WO2010112606A2 - Procédé et dispositif de modulation mettant en oeuvre une modulation différentielle, procédé et dispositif de démodulation, signal et produits programme d'ordinateur correspondants - Google Patents
Procédé et dispositif de modulation mettant en oeuvre une modulation différentielle, procédé et dispositif de démodulation, signal et produits programme d'ordinateur correspondants Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
- H04L27/18—Phase-modulated carrier systems, i.e. using phase-shift keying
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
- H04L1/004—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
- H04L1/0056—Systems characterized by the type of code used
- H04L1/0071—Use of interleaving
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03M—CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
- H03M13/00—Coding, decoding or code conversion, for error detection or error correction; Coding theory basic assumptions; Coding bounds; Error probability evaluation methods; Channel models; Simulation or testing of codes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
- H04L1/004—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
- H04L1/0041—Arrangements at the transmitter end
- H04L1/0042—Encoding specially adapted to other signal generation operation, e.g. in order to reduce transmit distortions, jitter, or to improve signal shape
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
- H04L1/004—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
- H04L1/0045—Arrangements at the receiver end
- H04L1/0047—Decoding adapted to other signal detection operation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
- H04L1/004—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
- H04L1/0045—Arrangements at the receiver end
- H04L1/0054—Maximum-likelihood or sequential decoding, e.g. Viterbi, Fano, ZJ algorithms
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
- H04L1/004—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
- H04L1/0056—Systems characterized by the type of code used
- H04L1/0057—Block codes
Definitions
- Method and modulation device implementing a differential modulation, method and demodulation device, signal and corresponding computer program products.
- the field of the invention is that of digital communications.
- the invention relates to the transmission of data implementing a modulation format of the differential modulation type.
- a differential modulation makes it possible to transform a binary sequence into a modulated signal.
- the input bit sequence of the modulation step corresponds to the transitions between the states of the constellation of the modulation used to generate the modulated symbols.
- a differential modulation can thus be seen as a differential encoding of a binary sequence, delivering another binary sequence, followed by a conventional modulation.
- the invention finds applications in any transmission system using differential modulation.
- the invention finds applications in the field of optical communications:
- DBPSK Different Binary Phase Shift Keying
- DQPSK Different Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
- phase modulation has many advantages, from the point of view of spectral efficiency and transmission quality (through the reduction of nonlinear effects related to intensity modulation in particular).
- the DBPSK modulation format is particularly advantageous for non-coherent transmissions.
- direct detection the phase of the transmitted signal is lost on reception, but it is possible to find it by measuring the phase difference between two successive symbols, thanks to an optical demodulation performed by an interferometer of MZDI type (in English "Mach - Zender Delay Interferometer ”) for example.
- MZDI type in English "Mach - Zender Delay Interferometer ”
- the differential encoding of the data to be transmitted is necessary in order to be able to use direct detection phase modulation.
- the QPSK and PDM-QPSK modulation formats are particularly interesting for consistent transmissions with a bit rate greater than or equal to 40Gb / s. Thanks to the use of a coherent receiver, the phase of the transmitted signal becomes directly accessible. It is therefore possible to use modulation formats with high spectral efficiency. However, phase noise remains a major problem, which phase recovery algorithms (Viterbi type) can not fully handle. The differential encoding of the data to be transmitted is also necessary here.
- the conventional encoding as illustrated in FIG. 1A makes it possible to associate an information symbol comprising two bits with a modulated symbol corresponding to a state ⁇ . / of the constellation.
- the differential encoding as illustrated in FIG. 1B makes it possible to code the data to be transmitted by the transition between the states of the constellation used.
- an information symbol corresponds to the two bits that encode the phase change between two states ⁇ z - of the constellation, that is to say between two modulated symbols.
- the sequence of information symbols '10''11''00' is transformed into modulated symbols corresponding to the states cq, 0: 4, aj, CXj - Si, after passing through the transmission channel, the modulated symbols received correspond to the states
- Differential encoding therefore leads to higher error rates than conventional encoding, since a transmission error corrupts two consecutive information symbols.
- the invention proposes a novel solution that does not have all of these disadvantages of the prior art, in the form of a method for modulating a source binary sequence formed of a plurality of source words, delivering symbols. modulated. According to the invention, such a method implements the following steps:
- Each codeword is decomposed into at least one group having a number of bits equal to the logarithm in base two of the number of states of the modulation implemented during the differential modulation step.
- the interleaving step distributes the groups in the interleaved sequence, so that two adjacent groups in the interleaved sequence belong to separate codewords.
- the invention thus proposes a new transmission technique making it possible to reconstruct the transmitted data more reliably, by combining the use of error-correcting coding and differential encoding techniques.
