WO2010140506A1 - 白金含有触媒及びこれを用いた燃料電池 - Google Patents
白金含有触媒及びこれを用いた燃料電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010140506A1 WO2010140506A1 PCT/JP2010/058788 JP2010058788W WO2010140506A1 WO 2010140506 A1 WO2010140506 A1 WO 2010140506A1 JP 2010058788 W JP2010058788 W JP 2010058788W WO 2010140506 A1 WO2010140506 A1 WO 2010140506A1
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- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 361
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 196
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 151
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 63
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 119
- 238000000862 absorption spectrum Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 87
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical group [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 17
- 101100167360 Drosophila melanogaster chb gene Proteins 0.000 description 61
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 54
- 229910002849 PtRu Inorganic materials 0.000 description 43
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 22
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 21
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 21
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 18
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 18
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 17
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 16
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 16
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 12
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000005518 polymer electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 11
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 229910001868 water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 10
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 9
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 9
- -1 hydrogen ions Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 7
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910000033 sodium borohydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000012279 sodium borohydride Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000002795 fluorescence method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010606 normalization Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000013074 reference sample Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229920000557 Nafion® Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229910001260 Pt alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 3
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- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004696 Poly ether ether ketone Substances 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VMHLLURERBWHNL-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium acetate Chemical compound [Na+].CC([O-])=O VMHLLURERBWHNL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 238000004998 X ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002835 absorbance Methods 0.000 description 2
- JUPQTSLXMOCDHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzene-1,4-diol;bis(4-fluorophenyl)methanone Chemical compound OC1=CC=C(O)C=C1.C1=CC(F)=CC=C1C(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C=C1 JUPQTSLXMOCDHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000001588 bifunctional effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003426 co-catalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002530 polyetherether ketone Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- YBCAZPLXEGKKFM-UHFFFAOYSA-K ruthenium(iii) chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Ru+3] YBCAZPLXEGKKFM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001632 sodium acetate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000017281 sodium acetate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000005469 synchrotron radiation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000036964 tight binding Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004876 x-ray fluorescence Methods 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000820 Os alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001252 Pd alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000929 Ru alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004809 Teflon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006362 Teflon® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000002056 X-ray absorption spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006230 acetylene black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004774 atomic orbital Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007405 data analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006356 dehydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010537 deprotonation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005315 distribution function Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010411 electrocatalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- UQSQSQZYBQSBJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluorosulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(F)(=O)=O UQSQSQZYBQSBJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000014509 gene expression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007429 general method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- GPRLSGONYQIRFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydron Chemical compound [H+] GPRLSGONYQIRFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000554 ionomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003273 ketjen black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052762 osmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N osmium atom Chemical compound [Os] SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IYZXTLXQZSXOOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N osmium platinum Chemical compound [Os].[Pt] IYZXTLXQZSXOOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium Substances [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003057 platinum Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 231100000572 poisoning Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000000607 poisoning effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001131 transforming effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003313 weakening effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
- H01M4/921—Alloys or mixtures with metallic elements
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
- B01J21/18—Carbon
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
- B01J23/46—Ruthenium, rhodium, osmium or iridium
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1007—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes with both reactants being gaseous or vaporised
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a platinum-containing catalyst and a fuel cell using the same.
- Fuel cells that convert chemical energy into electrical energy are efficient and do not generate environmental pollutants, so they are attracting attention and are being developed as clean power sources for portable information devices, households, and automobiles.
- a fuel electrode of a direct methanol fuel cell for example, when a bimetallic catalyst using Pt and Ru is used, methanol is oxidized by the deprotonation reaction shown in the formula (1) to generate CO, and Pt To produce Pt-CO.
- the reaction shown in the formula (2) water is oxidized to generate OH, which is adsorbed on Ru to generate Ru—OH.
- CO adsorbed by Ru—OH in the reaction shown in Formula (3) is oxidized and removed as CO 2 to generate electric charge. Ru acts as a promoter.
- Pt—CO may be oxidized by water in the reaction shown in the following formula (4) after the formula (1).
- an X-ray absorption fine structure obtained by an X-ray absorption spectrum is used (for example, see Non-Patent Document 2 described later).
- Structural chemical studies of catalysts applied to fuel cells have also been made. For example, a profile corresponding to a radial distribution function centered on X-ray absorbing atoms is obtained by Fourier transforming an X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS).
- XAFS X-ray absorption fine structure
- JP 2006-190686 A (paragraph 0014) “Pt / Ru alloy catalyst, method for producing the same, electrode for fuel cell and fuel cell” WO 2007-029607 (paragraph 0049, FIG. 3) “Precious metal fine particles and production method thereof” Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2007-285598 (paragraph 074, FIG. 5) “Membrane / electrode assembly for direct methanol fuel cell and manufacturing method thereof” JP 2008-171659 (paragraph 0040) JP 2008-175146 A (paragraph 0036)
- the oxidation of methanol is considered to increase the reaction rate. It is advantageous for conversion.
- the dehydrogenation reaction of methanol in formula (1) is a reaction that easily occurs on the Pt surface, and a large change from the original electronic state of Pt. May adversely affect the methanol oxidation reaction rate, and it is desirable to optimize the density of states of the Pt5d vacant orbitals and increase the catalytic activity.
- the density of states of the Pt5d vacant orbit no investigation has been made on a catalyst with higher catalytic activity.
- the present invention has been made in order to solve the above-described problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide a platinum-containing catalyst capable of optimizing the density of states of Pt5d vacant orbits and improving the catalytic activity. It is providing the fuel cell using this.
- the first platinum-containing catalyst according to the present invention is a standardized X-ray absorption spectrum of a platinum-containing catalyst with respect to the peak intensity of the PtLIII absorption edge of a standardized X-ray absorption spectrum of a platinum simple metal foil having a thickness of 10 ⁇ m.
