做工质改进的朗肯循环， 从而构成燃气 -低沸 点工质双循环。
所述燃气轮机发电循环， 包括压气机、 燃烧室、 燃气轮机和发电机等基本单元。 图 1〜图 9是低沸点工质双循环发电的五种基本流程， 可分为七个细分流程和燃气、 水 蒸汽、 低沸点工质联合发电循环， 燃气、 低沸点工质双循环发电。 第二循环种类： 图 1是第 1种亚临界、 跨临界发电循环， 图 2是有压缩的第 1种亚临界、 跨临界发电循环， 图 3是第 2 种亚临界、 跨临界发电循环， 图 4是有第一种再热的亚临界、 跨临界发电循环， 图 5是有第 二种再热的亚临界、 跨临界发电循环， 图 6是第 1种超临界发电循环， 图 7是第 2种超临界 发电循环。 图 8是燃气、水和低沸点工质联合发电循环， 其中低沸点工质循环可取图 1〜图 7 之一种。 图 9是燃气、 低沸点工质联合发电循环， 其中低沸点工质循环可取图 1〜图 7中的 一种。
如图 1所示。 改进的朗肯循环由水蒸汽锅炉 1、 蒸汽轮机 2、 发电机组或风机、 水泵 3、 凝汽器 4、 凝水泵 5、 化学水处理 6、 除氧器 7、 锅炉给水泵 8及附属设备如省煤器、 高低压 加热器、 疏水扩容器、 定排、 连排、 阔门、 管道、 脱硫除尘装置及控制系统等火力发电厂部 分或全部设备、 装置组成。 伹凝汽器已不是用循环冷却水作冷却工质， 而是采用常温常压下 是气体的自然工质或人工合成工质， 包括： 烃， 烷类、 烯类、 炔类、 芳香烃类， 包括醚在内 的含氧化合物， 醇类、 酚类、 醛类、 酮类， 酯类， 无氧含卤化合物， 有氧含卤化合物， 含硫 化合物， 含氮化合物； 既可以是单工质， 也可以是混合物， 如乙烷、 丁烷、 正丁烷、 异丁烷、 正戊烷、 异戊烷、 环戊烷、 乙烯、 丙烯、 丁烯、 顺丁烯、 异丁烯、 丁二烯、 二甲苯、 氯乙烷、 氯丁烷、 氯乙烯、 R134a系列、 R410A系列、 HFC系列合成物、 二甲醚、 液化石油气、 二氧化 碳气、 二氧化碳及其吸收剂的混合物， 以及氮气、 空气、 氦气、 氤气、 氢气、 氨、 氨的水溶 液等各种适用工质， 统称低沸点介质。 由低沸点工质代替循环冷却水吸收做完功的水蒸汽的 潜热再通过做功发电降温转化水蒸汽一部分热， 低沸点工质的潜热继续用冷却塔蒸发或风冷 降温， 循环冷却水量减少。 因此双曲线冷却塔负荷降低。 朗肯循环水蒸汽乏汽凝结成水， 被 凝水泵送到化学工段精处理或直接进除氧器再送给锅炉循环使用。
第二循环同第一循环类似， 包括蒸发单元、膨胀单元、发电单元和加压单元等基本单元， 在亚临界跨临界循环中还包括冷凝单元或还包括压缩单元或还包括压缩单元和冷凝单元或还 包括再热单元和二次膨胀单元或多次再热和多次膨胀单元， 在超临界循环中还包括压缩单元 或压缩单元和换热单元。 其没有使用燃料的锅炉， 其 "锅炉" 即蒸发单元是第一循环的凝汽 器。 物态变化和做功的不再是水蒸汽， 而是低沸点介质。 其在第一循环凝汽器设定压力下的 沸点小于 100°C , 在凝汽器工作温度和冷侧压力下能够汽化， 吸收水蒸汽乏汽的冷凝潜热和 部分显热， 把水蒸汽冷凝成水，自身吸热后气化,在第二循环膨胀单元内膨胀减压降温， 把水 蒸汽凝结潜热的一部分转化成机械能,推动第二循环膨胀单元转子旋转或活塞运动进而带动 发电机发电。 在亚临界跨临界循环中， 低沸点工质在冷凝器设定压力下的液化温度高于常温 或接近常温或高于特定冷媒的温度被常温冷却水、 空气或特定冷媒冷却冷凝， 被泵加压后二 次进入蒸发单元即第一循环凝汽器开始二次循环； 在超临界循环中， 做功降温后的低沸点工 质经压缩单元压缩， 压缩后还可用冷媒冷却降温， 然后进入蒸发单元即第一循环凝汽做二次 循环。
为取得最适宜温度， 对混合物工质采取改变各组分比例方法， 以改变混合物工质的气化 点和液化点。
为便于吸收第一循环水蒸汽潜热， 可适当提高第一循环凝汽器工作压力和温度， 以扩大 低沸点工质做功降温的温度区间、 有利于凝结潜热的转化和工质选取。 提高第一循环凝汽器 工作温度后， 第一循环发电或做功量将减少， 伹同时在第二循环中做功发电温度等量增加， 更重要的是， 有利于把潜热的吸收和转化为电能。
为保证第一循环汽轮机的效率， 不改变设计工况， 可去掉汽轮机末级或数级叶片或在适 宜级前抽汽， 新制造的汽轮机设计成高背压工作。
第二循环和第三循环都可以是亚临界循环、跨临界循环、有再热循环和超临界循环之一。 图 1至图 9所示为基本循环。 第二循环和第三循环可以是上述基本循环及其改型的组合。
在亚临界、 跨临界循环和超临界循环中不设工质补充单元， 只设补充接口， 不要泄漏工 质收集单元， 变换换热单元、 供冷单元的位置和数量都是基本循环的改型， 每种基本循环和 基本循环、 基本循环和基本循环改型、 基本循环改型和基本循环改型都可据需要组合。
图 1所示第二发电循环是第 1种亚临界和跨临界发电循环， 由第一循环的凝汽器 4即第 二循环的蒸发器单元也是第二循环的锅炉单元 9、 第二膨胀单元 10、 第二发电单元 11、 第二 冷凝单元 12、 第二加压泵单元 13、 第二液态工质补充单元 14、 第二气态工质补充单元 15、 泄漏第二工质收集和再利用装置单元 16以及配套装置、 控制装置组成。
其中凝汽器 4的热流体侧进口接汽轮机 2排汽， 热流体侧出口接凝结水系统， 冷流体侧 进口接第二加压泵 13出口， 冷流体侧出口接膨胀单元 10进口， 膨胀单元出口接冷凝单元 12 进口，冷凝单元出口接第二加压泵单元 13进口， 第二加压泵单元出口接凝汽器 4的冷流体侧 进口。 膨胀单元的输出轴接发电单元输入轴。
循环过程是： 在第一循环的凝汽器 4即第二循环的蒸发单元 9内， 高压低温的液态第二 工质吸收朗肯循环做完功的水蒸汽的凝结潜热把水蒸汽凝结成水后自身气化， 进入第二膨胀 单元 10, 压力降低体积膨胀,把压力能变成动能,推动膨胀单元转子旋转或活塞运动做功， 带 动发电单元 11发¾ 做完功的第二介质温度降低到设定温度如液化温度或二相点温度或三相 点温度进入冷凝单元 12, 全部液化成液体， 经加压泵单元 13升到高压、 亚临界或临界或超 临界压力进入蒸发单元 9即第一循环凝汽器 4开始第二次循环。
为补充工质损耗， 在冷凝单元 12与第二加压泵 13之间设液态介质补充单元 14, 或在蒸 发单元 9和膨胀单元 10之间设气态工质补充单元 15, 二者取其二或其一， 用于在系统内工 质储量下降时向系统补充工质， 据情况也可只设接口或不设； 泄漏工质收集单元 16用于收集 泄漏工质， 主要是膨胀单元轴封漏气， 若设计成无泄漏型或泄漏工质价值很低等原因也可不 设。
主机上装有压力、 温度、 流量、 振动等测量和指示仪表以及自动控制系统， 包括压力、 流量、 温度、 转速等的调节以及振动监测、 保护和故障处理等， 仪表有就地指示和变送到远 方主控室显示， 有就地操作盘和主控制室操作台或控制盘。 根据情况也可少设甚至不设。
图 2所示第二循环仍是第一种亚临界和跨临界发电循环， 与图 1的区别是在膨胀单元 10 和冷凝单元 14之间增加第二压缩单元 12及第二压缩拖动拖动单元 13, 循环过程是工质出膨 胀单元后再经压缩单元 12压缩后进冷凝单元 14, 利于调整液化压力。 其他同图 1。
图 3所示第二循环是第 2种亚临界和跨临界发电循环， 与第 1种发电循环区别是膨胀单 元出口介质是气液两相流。 由第一循环的凝汽器 4即第二循环的蒸发器单元也是第二循环的 蒸发单元 9、 第二膨胀单元 10、 第二发电单元 11、 第二气液分离单元 12、 分离出的气态第二 工质压缩单元 13、 第二冷凝单元 14、 气液分离一级加压泵单元 15、 二级加压泵单元 16、 第 二液态工质补充单元 17、 第二气态工质补充单元 18、 第二泄漏工质收集单元 19以及配套装 置、 控制装置组成。