- the invention is based on a group decomposition of the code words resulting from the error correction coding step and on a particular interleaving of these codewords, delivering an interleaved sequence in which two consecutive groups of bits belong to separate codewords. Note that it is possible to interleave any number of code words according to the invention (two, three, four or more), as long as two adjacent groups in the interleaved sequence do not belong to the same word of code.
- each of the groups of the interleaved sequence is representative of a transition between two modulated symbols.
- the size of these groups depends on the modulation implemented. For example, for a BPSK modulation, the number of bits per group is 1; for QPSK modulation, the number of bits per group is equal to 2; for an 8PSK modulation, the number of bits not group is equal to 3, etc.
- Two adjacent groups thus correspond to two consecutive transitions, corresponding, for example, to consecutive phase jumps between three symbols modulated for phase modulation.
- the error correction coding step implements at least two distinct error correction codes, each delivering distinct codewords.
- the coding step implements several coding modules each implementing a separate error correction code.
- the interleaving step intertwines the groups until all the groups of the code word having the most short length. The remaining groups are then "copied" into the interlaced sequence.
- two adjacent groups in the modulated sequence belong to separate codewords until all the groups of the shortest code word have been used. Then, it is possible that neighboring groups in the interleaved sequence belong to the same code word.
- the interleaving step interleaves three code words of distinct length, these three codewords are interleaved until all the groups of the shortest code word (among these three code words) have been distributed, then the two Remaining code words until all the groups of the shortest code word have been distributed among these two remaining codewords. In this way, only the last groups of the longest codeword can possibly be neighbors in the interleaved sequence.
- the codewords comprising information bits and redundancy bits, each codeword is decomposed into at least one group of information bits and at least one group of redundancy bits.
- the interleaving step then distributes the groups of information bits in the interleaved sequence, so that two groups of adjacent information bits in the sequence interlaced belong to separate codewords.
- the interleaving ensures that groups of neighboring information bits do not belong to the same codeword, whereas groups of neighboring redundancy (or parity) bits can belong to the same code word. code word.
- This variant is particularly advantageous when the code words obtained by the different coding modules have a different size (length).
- the invention also relates to a computer program product downloadable from a communication network and / or recorded on a computer readable medium and / or executable by a processor comprising program code instructions for implementing the modulation method as previously described.
- the modulation method according to the invention can therefore be implemented in various ways, and in particular in hard-wired form or in software form.
- the invention relates to a source bit sequence modulation device formed of a plurality of source words, delivering modulated symbols, comprising:
- error correction coding means of the plurality of source words implementing one or more coding modules each implementing a separate error correction code, delivering a plurality of code words, said source words being coded successively;
- each code word is decomposed into at least one group having a number of bits equal to the logarithm in base two of a number of states of a differential modulation implemented by the differential modulation means, and the interleaving means divides the groups in the interleaved sequence so that two adjacent groups in the interleaved sequence belong to separate codewords.
- Such a modulation device is particularly suitable for implementing the modulation method described above. It can notably be integrated into a transmitter used for optical communications.
- This modulation device may of course include the various characteristics relating to the modulation method according to the invention. Thus, the features and advantages of this device are the same as those of the modulation method, and are not detailed further.
- an error correcting coding of the plurality of source words implementing one or more coding modules each implementing a separate error correction code, delivering a plurality of codewords; said source words being successively coded;
- a differential modulation of the interleaved sequence delivering modulated symbols; each codeword being decomposed into at least one group having a number of bits equal to the base two logarithm of a number of states of said differential modulation, and the interleaving distributing the groups in the interleaved sequence, such that two Adjacent groups in the interleaved sequence belong to separate codewords.
- a signal may in particular be formed of modulated symbols obtained according to the modulation method described above. This signal may of course include the various characteristics relating to the modulation method according to the invention.
- the invention relates to a method for demodulating received symbols, corresponding to symbols modulated according to the modulation method described above after passing through a transmission channel, delivering a reconstructed binary sequence.
- such a method implements the following steps:
- de-interleaving the demodulated sequence implementing an inverse processing at the interleaving implemented in transmission, delivering a plurality of codewords
- the demodulated sequence obtained at the output of the differential modulation stage corresponds to the interleaved sequence obtained on the modulation side, possibly affected by transmission errors, and can be broken down into groups of bits such that two consecutive groups belong to separate code.
- the decoding step implements the following steps: correction, from at least one error correction code, of at least a first codeword comprising at least one group comprising at least one bit erroneous, said current group, delivering a first corrected code word; o correction, from the first corrected code word, of at least one separate code word comprising a group adjacent to the current group in the demodulated sequence, said neighboring group.
