WO2010103498A1 - Produit de cermet fondu - Google Patents
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- WO2010103498A1 WO2010103498A1 PCT/IB2010/051086 IB2010051086W WO2010103498A1 WO 2010103498 A1 WO2010103498 A1 WO 2010103498A1 IB 2010051086 W IB2010051086 W IB 2010051086W WO 2010103498 A1 WO2010103498 A1 WO 2010103498A1
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- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/50—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on rare-earth compounds
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- C04B38/00—Porous mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramic ware; Preparation thereof
- C04B38/0022—Porous mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramic ware; Preparation thereof obtained by a chemical conversion or reaction other than those relating to the setting or hardening of cement-like material or to the formation of a sol or a gel, e.g. by carbonising or pyrolysing preformed cellular materials based on polymers, organo-metallic or organo-silicon precursors
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- C22C32/001—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ with only oxides
- C22C32/0015—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ with only oxides with only single oxides as main non-metallic constituents
- C22C32/0026—Matrix based on Ni, Co, Cr or alloys thereof
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- H01M4/9066—Metals or alloys specially used in fuel cell operating at high temperature, e.g. SOFC of metal-ceramic composites or mixtures, e.g. cermets
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- C04B2235/327—Iron group oxides, their mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/12—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte
- H01M2008/1293—Fuel cells with solid oxide electrolytes
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a melted cermet product, in particular for making an element of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), and in particular an anode of such a cell.
- SOFC solid oxide fuel cell
- the invention also relates to a melted cermet precursor and methods of making said melted cermet precursor product.
- FIG. 1 schematically shows in section an example of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) manufactured by a hot pressing process.
- the battery 10 has first and second elementary cells, 12 and 14 respectively, separated by an interconnector layer 16.
- the first and second elementary cells being of similar structure, only the first elementary cell 12 is described.
- the first elementary cell 12 successively comprises an anode 18, an electrolyte layer 20 and a cathode 22.
- the anode 18 consists of an active anode layer 24 (in English "anode functional layer", or AFL), in contact with the electrolyte layer 20, and a support anode layer 26.
- the anode 18 is generally manufactured by a method of depositing on the support anode layer 26, an anode active layer 24, for example by screen printing (in English "screen printing”).
- the layers 24 and 26 may be precursor-based of the final anode material. Consolidation by sintering is then performed.
- Fuel cells or materials that can be used for the manufacture of fuel cells are for example described in WO2004 / 093235, EP 1 796 191, US 2007/0082254, EP 1 598 892 or EP 0 568 281.
- Porous zirconia cermets stabilized with yttrium and nickel oxide are commonly used to make the anode active layer.
- Ni-YSZ yttrium and nickel oxide
- These cermets have in particular been studied in the articles titled "Stability of Channeled Ni-YSZ Cermets Produced from Self-assembled NiO-YSZ Directionally Solidified Eutectics", in J. Am. Ceram. Soc. - 88 (2005) - 3215/3217, and "Structured porous Ni- and Co- YSZ cermets fabricated from directionally solidified eutectic composites", in Journal of the European Ceramic Society - 25 (2005) - pages 1455/1462.
- These articles notably describe processes making it possible to manufacture a porous lamellar structure, ionically and electronically conductive, which can be used to make a solid oxide fuel cell anode.
- this object is achieved by means of a melted cermet product comprising a melted cerium oxide cermet CeO 2 , optionally doped, and nickel Ni and / or cobalt Co, said cermet having a eutectic structure the contents, in molar percentages, of cerium oxide, of optional doping, of nickel and of cobalt being such that
- this cermet advantageously has properties that make it suitable for application to SOFC type cells, particularly in a layer active anode.
- the 100% complement of a cermet product according to the invention is preferably constituted by impurities and nickel oxide and / or cobalt oxide, preferably in proportions such that: 0.351.NiO + 0.136 .CoO ⁇ (CeO 2 + dopant) ⁇ 0.538.NiO + 0.282.CoO.
- the 100% complement does not have NiO.
- the 100% complement does not contain CoO.
- a cermet according to the invention represents more than 50%, more than 70%, more than 90%, more than 95%, more than 98%, even substantially 100% of the mass of a cermet product according to the invention. 'invention.
- a cermet according to the invention may also comprise one or more (to the extent that they are not incompatible) of the following optional characteristics:
- the cermet has less than 1% nickel, preferably does not contain nickel.
- the cermet has the following composition:
- the cermet has the following composition:
- the cermet has less than 1% cobalt, preferably does not contain cobalt.
- the cermet has the following composition:
- Cerium cerium CeO 2 is not doped or is doped with an element selected from lanthanides (elements of the periodic table of atomic number between 57 and 71) except cerium, and their mixtures, yttrium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, preferably selected from samarium and / or gadolinium.
- the dopant is chosen from lanthanides except cerium and samarium.
- the molar dopant content of the cerium oxide CeO 2 is greater than 8% and / or less than 25%.
- cerium oxide CeO 2 More than 90%, more than 95% or even substantially 100%, in molar percentage, of the cerium oxide CeO 2 is doped, preferably with samarium and / or gadolinium.
- the molar content of samarium is greater than 16% and / or less than 24%, preferably substantially equal to 20%.
- Cerium oxide CeO 2 is doped only with gadolinium.
