Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M103/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being an inorganic material
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M103/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being an inorganic material
  • C10M103/06—Metal compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M125/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an inorganic material
  • C10M125/20—Compounds containing nitrogen
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M125/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an inorganic material
  • C10M125/22—Compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2201/00—Inorganic compounds or elements as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2201/06—Metal compounds
  • C10M2201/061—Carbides; Hydrides; Nitrides
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2201/00—Inorganic compounds or elements as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2201/06—Metal compounds
  • C10M2201/065—Sulfides; Selenides; Tellurides
  • C10M2201/066—Molybdenum sulfide
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2010/00—Metal present as such or in compounds
  • C10N2010/12—Groups 6 or 16
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2020/00—Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
  • C10N2020/01—Physico-chemical properties
  • C10N2020/055—Particles related characteristics
  • C10N2020/06—Particles of special shape or size
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
  • C10N2030/06—Oiliness; Film-strength; Anti-wear; Resistance to extreme pressure
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
  • C10N2040/20—Metal working
  • C10N2040/22—Metal working with essential removal of material, e.g. cutting, grinding or drilling
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2050/00—Form in which the lubricant is applied to the material being lubricated
  • C10N2050/015—Dispersions of solid lubricants
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2050/00—Form in which the lubricant is applied to the material being lubricated
  • C10N2050/08—Solids
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2070/00—Specific manufacturing methods for lubricant compositions

Definitions

• the field relates generally to machining and other fabrication and manufacturing processes, and more specifically, to methods and apparatus for reducing wear of surfaces in contact with relative motion with respect to one another, including, for example, sliding, rolling, and other forms of motion.
• Many processes are known where friction from a first metal device engaging a second metal device produces heat, wear, deformation, and surface blemishes.
• the two devices may be different metals, one of the devices may not be a metal, or neither of the devices may be metal, such as ceramic.
• One simple example is the drilling of holes into a component using a bit. In many of these applications, the wear resulting from the sliding engagement between the two devices eventually results in reduced quality, increased heat generation and a corresponding reduction in process speed or reduced energy efficiency.
• Types of wear include erosion, cavitation, rolling, sliding and rolling, and impact (large body, small particle, and liquid).
• Types of contact between surfaces can include sliding abrasion ("two body”), rolling abrasion ("three body”) and scratching.
• reducing wear translates into reducing the rate at which material from one of the devices is removed from its acting surface.
• reducing wear allows a drill bit to drill more holes before it needs to be replaced. The drill bit can be used longer because the surface quality, including for example a smoothness associated with the surface, is less adversely affected.
• Solutions for reducing friction include the adding of lubricants, such as oils, greases, and solid lubricants, for example, molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ), to processes; and dry lubricants such as coatings and powders.
• lubricants such as oils, greases, and solid lubricants, for example, molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 )
• dry lubricants such as coatings and powders.
• Other solutions include custom coatings applied to the surface where engagement is expected to occur.
• Various custom coatings can be used to protect surfaces, such as coating the cutting surfaces of drill bits.
• surfaces such as coating the cutting surfaces of drill bits.
• Regrinding removes the coating so the bit must also go through the coating processes again before it can once again be utilized in the process.
• the means for breaking down wear agglomerates has not been well considered.
• One beneficial method is to develop a method or system to reduce particle size that can accumulate between sliding surfaces, especially in applications with substantial forces between the surfaces. Particle size reduction can result in greater direct contact between the surfaces. Such a method and system would improve efficiency and cost effectiveness of many industrial applications such as drilling and grinding.
• a method for reducing wear between two surfaces in sliding contact with one another includes introducing nanoparticles between the two surfaces, in a quantity and composition that results in shear lines being generated within at least one agglomerated wear particle. These agglomerated wear particles are generated between the two surfaces as a result of the sliding contact between the surfaces. By subjecting the agglomerated wear particles to at least one load, using at least one of the two surfaces, such that the agglomerated wear particles disassemble along the shear lines into multiple smaller wear particles, allowing for protected contact between the two surfaces.