- the demodulation method comprises a step of assigning a first confidence value to the received symbol obtained from the neighboring group preceding the current group in the demodulated sequence (that is, to the symbol received at the origin of the transition encoded by the current group), and a second confidence value to the received symbol obtained from the current group (i.e., to the received symbol of the transition encoded by the current group).
- the step of correcting the separate code word is then implemented for the neighboring group preceding the current group in the demodulated sequence and / or for the neighboring group following the current group in the demodulated sequence, taking into account these confidence values.
- the confidence values are equal to the log likelihood ratio (LLR) associated with the corresponding received symbol.
- the decision to correct the preceding neighbor group and / or the next neighboring group may depend on a threshold s, allowing to define whether the two received symbols are equally reliable or not. If the threshold is equal to 100%, it means that the two received symbols are equally reliable, and each of the neighboring groups must be corrected. In this case, since we seek to correct both the preceding neighbor group and the next neighbor group, it is not necessary to determine these confidence values.
- the step of correcting the separate codeword comprises:
- the first and second variants can also be combined.
- the invention also relates to a computer program product downloadable from a communication network and / or recorded on a computer readable medium and / or executable by a processor, comprising program code instructions for the implementation of the method of demodulation as described above.
- the demodulation method according to the invention can therefore be implemented in various ways, and in particular in hard-wired form or in software form.
- the invention relates to a device for demodulating received symbols corresponding to modulated symbols after passing through a transmission channel, delivering a reconstructed binary sequence, the modulated symbols being obtained from a binary sequence.
- source having undergone before emission:
- such a device comprises:
- Such a device is particularly adapted to implement the demodulation method described above, and to receive symbols modulated according to the modulation method described above. It can in particular be integrated into a receiver used for optical communications.
- This demodulation device may of course include the various characteristics relating to the demodulation method according to the invention. Thus, The features and advantages of this device are the same as those of the demodulation method, and are not detailed further.
- FIGS. and IB recall the operation of conventional modulation and differential modulation;
- FIG. 2 illustrates the main steps implemented by the modulation method according to a particular embodiment of the invention;
- FIGS. 3A to 3C present three examples of implementation of the modulation method according to FIG. 2;
- FIG. 4 illustrates the performances of the invention, compared to the techniques of the prior art;
- FIG. 5 illustrates the main steps implemented by the demodulation method according to one embodiment of the invention;
- FIG. 6 shows an exemplary implementation of the demodulation method according to FIG. 5;
- FIGS. 8A and 8B illustrate the simplified structures of a modulation device and of a demodulation device according to a particular embodiment of the invention. 5. Description of an embodiment of the invention
- the general principle of the invention is based on a specific grouping of the bits constituting a codeword, and a specific interleaving of these groups, making it possible to distribute the groups of the different codewords in an interleaved sequence, so that two adjacent groups ( ie side by side in the interleaved sequence) belong to distinct codewords. Note that these adjacent groups correspond to consecutive transitions, corresponding for example to consecutive phase jumps between the modulated symbols for phase modulation.
- the invention proposes to distribute the errors occurring during transmission on different code words.
- the codewords resulting from the error-correcting coding are thus interleaved so as not to have two groups of bits coming from the same side-by-side code word. If a transmission error occurs, it corrupts two groups of bits side by side, which belong to different codewords, and which are decoded by the same decoder if they come from the same error-correcting code. (or FEC, in English "Forward Error Correction"), and by different decoders if they come from different error correcting codes (FEC).
- the invention thus makes it possible to improve the transmission performance by distributing the transmission errors between several codewords, thanks to a combination of error-correcting coding techniques, modulation using differential encoding, and specific interleaving. .
- the error correction coding techniques are thus adapted to the particularities of the differential encoding.
- FIG. 2 illustrates the main steps implemented on the modulation side, for the modulation of a source binary sequence b s formed of a succession of source words, delivering modulated symbols e, each associated with a state ⁇ / of a constellation corresponding. These modulated symbols can then be transmitted via an optical communication for example, in the form of a modulated signal.
- Such a modulation method firstly implements an error correcting coding step 21 of the source binary sequence b s , again denoted FEC, delivering a plurality of codewords.
- This error correcting coding step 21 makes it possible to encode the source bits of the source binary sequence b s , formed of information bits, by using at least one error correction code. This produces code words at the output of this step 21, which comprise both information bits and redundancy bits.
- the error correction coding step 21 may implement one or more FEC coding modules, each implementing a separate error correction code delivering one or more code words. It is noted that the number of FEC coding modules does not depend on the number of states of the differential modulation (or the constellation).
- the codewords two, three, four, or more are interleaved, delivering an interleaved sequence.
- the code words can be decomposed into groups having a number of bits equal to the logarithm in base two of the number of states of the differential modulation. It is recalled that if the number of bits forming a code word does not correspond not a multiple of the number of bits per group, it is also possible to have a particular group having a number of bits less than the logarithm in base two of the number of states of the modulation.