其中凝汽器 4的热流体侧进口接汽轮机 2排汽， 热流体侧出口接凝水泵 5进口， 冷流体 侧进口接二级加压泵 16出口， 冷流体侧出口接膨胀单元 10进口， 膨胀单元出口接第二气液 分离单元 12进口， 气液分离单元气体出口接第二压缩单元 13进口， 第二压缩单元出口接第 二冷凝单元 14进口， 第二冷凝单元出口与第二一级加压泵 15出口并联； 气液分离单元液体 出口接气液分离一级加压泵单元 15进口， 一级加压泵单元出口与第二冷凝单元 14出口并联 后接二级加压泵单元 16进口，二级加压泵单元出口接蒸发单元 9即凝汽器 4的冷流体侧进口。 膨胀单元的输出轴接发电单元输入轴和压缩单元输入轴， 压缩单元也可由电动机单独拖动。
循环过程是： 在第一循环的凝汽器 4即第二循环的蒸发单元 9内， 高压低温的液态第二 介质吸收朗肯循环做完功的水蒸汽的凝结潜热把水蒸汽凝结成水后自身气化， 进入第二膨胀 单元 10, 压力降低体积膨胀,把压力能变成动能,推动膨胀单元转子旋转或活塞运动做功， 带 动发电单元 11发电， 还可同时带动压缩单元 13对分离出的气态第二工质加压。 做完功的第 二工质温度降低到液化温度或二相点温度或三相点温度， 部分是液体部分是气体， 进入气液 分离单元 12。 分离出的液体经一级加压泵单元 15加压送给二级加压泵 16。 分离出的气体进 入压缩单元 13, 压缩后进第二冷凝单元 14被冷却冷凝成液体， 与一级加压泵 15送出的液体 汇合进入二级加压泵 16。 二级加压泵 16把低沸点液态介质加压到较高压力如亚临界或临界 甚至超临界压力送入蒸发器单元 9， 吸收朗肯循环做完功的水蒸汽的潜热再次气化和做功。
其中气液分离单元可不设， 工质膨胀后经压缩进第二循环冷凝器； 压缩单元也可不设， 工质膨胀后进第二朗肯循环冷凝器。
为补充损耗， 在一级加压泵 15后设低沸点液态工质补充单元 17， 在蒸发单元后设低沸 点气态工质补充单元 18对漏损工质补充。 也可全面考虑补充工质的压力、 物态及尽可能取得 效益等因素选取补充点。 为节约第二工质用量， 设泄漏低沸点工质收集装置 19, 收集后再利 用。 根据流程设计， 工质补充单元和泄漏工质收集单元也可不设。
本处所述的单元包括主机、 辅助设备、 仪表和控制等全部， 可以是几个机组串联或并联。 主机上装有压力、 温度、 流量、 振动等测量和指示仪表以及自动控制系统， 包括压力、 流量、 温度、 转速等的调节以及振动监测、 保护和故障处理等， 仪表有就地指示和变送到远 方主控室显示， 有就地操作盘和主控制室操作台或控制盘。 根据情况也可少设甚至不设。
图 4所示为有再热的第一种亚临界跨临界第二循环流程， 第二循环由由第一循环的凝汽 器 4即第二循环的蒸发单元 9、 第一膨胀单元 10、 第二循环第一发电单元 11、 再热单元 12、 第二热源单元 13、 二次膨胀单元 14、 二次膨胀发电单元 15、 冷凝单元 16、 冷凝泵单元 17、 再热泵单元 18、气态工质补充单元 19、 泄漏工质收集单元 20以及配套装置、控制装置组成。
其中凝汽器 4的换热部件热流体侧进口接汽轮机 2排汽，热流体侧出口接凝水泵 5进口， 换热部件冷流体侧进口接凝水泵单元 17出口， 冷流体侧出口接第一膨胀单元 10进口， 第一 膨胀单元出口接再热单元 12进口， 再热单元出口接二次膨胀单元 14进口， 二次膨胀单元出 口接冷凝单元 16进口， 冷凝单元出口接冷凝泵单元 17进口， 冷凝泵泵单元出口接凝汽器 4 的换热部件冷流体侧进口。 第一膨胀单元的输出轴接第二循环第一发电单元输入轴， 二次膨 胀单元接第二循环二次膨胀发电单元输入轴。 再热单元 12冷凝水出口接再热泵 18进口， 再 热泵单元出口与第一循环凝水泵 5出口并联。
循环过程是： 在第一循环的凝汽器 4即第二循环的蒸发单元 9内， 高压低温的液态工质 吸收朗肯循环做完功的水蒸汽的凝结潜热把水蒸汽凝结成水后自身气化， 进入第二循环第一 膨胀单元 10， 压力降低体积膨胀,把压力能变成动能,推动膨胀单元转子旋转或活塞运动做 功， 带动第二循环第一发电单元 11发电， 做完功的第二工质温度， 压力降低到设定压力， 伹 压力仍很高， 有压力能可利用，进入再热单元 12被从第一循环凝汽器 4引来的水蒸汽或第二 热源单元的热量加热， 升温到设定温度后进二次膨胀单元 14二次膨胀， 膨胀到设定温度如饱 和温度或二相点温度或三相点温度进入冷凝单元 16, 被冷媒冷却全部液化成液体， 经冷凝泵 单元 17升到高压、亚临界或临界或超临界压力进入蒸发单元 9即第一循环凝汽器 4开始第二 次循环。 再热泵单元把再热单元的冷凝水送出与第一循环凝水泵 5出口并联去第一循环化学 水处理 6。
为补充工质损耗， 在蒸发单元 9和膨胀单元 10之间设工质补充单元 19, 用于在系统内 工质储量下降时向系统补充工质， 据情况也可只设接口或不设； 泄漏工质收集单元 20用于收 集泄漏工质， 主要是膨胀单元轴封漏气， 若设计成无泄漏型或泄漏工质价值很低等原因也可 不设。
图 5所示为有再热的第二种亚临界跨临界发电循环。 第二循环由由第一循环的凝汽器 4 即第二循环的蒸发单元 9、 第一膨胀单元 10、 第二循环第一发电单元 11、 再热单元 12、 第二 热源单元 13、 二次膨胀单元 14、 第二循环第二发电单元 15、 气液分离单元 16、 分离出的气 体压缩单元 17、 冷凝单元 18、 分离加压泵单元 19、 二级加压泵单元 20再热泵单元 21工质 补充单元 22、 泄漏工质收集单元 23和 24以及配套装置、 控制装置组成。
其中凝汽器 4的热流体侧进口接汽轮机 2排汽， 热流体侧出口接凝水泵 5进口， 冷流体 侧进口接二级加压泵单元 20出口， 冷流体侧出口接一次膨胀单元 10进口， 一次膨胀单元出 口接再热单元 12进口， 再热单元出口接二次膨胀单元 14进口， 二次膨胀单元出口接气液分 离单元 16进口， 气液分离单元气体出口接压缩单元 17进口， 压缩单元出口接冷凝单元 18进 口， 冷凝单元出口与分离加压泵 19出口并联， 气液分离单元液体出口接分离加压泵单元 19 进口， 分离单元加压泵单元出口与冷凝单元 18出口并联后接二级加压泵单元 20入口， 二级 加压泵出口接蒸发单元 9即改进的朗肯循环凝汽器 4冷流体侧进口。 一次膨胀单元的输出轴 接第二循环第一发电单元 11输入轴， 二次膨胀单元输出轴接第二循环二次发电单元 15输入 轴。再热单元冷凝水出口接再热泵 21进口， 再热泵单元出口与凝水泵出口并联。其中气液分 离单元可不设， 工质膨胀后经压缩进第二循环冷凝器； 压缩单元也可不设， 工质膨胀后进第 二朗肯循环冷凝器。
循环过程是： 在第一循环的凝汽器 4即第二循环的蒸发单元 9内， 高压低温的液态工质 吸收朗肯循环做完功的水蒸汽的凝结潜热把水蒸汽凝结成水后自身气化， 进入第二循环一次 膨胀单元 10， 压力降低体积膨胀,把压力能变成动能,推动膨胀单元转子旋转或活塞运动做 功， 带动第二循环第一发电单元 11发电， 做完功的工质温度降低， 压力降低到设定压力， 伹 仍很高， 有压力能可利用，进入再热单元 12被从第一循环凝汽器 4引来的水蒸汽或第二热源 单元 13的热量加热， 升温到设定温度后进二次膨胀单元 14二次膨胀， 膨胀到设定温度如饱 和温度或二相点温度或三相点温度进入气液分离单元 16, 分离出的气体进入压缩单元 17压 缩， 压缩后进冷凝单元 18, 被冷媒冷却全部液化成液体出冷凝单元与分离加压泵 19出口并 联， 进二级加压泵单元 20进口， 分离单元分离出的液体经分离加压泵单元 19加压进加压与 冷凝单元 18出口并联进二级加压泵 20进口， 全部液体被二级加压泵加压到高压、 亚临界或 临界或超临界压力进入蒸发单元 9即第一循环凝汽器 4开始第二次循环。再热泵单元 21把再 热单元 12的冷凝水送出与第一循环凝水泵 5出口并联去第一循环化学水处理 6。
为补充工质损耗， 在蒸发单元 9和膨胀单元 10之间设工质补充单元 22, 用于在系统内 工质储量下降时向系统补充工质， 据情况也可只设接口或不设； 泄漏工质收集单元 23、 24分 别用于收集一次膨胀单元 10和压缩单元 17的泄漏工质， 主要是轴封漏气， 若设计成无泄漏 型或泄漏工质价值很低等原因也可不设。