- the number of holes of platinum 5d vacant orbit in the platinum simple substance metal foil is 0.3, and the total molar ratio of metal elements other than platinum to platinum in the platinum-containing catalyst is X.
- N 0.030X + 0.333 in the range of 0.1 ⁇ X ⁇ 1.
- the third platinum-containing catalyst according to the present invention is a standardized X-ray absorption spectrum of a platinum-containing catalyst with respect to the peak intensity of the PtLIII absorption edge of the standardized X-ray absorption spectrum of a platinum simple metal foil having a thickness of 10 ⁇ m.
- the fuel cell according to the present invention has a catalyst electrode using the above platinum-containing catalyst.
- the number of holes of platinum 5d vacant orbit in the platinum simple substance metal foil is 0.3, and the total molar ratio of the metal elements other than platinum to platinum in the platinum-containing catalyst is
- X is N
- the number of holes in the Pt5d vacant orbit in the platinum-containing catalyst is N
- the catalytic activity can be improved.
- X ′ is the molar ratio of platinum to the total of metal elements.
- it is preferable to have a configuration having a relationship of Y ⁇ 0.007X ′ + 1.131. According to such a configuration, the state density of the Pt5d vacant orbit becomes optimal in order to improve the catalyst activity, and a platinum-containing catalyst that can improve the catalyst activity can be provided.
- X ′ is the molar ratio of platinum to the total of metal elements.
- N ⁇ 0.001X ′ + 0.345. According to such a configuration, it is possible to provide a platinum-containing catalyst that can optimize the state density of the Pt5d empty orbital and improve the catalytic activity.
- Y ⁇ ⁇ 0.007X ′ + 1.131 in the range of 2.5 ⁇ X ′ ⁇ 10
- the molar ratio is preferably 0.25 ⁇ X ⁇ 1, and preferably the molar ratio is 0.2 ⁇ X ⁇ 0.6. More preferably, the molar ratio is 0.4 ⁇ X ⁇ 0.6. According to such a configuration, it is possible to provide a platinum-containing catalyst in which ruthenium acts as a co-catalyst, the state density of the Pt5d vacant orbit becomes optimal, and the catalytic activity can be improved, and the power generation characteristics are excellent. A fuel cell can be realized.
- the metal element may be ruthenium. According to such a configuration, it is possible to provide a platinum-containing catalyst in which ruthenium acts as a co-catalyst, the state density of the Pt5d vacant orbit becomes optimal, and the catalytic activity can be improved, and the power generation characteristics are excellent. A fuel cell can be realized.
- the catalyst electrode is used on the fuel electrode side. According to such a configuration, a platinum-containing catalyst having a larger number of holes in the Pt5d empty orbit is used for the catalyst electrode on the fuel electrode side, so that a fuel cell with excellent power generation characteristics can be provided.
- Pt-containing catalyst The PtRu catalyst supported on carbon was produced as follows. After mixing a ruthenium chloride aqueous solution and sodium acetate to obtain a uniform solution, carbon black is added and stirred to uniformly disperse, and while continuing stirring, a sodium borohydride aqueous solution is dropped to disperse the carbon-supported Ru nanoparticles. Obtain a liquid. While stirring this dispersion, an aqueous solution of chloroplatinic acid and an aqueous solution of sodium borohydride are added dropwise simultaneously to obtain a dispersion of PtRu nanoparticles supported on carbon.
- concentration and addition volume of chloroplatinic acid aqueous solution and sodium borohydride aqueous solution are determined so that the molar ratio of Ru with respect to Pt may be obtained as a predetermined value.
- the carbon-supported PtRu nanoparticles are collected using a centrifuge and purified with a large amount of water.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a configuration example of a DMFC (direct methanol fuel cell) according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- an aqueous methanol solution is flowed as fuel 25 from an inlet 26a of a fuel supply section (separator) 50 having a flow path to a passage 27a, and passes through a conductive gas diffusion layer 24a that is a base to pass through the gas diffusion layer.
- the catalyst electrode 22a held by 24a is reached.
- methanol and water react on the catalyst electrode 22a to generate hydrogen ions, electrons, and carbon dioxide, and exhaust gas 29a containing carbon dioxide is discharged from the outlet 28a.
- the generated hydrogen ions pass through the polymer electrolyte membrane 23 formed by the proton-conducting composite electrolyte, and the generated electrons pass through the gas diffusion layer 24a and the external circuit 70, and further, conductive gas diffusion as a substrate.
- the catalyst electrode 22b held by the gas diffusion layer 24b is reached through the layer 24b.
- the air or oxygen 35 flows from the inlet 26b of the air or oxygen supply section (separator) 60 having a flow path to the passage 27b, and passes through the gas diffusion layer 24b to the catalyst electrode 22a held by the gas diffusion layer 24b. To reach.
- hydrogen ions, electrons, and oxygen react on the catalyst electrode 22b to generate water, and the exhaust gas 29b containing water is discharged from the outlet 28b.
- the entire reaction is a methanol combustion reaction in which electric energy is extracted from methanol and oxygen and water and carbon dioxide are discharged.
- the polymer electrolyte membrane 23 is formed by binding a proton conductive composite electrolyte with a binder (for example, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), etc.).
- a binder for example, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), etc.
- the anode 20 and the cathode 30 are separated by the polymer electrolyte membrane 23, and hydrogen ions and water molecules move through the polymer electrolyte membrane 23.
- the polymer electrolyte membrane 23 is a membrane having high hydrogen ion conductivity, preferably chemically stable and high in mechanical strength.
- the catalyst electrodes 22a and 22b constitute a conductive base that is a current collector, and are formed in close contact with the gas diffusion layers 24a and 24b that are permeable to gases and solutions.
