WO2010118794A1 - Verbundscheibe mit integriertem regensensor - Google Patents
Verbundscheibe mit integriertem regensensor Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2010118794A1 WO2010118794A1 PCT/EP2010/000452 EP2010000452W WO2010118794A1 WO 2010118794 A1 WO2010118794 A1 WO 2010118794A1 EP 2010000452 W EP2010000452 W EP 2010000452W WO 2010118794 A1 WO2010118794 A1 WO 2010118794A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- composite
- optical sensor
- sensor device
- intermediate layer
- pane
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
- B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
- B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
- B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
- B32B17/10009—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets
- B32B17/10036—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets comprising two outer glass sheets
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
- B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
- B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
- B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
- B32B17/10165—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
- B32B17/10174—Coatings of a metallic or dielectric material on a constituent layer of glass or polymer
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60S—SERVICING, CLEANING, REPAIRING, SUPPORTING, LIFTING, OR MANOEUVRING OF VEHICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B60S1/00—Cleaning of vehicles
- B60S1/02—Cleaning windscreens, windows or optical devices
- B60S1/04—Wipers or the like, e.g. scrapers
- B60S1/06—Wipers or the like, e.g. scrapers characterised by the drive
- B60S1/08—Wipers or the like, e.g. scrapers characterised by the drive electrically driven
- B60S1/0818—Wipers or the like, e.g. scrapers characterised by the drive electrically driven including control systems responsive to external conditions, e.g. by detection of moisture, dirt or the like
- B60S1/0822—Wipers or the like, e.g. scrapers characterised by the drive electrically driven including control systems responsive to external conditions, e.g. by detection of moisture, dirt or the like characterized by the arrangement or type of detection means
- B60S1/0833—Optical rain sensor
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/55—Specular reflectivity
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60S—SERVICING, CLEANING, REPAIRING, SUPPORTING, LIFTING, OR MANOEUVRING OF VEHICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B60S1/00—Cleaning of vehicles
- B60S1/02—Cleaning windscreens, windows or optical devices
- B60S1/04—Wipers or the like, e.g. scrapers
- B60S1/06—Wipers or the like, e.g. scrapers characterised by the drive
- B60S1/08—Wipers or the like, e.g. scrapers characterised by the drive electrically driven
- B60S1/0818—Wipers or the like, e.g. scrapers characterised by the drive electrically driven including control systems responsive to external conditions, e.g. by detection of moisture, dirt or the like
- B60S1/0822—Wipers or the like, e.g. scrapers characterised by the drive electrically driven including control systems responsive to external conditions, e.g. by detection of moisture, dirt or the like characterized by the arrangement or type of detection means
- B60S1/0874—Wipers or the like, e.g. scrapers characterised by the drive electrically driven including control systems responsive to external conditions, e.g. by detection of moisture, dirt or the like characterized by the arrangement or type of detection means characterized by the position of the sensor on the windshield
- B60S1/0877—Wipers or the like, e.g. scrapers characterised by the drive electrically driven including control systems responsive to external conditions, e.g. by detection of moisture, dirt or the like characterized by the arrangement or type of detection means characterized by the position of the sensor on the windshield at least part of the sensor being positioned between layers of the windshield
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a compound disk arrangement, in particular for motor vehicles, with a
- Composite disc and at least one optical sensor device for detecting moisture on an outer surface of the composite disc are composite disc and at least one optical sensor device for detecting moisture on an outer surface of the composite disc.
- Modern motor vehicles are often equipped with an optical sensor device for detecting moisture on an outer surface of the windshield, which is coupled to a control device for controlling a windshield wiper system of the windshield so that wiping operations are automatically controlled depending on the degree of wetting of the windscreen.
- optical sensor devices usually referred to as "rain sensors” - are used in practice in numerous variants and have already been widely described in the patent literature. They are based on the basic principle that the windshield serves as an optical waveguide, wherein light generated by an optical transmitter is coupled to the interior of the passenger compartment facing inside and after total reflection at the remote from the passenger compartment outside of the disc on the inside of the disc and detected by an optical receiver.