图 6为第二循环是第 1种超临界发电循环采用外部介质冷却的流程。 第二循环由第一循 环的凝汽器 4即第二循环的蒸发单元 9、 第二膨胀单元 10、 第二发电单元 11、 第二压缩单元 12、 第二冷却单元 13、 第二中间冷却单元 14、 第二工质补充单元 15、 第二泄漏工质收集单 元 16组成。 其中凝汽器 4的热流体侧进口接汽轮机 2排汽， 热流体侧出口接凝水泵 5进口， 冷流体侧出口接膨胀单元 10入口， 膨胀单元出口接压缩单元 12入口， 压缩单元出口接冷却 单元 13入口， 冷却单元出口接凝汽器冷流体侧入口， 中间冷却单元 14进口接压缩单元低压 级出口， 中间冷却单元出口接压缩单元下一级进口。 循环过程是： 高压低温气体进入朗肯循 环凝汽器， 吸收做完功的水蒸汽的凝结潜热使水蒸汽凝结成水， 气体升温体积膨胀进入膨胀 单元， 把压力能变成动能使膨胀单元输出轴运动带动发电单元转子旋转发电或同时带动压缩 单元对膨胀后的气体加压。 压缩单元也可用电动机单独拖动。 一种流程设计是压缩后的气态 工质温度升高到常温以上， 进入冷却器， 用循环冷却水或空气降温到某一设计数值， 目的提 高第一循环凝汽器的真空度， 第二种设计是压缩单元温升很高需要级间冷却以减少压缩功和 提高压缩效率， 设中间冷却器在压缩中途把气体引出， 冷却降温后送入压缩单元下一级然后 进入蒸发器单元 9即凝汽器 4， 若压缩单元出口气体温度仍较高， 则设冷却单元继续对气体 冷却， 降温后再进入凝汽器 4， 吸收水蒸汽的潜热再次循环； 当流程设计压缩后气体温度仍 然很低， 则可不设换热器， 压缩后直接进入蒸发单元再次循环。
图 7所示第二循环是第二种超临界发电循环， 包括凝汽器 4即第二循环蒸发单元 9、 膨 胀单元 10、 发电单元 11、 压缩单元 12、 自换热单元 13、 工质补充单元 14和泄漏工质收集单 元 15。 其中凝汽器 4的热流体侧进口接汽轮机 2排汽， 热流体侧出口接凝水泵 5进口， 冷流 体侧出口接自换热单元 13壳程进口， 自换热单元冷流体侧壳程出口接膨胀单元 10进口， 膨 胀单元出口接压缩单元 12进口， 压缩单元出口接自换热单元 13管程进口， 自换热单元管程 出口接凝汽器 4的冷流体侧入口。 本流程特点是设自换热单元。 第二循环是自换热流程， 把 换热单元设在蒸发单元 9和膨胀单元 10之间。用从第一循环凝汽器出来相对温度较低的气体 对压缩后温度较高的气体降温以提高凝汽器的真空度。 同时升高出凝汽器进膨胀单元的气体 温度， 提高膨胀单元的做功能力。 循环过程是： 高压低温气体进入朗肯循环凝汽器 4即第二 蒸发单元 9， 吸收做完功的水蒸汽的凝结潜热使水蒸汽凝结成水， 气体升温体积膨胀进入自 换热单元 13热流体侧与冷流体侧的压缩后的气体换热进入膨胀单元 10, 把压力能变成动能 使膨胀单元输出轴运动带动发电单元 11转子旋转发电或同时带动压缩单元 12; 膨胀后的气 体进入压缩单元 12被压缩， 压力升高体积缩小后进入自换热单元 13冷流体侧， 与热流体侧 气体换热后进入蒸发器的冷流体侧重复循环。 若压缩单元中间级温度过高， 可如图 6—样设 中间冷却单元对气体降温。
图 8所示为燃气发电循环、 水蒸汽为工质的朗肯循环、 低沸点工质循环的联合发电循环 基本流程。 燃气发电循环包括压气机 1、 燃烧室 2、 燃气轮机 3、 燃气循环发电机 4， 朗肯循 环包括蒸汽锅炉 5、 蒸汽轮机 6、 朗肯循环发电机 7、 朗肯循环凝汽器 8、 朗肯循环水泵 9、 低沸点工质循环蒸发单元 10、 低沸点工质循环膨胀单元 11、 低沸点工质发电单元 12、 低沸 点工质循环冷凝单元 13、低沸点工质循环加压泵单元 14。其中压气机进口通大气， 出口接燃 烧室， 燃料进燃烧室燃料进口， 燃烧室出口接燃气轮机进口， 燃气轮机出口接朗肯循环蒸汽 锅炉壳程， 燃气轮机输出轴接发电机输入轴。 朗肯循环蒸汽锅炉壳程进口接燃气轮机排气口， 壳程接大气， 管程进口接朗肯循环水泵进口， 管程出口接蒸汽轮机进口， 蒸汽轮机出口接肯 循环凝汽器的热流体侧进口， 凝汽器的热流体侧出口接朗肯循环水泵进口， 水泵出口接蒸汽 锅炉。 朗肯循环凝汽器同时是低沸点工质循环蒸发单元。 朗肯循环凝汽器的冷流体侧出口接 低沸点工质循环膨胀单元进口， 膨胀单元出口接低沸点工质循环冷凝器的热侧进口， 冷凝器 的热侧出口接低沸点工质循环加压泵单元进口， 加压泵出口接低沸点工质蒸发单元的冷流体 侧进口。 燃气轮机输出轴接燃气循环发电机输入轴， 蒸汽轮机输出轴接朗肯循环发电机输入 轴， 低沸点工质循环膨胀机输出轴接低沸点工质循环发电单元输入轴。 循环过程是： 压气机
1从大气吸入空气并加压到设计压力进入燃烧室 2，燃料也进入燃烧室与空气燃烧放热产生高 温高压燃气进入燃气轮机， 把压力能转换成动能推动燃气轮机转子旋转带动燃气循环发电机 4发电。 做完功的燃气仍有很高温度， 进入朗肯循环蒸汽锅炉做为热源把朗肯循环工质水加 热使其汽化为高压水蒸汽， 进入蒸汽轮机 6推动转子旋转带动朗肯循环发电机 7发电。 做完 功的水蒸汽乏汽进入朗肯循环凝汽器 8， 把潜热和部分显热传给低沸点工质凝结成水， 被朗 肯循环水泵抽出并加压到设计压力进入蒸汽锅炉 5二次循环； 低沸点工质在朗肯循环凝汽器 8即低沸点工质循环蒸发单元 10内吸收朗肯循环做完功的水蒸汽乏汽潜热和部分显热使其冷 凝， 自身气化升温体积膨胀或由低温到高温休积膨胀进入膨胀单元 11把压力能和热能转换成 动能推动膨胀机转子旋转进而带动发电单元 12发电。低沸点工质做功后压力温度降低，进入 冷凝单元 13被冷媒冷却， 当采用亚临界跨临界循环时冷凝成液体， 当采用超临界循环时气体 被冷却降温， 液态或气态工质被加压单元 14加压提高到设计压力进入蒸发单元 10即朗肯循 环凝汽器 8开始二次循环。
图 9所示为燃气发电循环、 低沸点工质循环的联合发电双循环基本流程。 燃气发电循环 包括压气机 1、 燃烧室 2、 燃气轮机 3、 燃气循环发电机 4， 低沸点工质循环蒸发单元 5、 低 沸点工质循环膨胀单元 6、 低沸点工质发电单元 7、 低沸点工质循环冷凝单元 8、 低沸点工质 循环加压泵单元 9。 其中压气机大气进口通大气， 出口接燃烧室， 燃料进燃烧室燃料进口， 燃烧室出口接燃气轮机进气口， 燃气轮机排气口接低沸点工质循环蒸发单元的热侧进口， 蒸 发单元热侧出口排大气， 蒸发单元冷侧进口接加压泵单元出口， 冷侧出口接膨胀单元进口膨 胀单元出口接低沸点工质循环冷凝器热侧进口， 冷凝器的热侧出口接低沸点工质循环加压泵 单元进口， 加压泵出口接低沸点工质蒸发单元冷侧进口。 燃气轮机输出轴接燃气循环发电机 输入轴， 低沸点工质循环膨胀机输出轴接低沸点工质循环发电单元输入轴。 循环过程是： 压 气机 1从大气吸入空气并加压到设计压力进入燃烧室 2， 燃料也进入燃烧室与空气燃烧放热 产生高温高压燃气进入燃气轮机 3， 把压力能转换成动能推动燃气轮机转子旋转带动燃气循 环发电机 4发电。 做完功的燃气仍有很高温度， 进入低沸点工质循环蒸发单元 5内放出热量 给低沸点工质， 低沸点工质吸收燃气佘热气化升温体积膨胀或由低温到高温体积膨胀进入膨 胀单元 6把压力能和热能转换成动能推动膨胀机转子旋转进而带动发电单元 7发电。 低沸点 工质做功后压力温度降低， 进入冷凝单元 8被冷媒冷却， 当采用亚临界跨临界循环时冷凝成 液体， 当采用超临界循环时气体被冷却降温， 液态或气态工质被加压单元 9加压提高到设计 压力进入蒸发单元 5开始二次循环。
当第二循环还有可利用的热能， 可采用第三循环继续做功， 以获得更多的可转换能量。 第三循环组成基本同第二循环， 伹所用工质的沸点比第二循环介质沸点低。 由于第二循环做 功量大， 大功率更适合透平膨胀机， 当采用亚临界和跨临界循环时须解决后几级叶片抗液滴 冲刷。 若采用超临界循环则可避开液滴冲刷。 为把第一循环水蒸汽的潜热尽可能地转化成电 能， 采用第三循环继续能量转化是办法之一。
图 16〜图 20是有代表性的五个三循环发电流程。 图 16的第二循环和第三循环都是第 1 种亚临界、 跨临界循环； 图 17的第二循环是第 1种亚临界、 跨临界循环， 第三循环是第 2种 亚临界、 跨临界循环； 图 18是有再热的亚临界、 跨临界循环； 图 19第二循环是第 2种亚临 界、 跨临界循环， 第三循环是第 1种超临界循环； 图 20第二循环是第 1种超临界循环， 第三 循环是第 2种超临界循环。 还有其他组合方式不在此一一列举。