• a method for reducing wear between two surfaces in sliding contact with one another includes using nanoparticles to destabilize agglomerated wear particles that build up between the two surfaces as a result of the sliding contact, and causing the destabilized, agglomerated wear particles to break down into smaller pieces, allowing for protected contact between the two surfaces.
• Figure 1 is an illustration of an agglomerated wear particle between two surfaces that are intended to be in sliding contact with one another.
• Figure 2 is a depiction of an agglomerated wear particle that is destabilized through introduction of shear lines therethrough.
• Figure 3 illustrates the agglomerated wear particle of Figure 2 broken up into multiple, smaller wear particles.
• Figure 4 is a graph that illustrates reduction in wear as a function of nanoparticle concentration of hexagonal boron nitride, molybdenum disulfide, or tungsten disulfide nanoparticles being added to a lubricant in a sliding contact process between two surfaces.
• Figure 5 is a graph that illustrates different rates in the reduction in wear when hexagonal boron nitride, molybdenum disulfide, or tungsten disulfide nanoparticles are added to a lubricant in a sliding contact process between two steel surfaces.
• Figure 6 is a graph that illustrates different rates in the reduction in wear of 440C steel balls when different particle concentrations of hexagonal boron nitride, molybdenum disulfide, or tungsten disulfide nanoparticles are added to a lubricant in a process where the steel balls are sliding against steel sheets.
• the embodiments described herein relate to methods and compositions for reducing mass loss of either or of both surfaces when those two surfaces are in sliding contact with one another.
• the surfaces are metal, such as a drill bit and a component on which the drill bit is operating.
• the embodiments are certainly applicable in applications where one or both of the surfaces are not metal.
• the reduction in the loss of mass occurs through the destabilization of agglomerated wear particles that are generated during the sliding contact, or rubbing, between the two items or surfaces.
• the agglomerated wear particles may be referred to as a "solid film" which may have a relatively higher aspect ratio that is different from substantially spherical.
• Figure 1 is a prior art illustration of an agglomerated wear particle 10 between two surfaces
• Figure 1 is a microscopic view which illustrates that surfaces 12 and 14 are imperfect, exhibiting a series of peaks and valleys.
• surfaces 12 and 14 are illustrative of typical surfaces which, while possibly appearing smooth to the naked eye and possibly feeling smooth to the touch, actually can have fairly large asperities at low magnification.
• worn debris removed from one or both rubbing surfaces 12 and 14 tend to aggregate under the contact pressure to create the agglomerated wear particle 10, which can be abrasive especially to the softer of the two surfaces 12 and 14.
• This agglomerated wear particle 10 is less effective as an abrasive as long as it remains smaller than some characteristic dimension of the surface finish.
• wear particle 10 increases in size, the interaction between the two surfaces 12 and 14 is diminished due to the buildup in size of wear particle 10. More specifically, surfaces 12 and 14 stop interacting directly with one another because the wear particle 10, and other particles like wear particle 10, increase in size.
• the wear particles, such as wear particle 10 are abrasive because they are work hardened as a result of plastic deformation and affect both of the opposing surfaces 12 and 14.
• wear particle 10 is operating on both surfaces 12 and 14.
• wear particle 10 when the wear particle 10 is of sufficient size, it is performing the material removal, based on a pressure applied by the bit to the wear particle 10, instead of the bit acting directly on a surface.
• this interaction is not nearly as efficient as a direct interaction between the surfaces 12 and 14.
• surface 12 represents a cutting tool designed to operate on surface 14
• the abrasion received on surface 12 from wear particle 10 acts to reduce the operating life of the cutting tool.