- the proportion of the reflected light varies, so that indirectly on the amount of liquid or degree of wetting on the outer surface of the windscreen can be closed.
- rain sensors have to be mounted in the wiping field of the windscreen, but on the other hand they must at least not significantly impair the driver's unobstructed view.
- rain sensors are mounted for this purpose in the region of the interior rearview mirror on the inside of the windshield.
- the portion of the electrical lines located in the region of the windscreen for supplying the rain sensor with electrical power and for signal transmission to the control device of the windscreen wiper system can be kept relatively short.
- the object of the present invention is to provide an improved composite disk arrangement available.
- the composite disc arrangement comprises a composite disc, which consists of at least two, for example, glass panes, which are interconnected by an existing example of polymeric material liner.
- these are an inner pane arranged on the side of the passenger compartment and an outer pane delimiting the composite pane toward the surroundings, which are connected via the intermediate layer to the composite pane.
- It furthermore comprises at least one optical sensor device for optical detection of moisture on an outer surface of the composite pane facing away from the intermediate layer. It is essential here that the optical sensor device is arranged between the two panes and is electrically contacted by means of transparent, flat printed conductors.
- the optical sensor device comprises an optical transmitter for generating light, and optionally a light coupling element associated with the transmitter, by means of which the generated light can be coupled in a suitable manner directly into that slice whose wetting is to be detected. It also comprises an optical receiver for detecting radiation reflected on the outer surface of the composite pane, and optionally a light output element associated with the receiver, by means of which the light generated can be decoupled in a suitable manner from that pane whose wetting is to be detected. Furthermore, the optical sensor device typically comprises an evaluation unit for evaluating electronic signals of the optical detector, whose output signals can be supplied, for example in a motor vehicle, to a control device for controlling the windshield wiper system of a windshield. The evaluation unit can be integrated in particular in such a control device.
- the transparent, flat conductor tracks are made of an electrically conductive material, such as a vapor-deposited on the intermediate layer of a thin layer of a metallic material or made conductive by the addition of a metallic material polymer material.
- an electrically conductive material such as a vapor-deposited on the intermediate layer of a thin layer of a metallic material or made conductive by the addition of a metallic material polymer material.
- a transparent conductive oxide on the basis of oxide semiconductor having a low resistivity, for example, indium tin oxide (In 2 Oa: SnO 2), aluminum zinc oxide (ZnOiAl) and fluorine tin oxide (SnO2: F).
- the term "light” includes electromagnetic radiation that may also be outside the visible wavelength range.
- the composite pane arrangement according to the invention it can be achieved in an advantageous manner that light is coupled directly into that pane on the outer surface of which the wetting is to be detected. In the motor vehicle, this is the outer surface of the outer pane of the composite pane. In this way, it can advantageously be avoided that the light passes through the other pane (inner pane in the motor vehicle) of the composite pane and the intermediate layer, so that the measurement accuracy can be improved due to unavoidable optical inhomogeneities and scattering errors.
- the clear view of the driver due to the transparent, flat conductor tracks for electrical contacting of the optical sensor device is not impaired, it being possible to guide the transparent conductor tracks in any desired manner to one or more edges of the composite pane.
- the optical sensor device is arranged in a recess or depression of the intermediate layer which is open towards the outer surface of the composite pane.
- the transparent, flat conductor tracks are suitable for contacting the optical sensors. Sor adopted applied to a surface of the intermediate layer, which allows a particularly simple manufacturability of the conductor tracks.
- the printed conductors can be produced by surface coating of the intermediate layer with conductive material, for example by vapor deposition and subsequent shaping of the printed conductors by selective removal of conductive material.
- the transparent conductor tracks may in particular be formed on that surface of the intermediate layer which faces the outer surface of the composite disk whose wetting is to be detected. This facilitates the electrical contacting of the optical sensor device, since the transparent conductor tracks can be guided in a simple manner to the optical sensor device.
- the transparent conductor tracks can be formed on that surface of the intermediate layer which faces away from the outer surface of the composite disk whose wetting is to be detected.
- the optical sensor device can be electrically connected to the transparent conductor tracks via electrical bridges, for example contact pins, within the intermediate layer. It would also be conceivable, for example, to provide the intermediate layer with passage openings which are filled with a transparent electrical material.