三循环的第一循环与双循环的第一循环相同。 第二循环是亚临界、 跨临界循环的其冷凝 单元即是第三循环的蒸发单元， 如图 16、 图 17、 图 18、 图 19和图 20。 第二循环是超临界循 环的， 有冷却单元的冷却单元就是第三循环的的蒸发单元， 无冷却单元的要增加冷却单元并 作为第三循环的蒸发单元。
以图 16为例， 说明如下： 本三循环流程第一循环是改进的朗肯循环， 第二循环是第 1种 亚临界、 跨临界发电流程， 第三循环也是第 1种亚临界、 跨临界发电流程。 第二循环由第一 循环的凝汽器 4即第二循环的蒸发单元 9、 第二膨胀单元 10、 第二发电单元 11、 第二冷凝单 元 12 (也是第三循环蒸发单元 17 )、 第二加压泵单元 13、 第二液态介质补充单元 14、 第二气 态介质补充单元 15、 第二泄漏介质收集单元 16以及配套装置、 控制装置组成。 其中凝汽器 4 的热侧进口接汽轮机排汽， 热侧出口接凝水泵 5进口； 冷侧进口接第二加压泵 13出口， 冷侧 出口接膨胀单元 10进口； 膨胀单元 10出口接第二冷凝单元 12的热侧进口， 第二冷凝单元 12的热侧出口接第二循环加压泵单元 13入口， 第二加压泵单元 13出口接第一循环凝汽器 4 即第二循环蒸发单元 9的冷侧进口。膨胀单元的输出轴接发电单元输入轴。第二循环过程是： 在第一循环的凝汽器 4即第二循环的蒸发单元 9内， 高压低温的液态第二工质吸收朗肯循环 做完功的水蒸汽的凝结潜热把水蒸汽凝结成水后自身气化， 进入第二膨胀单元 10， 体积膨胀 把压力能变成动能， 使膨胀单元输出轴运动， 带动发电单元 11发电， 做完功的第二工质温度 降低到接近液化温度或接近二相点温度温度进入第二冷凝单元 12, 在冷凝单元内把热量传给 第三循环沸点更低的低沸点工质， 全部液化成液体， 经一级加压泵单元 13加压到亚临界或临 界或超临界压力送入第二蒸发器单元 9进行第二次循环， 吸收朗肯循环做完功的水蒸汽的潜 热再次气化和做功。
为补充损耗， 可在第二加压泵单元 13前设第二低沸点液态工质补充单元 14, 在第二蒸 发单元后设第二低沸点气态工质补充单元 15对漏损工质补充或只设 13或 15。 综合考虑补充 工质的压力、 物态及尽可能取得效益等因素选取补充点， 当设计成移动式只设补充接口或不 考虑补充装置。 为节约工质用量， 设第二泄漏工质收集装置 16, 收集后再利用， 也可不设。
第三循环由第二冷凝单元 12即第三蒸发单元 17、 第三膨胀单元 18, 第三发电单元 19, 第三循环冷凝单元 20, 第三加压泵单元 21 , 第三液体工质补充单元 22, 第三气体工质补充 单元 23, 第三泄漏工质收集单元 24等及所有配套装置、 设施、 部件、 元件和仪表及控制系 统组成。 循环过程是： 更低沸点的高压低温第三工质在第二凝汽单元 12即第三蒸发单元 17 内吸收第二工质的热量把第二工质液化成液体而自身气化体积增大， 进入第三膨胀单元 18, 推动膨胀单元输出轴运动， 带动第三发电单元 19发电， 把第二循环工质的热能转化为机械能 进而转化成电能。从膨胀单元出来的第三循环工质进入第三循环冷凝单元 20被冷媒冷却冷凝 成液体， 经第三循环加压泵单元 22加压到亚临界或临界或超临界压力， 进入第三循环蒸发单 元 17即第二循环冷凝单元 12开始第二次循环。 工质补充单元 22和 23可只设之一或不设。
本发明主要用于增加发电量， 伹也可同时提供冷量， 即发电-制冷联合循环。 做法是根据 需要的冷量级别， 在第二循环、 第三循环的适宜环节中增加一台或多台换热器， 对提取冷量 的介质降温即提供冷量。 此时循环成为发电-制冷联合循环。
图 10〜图 15所示为双循环发电 -制冷联合循环的五种基本流程， 图 10 9是第 1种亚临 界、 跨临界发电-制冷联合循环， 图 11是第 2种亚临界、 跨临界发电-制冷联合循环， 图 12 是有再热的亚临界、跨临界发电-制冷联合循环，图' 132是第 1种超临界发电-制冷联合循环， 图 14是第 2种超临界发电-制冷联合循环， 图 15是燃气、 水蒸汽、 低沸点工质多循环发电- 制冷基本流程。
以图 10为例， 说明如下： 本双循环发电-制冷联合循环流程第一循环是改进的朗肯循环， 第二循环是第 1种亚临界、跨临界发电 -制冷循环， 第二循环由第一循环的凝汽器 4即第二循 环的蒸发单元 9、 第二膨胀单元 10、 第二发电单元 11、 第二冷凝单元 12、 第二加压泵单元 13、 第二供冷单元 14、第二液态工质补充单元 15、 第二泄漏工质收集单元 16以及配套装置、 控制装置组成。 其中凝汽器 4的热侧进口接汽轮机排汽， 热侧出口接凝水泵 5进口， 冷侧进 口接供冷单元 14出口， 冷侧出口接膨胀单元 10进口， 膨胀单元 10出口接第二冷凝单元 12 的热侧进口， 第二冷凝单元 12的热侧出口接第二加压泵单元 13入口， 第二加压泵单元 13出 口接第二供冷单元 14进口， 供冷单元 14出口接第一循环凝汽器 4即第二循环蒸发单元 9的 冷侧进口。 膨胀单元的输出轴接发电单元输入轴。 第二循环过程是： 在第一循环凝汽器 4即 第二循环蒸发单元 9内， 高压低温的液态第二工质吸收朗肯循环做完功的水蒸汽的凝结潜热 把水蒸汽凝结成水后自身气化， 进入第二膨胀单元 10, 体积膨胀把压力能变成动能， 使膨胀 单元输出轴运动， 带动发电单元 11发电， 做完功的第二工质温度降低到饱和温度或接近二相 点温度进入第二冷凝单元 12, 在冷凝单元内把热量传给冷媒， 全部液化成液体， 经第二加压 泵单元 13加压到亚临界或临界或超临界压力送入供冷单元 14, 供冷单元对外输出部分冷量 进入第二蒸发器单元 9进行第二次循环， 吸收朗肯循环做完功的水蒸汽的潜热再次气化和做 功。
为补充损耗， 可在第二加压泵单元 13前设第二低沸点液态工质补充单元 15， 对漏损工 质补充。 综合考虑补充工质的压力、 物态及尽可能取得效益等因素选取补充点或不设， 当设 计成移动式只设补充接口或不考虑补充装置。为节约工质用 ft 设第二泄漏工质收集装置 16， 收集后再利用， 也可不设。
图 21〜图 25是有代表性的三循环发电-制冷联合循环。 图 21的第二循环是第 1种亚临 界、 跨临界发电循环， 第三循环是第 2种亚临界、 跨临界发电-制冷联合循环， 图 22的第二 循环是第 1种亚临界、 跨临界发电循环， 第三循环是第 2种超临界发电-制冷联合循环。 图 23的第二循环是第 1种亚临界、 跨临界发电循环， 第三循环是有再热的第 1种亚临界跨临界 临界发电-制冷联合循环。 图 24的第二循环是第 1种亚临界跨临界发电-制冷联合联合循环， 第三循环是第 1种超临界发电-制冷联合循环。 图 25第二循环是第 1种亚临界、 跨临界发电- 制冷联合循环， 第三循环是第 2种超临界发电-制冷联合循环。
以图 24为例： 第二循环是第 1种亚临界、 跨临界发电循环， 包括第二循环蒸发器单元 9 即第一循环凝汽器 4、 第二膨胀单元 10、 第二发电单元 11、 第二循环冷凝单元 12、 第二循环 加压泵单元 13、 第二循环液态工质补充单元 14、 第二循环气态工质补充单元 15、 第二循环 泄漏工质收集单元 16组成。 其中蒸发器单元 9的冷侧出口接膨胀单元 10进口， 膨胀单元 10 输出轴接发电单元 11输入轴， 工质出口接冷凝单元 12入口， 冷凝单元 12出口接第二循环加 压泵单元 13进口， 加压泵单元出口接第二循环蒸发单元 9即第一循环凝汽器 4的冷侧进口。 第二循环过程是： 在第一循环凝汽器 4即第二循环蒸发单元 9内， 高压低温的第二工质吸收 朗肯循环做完功的水蒸汽的凝结潜热把水蒸汽凝结成水后自身气化， 进入第二膨胀单元 10， 体积膨胀把压力能变成动能， 使膨胀单元输出轴运动， 带动发电单元 11发电， 做完功的第二 工质温度降低到饱和温度或接近二相点温度温度进入第二冷凝单元 12, 在冷凝单元内把热量 传给第三循环温度更低的循环工质， 全部液化成液体， 经第二循环加压泵单元 13加压到亚临 界或临界或超临界压力送入第二循环蒸发器单元 9进行第二次循环， 吸收朗肯循环做完功的 水蒸汽的潜热再次气化和做功。