- the interleaving step 22 then distributes the different groups so that two adjacent groups in the interleaved sequence belong to distinct codewords.
- the interleaved sequence is composed of a first group of bits of the first code word followed by a first group of bits of the second code word followed by second group of bits of the first code word, followed by a second group of bits of the second code word, etc. It can thus be considered that the groups associated with different code words are placed one after the other in the interlaced sequence, alternating groups belonging to different code words.
- this interleaving step 22 depends on the number of states of the differential modulation.
- packets (groups) of several bits whose size varies according to the constellation associated with the differential modulation, are interleaved.
- the bits are interleaved two by two in the case of a QPSK modulation.
- each modulated symbol is constructed from a group of bits originating from the same code word.
- the interleaved sequence at the input of the differential modulation step corresponds to the transitions between the modulated symbols.
- Each group of the interlaced sequence is therefore representative of a transition between two modulated symbols.
- the interleaved codewords represent the transitions between the emitted modulated symbols.
- FIG. 3A illustrates the main steps implemented for a 16-state amplitude modulation (16QAM modulation).
- the source words of the binary sequence b s are successively coded during the error correction coding step 21.
- this coding step implements three FEC coding modules 211, 212, 123, each implementing a separate correction code delivering code words having an identical size.
- the first FEC coding module 211 delivers a first code word '011001 ...'
- the second FEC coding module 212 delivers a second code word '010110 ...'
- the third coding module FEC 213 issues a third codeword '010100 ...'.
- Block 210 can therefore be seen as a selector of the FEC coding module to be used to encode a source word. It will be recalled that the number of FEC coding modules does not depend on the number of states of the differential modulation, and that the codewords from the different coding modules may be of different size.
- codewords are then interleaved during an interleaving step 22.
- the code words can be decomposed into groups having a number of bits equal to the logarithm in base two of a number of states of the differential modulation, or in groups of 4 bits for 16QAM modulation.
- the size of a group, also called symbol (information or redundancy), depends on the constellation.
- a first group is defined in the first codeword, denoted g 1, comprising the bits' 0110 ', a second group in the first code word, denoted g ⁇ 2 , comprising the bits '01 ..', a first group in the second code word, denoted g 2 ⁇ , comprising the bits' 0101 ', a second group in the second code word, denoted g 2 2 , comprising the bits '10 ..', a first group in the third code word, denoted g 3 l 5 comprising the bits' 0101 ', a second group in the third code word, denoted g 3 2 , comprising the bits '00 ..', etc.
- the interleaved sequence comprises the following successive groups: ⁇ 1 l '8 2 l' ⁇ 3 the ⁇ 1 2 'etc. -
- the interleaved sequence comprises the following successive groups: g 1 l of 5 g 3 l 5 g 2 15 g 1 2 , etc.
- the interleaved sequence comprises the following successive groups: g 2 G 1 l 5 15 g 3 l5 g 2 2, etc.
- the bottom line is that two consecutive groups in the interlaced sequence do not belong to the same code word.
- interleaving of groups belonging to three different codewords allows to improve certain performances. It is recalled that two transmission errors generally produce three groups (or information or redundancy symbols) erroneous. Thus, by using three code words, two successive transmission errors can be better corrected. Indeed, these three groups are, according to the invention, distributed over three different codewords. It is noted that with an interleaving of only two code words and two transmission errors, one of the code words would have had only one erroneous group of bits, and the other code word would have had two groups of erroneous bits. It is therefore possible, according to the invention, to use interleaving over more than two codewords.
- the interlaced sequence thus obtained is then modulated in the differential modulation step 23, delivering the modulated symbols associated for example at points "o 01 He 3 a ⁇ A of a constellation. It is during this differential modulation step 23 that the conventional serial / parallel conversion operations of the interleaved sequence, and of distribution on a phase-in-phase and a quadrature channel, are carried out.
- the main steps implemented for a 4-phase phase modulation QPSK modulation
- this coding step implements a single FEC coding module 214, delivering at least two words of error code. code.
- this FEC coding module 214 firstly codes a first source word of the binary sequence b s , and delivers a first codeword comprising information bits '01101001 ...' and redundancy bits '11'.
- the FEC coding module 214 then codes a second source word of the binary sequence b s , and delivers a second code word comprising information bits' 01101101 ... 'and redundancy bits O1'.
- code words are then interleaved during an interleaving step 22.
- the codewords from the single FEC coding module 214 are both stored.
- the codewords are then decomposed into groups having a number of bits equal to the base two logarithm of a number of states of the differential modulation, or in two-bit groups for QPSK modulation.