- the abovementioned evaluation unit for evaluating electronic signals of the optical receiver is arranged outside the composite pane.
- the part of the optical sensor device arranged in the region of the composite disk, essentially consisting of the optical transmitter and optical receiver can be made relatively small in terms of its dimensions.
- the optical sensor device can also be placed in the field of vision of the driver of a motor vehicle without significantly impairing the view.
- the optical sensor device is arranged in the vicinity of an interior rearview mirror of the motor vehicle.
- the transparent conductor tracks are guided to the lateral edges and / or an upper edge and / or a lower edge of the composite disc, whereby electrical conductive connections between the optical sensor device and a voltage source (for example, car battery ) for supplying the sensor device with electrical power and / or the evaluation unit for evaluating electrical signals of the optical receiver can be kept short in order to save material and costs in industrial mass production in an advantageous manner.
- a voltage source for example, car battery
- the composite pane extends in the form of a so-called “panorama pane” up to a roof cross member interconnecting the two opposing B pillars of a vehicle body.
- a non-visible, electrical contacting of the optical sensor device by the transparent, flat conductor tracks is particularly advantageous.
- the invention further extends to a motor vehicle equipped with at least one composite disc assembly as described above.
- Fig. 1 is a schematic sectional view in the vehicle longitudinal direction of an inventive Composite pane arrangement of a motor vehicle
- FIG. 2 shows a detailed view of the composite pane arrangement of FIG. 1;
- FIGS. 3A-3D are schematic perspective views of the
- Fig. 1 is a schematic overview of a total designated by the reference numeral 1 composite disk assembly of a motor vehicle illustrated.
- the composite pane arrangement 1 according to the invention comprises a frontal composite pane 2 which serves as a windshield and which extends from a frontal body section 9 to a roof cross member 6 interconnecting the two B pillars 5 of the body.
- the two B pillars 5 constitute a load-bearing connection between the vehicle floor and vehicle roof in the region of the center of the passenger compartment.
- the composite pane 2 can extend into an obliquely to the horizontal or roadway
- the composite pane arrangement 1 comprises an optical sensor for detecting the wetting of the outer surface 10 of the composite pane 2, referred to below as a rain sensor 7.
- FIG. 2 shows the structure of the composite pane 2 in greater detail. Accordingly, the composite disc 2 comprises two glass
- Washers namely an outer pane 11 and an inner pane 12, through which a passenger compartment 18 of the motor vehicle of the external environment is separate.
- Outer and inner pane 11, 12 are interconnected by an intermediate layer 13 of adhesive polymer material.
- the rain sensor 7 is arranged in the region between the outer and inner disks 11, 12 of the composite disk 2, the rain sensor 7 being accommodated in a recess 19 of the intermediate layer 13 which opens toward the outer disk 11.
- the recess 19 is formed as a depression of one of the outer disk 11 facing first surface 20 of the intermediate layer 13.
- the transparent, flat conductor tracks 14 could be formed on the first surface 20 of the intermediate layer 13, which makes the contact pins 15 dispensable.
- the rain sensor 7 serves to detect wetting of the outer surface 10 of the outer pane 11 of the composite pane 2 with liquid.
- the rain sensor 7 comprises an optical transmitter 22 for generating light, which is coupled via a non-illustrated light coupling element as a collapsing light beam 16 directly into the outer pane 11.
- An angle of incidence of the incident light beam 16 is selected so that the light beam 16 is totally reflected on the outer surface 10 of the outer pane 11.
- the intensity of the reflected light beam 17 depends on the wetting of the outer surface 10 of the outer pane 11.
- the reflected light beam 17 is detected by an optical output receiver 23 of the rain sensor 7, which generates an electrical signal based on the received light intensity, via a light outcoupling element (not shown).
- the structure and operation of the components of such a rain sensor 7, including the Lichtein- and Lichtauskoppeletti are known in the art, so that it is unnecessary here to respond.
- the rain sensor 7 is connected via the transparent, flat conductor tracks 14 to a schematically shown evaluation unit 25 for evaluating the electrical signals of the optical receiver, wherein the evaluation unit 25 in a schematically illustrated control device 24 for automatic control of a not shown wiper system for Wiping the composite disc 2 is integrated.