第三循环是第 1种超临界发电-制冷联合循环， 包括第二循环冷凝单元 12即第三循环蒸 发单元 17、 第三循环膨胀单元 18、 第三循环发电单元 19、 第三循环冷凝单元 20、 第三循环 加压泵单元 21、 第三循环供冷单元 22、 第三循环工质补充单元 23、 第三循环泄漏工质收集 单元 24。 工作流程是： 高压更低温度的第三循环工质在第二循环冷凝单元 12即第三循环蒸 发单元 17内吸收第二循环工质的凝结潜热把第二循环工质完全冷凝成液体， 自身气化体积增 大温度升高， 进入第三循环膨胀单元 18, 把压力能转变成动能推动第三循环膨胀单元运动件 运动， 带动第三循环发电单元 19发电， 做功后工质温度降低到饱和温度， 进入第三循环冷凝 单元 20被冷媒冷凝， 再进入第三循环加压泵单元 21被加压， 升高压力后进入供冷单元 22放 出部分冷量后进入第三循环蒸发单元 17即第二循环冷凝单元 12开始二次循环。 工质补充单 元 23可设计成固定式或移动式两种， 设计成移动式时系统上只做接口，根据流程设计也可不 要工质补充单元。 泄漏工质收集单元 24收集泄漏工质再利用， 根据流程设计也可不要。
图 26所示第二发电循环是工质膨胀后被直接压缩成液体的发电循环，由第一循环的凝汽 器 4即第二循环的蒸发器单元也是第二循环的锅炉单元 9、 第二膨胀单元 10、 第二发电单元 11、 第二压缩单元 12、 压缩机拖动单元 13、 加压泵单元 14、 第二液态工质补充单元 15、 泄 漏第二工质收集和再利用装置单元 16以及配套装置、 控制装置组成。
其中凝汽器 4的热流体侧进口接汽轮机 2的排汽， 热流体侧出口接凝结水系统， 冷流体 侧进口接第二加压泵 14的出口， 冷流体侧出口接膨胀单元 10的进口， 膨胀单元的出口接压 缩单元 12的进口， 压缩单元的出口接第二加压泵单元 14的进口， 第二加压泵单元的出口接 凝汽器 4的冷流体侧进口。 膨胀单元的输出轴接发电单元输入轴， 压缩单元输入轴接拖动单 元输出轴。
循环过程是： 在第一循环的凝汽器 4即第二循环的蒸发单元 9内， 高压低温的液态第二 工质吸收朗肯循环做完功的水蒸汽的凝结潜热把水蒸汽凝结成水后自身气化， 进入第二膨胀 单元 10, 压力降低体积膨胀,把压力能和热能变成动能,推动膨胀单元转子旋转或活塞运动做 功， 带动发电单元 11发电， 做完功的第二工质温度降低到设定温度如液化温度或二相点温度 或三相点温度进入压缩单元 12, 被压缩液化成液体， 经加压泵单元 13二次升压到高压、 亚 临界或临界或超临界压力进入蒸发单元 9即第一循环凝汽器 4开始第二次循环。
为补充介质损耗， 在压缩单元 13与第二加压泵 14之间设液态介质补充单元 15, 用于在 系统内工质储量下降时向系统补充工质， 据情况也可只设接口或不设； 泄漏工质收集单元 16 用于收集泄漏工质， 主要是膨胀单元轴封漏气， 若设计成无泄漏型或泄漏工质价值很低等原 因也可不设。
主机上装有压力、 温度、 流量、 振动等测量和指示仪表以及自动控制系统， 包括压力、 流量、 温度、 转速等的调节以及振动监测、 保护和故障处理等， 仪表有就地指示和变送到远 方主控室显示， 有就地操作盘和主控制室操作台或控制盘。 根据情况也可少设甚至不设。 无论是双循环还是三循环还是三循环以上， 无论是发电循环还是发电-制冷联合循环， 都 可据需要由基本循环及其改型任意组合。 两个循环衔接部设前一循环冷凝单元或冷却单元即 后一循环的蒸发单元。
循环中， 工质物态变化如下：
工质全程在气态循环， 不发生物态变化。 即始终在过热状态。 伹为降低压缩功耗， 出膨 胀单元时温度尽量接近饱和温度或达到饱和温度。
气态有过热态， 即始终在过热态循环。
有过热态与饱和态转化， 如出膨胀单元是饱和态， 进压缩单元被压缩成过热态。
循环中工质物态有气态、 液态的转化甚至有气态、 液态和固态的转化。 亚临界、 跨临界 循环是在气态、 液态转化中循环； 当采用二氧化碳做工质时， 液态二氧化碳气化时若外界能 量供应不足或不及时， 则会生成部分干冰， 即出现气态、 液态和固态的转化。
加压后的压力越高,做功能力越大， 加压到较高压力、 高压力、 亚临界压力、 临界压力、 超临界压力， 做功能力依次加大， 做功后温度依次可降得更低， 更易于液化或压缩， 即消耗 的冷媒少或压缩功越小。 伹对于气态工质， 压缩后的温升也越高。 当超过某一数值如第一循 环凝汽器温度， 或者为实现循环流程需要， 要加降温冷却单元对压缩过程中和压缩后的工质 降温。
第二循环和第三循环及三循环以上的多循环， 其工质膨胀过程有以下方式： 1.一次膨胀； 2.二次及多次膨胀； 3.每次膨胀可以是一级； 4.每次膨胀可以是多级； 5膨胀后可再热。
工质循环做功的核心设备是膨胀单元的膨胀机， 其种类有：
1.透平膨胀机 包括轴流式、 离心式及其组合轴流离心混流式。 一种膨胀全过程都是气 态， 叶片只承受气体的推动。 第二种膨胀是到饱和温度或二相点、 三相点温度， 末数级叶片 能承受部分液化及全部液化的甚至有固体颗粒介质的冲击。 透平可做成冲动 （冲击） 式， 也 可做成反动 （反击） 式。 透平叶轮材质， 可以是合金钢以及铝合金或钛合金。 也可前数级是 合金钢， 介质降到某一温度后改用铝合金或钛合金， 或合金钢、 铝合金、 钛合金的组合； 可 以在基材外喷涂、 刷涂或烧结耐磨损或耐磨损和耐冲刷或耐磨损和耐冲刷和耐腐饨物质。
2.容积式膨胀机。 包括活塞汽缸式、 滚动活塞式、 摆动转子式、 涡旋式、 螺杆式。 容积 式膨胀机， 对液滴的敏感度低于透平机。
3.喷嘴。
4.采用透平膨胀机、 容积式膨胀机和喷嘴之二或之三的组合。
降低温度和压缩可取以下流程：
1.第二循环、 第三循环及第三循环以上的循环气态工质膨胀到饱和气态或饱和并部分液 化。 液态介质用泵加压， 再进入前一循环凝汽器或冷凝单元； 气态工质还可用压缩单元压缩 后进冷凝器被冷却冷凝， 再经泵加压进入蒸发单元即前一循环凝汽器或冷凝单元。
2.第二循环第三循环气态工质膨胀到饱和态， 即有液体又有气体甚至有固体， 是二相流 或三相流， 经气液分离， 分离出的液体用加压泵单元加压， 分离出的气体用压缩单元加压进 冷凝单元被冷却冷凝成液体， 二者再用二级加压泵单元加压进入前一循环凝汽器， 对固体， 可通过供冷单元向外界提供冷量即吸热使其液化或气化。
上述过程还可第一步压缩使工质液化,再用泵二次加压进入前一循环凝汽器。
3.第二循环、 第三循环气态工质膨胀后仍是气体， 伹已是饱和温度， 目的是最大限度地 减小压缩功， 很容易地被压缩机压缩， 升压后进入前一循环过冷单元。 4.第二循环、 第三循环气态工质膨胀做功后仍是气体， 过热度较高， 伹根据流程需要设 计好膨胀终温， 尽量减小压缩功。 用压缩机加压后根据需要用空气或循环冷却水或另一冷媒 降温到设计值， 进入前一工质凝汽单元或过冷单元。
压缩和冷却的级数和次数， 无论是亚临界、 跨临界还是超临界， 都根据介质特性可设计 成一级或多级压缩， 一次或多次压缩， 无冷却或一级 （次） 冷却或多级 （次） 冷却， 包括压 缩单元内的中间冷却。
压缩单元的压缩机种类可以是透平式和容积式， 透平式可以是轴流式、 离心式和轴流、 离心混流式， 即前数级为轴流式， 后一级或数级做成离心式。 容积式中可以是往复式 （包括 活塞式、 斜盘式)、 涡旋式、 滑片式、 滚动活塞式、 螺杆式。 透平压缩机叶轮或叶片表面可以 喷涂、 刷涂或烧结其他物质。
膨胀机除拖动发电机， 还可同时拖动压缩机， 与燃气轮机组相似。 即膨胀机一端联发电 机， 另一端联压缩机。
膨胀压缩机种类 把膨胀机和压缩机做在一个壳体内。 种类有： 轴流式、 离心式、 轴流 离心混流式、 往复活塞式、 滚动活塞式、 摆动转子式、 滑片式、 螺杆式、 铰接叶片式等。
膨胀单元的膨胀机和压缩单元的压缩机的轴承， 可用有油润滑， 也可用无油润滑， 如磁 悬浮轴承和气体轴承。