- the first code word thus includes the groups Ol ',' 10 ',' 10 ',' 01 ', ... (including information bits), and' 11 '(including redundancy bits).
- the second code word comprises the groups '01', '10', '11', '01', ... (including information bits), and '01' (including redundancy bits). These groups are then intertwined, so that two adjacent groups do not belong to the same code word.
- the interleaved sequence comprises the following successive groups: Ol ', Ol', '10', '10', '10', '11', '01', '01', ..., '11', '01'.
- the interleaved sequence thus obtained is then modulated during the differential modulation step 23, delivering the modulated symbols associated with the points
- error correction coding step 21 implements two coding modules FEC1 215 and FEC2 216, each implementing a separate correction code generating code words of distinct length.
- the first coding module FEC1 215 implements a BCH code (1022, 842) and the second coding module FEC2 216 implements a BCH code (942, 842).
- the codewords from the coding modules implements a BCH code (1022, 842) and the second coding module FEC2 216 implements a BCH code (942, 842).
- FECl 215 and FEC2 216 thus have a different length, but the same number of information bits.
- the source words of the binary sequence b s are successively coded during the error correction coding step 21.
- the first coding module FEC1 215 delivers a first word of code comprising the information bits '011011 ...' and the redundancy bits '1111'
- the second coding module FEC2 216 delivers a second code word comprising the information bits '010011 ...' and the redundancy bits '011100'.
- codewords are, according to this variant, broken down into groups of information bits and groups of redundancy bits. For example, if QPSK is again considered, the codewords are decomposed into information bit groups and two-bit redundant bit groups.
- gi 5 a first group of information bits, denoted gi 5, comprising the bits Ol ';
- a second group of information bits, denoted gi 2 comprising bits '10';
- gi 5 3 a third group of information bits, denoted gi 5 3 , comprising bits '11';
- a first group of redundancy bits denoted gr 5, comprising bits '11';
- gi 6 a first group of information bits, denoted gi 6, comprising the bits Ol ';
- gi 6 2 a second group of information bits, denoted gi 6 2 , comprising the bits OO ';
- gi 6 3 a third group of information bits, denoted gi 6 3 , comprising bits '11'; - etc;
- a first group of redundancy bits denoted gr 6, comprising the bits Ol ';
- gr 6 2 a second group of redundancy bits, denoted gr 6 2 , comprising bits '11';
- gr 6 3 a third group of redundancy bits, denoted gr 6 3 , comprising the bits '00'.
- the groups are then interleaved during interleaving step 22, so that two groups of adjacent information bits do not belong to the same code word.
- the groups of redundancy bits can also be interleaved.
- the interlaced sequence thus obtained includes, for example, the following successive groups: gi 5> 1, gi 6 1 to gi 5> 2, 6 2 gi, gi 5> 3, 6 3 gi, ..., gr 5> 1 , gr 6> 1 , gr 5 2 , gr 6 2 , gr 6> 3 .
- the interleaving step therefore ensures that groups of neighboring information bits do not belong to the same code word, whereas groups of neighboring redundancy (or parity) bits can belong to the same code word.
- the second FEC2 encoder 216 delivers codewords having a length greater than that of the code words delivered by the first FEC1 encoder 215, several groups of redundancy bits belonging to the second codeword follow each other in the interlaced sequence (gr 6 2 , grg 3 ).
- the interleaved sequence thus obtained is then modulated during the differential modulation step 23.
- the first coding module FEC1 215 implements a BCH code (1022, 982) and the second coding module FEC2 216 implements a BCH code (942, 862).
- the codewords from the coding modules implements a BCH code (1022, 982) and the second coding module FEC2 216 implements a BCH code (942, 862).
- FECl 215 and FEC2 216 thus have a different length, and a number of bits of information different.
- the interleaving ensures that the neighboring groups in the interleaved sequence do not belong to the same code word, until all the groups of the shortest code word have been used. The remaining groups of the longest codeword are then "copied" in the interleaved sequence, and can therefore be found next to each other. in the interlaced sequence.
- the interleaved sequence obtained at the end of the interleaving step 22 comprises the following successive groups: gi5, the 8 * 6.1 '8 * 5.2' 8 * 6.2 '• • •> g ⁇ N' S 1 O 1 N 'r 5 g, l> 8 * 6 ⁇ + 1 e r 5.2> 8 * 6 ⁇ + 2'• • e r 6, the > g r 6.2> g r 6.3
- the successive groups of the interleaved sequence therefore belong to different codewords; then (that is to say from the group gi 6 N + 2 ) the successive groups of the interleaved sequence can belong to the same codeword (second code word).
- the latter groups may comprise only redundancy bits, or information bits and redundancy bits.
- the size of a group is one bit, which is equivalent to doing bit-by-bit interleaving.