• Wear particles 18, 20, 22, and 24, at the point in time shown in Figure 1, are smaller than wear particle 10. Such wear particles tend to congregate within the surfaces imperfections as shown in the figure. With continued interaction between surfaces 12 and 14 and wear particle 10, however, wear particles 18, 20, 22, and 24 may also increase in size to the point where they affect interaction between surfaces 12 and 14 and further add to the problems causing by wear particles the size of wear particle 10. It is apparent that the higher percentage of time each wear particle exists as one of these smaller particles, translates into less wear on the two surfaces 12 and 14. In current applications, wear particles 18, 20, 22, and 24 may became agglomerated on their own or with wear particle 10, adding to the problems it causes, which are described above.
• the wear particles should remain to remain small enough to "hide” in the surface roughness, pits, and grooves of the rubbing surfaces 12 and 14, as do the smaller wear particles 18, 20, 22, and 24.
• the agglomerated wear particle 10 will continue to increase in size up to a stable large size determined by material properties and the conditions of contact between the two surfaces 12 and 14. As described above, additional wear action between the surfaces 12 and 14 will result. The following paragraphs describe how to convert the agglomerated wear particle 10, which is created in the process of rubbing surfaces 12 and 14 together, into a particle that is apt to fall apart or disassemble into smaller particles under the normal and frictional loads typically experienced in such operations.
• Such a wear particle is created by essentially causing sheer planes or fault lines to be added within wear particles as they agglomerate.
• those processes are thought of as being low in friction and also thought of in terms of the part being produced. More specifically, it is generally considered that the part being produced is invariably made from the softer of the two metals in the process, and that the harder metal works the softer metal.
• most solutions deal with lubrication and nanoparticles within the lubrication material being used to improve the processing of the part being made.
• the following embodiments relate more to the tooling that makes such parts, through destabilization, for example through shearing, of the agglomerated wear particle to reduce a rate of wear at both surfaces.
• destabilization for example through shearing
• the embodiments take advantage of the latest understanding of the interaction at the point of contact between surfaces of the two materials in contact. More specifically, the embodiments describe how to destabilize agglomerated wear particles, which in turn can be utilized to reduce the wear of tooling (and hence recurring cost of tools, drill bits, saws, etc.) in many processes including, for example, stamping, peening, drilling, machining, grinding, polishing, incremental sheet forming, cutting, and punching.
• the wear agglomerates are formed when wear particles are trapped at the interface and compacted under the large contact pressure (see generally, Oktay, S.T., and Suh, N. P., "Wear particle formation and agglomeration", Journal of Tribology 114, No. 2, (1992) 379-393). Since the wear agglomerate is subjected to the frictional shearing (destabilization) during sliding, lowering the shear strength between compacted particles results in easier breakage of the wear agglomerate.
• nanoparticles Due to the abundance of oil with dispersed nanoparticles as the lubricating fluid at the interface, nanoparticles adhere to individual wear particles and participate in the wear agglomeration process.
• the non- limiting examples of nanoparticles described herein, i.e. MoS 2 , WS 2 , and hBN, are solid lubricants with very low shear strengths (see generally, Kazuhisa Miyoshi, Solid Lubrication Fundamentals & Applications, CRC; 1st edition (October 15, 2001)). Therefore, the shearing of the wear particles within the agglomerate requires less shear force. SEM micrographs have revealed the existence OfMoS 2 , WS 2 , and hBN at the sheared interfaces.
• Such embodiments are operable for reducing wear between two components in sliding and rolling contact, rather than reducing friction between the components.
• Using configurations formulated to reduce wear, rather than formulated to reduce friction experimental tests have shown up to 70 percent reduction in weight loss of the harder material (the tool or die). It should be noted that a configuration for reducing wear may not be the configuration that results in the least amount of friction.
• Figure 2 depicts an agglomerated wear particle 100 that is destabilized through introduction of shear lines therethrough.
• destabilization of agglomerated wear particle 100 is achieved by introducing specific nanoparticles 102 into the agglomerated wear particle 100.
• the nanoparticles 102 are introduced via a lubricating fluid.
• inventions include introducing the nanoparticles 102 via a dry powder or via a coating on one or more of the parts.