为补充泄漏损失， 设第二循环和第三循环工质补充接口和补充装置。 补充口的位置， 当 采用液态工质补充时设在二级加压泵单元之前或蒸发单元之前。 当采用气态工质补充时根据 补充工质的压力、 膨胀机进气前的压力设在适宜处、 不浪费补充工质的能量又取得最大发电 能力或出力处。 补充装置可设计成固定式和移动式两种， 当采取移动式补充装置时， 在系统 上只设接口。 进而若设计成不需要补充工质且制造精良或其他原因也可取消工质补充装置； 根据流程设计及性价比等因素全面考虑， 可以不设泄漏工质收集装置。
由于第二尤其第三工质循环是在低温下运行， 需要保温保冷， 使循环接近绝热循环或就 是绝热循环。

Claims

权利要求
1.一种多循环发电热力系统， 包括含有凝汽器的第一循环， 该第一循环为改进的用水作 工质的朗肯循环， 其特征在于：
该系统还包括第二循环， 该第二循环是使用低沸点介质做工质把水蒸汽乏汽凝结潜热转 换成电能的二次发电循环， 所述第一循环中的凝汽器是压力容器， 用低沸点工质使所述凝汽 器中的水蒸汽凝结， 所述凝汽器作为第二循环的蒸发单元， 该凝汽器的热流体侧进口接汽轮 机排汽， 出口接凝结水系统， 该凝汽器的冷流体侧串接于第二循环中；
所述第二循环还包括膨胀单元、 发电单元和加压单元， 所述低沸点工质经过第一循环凝 汽器时吸收水蒸汽凝结潜热后汽化， 将热能和压力能变为动能， 推动所述膨胀单元的输出轴 运动， 带动所述发电单元发电或发电并制冷， 介质膨胀降温后经加压单元加压送入第一循环 凝汽器开始第二次循环；
所述第二循环为亚临界、 跨临界循环时还包括冷凝单元或冷凝单元和再热单元， 即第二 循环也是朗肯循环， 组成双朗肯循环。
2.如权利要求 1所述的多循环发电热力系统， 其特征在于：
以燃气轮机发电作为前置循环， 燃气轮机排气管串接于第一循环的锅炉壳程进口， 用燃 气轮机排气做第一循环的热源， 构成燃气-蒸汽-低沸点工质多循环发电热力系统；
所述燃气轮机发电前置循环包括压气机、 燃烧室、 燃气轮机和发电机等基本单元。
3.如权利要求 1所述的多循环发电热力系统， 其特征在于：
所述低沸点工质是在第一循环凝汽器正常工作工况下能够吸收第一循环凝汽器中水蒸汽 凝结潜热的并于常温常压下是气体的自然工质或人工合成工质， 包括： 烃， 烷类、 烯类、 炔 类、 芳香烃类， 包括醚在内的含氧化合物， 醇类、 酚类、 醛类、 酮类， 酯类， 无氧含卤化合 物， 有氧含卤化合物， 含硫化合物， 含氮化合物； 既可以是单工质， 也可以是混合物， 如乙 烷、 丁烷、 正丁烷、 异丁烷、 正戊烷、 异戊烷、 环戊烷、 乙烯、 丙烯、 丁烯、 顺丁烯、 异丁 烯、 丁二烯、 二甲苯、 氯乙烷、 氯丁烷、 氯乙烯、 R134a系列、 R410A系列、 HFC合成物系列、 二甲醚、 液化石油气、 二氧化碳气、 二氧化碳及其吸收剂的混合物， 以及氮气、 空气、 氦气、 氤气、 氢气、 氨、 氨的水溶液等各种适用工质；
所述低沸点工质在循环中物态是下述之一： 全程气态， 气态与液态转化， 气态、 液态、 固态转化， 气态是过热态、 饱和态、 过热态与饱和态转化。
4.如权利要求 1所述的多循环发电热力系统， 其特征在于：
所述的低沸点工质， 在第一循环凝汽器设定压力下的沸点小于 100°C。
5.如权利要求 1所述的多循环发电热力系统， 其特征在于：
所述低沸点工质在第二循环冷凝器设定压力下的液化温度高于常温或接近常温或是低于 常温的某一设定温度， 可用常温冷却水、 空气或低于工质在设定工况下的冷凝温度的冷媒， 把工质冷却并实现冷凝液化， 或者压缩并冷却实现液化， 或者压缩液化。
6.如权利要求 1至 5之一所述的多循环发电热力系统， 其特征在于：
所述第二循环是发电循环， 可以是亚临界、 跨临界发电循环及其再热循环和超临界发电 循环基本循环之一， 且下面提及的第二蒸发单元即改进的朗肯循环凝汽器， 其中：
当第二循环是膨胀终了为全气态的亚临界、 跨临界发电循环时， 该第二循环包括第二蒸 发单元、 第二膨胀单元、 第二发电单元、 第二冷凝单元、 第二加压泵单元， 还可设第二工质 补充单元、 第二泄漏工质收集单元； 高压低温液态工质在凝汽器中吸收第一循环水蒸汽凝结 潜热使水蒸汽凝结成水， 工质气化进入膨胀单元减压体积膨胀把压力能和热能转化成动能推 动膨胀单元运动件运动带动发电单元发电， 工质做功后温度压力降低进入冷凝单元液化， 再 经加压泵单元加压进入凝汽器重复循环；
还可在第二膨胀单元后设压缩单元， 把工质压缩至某一压力后进冷凝单元冷却冷凝， 再 经加压泵单元加压进入凝汽器重复循环；
当第二循环为膨胀终了有部分液体生成的亚临界、 跨临界发电循环时， 该第二循环包括 第二蒸发单元、 第二膨胀单元、 第二发电单元、 第二气液分离单元、 第二压缩单元、 第二冷 凝单元、 第二气液分离单元分离出的液体一级加压泵单元、 二级加压泵单元， 还可设第二工 质补充单元、 第二泄漏工质收集单元； 其中第二气液分离单元可不设， 工质膨胀后经压缩进 第二冷凝单元冷却液化； 第二压缩单元也可不设， 工质膨胀后进第二冷凝单元冷却液化； 当第二循环为再热循环时， 该第二循环在前述两种亚临界、 跨临界发电循环的基础上， 于膨胀单元后增加再热单元、 二次膨胀单元和二次膨胀发电单元， 从第一循环凝汽器分流一 部分水蒸汽乏汽或用其他热源对一次膨胀后的工质二次加热并二次膨胀做功， 还可多次加热 多次膨胀做功；
上述各循环中还可把工质直接压缩成液体， 再经加压泵单元加压进入凝汽器重复循环； 当第二循环为无自换热的超临界发电循环时， 该第二循环包括第二蒸发单元、 第二膨胀 单元、 第二发电单元、 第二压缩单元， 还可设第二工质补充单元、 第二泄漏工质收集单元， 还可设第二换热单元；
当第二循环为有自换热的超临界循环时， 第二循环包括第二蒸发单元、 第二膨胀单元、 第二发电单元、 第二压缩单元、 第二自换热单元或第二自换热单元和换热单元， 还可设第二 工质补充单元、 第二泄漏工质收集单元；
所述发电单元可以是风机、 压缩机、 水泵等其他工作机；
上述五种循环是基本循环， 增减基本单元以外的辅助单元或改变辅助单元的位置则构成 基本循环的改型。
7.如权利要求 1至 5之一所述的多循环发电热力系统， 其特征在于：
所述第二循环是发电-制冷联合循环， 可以是两种亚临界、 跨临界发电-制冷联合循环， 有再热的亚临界、跨临界发电-制冷联合循环,两种超临界发电-制冷联合循环共五种基本发电 -制冷联合循环之一， 且下面提及的第二蒸发单元即改进的朗肯循环凝汽器；
当第二循环是膨胀终了为全气态的亚临界、 跨临界发电 -制冷联合循环时， 该第二循环包 括第二蒸发单元、 第二膨胀单元、 第二发电单元、 第二供冷单元、 第二冷凝器单元、 第二加 压泵单元，还可设第二气态工质补充单元、第二液态工质补充单元、第二泄漏工质收集单元； 高压低温液态工质在凝汽中吸收第一循环水蒸汽凝结潜热使水蒸汽凝结成水， 工质气化进入 膨胀单元减压体积膨胀把压力能转化成动能推动膨胀单元运动件运动带动发电单元发电， 工 质做功后温度降低， 进入冷凝器被冷却液化， 再经加压泵单元加压进入郎肯循环凝汽器重复 循环， 供冷单元向外界提供一部分冷量； 膨胀后也可用压缩单元压缩后再进冷凝器；
当第二循环为膨胀终了有部分液体生成的亚临界、 跨临界发电制冷联合循环时， 该第二 循环包括第二蒸发单元、第二膨胀单元、 第二发电单元、 第二气液分离单元、 第二压缩单元、 第二冷凝单元、 第二冷凝泵单元、 第二气液分离单元分离出的液体加压泵单元、 第二供冷单 元、 第二工质补充单元， 还可设第二泄漏工质收集单元； 其中第二气液分离单元可不设， 工 质膨胀后经压缩进第二冷凝单元； 第二压缩单元也可不设， 工质膨胀后进第二冷凝单元； 当该第二循环为有再热的亚临界、 跨临界发电 -制冷联合循环时，在第二循环一次膨胀单 元之后加再热元、 再热泵单元和二次膨胀单元、 二次发电单元， 还可有其它热源单元；
上述各循环中还可把工质直接压缩成液体， 再经加压泵单元加压进入凝汽器重复循环； 当第二循环为无自换热的超临界发电制冷联合循环时， 该第二循环包括第二蒸发单元、 第二膨胀单元、 第二发电单元、 第二压缩单元、 第二供冷单元， 还可设第二工质补充单元、 第二泄漏工质收集单元， 还可设第二换热单元；