- bit-by-bit interleaving In order to more easily correct the transmission errors, it is still necessary according to the invention to apply a specific interleaving law, making it possible to distribute the bits so that two consecutive bits do not belong to the same code word.
- the use of conventional bit-by-bit interleaving, on the other hand, is not optimal for reducing the defects of the differential encoding, since it does not necessarily make it possible to distribute the errors on different codewords.
- an error correction coding C (n, k, t) which delivers codewords of size n from k bits of information and which corrects up to t transmission errors, combined
- a specific interleaving and a differential encoding according to the invention has the same performance in terms of error correction rate as an error correction coding C (2n, 2k, 2t) without interleaving. Interlacing therefore offers a gain of coding, regardless of the type of modulation used.
- FIG. 4 thus illustrates the performances of the invention for a QPSK type modulation, by comparing the BER (binary error rate) as a function of the signal-to-noise ratio in dB (SNR, in English "Signal to Noise Ratio"), for different types of error correcting coding, combined with a specific interleaving according to the invention, or without interleaving according to the prior art.
- BER binary error rate
- the performances are notable when the error correction coding step implements a binary error correction code such as the BCH (255,239) or product code BCH (255,239) xBCH (144,128) (with firm decision decoding).
- a binary error correction code such as the BCH (255,239) or product code BCH (255,239) xBCH (144,128) (with firm decision decoding).
- the error-correcting encoding step implements a non-binary error-correcting code such as Reed-Solomon (RS)
- RS Reed-Solomon
- FIG. 5 illustrates the main steps implemented on the demodulation side, for the demodulation of received symbols r corresponding to modulated symbols e after passing through a transmission channel, delivering a reconstructed binary sequence b s .
- Such a demodulation method is particularly adapted to receive a signal formed of modulated symbols from the modulation method described above.
- such a method firstly implements a step of differential demodulation 51 of the received symbols, implementing an inverse processing to the differential modulation 23 implemented in transmission, delivering a demodulated sequence.
- a phase modulation implemented in transmission for example, it is possible to measure the phase jump between each symbol received in reception, and to find the transitions and groups of bits encoding these transitions.
- the demodulated sequence is thus formed of groups of successive bits, since during each differential modulation each transition is encoded by a group of bits. Thanks to the specific interleaving implemented in transmission, two groups of successive bits belong to different code words.
- the demodulated sequence is then deinterleaved during a deinterleaving step 52, implementing an inverse processing at the interleaving 22 implemented in transmission, delivering a plurality of codewords.
- the codewords obtained are then decoded during a decoding step 53, delivering the reconstructed binary sequence b s .
- the demodulated sequence has a specific structure, according to which two consecutive groups do not belong to the same codeword, it is possible to reduce the decoding complexity.
- the decoding step 53 implements, for example, a correction of at least one codeword by using a decoding corresponding to the coding used in transmission, delivering a corrected code word, and a correction of at least one word separate code from the previously corrected codeword.
- the demodulated sequence comprises two interleaved codewords
- decoding step 53 when demodulating received symbols corresponding to modulated symbols having undergone an error-correcting coding delivering two words, is presented below with reference to FIG. code, interleaving, and 4-state QPSK phase modulation, as shown in connection with FIG. 3B.
- the sequence The resulting demodulated group is formed of the following successive groups: Ol ', Ol', '10', OO ',' IV, 'IV,' OV, 'OV, ...,' 11 ', Ol'.
- This sequence is formed of groups of bits such that two consecutive groups belong to different code words.
- the interleaved sequence at the end of the interleaving step 22 implemented on the modulation side comprised the following successive groups: '01', '01', '10', '10', '10', ' 11 ',' 01 ',' 01 ', ...,' 11 ',' 01 '(see Figure 3B).
- first code word '01', '10', '11', '01', ..., '11'; - second code word: '01', '00', '11', '01', ..., '01'.
- a conventional FEC decoding technique 531 is used to decode the first codeword, and then the result of this conventional decoding is used to locate and correct the errors of the second code word 532. It is therefore not necessary to repeat all conventional decoding calculations for the second code word.
- the FEC decoding module 531 when the FEC decoding module 531 has detected and corrected an error in the first code word, affecting a group of bits said current group, it is certain that a group adjacent to this current group in the demodulated sequence, belonging to therefore to the second codeword, is also wrong.
- the FEC decoding module 531 when the FEC decoding module 531 has detected an error affecting the current group g c ('11'), the neighboring group preceding g vp ('00') and / or the next neighboring group g vs ('11') therefore have at least one error.
- the reliability of the symbols received is calculated to know whether to correct each of the neighboring groups or just the least reliable of them. This decision is made by setting a threshold s, allowing to define whether the two received symbols are equally reliable or not. The value of this threshold influences the decoding complexity.