• Another embodiment contemplates introducing the nanoparticles 102 into the agglomerated wear article 100 as a constituent of one of the two materials that are in sliding contact with one another.
• a sonicator was used for dispersing the nanoparticles in the oil samples whose volume was 10cm 3 .
• the sonication was carried out for two periods of five minutes at 10 watts output power while the oil was cooled, via a heat exchanger, with cold water to prevent heating.
• the concentration of nanoparticles by weight fraction in the oil was varied from a fraction of a percentage to several percentages to study the effect of nanoparticle concentration on friction and wear.
• the sonication process improved the dispersion quality and reduced the average particle size in the oil compared with simple shaking of oil and nanoparticle solutions.
• Table 1 shows the dispersion characteristic of nanoparticle in the oil.
• Table 1 Nanoparticles and their dispersion characteristics
• FIG. 2 A preliminary result of the introduction of nanoparticles 102 is illustrated by Figure 2. Both the hard surface 110 and the soft surface 112 have lost material therefrom. The lost materials have agglomerated with continued action between surfaces 110 and 112 to generate an agglomerated wear particle 100 through continued sliding contact with one another as described above. However, due to the introduction of the nanoparticles 102 into the area of sliding contact, the wear particle 100 now includes a number of nanoparticles 102 embedded within wear particle 100 which results in shear lines 120 and 122 that extend through the wear particle 100.
• the nanoparticles 102 are fabricated from one or more solid lubricants, including, but not limited to, molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ), tungsten disulfide (WS 2 ), and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), and other solid lubricants such as graphite and others known in the art.
• MoS 2 molybdenum disulfide
• WS 2 tungsten disulfide
• hBN hexagonal boron nitride
• the agglomerated wear particle 10 (shown in Figure 1) consists completely of materials that have worn off of surfaces 12 and 14 and have clustered together into essentially a single particle. One result is that the wear particle acts like a solid mass, as there are no shear lines therethrough. Another result is that wear particle 10 operates on both surfaces 12 and 14, rather than surface 12 operating directly on surface 14.
• Wear particle 100 is in contrast because wear particle 100 builds up from the wearing of surfaces 110 and 112, and the clustering of particles therefrom, along with some number of the nanoparticles 102.
• the presence of the nanoparticles 102 and the resulting shear planes 120 and 122 operate to prevent wear particle 100 from attaining a size similar to that of wear particle 10. More specifically, in the presence of a sufficient pressure against wear particle 100, it will break down into multiple, smaller pieces as shown in Figure 3. As mentioned above, the higher percentage of time such particles spend in the non-agglomerated state reduces the amount of wear between the two surfaces in sliding contact with one another.
• Figure 3 illustrates that the agglomerated wear particle 100 of Figure 2 has broken up into multiple, smaller wear particles 150. These smaller wear particles 150 tend to migrate into the valleys 160, 162, 164, and 166, for example, associated with surfaces 110 and 112 thereby reducing the wear on surfaces 110 and 112 associated with wear particle 100 and the like.
• Two results of the breaking down of agglomerated wear particle 100 are that machining into the soft materials is cleaner, and the cutting device associated with the hard surface 110 lasts longer both of which are illustrated by the lines of cutting area 170.
• nanoparticles By adding nanoparticles at a certain percentage by weight, generally to a lubricant associated with that process, those nanoparticles cluster with materials removed from the surfaces to form the agglomerated wear particle 100.
• nanoparticles themselves may be provided in one or more various shapes including, but not limited to, flakes, balls, and rods.
• the agglomerated wear particle 100 is sometimes referred to as an abrasive wear ball. This abrasive wear ball breaks apart at the shear planes 120, 122, which are caused by the nanoparticles 102 once a force, such as that which may be introduced by the sliding contact associated with a machining process, is applied.
• composition and concentration of nanoparticles added depends in part on the metals, alloys, composite materials and any other materials that may be used in a machining process.