当第二循环为有自换热的超临界发电 -制冷联合循环时， 该第二循环包括第二蒸发单元、 第二膨胀单元、 第二发电单元、 第二压缩单元、 第二自换热单元、 第二供冷单元、 第二工质 补充单元， 还可设第二泄漏工质收集单元；
当采取燃气、 水蒸气、低沸点工质联合发电-制冷多循环时， 该第二循环还包括第二供冷 单元。
8.如权利要求 1所述的多循环发电热力系统， 其特征在于：
在第二循环后还可增加更多的循环， 循环的数量大于或等于三， 其中： 第一循环是改进 的朗肯循环， 第二循环及后续循环是基本发电循环及改型和基本发电制冷联合循环及改型之 一； 后一循环所用工质的冷凝潜热小于前一循环工质的冷凝潜热； 后一循环工质的沸点比前 一循环采用的工质沸点低； 从第三循环开始， 前一循环的膨胀单元后要设凝汽单元或冷却单 元； 该凝汽单元或冷却单元即为后一循环的蒸发单元； 所述各循环中的单元指包括本体设备 及其附属设备、 部件、 元件、 连接以及仪表和控制之全部； 所述各种基本循环及改型可任意 组合。
9.如权利要求 8所述的多循环发电热力系统， 其特征在于：
当所述第二循环为第一种亚临界、跨临界发电循环时， 该第二循环包括： 第二蒸发单元， 第二膨胀单元、 第二发电单元、 第二冷凝单元、 第二加压泵单元， 还可设第二工质补充单元、 第二泄漏工质收集单元， 所述冷凝单元即为第三循环蒸发单元； 还可在膨胀单元后设第二压 缩和拖动单元；
当所述第二循环为第二种亚临界、跨临界发电循环时， 该第二循环包括： 第二蒸发单元， 第二膨胀单元、 第二发电单元、 第二气液分离单元、 第二压缩单元、 第二冷凝单元、 第二气 液分离单元分离出的液体一级加压泵单元、 二级加压泵单元， 还可设第二工质补充单元、 第 二泄漏工质收集单元， 所述第二冷凝单元即为第三循环蒸发单元； 其中第二气液分离单元可 不设， 工质膨胀后经压缩进第二冷凝单元； 第二压缩单元也可不设， 工质膨胀后进第二冷凝 单元；
当所述第二循环为有再热的循环时， 在前二种循环的膨胀单元后增加再热单元、 二次膨 胀和二次膨胀发电单元， 还可增加第二热源单元；
上述各循环中还可把工质直接压缩成液体， 再经加压泵单元加压进入凝汽器重复循环； 当所述第二循环为第一种超临界发电循环时， 该第二循环包括： 第二蒸发单元， 第二膨 胀单元、 第二发电单元、 第二压缩单元、 第二冷却单元， 还可设第二工质补充单元、 第二泄 漏工质收集单元；
当所述第二循环为第二种超临界发电循环时， 该第二循环包括： 第二蒸发单元， 第二膨 胀单元、 第二发电单元、 第二压缩单元、 第二自换热单元， 还可设第二工质补充单元、 第二 泄漏工质收集单元； 上述五种循环是基本循环， 增减基本单元以外的辅助设备或改变位置则构成基本循环的 改型；
当所述第三循环为发电循环时， 该第三循环是亚临界、 跨临界发电循环、 有再热的亚临 界、 跨临界发电循环、 或超临界发电循环和基本循环改型之一， 且以下提及的第三循环蒸发 单元即为第二循环的第二冷凝器单元或第二冷却单元， 其中：
当所述第三循环是第一种亚临界、 跨临界发电循环时， 该第三循环包括第三循环蒸发单 元、第三循环膨胀单元、第三循环发电单元、第三循环冷凝单元、第三循环液体加压泵单元、 第三循环工质补充单元， 还可设第三循环泄漏工质收集单元；
当所述第三循环是第二种亚临界、 跨临界发电循环时， 该第三循环包括第三循环蒸发单 元、 第三循环膨胀单元、 第三循环发电单元、 第三循环气液分离单元、 第三循环压缩单元、 第三循环冷凝器单元、 第三循环气液分离单元分离出的液体一级加压泵单元、 液体二级加压 泵单元， 还可设第三循环工质补充单元、 第三循环泄漏工质收集和二次利用单元； 其中第二 气液分离单元可不设， 工质膨胀后经压缩进第二冷凝单元； 第二压缩单元也可不设， 工质膨 胀后进第二冷凝单元；
当所述第三循环为有再热的循环时， 在前二种循环的膨胀单元后增加再热单元、 二次膨 胀单元和二次膨胀发电单元， 还可设其他热源单元；
上述各循环中还可把工质直接压缩成液体， 再经加压泵单元加压进入凝汽器重复循环； 当所述第三循环是第一种超临界发电循环时， 第三循环包括第三循环蒸发单元、 第三循 环膨胀单元、 第三循环发电单元、 第三循环压缩单元， 第三循环工质补充单元， 还可设第三 循环泄漏工质收集和再利用单元；
当所述第三循环是第二种超临界发电循环时， 第三循环包括第三循环蒸发单元、 第三循 环膨胀单元、 第三循环发电单元、 第三循环压缩单元、 第三循环自换热单元， 还可设第三循 环工质补充单元、 第三循环泄漏工质收集单元；
上述五种发电循环是第三发电循环的基本循环， 在循环中增加辅助设备及改变位置即成 为基本循环改型； 所述单元指包括本体设备及其附属设备、 部件、 元件、 连接以及仪表和控 制之全部；
当所述第二循环是发电制冷联合循环时，可以是两种亚临界、跨临界发电制冷联合循环， 有再热的亚临界、跨临界发电制冷联合循环,两种超临界发电制冷联合循环共五种基本发电制 冷联合循环之一；
当第二循环是膨胀终了为全气态的亚临界、跨临界发电 -制冷联合循环时，该第二循环包 括第二蒸发单元即改进的朗肯循环凝汽器、 第二膨胀单元、 第二发电单元、 第二供冷单元、 第二冷凝器单元、 第二加压泵单元、 第二工质补充单元， 还可设第二泄漏工质收集单元； 当第二循环为膨胀终了有部分液体生成的亚临界、跨临界发电 -制冷联合循环时，该第二 循环包括第二蒸发单元即改进的朗肯循环凝汽器、 第二膨胀单元、 第二发电单元、 第二气液 分离单元、 第二压缩单元、 第二冷凝器单元、 第二冷凝器加压泵单元、 第二气液分离单元分 离出的液体加压泵单元、 第二供冷单元、第二工质补充单元， 还可设第二泄漏工质收集单元; 其中第二气液分离单元可不设，工质膨胀后经压缩进第二冷凝单元；第二压缩单元也可不设， 工质膨胀后进第二冷凝单元；
当该第二循环为有再热的亚临界、跨临界发电 -制冷联合循环时，在第二循环一次膨胀单 元之后加再热单元和二次膨胀单元； 上述各循环中还可把工质直接压缩成液体， 再经加压泵单元加压进入凝汽器重复循环； 当第二循环为无自换热的超临界发电-制冷联合循环时，该第二循环包括第二蒸发单元即 改进的朗肯循环凝汽器、 第二膨胀单元、 第二发电单元、 第二压缩单元、 第二供冷单元， 第 二介质补充单元， 还可设第二泄漏介质收集单元， 还可设第二换热单元， 第二供冷单元； 当第二循环为有自换热的超临界发电-制冷联合循环时，该第二循环包括第二蒸发单元即 改进的朗肯循环凝汽器、 第二膨胀单元、 第二发电单元、 第二压缩单元、 第二自换热单元、 第二供冷单元、 第二工质补充单元， 还可设第二泄漏工质收集单元；
当采取燃气、 水蒸气、 低沸点介质联合发电-制冷多循环时， 还包括第二供冷单元； 当所述第三循环为发电 -制冷联合循环时， 第三循环是亚临界、 跨临界发电 -制冷联合循 环、 有再热的亚临界、 跨临界发电-制冷联合循环或超临界发电-制冷联合循环之一， 其中： 当所述第三循环是第一种亚临界、 跨临界发电 -制冷联合循环时， 该第三循环包括： 第三 循环蒸发单元、 第三循环膨胀单元、 第三循环发电单元、 第三循环冷凝器单元、 第三循环加 压泵单元、 第三循环供冷单元、第三循环工质补充单元， 还可设第三循环泄漏工质收集单元； 当所述第三循环是第二种亚临界、 跨临界发电 -制冷联合循环时， 该第三循环包括： 第三 循环蒸发单元、 第三循环膨胀单元、 第三循环发电单元、 第三循环气液分离单元、 第三循环 压缩单元、第三循环冷凝器单元、第三循环气液分离单元分离出的液态介质一级加压泵单元、 第三循环液态介质二级加压泵单元、 第三循环供冷单元、 第三循环工质补充单元， 还可设第 三循环泄漏工质收集单元； 其中第二气液分离单元可不设， 工质膨胀后经压缩进第二冷凝单 元； 第二压缩单元也可不设， 工质膨胀后进第二冷凝单元；
当所述第三循环为有再热亚临界、 跨临界发电 -制冷联合循环时，在前二种循环的膨胀单 元后增加再热单元、 二次膨胀单元和二次发电单元， 还可设其他热源单元；
上述各循环中还可把工质直接压缩成液体， 再经加压泵单元加压进入凝汽器重复循环； 当所述第三循环是第一种超临界发电 -制冷联合循环时， 第三循环包括： 第三循环蒸发单 元、 第三循环膨胀单元、 第三循环发电单元、 第三循环压缩单元、 第三循环供冷单元、 第三 循环工质补充单元， 还可设第三循环泄漏工质收集单元；