- the control device 24 and thus the evaluation unit 25 is located outside the composite pane 2.
- the transparent, flat conductor tracks 14 consist of a transparent, conductive oxide based on an oxide semiconductor with a low specific resistance, for example indium tin oxide (In 2 Cb: Sn 2 ). They are produced by vapor deposition of an oxide layer on the second surface 21 of the intermediate layer 13 and subsequent selective removal of layer sections. Over the width of the flat conductor tracks 14 can be adjusted specifically their electrical resistance. It would also be conceivable, as an alternative, to mask the second surface 21 of the intermediate layer 13, the mask corresponding to the desired conductor tracks 14 being recessed, followed by vapor deposition of an oxide layer onto the masked second surface 21.
- an oxide semiconductor with a low specific resistance for example indium tin oxide (In 2 Cb: Sn 2 ).
- FIGS. 3A-3D Various exemplary variants for the course of the transparent, flat conductor tracks 14 are shown in FIGS. 3A-3D.
- the transparent strip conductors 14 extend in the vehicle transverse direction to the two side edges 26 of the composite pane 2.
- the transparent strip conductors 14 extend in the vehicle longitudinal direction to an upper edge 28 of the composite pane 2 arranged on the roof cross member 6.
- the transparent conductor tracks 14 extend both in the vehicle transverse direction to the two side edges 26 and in the vehicle longitudinal direction to a
- FIG. 3D the transparent conductor tracks 14 extend both in the vehicle transverse direction to the two side edges 26 and obliquely to the vehicle longitudinal direction to the upper edge 28 of the composite pane 2.
- the transparent interconnects 14 serve for electrical connection of the rain sensor 7 to the control device 24 for transmitting the electrical signals for automatic control of the windscreen wiper system as a function of the degree of wetting of the outer surface 10 of the composite pane 2.
- the transparent conductor tracks 14 furthermore serve for an electrical connection to a vehicle battery (not shown) for feeding the rain sensor 7 with electrical power.
- the respective course of the transparent conductor tracks 14 can be specifically adapted to the position of the control device 24 or vehicle battery in order to keep the electrical connections as short as possible.
- the incident light beam 16 for detecting the wetting of the outer surface 10 of the outer pane 11 is coupled directly into the outer pane 11, so that optical inhomogeneities of the inner pane 10 or intermediate layer 13 can not have an effect.
- the rain sensor 7 can be made comparatively small, since the evaluation unit 25 is arranged outside the composite pane 2.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analysing Materials By Optical Means (AREA)
- Joining Of Glass To Other Materials (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Electric Means (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CN201080016311.7A CN102395463B (zh) | 2009-04-14 | 2010-01-27 | 具有集成的雨水传感器的复合车窗玻璃 |
US13/264,127 US8687196B2 (en) | 2009-04-14 | 2010-01-27 | Composite panel having integrated rain sensor |
GB1117472.9A GB2481166B (en) | 2009-04-14 | 2010-01-27 | Composite pane arrangement |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102009017385.4 | 2009-04-14 | ||
DE102009017385A DE102009017385A1 (de) | 2009-04-14 | 2009-04-14 | Verbundscheibenanordnung |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2010118794A1 true WO2010118794A1 (de) | 2010-10-21 |
Family
ID=42110022
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2010/000452 WO2010118794A1 (de) | 2009-04-14 | 2010-01-27 | Verbundscheibe mit integriertem regensensor |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8687196B2 (de) |
CN (1) | CN102395463B (de) |
DE (1) | DE102009017385A1 (de) |
GB (1) | GB2481166B (de) |