• the choice of composition and concentration of nanoparticles added may also be affected by a viscosity associated with the lubricant, for example, maintaining a usable working viscosity of the lubricating fluid, both prior to and after addition of the particular nanoparticles.
• the reduced size of the separate pieces of the agglomerated wear particle 100 reduces wear on both surfaces.
• the embodiments described herein relate to the addition of nanoparticles to an existing work area.
• the embodiments relate to the destabilization of agglomerated wear particles, as well as the determination of nanoparticle, and weight percentage of that nanoparticle to use, to gain a significant advantage in the machining process.
• Figure 4 is an example graph 200 that illustrates the wear reducing results of adding nanoparticles to a machining process that utilizes titanium sheets against 440C steel balls.
• Graph 200 illustrates the reduction in wear when molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ), tungsten disulfide (WS 2 ), or hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), are added to a lubricant in a percentage, by weight from about 0.1 percent to about 10 percent.
• Graph 200 further illustrates that about 0.5% by weight of tungsten disulfide (WS 2 ) optimizes the reduction in wear.
• Graph 200 also illustrates that, for the materials utilized (titanium and steel), tungsten disulfide provides a better reduction in wear rate than does either of hexagonal boron nitride (hBn) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ).
• nanoparticle can be made based on cost and/or a desire to not "gum up" the lubricant being utilized in the machining process by adding too much nanoparticle powder.
• a lubricant will effectively contain between about zero and ten percent by weight of a nanoparticle, with a particle size of about 100 nanometers, or less. This percentage will vary depending upon the surface chemistry of the nanoparticles used, the chemistry of the lubricant, and the operating conditions.
• Figure 5 is a graph 250, illustrating that maximum wear reduction occurs when adding weight 1% of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), 4% of molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ), or 4% of tungsten disulfide (WS 2 ), by weight, to a machining process that includes steel sheets against the 440C steel balls.
• the hexagonal boron nitride provides dramatic improvements in wear reduction with only a one percent by weight concentration, while slightly better results can be achieved using four times as much MoS 2 or WS 2 .
• graph 250 illustrates the reduction in wear when molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ), tungsten disulfide (WS 2 ), or hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), are added to a lubricant in a percentage, by weight from about 0.1 percent to about 10 percent.
• Graph 250 also illustrates a reduction in wear particle production of over 50 percent.
• a cost component may also be illustrated by the fact that only a one percent concentration of hexagonal boron nitride provides a result that is only slightly reduced from the results associated with a four percent concentration of either MoS 2 or WS 2 .
• Figure 6 is a graph 300 that illustrates different rates in the reduction in wear of 440C steel balls when different particle concentrations of hexagonal boron nitride, molybdenum disulfide, or tungsten disulfide nanoparticles are added to a lubricant in a process where the steel balls are sliding against steel sheets.
• the wear in the steel balls in milligrams per meter, is most reduced when a four percent concentration, by weight, of molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles is added to the lubricant.
• the reductions in wear of the steel balls when utilizing hexagonal boron nitride or tungsten disulfide nanoparticles, in various concentration, with the lubricant is also shown.
• the processes described here are insensitive to the uniformity of dispersion of the nanoparticles. Once the nanoparticles are engaged with the wear particles formed in the machining process, the force of the process breaks down agglomerations. However, it is important to keep the nanoparticles in suspension as they are being applied to the machining process.
• the sonication process described above is but one example of suspension, or dispersion, of the nanoparticles within a lubricant.
• the above described embodiments are capable of reducing the weight loss of a hard surface, such as a tool or die by up to 70% as compared to existing oils and lubricants.
• the embodiments are also effective in reducing the weight loss of the softer surface, the part being tooled, at least as compared to existing oils and lubricants.
• This written description uses examples to disclose various embodiments, which include the best mode, to enable any person skilled in the art to practice those embodiments, including making and using any compositions or systems and performing any incorporated methods.
• the embodiments may include biocompatible applications, for example, artificial joints, insulin pumps, ventricular assist devices, and others as known in the art.

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