- the gas diffusion layers 24a and 24b are made of, for example, a porous substrate such as carbon paper, a carbon molded body, a carbon sintered body, a sintered metal, and a foam metal.
- the gas diffusion layer is subjected to water repellent treatment with a fluororesin or the like.
- the catalyst electrodes 22a and 22b are made of, for example, a carrier on which a catalyst made of platinum, ruthenium, osmium, platinum-osmium alloy, platinum-palladium alloy or the like is supported by a binder (for example, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride ( PVDF), etc.)).
- a binder for example, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride ( PVDF), etc.
- acetylene black carbon such as graphite, inorganic fine particles such as alumina and silica are used.
- a solution in which carbon particles (catalyst metal is supported) is dispersed in an organic solvent in which the binder is dissolved is applied to the gas diffusion layers 24a and 24b, and the organic solvent is evaporated and bound by the binder.
- the attached film-like catalyst electrodes 22a and 22b are formed.
- the polymer electrolyte membrane 23 is sandwiched between catalyst electrodes 22a and 22b formed in close contact with the gas diffusion layers 24a and 24b, thereby forming a membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) 40.
- the anode 20 is constituted by the catalyst electrode 22a and the gas diffusion layer 24a
- the cathode 30 is constituted by the catalyst electrode 22b and the gas diffusion layer 24b.
- the anode 20 and the cathode electrode 30 are in close contact with the polymer electrolyte membrane 23, the proton conductor enters between the carbon particles, and the catalyst electrodes 22a and 22b are impregnated with the polymer electrolyte (proton conductor).
- the catalyst electrodes 22a, 22 and the polymer electrolyte membrane 23 are closely bonded to each other, and high conductivity of hydrogen ions is maintained at the bonding interface, and electric resistance is kept low.
- the openings of the fuel 25 inlet 26a, the exhaust gas 29a outlet 28a, the air or oxygen (O 2 ) 35 inlet 26b, and the exhaust gas 29b outlet 28b are formed by the polymer electrolyte membrane 23, the catalyst.
- each of the openings can be arranged parallel to the surfaces of the polymer electrolyte membrane 23 and the catalyst electrodes 22a and 22b.
- Various modifications are possible with respect to the arrangement of the openings.
- the fuel cell can be manufactured by using a general method known in various literatures, a detailed description on the manufacturing will be omitted.
- X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) measurement measures the wavelength dependence of the X-ray absorption intensity (absorbance) of a substance, and thus chemistry such as the coordination number and valence of absorbing elements and absorbing atoms. This is a measurement technique that can obtain information on the local structure of a substance, such as the bonding state and the distribution of the distance between the surroundings of the absorbing atom and neighboring atoms.
- X-ray absorption edge structure (XANES: X-ray absorption near-edge structure), which appears about several tens of eV from the absorption edge, has an absorption spectrum formed by the effect of electronic transition from the inner shell to the unoccupied level.
- the shape reflects the information on the chemical bonding state such as the coordination number and valence of the absorbing atom very sensitively.
- EXAFS extended X-ray absorption fine structure
- the electron dipole transition makes a transition to the Pt5d empty orbit.
- the density of states of the Pt5d vacant orbit is reflected by the absorption intensity of the X-ray absorption spectrum at the LIII absorption edge or the LII absorption edge by irradiation with X-rays having energy higher than the transition energy.
- the peak intensity of the PtLIII absorption edge is obtained based on the analysis of the X-ray absorption edge structure (XANES), and the state density of the Pt5d empty orbit of the platinum-containing catalyst that gives the optimum catalytic activity is determined. Is.
- the peak intensity at the PtLIII absorption edge of the platinum catalyst is a relative intensity, and the standard of the platinum-containing catalyst relative to the peak intensity at the PtLIII absorption edge of the standardized X-ray absorption spectrum of a platinum single metal foil having a thickness of 10 ⁇ m is used as a standard.
- the ratio of peak intensities at the PtLIII absorption edge of the converted X-ray absorption spectrum is used.
- the absorption peak intensity is a value as an average of one Pt atom.
- the state density of the Pt5d vacant orbit can be obtained as a quantitative numerical value by the method described later.
- the number of holes in the platinum 5d empty orbit in this platinum simple metal foil is determined as 0.3.
- the number of holes is an average value of one Pt atom.
- X-ray absorption spectrum can be measured by transmission method and / or fluorescence method.
- the absorption spectrum was measured using Pt metal foil as a reference sample.
- the absorption spectrum relating to the PtLIII absorption edge can be obtained by the fluorescence method as follows. While adjusting the energy of the incident X-ray before and after the PtLIII edge, the X-ray fluorescence intensity If generated by exciting the PtLIII edge with each energy was measured and divided by the incident X-ray intensity I0 (If / I0).
- An absorption spectrum can be obtained as follows, and an absorption spectrum at the PtLII absorption edge can be obtained in the same manner.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram for explaining the normalization of the X-ray absorption spectrum and the X-ray absorption intensity at the PtL absorption edge in the present embodiment.
- FIG. 2A is a diagram for explaining an X-ray absorption spectrum and a background (background curve), where the horizontal axis represents photon energy (E), and the vertical axis represents X-ray absorption intensity (absorbance) (arbitrary unit).
- F obs (E) is the measured X-ray absorption spectrum.
- F 2 (E) is the background obtained by approximating the spectrum of the post-edge region (energy region higher than the absorption edge) to a quadratic curve
- F 1 (E) is the pre-edge region (absorption). The background obtained by linearly approximating the spectrum in the energy region lower than the edge) is shown.
- FIG. 2B shows a standardized X-ray absorption spectrum (Fc (E)), and the vertical axis shows its intensity.
- the normalized X-ray absorption spectrum Fc (E) is obtained by subtracting the background F 1 (E) shown in FIG. 2 (A) from the actually measured X-ray absorption spectrum F obs (E).