WO (1) | WO2010118794A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2502768B1 (de) * | 2011-03-15 | 2016-07-13 | SMR Patents S.à.r.l. | Windschutzscheibe, Innenrückblickeinheit und Innenrückblickeinheitanordnung für ein Kraftfahrzeug |
WO2017178146A1 (de) * | 2016-04-12 | 2017-10-19 | Saint-Gobain Glass France | Verbundglasscheibe mit einer sensoranordnung, übertragungssystem und verfahren zur herstellung einer verbundglasscheibe mit einer sensoranordnung |
US9963018B2 (en) | 2016-06-27 | 2018-05-08 | Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Inc. | Vehicles and vehicle roof structures for concealing one or more sensors |
WO2018024403A1 (de) * | 2016-08-05 | 2018-02-08 | Saint-Gobain Glass France | Verbundscheibe mit einer anzeigevorrichtung |
DE102016015114A1 (de) * | 2016-12-20 | 2018-06-21 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC (n. d. Ges. d. Staates Delaware) | Anzeigevorrichtung zur Anordnung an einer Scheibe eines Kraftfahrzeugs |
DE102017213294A1 (de) * | 2017-08-01 | 2019-02-07 | Continental Automotive Gmbh | Schaltungssystem mit einer Funktionseinheit an und/oder in einer transparenten Scheibe und mit einer Treibereinheit für die Funktionseinheit sowie Funktionseinheit, Treibereinheit und Betriebsverfahren für das Schaltungssystem |
GB201714591D0 (en) * | 2017-09-11 | 2017-10-25 | Pilkington Group Ltd | Mist sensor and glazing incorporating a mist sensor |
PE20210840A1 (es) * | 2018-09-25 | 2021-05-06 | Saint Gobain | Cristal de vidrio laminado y metodo para su produccion |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE10005248A1 (de) * | 2000-02-05 | 2001-08-16 | Daimler Chrysler Ag | Sensoranordnung für Scheiben insbesondere von Fahrzeugen |
EP1437215A1 (de) * | 2003-01-10 | 2004-07-14 | Glaverbel | Verglasung mit einem Leuchtelement |
DE10336972A1 (de) * | 2003-08-12 | 2005-03-10 | Hella Kgaa Hueck & Co | Elektrische Verbindung |
DE102004054465A1 (de) * | 2004-11-11 | 2006-05-24 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Optischer Sensor zur Detektion von Feuchtigkeit auf einer Scheibe eines Kraftfahrzeugs |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2793739B1 (fr) * | 1999-05-18 | 2002-03-29 | Valeo Climatisation | Dispositif de detection d'un parametre associe a l'etat d'un vehicule, notamment automobile |
DE10010599B4 (de) * | 2000-03-03 | 2005-12-15 | Daimlerchrysler Ag | Fahrzeugscheibe |
DE10241728B4 (de) * | 2002-09-10 | 2006-03-16 | Saint-Gobain Glass Deutschland Gmbh | Mehrschichtiges elektrisches beheizbares Flächenelement |
-
2009
- 2009-04-14 DE DE102009017385A patent/DE102009017385A1/de not_active Ceased
-
2010
- 2010-01-27 GB GB1117472.9A patent/GB2481166B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2010-01-27 WO PCT/EP2010/000452 patent/WO2010118794A1/de active Application Filing
- 2010-01-27 US US13/264,127 patent/US8687196B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2010-01-27 CN CN201080016311.7A patent/CN102395463B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE10005248A1 (de) * | 2000-02-05 | 2001-08-16 | Daimler Chrysler Ag | Sensoranordnung für Scheiben insbesondere von Fahrzeugen |
EP1437215A1 (de) * | 2003-01-10 | 2004-07-14 | Glaverbel | Verglasung mit einem Leuchtelement |
DE10336972A1 (de) * | 2003-08-12 | 2005-03-10 | Hella Kgaa Hueck & Co | Elektrische Verbindung |
DE102004054465A1 (de) * | 2004-11-11 | 2006-05-24 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Optischer Sensor zur Detektion von Feuchtigkeit auf einer Scheibe eines Kraftfahrzeugs |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
GB201117472D0 (en) | 2011-11-23 |
US20120033222A1 (en) | 2012-02-09 |
DE102009017385A1 (de) | 2010-10-21 |
GB2481166B (en) | 2015-02-25 |
CN102395463A (zh) | 2012-03-28 |
US8687196B2 (en) | 2014-04-01 |
GB2481166A (en) | 2011-12-14 |
CN102395463B (zh) | 2014-05-28 |
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