- a first confidence value is assigned to the received symbol obtained from the neighboring group preceding g vp ('00'), corresponding to the point U2 of the constellation according to our example, and a second value of confidence to the received symbol obtained from the current group g c ('11'), corresponding to point OC4 of the constellation according to our example.
- these confidence values are determined from the log likelihood ratio log (LLR) associated with the corresponding received symbol: where e is the emitted symbol (also called modulated symbol in the description), r the received QPSK symbol, and r is the constellation point corresponding to the received symbol.
- LLR log likelihood ratio log
- this predetermined threshold s can be expressed as a percentage. In this case, if the threshold is equal to 100%, it means that the two received symbols are equally reliable and no decision is made. We therefore consider that we must correct each of the neighboring groups. If the threshold is 0%, it means that a "hard” decision is made, and a received symbol is more reliable than another. It is therefore considered that only the neighboring group leading to the lowest likelihood ratio logarithm value must be corrected.
- the correction of the second code word is implemented for the neighboring group g vp (OO ') preceding the current group g c (' 11 ') in the demodulated sequence if the first confidence value is lower than the second confidence value, or for the neighboring group g vs ('11') following the current group g c ('11') in the demodulated sequence if the second confidence value is lower than the first confidence value.
- the threshold is equal to 0%. It is also considered that the first confidence value is lower than the second confidence value. It is therefore the neighboring group g vp preceding (OO ') which has an error.
- each transition can be measured in quadrant numbers, for QPSK modulation.
- the group of bits '01' corresponds for example to a transition of '1' quadrant.
- the correction applied to the second code word therefore corresponds to the inverse of that applied to the first codeword thanks to the conventional decoding.
- the syndrome of each code word is calculated. candidate.
- a syndrome can be determined using the technique described by JG Proakis in "Digital Communications” (Third Edition, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1989).
- JG Proakis in "Digital Communications” (Third Edition, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1989).
- FEC coding module implementing a linear code in Reed-type blocks.
- the resulting syndrome is zero for a candidate codeword, it means that the candidate codeword is a valid code word. This corrects the second code word by replacing it with the valid candidate code word. If there is no syndrome equal to 0 for the different candidate code words, it means that no code word is valid. In other words, none of the proposed corrections are correct.
- the second codeword is then decoded using a conventional FEC decoding technique.
- a set of candidate code words is thus determined by modifying the values of the bits of the neighboring group preceding g vp and / or of the next neighboring group g vs in the second code word in order to obtain an error equal to -1.
- One of the candidate codewords is then selected which has a syndrome equal to 0, if it exists.
- the decoding algorithm according to the invention implements the following steps:
- the decoding step 53 has been described, in connection with FIG. 6, during the demodulation of received symbols corresponding to modulated symbols having undergone an error-correcting coding delivering two words of error. code, interleaving, and QPSK modulation.
- the reduced complexity decoding technique according to the invention can be implemented regardless of the number of code words delivered by the error correction coding on the sending side.
- the complexity of the proposed algorithm depends both on the number of syndromes computed and the number of decodings performed, depending on the number of interleaved codewords.
- Figures 7A and 7B illustrate the number of syndromes calculated ( Figure 7A) and the number of decodings performed (FIG. 7B) on average for the second codeword (in the case where only two codewords are interleaved), as a function of the signal-to-noise ratio SNR, for a BCH-type error correction coding ( 1023,883) delivering two code words and a QPSK type modulation, and for different threshold levels s for the confidence value:
- the solution proposed by the invention thus makes it possible to obtain a significant coding gain and a complexity reduction of up to 50%, which is a considerable advantage in the case of very high speed optical transmission in particular. It is based on the implementation of a differential modulation, and is therefore transferable to any family of error-correcting codes and all constellation sizes.
- the decoding algorithm proposed above shows how the decoding of a first code word makes it possible to fully deduce the decoding of a second code word. It therefore does not appear necessary to code the information bits corresponding to the second code word and to add redundancy bits to them, if these redundancy bits are not used for the decoding.
- Interleaved code words can thus come from FEC coding modules implement different error correcting codes, and generating code words of different size (with more or less redundancy).
- the second coding module uses a less powerful error correction code than that used in the first coding module, and which therefore generates fewer redundancy bits.
- the second code less powerful, can not decode the errors as well as the first code. This results in an error level if a conventional decoding of the second code word is implemented.
- the necessary correction capacity for the second coding module generating the second code word therefore depends on the number of errors remaining after the first pass ("missed" errors) and therefore the quality of the decoding. 5.6 Simplified structure of the corresponding modulation and demodulation devices
- FIGS. 8A and 8B the simplified structure of a modulation device and a demodulation device putting respectively in A modulation technique and a demodulation technique according to one of the embodiments described above are implemented.