- FIG. 2C shows an X-ray absorption spectrum obtained by adjusting the horizontal axis (photon energy E) of the normalized X-ray absorption spectrum at the PtLIII and PtLII absorption edges, that is, a wide X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS: Extended : X).
- EXAFS Extended : X
- the spectrum obtained by adjusting the energy axis (E) so that -ray (absorption / fine structure) is matched is shown.
- the X-ray absorption edge structure (XANES: X-ray absorption near-edge structure) that appears in the vicinity of the absorption edge as shown in FIG. 2C is an absorption spectrum due to electronic transition from the inner shell to the unoccupied level. Its shape reflects the state of chemical bonding such as the coordination number and valence of the atoms involved in energy absorption.
- the horizontal axis is the relative photon energy (E) with the energy axis (horizontal axis) of the absorption spectrum at the LIII end and the LII end in common, and the vertical axis is normalized for the PtLIII and PtLII absorption ends.
- the intensity of the X-ray absorption spectrum (X-ray absorption intensity) is shown, and the integration range is made common.
- the Pt5d empty orbit is as follows.
- the density of states can be obtained as the number of holes, which is a quantitative value.
- a ′ 3s and A ′ 2s are the integrated absorption intensity at the PtLIII end and the integrated absorption intensity at the PtLII end of the normalized absorption spectrum of the sample, respectively, and A ′ 3r and A ′ 2r are respectively referenced. These are the integrated absorption intensity at the PtLIII end and the integrated absorption intensity at the PtLII end of the normalized absorption spectrum of the sample.
- a 3r and A 2r are integrated absorption intensities derived from the Pt5d vacant orbit of the PtLIII end and the PtLII end of the reference sample, respectively, and the number of holes in the Pt5d 5/2 vacant orbit h 5/2 and Pt5d 3/2 It is expressed by equations (7) and (8) using the number of holes h 3/2 in the orbit.
- a 3r (A ′ 3r ⁇ A ′ 2r ) (h 5/2 + h 3/2 ) / h 5/2 (7)
- a 2r (A ′ 3r ⁇ A ′ 2r ) h 3/2 ) / h 5/2 (8)
- PtRu catalysts examples relating to PtRu catalysts will be described as Pt-containing catalysts according to the present invention. In the following, this catalyst will be described because it is most effective for a catalyst supported on carbon containing Ru in addition to Pt. However, the composition of the applied catalyst is not limited to this.
- the PtRu catalyst supported on carbon was produced as follows. A 0.98 M ruthenium chloride (RuCl 3 ) aqueous solution (1.09 mL) and 7.35 M sodium acetate (CH 3 COONa) (18 mL) were mixed well to obtain a uniform solution, and then 200 mg of carbon black (Ketjen Black) was added. In addition, the mixture was vigorously stirred and dispersed uniformly. Further, 10.7 mL of 1.0 M sodium borohydride (NaBH 4 ) aqueous solution was dropped while continuing stirring, whereby a dispersion of Ru nanoparticles supported on carbon was obtained.
- RuCl 3 ruthenium chloride
- CH 3 COONa 7.35 M sodium acetate
- NaBH 4 sodium borohydride
- FIG. 3 is a diagram for explaining the composition (A) and the characteristics (B) of the PtRu catalyst in the example of the present invention.
- the molar ratio x (Ru / Pt) in the PtRu catalysts of Examples 1 to 9 is in the range of about 0.1 to 1.0 (molar ratio y (Pt / Ru) ) In the range of about 1 to 10).
- Comparative Examples 1 to 3 are commercially available products and are not supported on carbon.
- Comparative Example 1 is manufactured by BASF (Unsupported Pt2Ru black)
- Comparative Example 2 and Comparative Example 3 are made by Tanaka Kikinzoku, and the molar ratio x (Ru / Pt) (molar ratio y (Pt / Ru)) calculated from the analytical values.
- Is shown in FIG. Comparative Example 4 is a Pt metal simple powder reagent (manufactured by Nilaco, PT-354011 (300mesh, 99.98)).
- the catalyst particles were uniformly applied to the tape, and the number of tapes coated with the catalyst particles was adjusted so that an appropriate absorption strength was obtained, and used as a measurement sample.
- X-ray absorption spectra were measured for each of the PtLIII absorption edge and the LII absorption edge at the synchrotron radiation experiment facility (SPring-8). Although an attempt was made to measure the X-ray absorption spectrum by both the transmission method and the fluorescence method, the measurement result of the X-ray absorption spectrum by the fluorescence method is shown here. However, the X-ray absorption spectrum was measured by the transmission method for the Pt foil (thickness 10 ⁇ m) as a reference sample.
- the absorption spectrum of the PtLIII absorption edge is obtained by adjusting the X-ray fluorescence intensity generated by exciting the PtLIII edge at each energy while adjusting the energy of the incident X-ray before and after the PtLIII edge. Obtained by dividing by. An absorption spectrum at the PtLII absorption edge was also obtained in the same manner.
- the spectrum In the energy region lower than the absorption edge (pre-edge region), the spectrum is approximated by a straight line. In the energy region higher than the absorption edge (post-edge region), the spectrum is approximated by a quadratic curve. The entire spectrum was normalized so that the difference was 1.
- the PtLIII absorption edge energy is E 3 and the PtLII absorption edge energy is E 2.
- the pre-edge region is (E 3 -270) eV to (E 3 -110) eV
- the post-edge region is (E 3 +150) eV to (E 3 +765) eV
- the pre-edge region is (E 2 ⁇ 270) eV to (E 2 ⁇ 110) eV
- the post-edge region is (E 2 +150) eV to (E 2 +550) eV.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram for explaining an example of a standardized X-ray absorption spectrum of the PtLIII absorption edge in the embodiment of the present invention.