当所述第三循环是第二种超临界发电-制冷循环时， 第三循环包括： 第三循环蒸发单元、 第三循环膨胀单元、 第三循环发电单元、 第三循环压缩单元、 第三循环自换热单元、 第三循 环供冷单元、 第三循环工质补充单元， 还可设第三循环泄漏工质收集单元； 其中第二气液分 离单元可不设， 工质膨胀后经压缩进第二冷凝单元； 第二压缩单元也可不设， 工质膨胀后进 第二冷凝单元；
上述五种发电-制冷联合循环是发电-制冷联合循环的基本循环， 增减辅助设备及改变设 备的位置则构成基本循环的改型； 所述单元指包括本体设备及其附属设备、 部件、 元件、 连 接以及仪表和控制之全部。
10.如权利要求 9所述的多循环发电热力系统， 其特征在于：
在第二循环和第三循环中， 所述工质补充单元是液态工质补充单元或气态工质补充单元 或液态工质补充单元和气态工质补充单元； 所述工质补充单元可设计成固定式和移动式， 设 计成移动式时， 在系统上只做接口； 膨胀单元和压缩单元做无泄漏设计时不设工质补充单元, 或泄漏量很小时， 也可不设工质补充单元； 所述单元指包括本体设备及其附属设备、 部件、 元件、 连接以及仪表和控制之全部。
11.如权利要求 8所述的多循环发电热力系统， 其特征在于： 所述膨胀单元是透平式膨胀机、 容积式膨胀机、 喷嘴之一种或组合； 可以一级膨胀， 也 可多级膨胀； 可以是一台膨胀设备， 也可是多台膨胀设备并联； 可以是一次膨胀,也可以是多 次膨胀， 两次膨胀之间可以再热； 可以是气相或气液两相流或气液固三相膨胀；
所述透平式膨胀机， 可采用轴流式、 离心式或二者的组合混流式， 可采用冲动式或反动 式； 叶片能承受单相气态或单相液态或二相流液态和气态或三相流气态、 液态和固态介质的 冲击； 透平叶轮材质是机械性能优良的合金钢以及铝合金、 钛合金， 可以前几级是合金钢， 介质降到某一温度后改用铝合金或钛合金， 或前数级是合金钢， 介质降到某一温度后改用铝 合金,再降到某一温度后改用钛合金或先改用钛合金再改用铝合金， 可以在基材上喷涂、刷涂 或烧结耐磨损或耐磨损和耐冲刷或耐磨损和耐冲刷和耐腐饨物质；
所述容积式膨胀机， 可使用活塞汽缸式、 滚动活塞式、 摆动转子式、 涡旋式、 螺杆式， 所述膨胀机输出轴有二种输出方式； 一种是只接发电机， 第二种是一端联发电机， 另一端联 压缩机；
所述膨胀机， 采用有油润滑或无油润滑轴承， 无油润滑轴承中包括磁悬浮轴和气体轴承。
12.如权利要求 1或 5所述的多循环发电热力系统， 其特征在于：
所述的加压单元包括用于压缩气态介质的压缩单元和用于液态介质加压的加压泵单元， 用于气态介质的压缩单元可采用透平式或容积式单级或二级或多级压缩机， 可以采用一台及 一台以上的压缩机； 轴流和离心可分成两台压缩机， 也可做成一台： 前几级为轴流， 后一级 或后几级为离心， 或前几级用透平机， 后级用容积式压缩机； 加压泵单元采用单级或多级离 心泵或容积式泵把介质加压到必要压力； 压缩单元用气相压缩机或气液两相流压缩机； 压缩 后可带冷凝器单元或冷却单元， 可用循环水冷却、 空气冷却或其他介质冷却或用从前一循环 凝汽器膨胀后的低温气体冷却；
所述压缩单元， 可以是电动机单独驱动， 也可用膨胀机直接驱动；
所述膨胀机， 采用有油润滑或无油润滑轴承， 无油润滑轴承中包括磁悬浮轴和气体轴承。
13.如权利要求 11所述的多循环发电热力系统， 其特征在于：
所述的膨胀单元中的膨胀机可以和压缩单元中的压缩机做在一个壳体内， 即膨胀压缩 机； 所述膨胀压缩机的种类和型式可以是轴流透平式、 离心透平式、 轴流离心混流式、 往复 活塞式、 滚动活塞式、 摆动转子式、 滑片式、 螺杆式、 铰接叶片式等； 可以是气相流或气液 两相流或气液固三相流， 可采用有油润滑或无油润滑的磁悬浮轴承或气体轴承。
14.如权利要求 1所述的多循环发电热力系统， 其特征在于：
系统中的设备、 装置、 管路采取隔热保温保冷措施， 使循环成为绝热循环或接近绝热循 环。
15.—种多循环发电热力系统， 该系统为双循环， 其特征在于：
以燃气轮机发电作为第一循环， 第二循环是使用低沸点介质做工质的二次发电循环； 第一循环中的燃气轮机排气管串接于第二循环的蒸发器的热流体侧进口， 用燃气轮机排 气做第二循环的高温热源， 构成燃气 -低沸点工质发电双循环；
所述燃气轮机发电循环， 包括压气机、 燃烧室、 燃气轮机和发电机等基本单元。
16.—种双朗肯循环发电热力系统的实现方法， 其特征在于：
在以水为循环工质的第一朗肯循环之后， 串接一个以低沸点介质为循环工质的第二朗肯 循环， 即采用双朗肯循环发电或拖动风机、 水泵等工作机， 即把第一朗肯循环做完功的水蒸 汽乏汽的冷凝潜热的一部分转换成电能或做功； 第一朗肯循环的凝汽器即为第二朗肯循环的蒸发器； 第一朗肯循环的凝汽器的冷媒不采 用冷却水， 而是第二朗肯循环的循环工质；
第二朗肯循环工质膨胀后进行如下流程之一：
1)膨胀到设定温度， 进入冷凝器冷凝成液体， 用泵加压后进入第一朗肯循环凝汽器；
2)膨胀到设定温度， 用压缩机加压， 进入第二朗肯循环冷凝器， 用冷媒冷却液化， 再用 泵二次加压进入第一朗肯循环凝汽器；
3)膨胀到部分液化， 进入气液分离器气液分离， 气液分离器分离出的气体经压缩机压缩 升压升温后进入第二朗肯循环冷凝器， 用冷媒冷却冷凝成液态， 气液分离器分离出的液体经 一级泵加压， 两液体流汇合后进二级加压泵二次加压进第一朗肯循环凝汽器； 其中气液分离 单元可不设， 工质膨胀后经压缩进第二冷凝单元； 第二压缩单元也可不设， 工质膨胀后进第 二冷凝单元；
4)膨胀到一定温度和压力进行再热， 热源可用第一朗肯循环乏汽或其他热源， 再热后二 次膨胀， 膨胀后进冷凝器液化， 或膨胀到部分液化进气液分离器， 气液分离器分离出的气体 经压缩单元压缩进入第二朗肯循环冷凝器， 用冷媒冷却冷凝成液态再用泵加压， 气液分离器 分离出的液体经一级泵加 两液体流汇合后进二级加压泵二次加压进第一朗肯循环凝汽器； 其中气液分离单元可不设， 工质膨胀后经压缩进第二循环冷凝器； 压缩单元也可不设， 工质 膨胀后进第二朗肯循环冷凝器；
5) 膨胀后用压缩机直接压缩成液体， 再用泵二次加压进入第一朗肯循环凝汽器； 第二朗肯循环的工质在某一设定压力下的气化温度低于 100°C , 吸收第一朗肯循环工质 水蒸汽的凝结潜热， 把凝结潜热及可转化的显热转化成第二朗肯循环工质的热能和压力能； 第二朗肯循环工质进蒸发器即第一朗肯循环凝汽器的压力据工质特性可以在临界压力以 下， 也可以是临界压力， 也可以是超临界压力；
还可把燃气轮机发电循环作为第一朗肯循环的前置循环， 燃气轮机发电循环排出的废气 是第一朗肯循环蒸汽锅炉的热源，从而构成燃气 -蒸汽 -低沸点工质联合多循环发电热力系统。
17. 如权利要求 16所述的双朗肯循环发电热力系统中采用的方法， 其特征在于： 第二朗肯循环的工质的液化温度高于常温或接近常温或是低于常温的某一设定温度， 可 用常温冷却水、 空气或低于第二朗肯循环工质在设定工况下的冷凝温度的冷媒， 把该介质冷 却并实现冷凝液化， 或者压缩并冷却实现液化。
18. 如权利要求 16所述的双朗肯循环发电热力系统中采用的方法， 其特征在于： 对第二朗肯循环的混合物工质采取改变各组份比例的方法得到更适宜把水蒸汽凝结潜热 转移给第二朗肯循环工质的气化温度和液化温度， 以及使用廉价冷媒把第二朗肯循环工质液 化， 或用其他冷媒冷却液化。
19. 如权利要求 16所述的双朗肯循环发电热力系统中采用的方法， 其特征在于： 提高第一朗肯循环凝汽器温度， 以扩大第二循环介质的膨胀做功温度区间、 有利于凝结 潜热的转化、 有利于工质的获取和减少第二循环工质用量， 并把第一朗肯循环因提高凝汽温 度而减少的做功量转移给第二循环工质， 在第二循环中做功， 为保证汽轮机工作在设计工况， 新机组可设计成高背压或抽汽， 现有机组可在适宜级前抽汽或去掉末一级或数级叶片。
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