- Such a modulation device comprises a memory 81, a processing unit 82, equipped for example with a microprocessor ⁇ P, and driven by the computer program 83, implementing the modulation method according to the invention.
- the code instructions of the computer program 83 are for example loaded into a RAM memory before being executed by the processor of the processing unit 82.
- the processing unit 82 receives as input a sequence source binary b s formed of a plurality of source words.
- the microprocessor of the processing unit 82 implements the steps of the modulation method described above, according to the instructions of the computer program 83, to encode, interleave, and modulate the source bit sequence, and to emit modulated symbols e.
- the modulation device comprises, in addition to the buffer memory 81, error-correcting coding means of the plurality of source words, delivering a plurality of code words, means for interleaving the code words, delivering a interleaved sequence, and differential modulation means of the interleaved sequence, delivering modulated symbols as previously described. These means are controlled by the microprocessor of the processing unit 82.
- the processing unit 82 thus transmits to a receiver, via a transmission channel, a modulated signal comprising modulated symbols.
- the demodulation device of FIG. 8B comprises a memory
- a processing unit 85 equipped for example with a microprocessor ⁇ P, and driven by the computer program 86, implementing the demodulation method according to the invention.
- the code instructions of the computer program 86 are for example loaded into a RAM memory before being executed by the processor of the processing unit 85.
- the processing unit 85 receives as input symbols received r.
- the microprocessor of the processing unit 85 implements the steps of the demodulation method described above, according to the instructions of the computer program 86, for demodulating, deinterleaving, decoding the received symbols r, and reconstructing a binary sequence b s .
- the demodulation device comprises, in addition to the buffer memory 84, differential demodulation means for the received symbols, delivering a demodulated sequence, deinterleaving means for the demodulated sequence, delivering a plurality of code words, and means for decoding code words, delivering the reconstructed binary sequence, as described above.
- These means are controlled by the microprocessor of the processing unit 85.
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US13/262,751 US8856608B2 (en) | 2009-04-03 | 2010-04-02 | Modulation method and device implementing a differential modulation, corresponding demodulation method and device, signal and computer software products |
JP2012502704A JP5651679B2 (ja) | 2009-04-03 | 2010-04-02 | 差動変調を実施する変調方法及びデバイス、対応する復調方法及びデバイス、信号を送信する方法並びにコンピュータソフトウェア |
CN201080018829.4A CN102428667B (zh) | 2009-04-03 | 2010-04-02 | 实施差分调制的调制方法和装置、对应的解调方法和装置 |
EP10712446.3A EP2415193B1 (fr) | 2009-04-03 | 2010-04-02 | Procédé et dispositif de modulation mettant en oeuvre une modulation différentielle, procédé et dispositif de démodulation, signal et produits programme d'ordinateur correspondants |
KR1020117026233A KR101694789B1 (ko) | 2009-04-03 | 2010-04-02 | 차동 변조를 구현하는 변조 방법과 장치, 대응하는 복조 방법과 장치, 신호, 및 컴퓨터 프로그램 제품 |
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US9048888B2 (en) | 2010-10-27 | 2015-06-02 | Autonetworks Technologies, Ltd. | Power line communication system |
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JP5943062B1 (ja) * | 2014-12-26 | 2016-06-29 | Nttエレクトロニクス株式会社 | 光伝送システム |
KR102296738B1 (ko) | 2015-06-01 | 2021-09-01 | 삼성전자 주식회사 | 반도체 메모리 장치, 이를 포함하는 메모리 시스템 및 반도체 메모리 장치의 에러 정정 방법 |
WO2020164105A1 (fr) * | 2019-02-15 | 2020-08-20 | Zte Corporation | Préambules d'accès aléatoire dans une communication sans fil |
CN113114426A (zh) * | 2021-04-21 | 2021-07-13 | 上海道生物联技术有限公司 | 一种两段式编码、调制发送方法及发送端 |
US20220416941A1 (en) * | 2021-06-23 | 2022-12-29 | Intel Corporation | Apparatus, system and method of encoding/decoding data according to a parity function |
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CN102428667B (zh) | 2015-05-13 |
EP2415193A2 (fr) | 2012-02-08 |
US20120131411A1 (en) | 2012-05-24 |
EP2415193B1 (fr) | 2018-01-10 |
WO2010112606A3 (fr) | 2010-12-29 |
JP2012523151A (ja) | 2012-09-27 |
US8856608B2 (en) | 2014-10-07 |
CN102428667A (zh) | 2012-04-25 |
JP5651679B2 (ja) | 2015-01-14 |
FR2944171A1 (fr) | 2010-10-08 |
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KR101694789B1 (ko) | 2017-01-23 |
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