- the horizontal axis represents photon energy
- the vertical axis represents normalized X-ray absorption spectrum intensity (X-ray absorption intensity).
- FIG. 5 is a diagram for explaining an example of a standardized X-ray absorption spectrum of the PtLII absorption edge in the embodiment of the present invention.
- the horizontal axis represents photon energy
- the vertical axis represents normalized X-ray absorption spectrum intensity (X-ray absorption intensity).
- FIG. 6 is an enlarged view for explaining an example of a standardized X-ray absorption spectrum of the PtLIII absorption edge in the embodiment of the present invention.
- the horizontal axis represents photon energy
- the vertical axis represents normalized X-ray absorption spectrum intensity (X-ray absorption intensity).
- FIG. 7 is an enlarged view for explaining an example of a standardized X-ray absorption spectrum of the PtLII absorption edge in the example of the present invention.
- the horizontal axis represents photon energy
- the vertical axis represents normalized X-ray absorption spectrum intensity (X-ray absorption intensity).
- the standardized X-ray absorption spectrum at the PtLIII absorption edge is shifted in the vertical axis direction so that it can be easily seen.
- the absorption spectrum has a flat overall tendency, and the height of the absorption intensity is normalized to 1. .
- the PtLIII absorption edge is generated by a dipole transition of electrons from the Pt2p 3/2 inner core orbit to the Pt5d 5/2 empty orbit and the Pt5d 3/2 empty orbit, and the absorption edge peak near the incident X-ray energy 11570 eV (FIG. 4). , See FIG. 6) reflects the density of states of the Pt5d 5/2 and Pt5d 3/2 empty orbits.
- the PtLII absorption edge is generated by a dipole transition of electrons from the Pt2p 1/2 inner core orbit to the Pt5d 3/2 empty orbit, and the absorption edge peak near the incident X-ray energy 13280 eV (see FIGS. 5 and 7). .) Reflects the density of states of the Pt5d 3/2 empty orbit. It should be noted that both the LIII absorption edge and the LII absorption edge are slightly mixed with components that transition to a nonlocal 6s sky orbit.
- the ratio is shown in FIG.
- the intensity ratio of the LIII absorption edge shows a strong correlation with the composition of the PtRu catalyst.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing the relationship between the composition of the PtRu catalyst and the peak intensity at the PtLIII absorption edge (relative intensity with respect to the Pt foil) in the examples of the present invention.
- FIG. 8A is a graph plotting the composition x of the PtRu catalyst shown in FIG. 3A and the peak intensity ratio of the PtLIII absorption edge shown in FIG. 3B, and the horizontal axis is the Ru of the PtRu catalyst.
- the molar ratio x (Ru / Pt) to Pt, and the vertical axis represents the relative intensity ratio.
- the intensity ratio Y related to the example indicated by “ ⁇ ” is in the range of 0.1 ⁇ X ⁇ 1.
- Is represented by a straight line Y 0.144X + 1.060, and the dotted line has a measurement error of ⁇ 0.8%, which is in the range of (0.992 ⁇ Y) to (1.008 ⁇ Y). Show. For reference, a curve in which points “ ⁇ ” are smoothly connected is shown.
- the measurement error of the intensity ratio Y is about ⁇ 0.8%, and this error width is also shown in FIG. 8A.
- the straight line approximating the example and “ ⁇ ” indicating the comparative example are 0.
- Even if measurement errors are taken into consideration in the range of .ltoreq.1.ltoreq.X.ltoreq.1 the catalyst of the example and the catalyst of the comparative example show that the electronic state of Pt is clearly different.
- FIG. 8 (B) is a graph plotting the composition y of the PtRu catalyst shown in FIG. 3 (A) and the peak intensity ratio of the PtLIII absorption edge shown in FIG. 3 (B).
- the horizontal axis is the Pt of the PtRu catalyst.
- the molar ratio y to Ru (Pt / Ru), and the vertical axis represents the relative intensity ratio.
- the intensity ratio Y ′ for the example indicated by “ ⁇ ” is in the range of 1 ⁇ X ′ ⁇ 2.5.
- a curve in which points “ ⁇ ” are smoothly connected is shown.
- the measurement error of the intensity ratio Y is about ⁇ 0.8%, and FIG. 8B also shows this error width.
- the straight line approximating the example and “ ⁇ ” indicating the comparative example are 1 Even if measurement errors are taken into consideration in the range of ⁇ X ′ ⁇ 2, the catalyst of the example and the catalyst of the comparative example clearly show the electronic state of Pt as in the result of FIG. It is different.
- Numerical integration is performed using a standardized X-ray absorption spectrum as shown in FIG. 2C where the energy axes of the absorption spectra at the PtLIII end and the PtLII end are made common and the integration range is made common, and PtLIII is obtained.
- the integrated absorption intensities A ′ 3s , A ′ 2s , A ′ 3r , and A ′ 2r at the end and the PtLII end are obtained, and a standardized X-ray absorption spectrum as shown in FIG. From this, A ′ 3r and A ′ 2r were obtained.
- a 3r and A 2r are obtained by the equations (7) and (8), fd is obtained by the equation (6), and the hole number h Ts of the Pt 5d empty orbit in the Pt-containing catalyst is obtained by the equation (5).
- the absorption spectra at the LIII end and the LII end have a broad X-ray absorption fine structure EXAFS (extended x-ray absorption fine structure) in the region of high energy of several tens eV or more from the absorption edge.
- the vibration structure is generated.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram for explaining PtLIII and PtLII absorption edge X-ray absorption spectra of a Pt foil with an adjusted energy axis in an example of the present invention.
- the horizontal axis represents the relative photon energy (E), and the vertical axis represents the normalized X-ray absorption spectrum intensity (X-ray absorption intensity) at the PtLIII and PtLII absorption edges.
- FIG. 3B shows the number of holes h Ts in the Pt5d empty orbit obtained as described above with respect to the example and the comparative example.
- the number h Ts of holes the Pt5d vacant orbital shows a strong correlation with the composition of the PtRu catalyst, then, the relationship between the number h Ts hall composition and Pt5d vacant orbital of PtRu catalyst, is described.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram for explaining the relationship between the composition of the PtRu catalyst and the number of holes in the Pt5d vacant orbit in the embodiment of the present invention.
- the horizontal axis represents the molar ratio x (Ru / Pt) of Ru to Pt in the PtRu catalyst
- the vertical axis represents the number of holes in the Pt5d empty orbit.
- FIG. 10A is a graph plotting the composition x of the PtRu catalyst shown in FIG. 3A and the number of holes in the Pt5d vacant orbit shown in FIG. 3B, and the horizontal axis is the Pt of Ru in the PtRu catalyst.
- the molar ratio x with respect to (Ru / Pt), the vertical axis indicates the number of holes in the Pt5d empty orbit.
- the number of holes Y in the Pt5d vacant orbit related to the embodiment indicated by “ ⁇ ” is 0.
- the straight line Y 0.030X + 0.333 approximating the embodiment
- the dotted line is in the range of measurement error ⁇ 0.8%, (0.992.times.Y) or more , (1.008 ⁇ Y) or less.
- a curve in which points “ ⁇ ” are smoothly connected is shown.
- the measurement error of the number of holes Y in the Pt5d empty orbit is about ⁇ 0.8%, and this error width is also shown in FIG. 10 (A). “ ⁇ ” does not overlap even if measurement errors are taken into account in the range of 0.1 ⁇ X ⁇ 1, and the Pt electronic state is clearly different between the catalyst of the example and the catalyst of the comparative example. Show.
- FIG. 10 (B) is a plot of the composition y of the PtRu catalyst shown in FIG. 3 (A) and the number of holes in the Pt5d vacant orbit shown in FIG. 3 (B).
- the horizontal axis is the Pt Ru in the PtRu catalyst.
- the molar ratio y to (Pt / Ru), the vertical axis represents the number of holes in the Pt5d empty orbit.
- the measurement error of the number of holes Y in the Pt5d empty orbit is about ⁇ 0.8%, and this error width is also shown in FIG. 10 (B). ”Does not overlap even if measurement error is considered in the range of 1 ⁇ X ′ ⁇ 2, and the catalyst of the example and the catalyst of the comparative example have the same Pt value as the result of FIG. 10 (A). It shows that the electronic states are clearly different.
- FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view illustrating the configuration of the fuel cell in the embodiment of the present invention, and the basic structure is the same as that shown in FIG.
- the fuel cell was evaluated using the PtRu catalyst relating to the example and the comparative example for the single-cell fuel electrode 12a of the direct methanol fuel cell.
- Pt-supported carbon made by Tanaka Kikinzoku, 67 wt% platinum support was used in common for all single cells.
- the catalyst powder was mixed with a 10 wt% Nafion (registered trademark) aqueous solution (DE1021CS10afion (registered trademark) dispersion) to form a slurry.
- the ratio of the catalyst powder to the Nafion (registered trademark) ionomer was set to 2: 1 for both the air electrode 12b and the fuel electrode 12a.
- This slurry was applied on a Teflon (registered trademark) sheet, dried, and then cut out to form a circular electrode having a diameter of 10 mm.
- the platinum content in these circular electrodes was 8 mg for the fuel electrode 12a and 5 mg for the air electrode 12b.
- MEA membrane-electrode-assembly
- a 50 ⁇ m thick Nafion (registered trademark) film (15 mm ⁇ 15 mm) is sandwiched between the fuel electrode 12 a and the air electrode 12 b as the electrolyte membrane 10 and hot-pressed at 150 ° C. for 10 minutes.
- Both poles of this MEA were covered with carbon paper (made by Toray) having a diameter of 12 mm, and finally sandwiched between two PEEK plates as the gas diffusion layers 14a and 14b, and the MEA was tightened with screws to form a single cell.
- PEEK plates have innumerable holes with a diameter of 1 mm. Air supply from the atmosphere of the air electrode 12b and supply of an aqueous methanol solution (80 wt%) to the fuel electrode 12a are performed on the gas diffusion layers 14a and 14b. Passing through the hole was performed under passive conditions without using a fan or a pump. The power generation evaluation was performed by changing the current density with respect to the electrode area, recording the voltage value at that time, and obtaining a current density-output density curve. Next, characteristics of the fuel cell using the PtRu catalyst will be described.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating the power generation characteristics of the fuel cell in the example of the present invention.
- the horizontal axis represents current density (mA / cm 2 )
- the vertical axis represents output density (mW / cm 2 ).
- FIG. 12 shows, as a representative example, power generation characteristics of fuel cells using the catalysts according to Example 5, Comparative Example 1, and Comparative Example 4, and the output density at a current density of 300 mA / cm 2 is 91 mW / cm, respectively.
- cm 2 a 70mW / cm 2, 39mW / cm 2
- the molar ratio x (Ru / Pt) is example 5 is substantially the same for Pt of Ru, a comparison of Comparative example 1, a fuel with example 5
- the output of the battery is about 1.3 times as large as that of Comparative Example 1.
- Non-Patent Document 7 As the Pt5d vacant orbit increases in the oxygen reduction reaction at the oxygen electrode, electrolysis is performed. Since the chemical adsorption of —OH from the liquid (Pt—OH) increases and the catalytic activity decreases, the catalyst of the present invention can be used for the oxygen electrode. It is considered that a fuel cell having excellent power generation characteristics can be realized also by this.
- the PtRu catalyst has been described.
- a catalyst composed of a metal other than Ru, Pt, and a catalyst exhibits high catalytic activity, and the same effect as described above can be obtained.
- the PtRu catalyst is added to Ru. Even if other metals are included, the catalyst exhibits high catalytic activity and the same effect as described above can be obtained.
- a catalyst having high catalytic activity can be provided, and a fuel cell having excellent output characteristics can be realized.
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Abstract
Description
Ru+ H2O → Ru-OH + H+ + e- …(2)
Pt-CO+ Ru-OH → Pt + Ru + CO2 + H+ + e- …(3)
<Pt含有触媒>
カーボンに担持されたPtRu触媒は、次のように作製した。塩化ルテニウム水溶液と酢酸ナトリウムを混合し均一な溶液を得た後、カーボンブラックを加え撹拌して均一に分散させ、撹拌を続けながら水素化ホウ素ナトリウム水溶液を滴下させて、カーボン担持Ruナノ粒子の分散液を得る。この分散液を撹拌しながら、塩化白金酸水溶液と水素化ホウ素ナトリウム水溶液を同時に滴下しながら添加することによって、カーボンに担持されたPtRuナノ粒子の分散液を得る。なお、塩化白金酸水溶液及び水素化ホウ素ナトリウム水溶液の濃度、添加容積は、Ptに対するRuのモル比が所定の値として得られるように定められる。カーボンに担持されたPtRuナノ粒子を、遠心分離器を用いて回収し、多量の水で精製する。
図1は、本発明の一実施の形態における、DMFC(直接型メタノール燃料電池)の構成例を説明する断面図である。
X線吸収微細構造(XAFS:X-rayabsorption fine structure)測定は物質のX線吸収強度(吸光度)の波長依存性を測定することで、吸収元素、吸収原子の配位数や価数等の化学結合状態、吸収原子周りとその近傍原子の距離の分布等、物質の局所構造に関する情報を得ることができる測定手法である。
(X線吸収スペクトルの測定)
触媒粒子をカーボン坦持した状態で試料とし、X線吸収スペクトルを次のように測定する。触媒粒子をテープに均一に塗布し、適切な吸収強度が得られるように枚数を調整する。X線吸収スペクトルは、シンクロトロン放射光実験施設(SPring-8)を用いてPtのLIII及びLII吸収端について測定した。
X線吸収端の吸収スペクトルのピーク強度を求めるには、Ptの密度等による違いや全体のスペクトル形状等を補正するために、スペクトルを規格化する必要がある。この規格化処理は、ピーク強度を左右するので適切に合理的に行う必要がある。
Pt5d空軌道のホールの数hTsは、参照試料(Pt金属箔を使用する。)のホールの数をhTrとして、式(5)、(6)によって表される。
fd=({(A’3s-A’3r)+1.11(A’2s-A’2r)}/(A3r+1.11A2r) …(6)
A2r=(A’3r-A’2r)h3/2)/h5/2 …(8)
カーボンに担持されたPtRu触媒は、次のように作製した。0.98M塩化ルテニウム(RuCl3)水溶液1.09mLと、7.35M酢酸ナトリウム(CH3COONa))18mLをよく混合して均一な溶液を得た後、200mgのカーボンブラック(ケッチェンブラック)を加えて激しく撹拌して均一に分散させた。更に、撹拌を続けながら1.0M水素化ホウ素ナトリウム(NaBH4)水溶液を10.7mL滴下させることで、カーボンに担持されたRuナノ粒子の分散液が得られた。
実施例に関しては触媒粒子をカーボン坦持した状態で試料とし、X線吸収スペクトルを次のように測定した。
図8は、本発明の実施例における、PtRu触媒の組成とPtLIII吸収端のピーク強度(Pt箔を基準とする相対強度)の関係を示す図である。
先述した方法によって、式(5)~式(8)によって、PtRu触媒のPt5d空軌道のホール数を求めることができる。
図10は、本発明の実施例における、PtRu触媒の組成とPt5d空軌道のホール数の関係を説明する図である。図10において、横軸はPtRu触媒でのRuのPtに対するモル比x(Ru/Pt)、縦軸はPt5d空軌道のホール数を示す。
図11は、本発明の実施例における、燃料電池の構成を説明する断面図であり、基本的な構造は図1に示すものと同じである。
図12は、本発明の実施例における、燃料電池の発電特性を説明する図である。図12において、横軸は電流密度(mA/cm2)、縦軸は出力密度(mW/cm2)を示す。
Claims (19)
- 厚さ10μmの白金単体金属箔の規格化されたX線吸収スペクトルのPtLIII吸収端のピーク強度に対する、白金含有触媒の規格化されたX線吸収スペクトルのPtLIII吸収端のピーク強度の比をYとし、前記白金含有触媒において白金に対する白金以外の金属元素の合計のモル比をXとするとき、0.1≦X≦1の範囲においてY=0.144X+1.060の関係を有する、白金含有触媒。
- 前記モル比が0.25≦X≦1である、請求項1に記載の白金含有触媒。
- 前記モル比が0.2≦X≦0.6である、請求項1に記載の白金含有触媒。
- 前記金属元素の合計に対する白金のモル比をX’とするとき、1≦X’≦2.5の範囲においてY=-0.043X’+1.228の関係を有し、2.5≦X’≦10の範囲においてY=-0.007X’+1.131の関係を有する、請求項1に記載の白金含有触媒。
- 前記金属元素がルテニウムである、請求項1に記載の白金含有触媒。
- 白金単体金属箔における白金5d空軌道のホール数を0.3とし、白金含有触媒において白金に対する白金以外の金属元素の合計のモル比をXとし、前記白金含有触媒におけるPt5d空軌道のホール数をNとするとき、0.1≦X≦1の範囲においてN=0.030X+0.333の関係を有する、白金含有触媒。
- 前記モル比が0.25≦X≦1である、請求項6に記載の白金含有触媒。
- 前記モル比が0.2≦X≦0.6である、請求項6に記載の白金含有触媒。
- 前記金属元素の合計に対する白金のモル比をX’とするとき、1≦X’≦2.5の範囲においてN=-0.011X’+0.372の関係を有し、2.5≦X’≦10の範囲においてN=-0.001X’+0.345の関係を有する、請求項6に記載の白金含有触媒。
- 前記金属元素がルテニウムである、請求項6に記載の白金含有触媒。
- 厚さ10μmの白金単体金属箔の規格化されたX線吸収スペクトルのPtLIII吸収端のピーク強度に対する、白金含有触媒の規格化されたX線吸収スペクトルのPtLIII吸収端のピーク強度の比をYとし、前記白金含有触媒において白金に対する白金以外の金属元素の合計のモル比をXとするとき、0.1≦X≦1の範囲においてY=0.144X+1.060の関係を有し、前記白金単体金属箔における白金5d空軌道のホール数を0.3とし、前記白金含有触媒におけるPt5d空軌道のホール数をNとするとき、0.1≦X≦1の範囲においてN=0.030X+0.333の関係を有する、白金含有触媒。
- 前記モル比が0.25≦X≦1である、請求項11に記載の白金含有触媒。
- 前記モル比が0.2≦X≦0.6である、請求項11に記載の白金含有触媒。
- 前記金属元素の合計に対する白金のモル比をX’とするとき、1≦X’≦2.5の範囲においてY=-0.043X’+1.228の関係を有し、2.5≦X’≦10の範囲においてY=-0.007X’+1.131の関係を有し、1≦X’≦2.5の範囲においてN=-0.011X’+0.372の関係を有し、2.5≦X’≦10の範囲においてN=-0.001X’+0.345の関係を有する、請求項11に記載の白金含有触媒。
- 前記金属元素がルテニウムである、請求項11に記載の白金含有触媒。
- 白金含有触媒を用いた触媒電極を有する燃料電池であって、
前記白金含有触媒は、
厚さ10μmの白金単体金属箔の規格化されたX線吸収スペクトルのPtLIII吸収端のピーク強度に対する、白金含有触媒の規格化されたX線吸収スペクトルのPtLIII吸収端のピーク強度の比をYとし、前記白金含有触媒において白金に対する白金以外の金属元素の合計のモル比をXとするとき、0.1≦X≦1の範囲においてY=0.144X+1.060の関係を有する
燃料電池。 - 白金含有触媒を用いた触媒電極を有する燃料電池であって、
前記白金含有触媒は、
白金単体金属箔における白金5d空軌道のホール数を0.3とし、白金含有触媒において白金に対する白金以外の金属元素の合計のモル比をXとし、前記白金含有触媒におけるPt5d空軌道のホール数をNとするとき、0.1≦X≦1の範囲においてN=0.030X+0.333の関係を有する
燃料電池。 - 白金含有触媒を用いた触媒電極を有する燃料電池であって、
前記白金含有触媒は、
厚さ10μmの白金単体金属箔の規格化されたX線吸収スペクトルのPtLIII吸収端のピーク強度に対する、白金含有触媒の規格化されたX線吸収スペクトルのPtLIII吸収端のピーク強度の比をYとし、前記白金含有触媒において白金に対する白金以外の金属元素の合計のモル比をXとするとき、0.1≦X≦1の範囲においてY=0.144X+1.060の関係を有し、前記白金単体金属箔における白金5d空軌道のホール数を0.3とし、前記白金含有触媒におけるPt5d空軌道のホール数をNとするとき、0.1≦X≦1の範囲においてN=0.030X+0.333の関係を有する
燃料電池。 - 前記触媒電極が燃料極側に使用された、請求項16から請求項18のいずれか1項に記載の燃料電池。
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JP2001118582A (ja) * | 1999-10-19 | 2001-04-27 | Japan Storage Battery Co Ltd | 燃料電池用電極およびその製造方法 |
JP2002231257A (ja) * | 2001-01-30 | 2002-08-16 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 燃料電池用電極触媒およびその製造方法 |
JP2005118671A (ja) * | 2003-10-16 | 2005-05-12 | Catalysts & Chem Ind Co Ltd | 電極の触媒用微粒子および該電極触媒用微粒子分散液、該電極触媒用微粒子分散液の製造方法 |
JP2006231266A (ja) * | 2005-02-28 | 2006-09-07 | Tohoku Techno Arch Co Ltd | 分散安定化された触媒ナノ粒子含有液 |
WO2008120515A1 (ja) * | 2007-03-29 | 2008-10-09 | Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd. | 燃料電池用電極触媒の製造方法 |
WO2010050550A1 (ja) * | 2008-10-30 | 2010-05-06 | ソニー株式会社 | 白金含有触媒及びその製造方法、並びに電極及び電気化学デバイス |
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JP2001118582A (ja) * | 1999-10-19 | 2001-04-27 | Japan Storage Battery Co Ltd | 燃料電池用電極およびその製造方法 |
JP2002231257A (ja) * | 2001-01-30 | 2002-08-16 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 燃料電池用電極触媒およびその製造方法 |
JP2005118671A (ja) * | 2003-10-16 | 2005-05-12 | Catalysts & Chem Ind Co Ltd | 電極の触媒用微粒子および該電極触媒用微粒子分散液、該電極触媒用微粒子分散液の製造方法 |
JP2006231266A (ja) * | 2005-02-28 | 2006-09-07 | Tohoku Techno Arch Co Ltd | 分散安定化された触媒ナノ粒子含有液 |
WO2008120515A1 (ja) * | 2007-03-29 | 2008-10-09 | Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd. | 燃料電池用電極触媒の製造方法 |
WO2010050550A1 (ja) * | 2008-10-30 | 2010-05-06 | ソニー株式会社 | 白金含有触媒及びその製造方法、並びに電極及び電気化学デバイス |
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