- the molar content of gadolinium is greater than 8% and / or less than 14%, preferably substantially equal to 10%.
- the 100% complement consists of impurities.
- the cermet has a total porosity, preferably uniformly distributed, greater than 20%, preferably 25% or more than 30% or 40%, and up to 50%.
- the cermet has an open porosity of between 25% and 60%, preferably between 30% and 45%, preferably between 30% and 40%.
- the cermet has an impurity content of less than 5%, preferably less than 2%, more preferably less than 1% by weight.
- the present invention also relates to an electrode, in particular to an anode, comprising a region, in particular a functional anode, said anode and / or said functional anode being formed from a particle powder into a melted cermet product according to the invention.
- the invention also relates to an elementary cell of a solid oxide fuel cell comprising an anode according to the invention, and such a fuel cell.
- the invention also relates to a melted cermet precursor whose composition is adapted to lead, by reduction, to a cermet product according to the invention, with the exception of a Cermet precursor CeO 2 -CoO having an irregular eutectic structure. .
- the invention particularly relates to a precursor molten cermet CeO 2 doped - CoO, a precursor molten cermet -NiO CeO 2, CeO 2 optionally being doped, and a precursor molten cermet CeO 2 -COO having a lamellar eutectic structure and / or fibrous.
- the invention relates in particular to a melted cermet precursor comprising cerium oxide CeO 2 , optionally doped, less than 5% by weight of impurities, and as a complement to 100%, nickel oxide NiO and / or or cobalt oxide CoO, the contents, in molar percentages, of cerium oxide, nickel oxide and cobalt oxide being such that
- cermet precursor makes it possible to manufacture, by means of a reduction operation, a melted cermet product according to the invention.
- a cermet precursor according to the invention may have one or more of the following optional characteristics:
- the cermet precursor does not contain nickel.
- the cermet precursor has the following molar composition:
- the cermet precursor has the following molar composition:
- the cermet precursor does not contain cobalt.
- the cermet precursor has the following molar composition, corresponding to the eutectic:
- Cerium cerium CeO 2 is not doped or is doped with an element selected from lanthanides (elements of the periodic table of atomic number between 57 and 71) except cerium, and their mixtures, yttrium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, preferably selected from samarium and / or gadolinium.
- the molar content of dopant of cerium oxide CeO 2, based on the sum of cerium cation contents and dopant cation is greater than 8% and / or less than 25%.
- cerium oxide CeO 2 More than 90%, more than 95% or even substantially 100%, in molar percentage, of the cerium oxide CeO 2 is doped, preferably with samarium and / or gadolinium.
- the molar content of samarium is greater than 16% and / or less than 24%, preferably substantially equal to 20%.
- Cerium oxide CeO 2 is doped only with gadolinium.
- the molar content of gadolinium is greater than 8% and / or less than 14%, preferably substantially equal to 10%.
- Cerium oxide, nickel oxide, cobalt oxide, samarium and gadolinium represent more than 95%, more than 98%, more than 99%, or even substantially 100% of the cermet precursor, in molar percentage.
- the cermet precursor has an impurity content of less than 5%, preferably less than 2%, more preferably less than 1% by weight.
- (s) has (s) a lamellar structure and / or fibrous; in the lamellar structure, the mean spacing between two lamellae may in particular be greater than 0.2 ⁇ m, preferably greater than 0.3 ⁇ m and / or less than 6 ⁇ m, preferably less than 4 ⁇ m.
- - It (s) is in the form of a molten ball, a particle powder, a molten plate, a molten block, a particle resulting from a grinding of a such melted plate or such a melted block.
- - It (s) are in the form of a powder capable of being sintered, a preform or "green part" obtained from such a powder, a sintered product obtained from such a preform, in particular of a part or of a sintered layer.
- the preform or the sintered product may in particular be in the form of a layer with a thickness of less than 2 mm, less than 1 mm or less than 500 ⁇ m.
- - It (s) is in the form of a sintered product having a total porosity greater than 20%, preferably between 25% and 50% by volume, preferably between 27% and 45%, preferably always between 30% and 40% by volume.
- the invention also relates to a manufacturing method comprising the following successive steps: a) mixture of particulate raw materials supplying CeO 2 , CoO and / or NiO, and / or one or more precursors of these oxides and / or, optionally, one or more a plurality of dopants of the cerium oxide and / or one or more precursors of these dopants, to form a feedstock, b) melting the feedstock to a melt, c) cooling to completely solidifying said molten material so as to obtain a molten product having a eutectic structure, d) optionally, grinding said molten product, e) optionally forming, or even sintering, the melted product, optionally ground, f) optionally, reduction of the melted product, optionally ground and / or shaped and / or sintered, in order to increase the amount of CoO and / or NiO transformed into Co and / or Ni, the raw materials being selected from re that, at the end of step c
- the oven used in step b) is chosen from an induction furnace, a plasma torch, an arc furnace or a laser.
- step f the reduction is carried out simultaneously with sintering.
- Cermet is conventionally called a composite material containing both a ceramic phase and a metal phase.
- Cermet product and “cermet”, the cermet product comprising cermet and possibly other compounds, including Ni or Co oxides have not been reduced.
- a product is conventionally called "molten" when it is obtained by a process involving a melting of raw materials and solidification by cooling.
- eutectic is a structure or morphology obtained by melting a eutectic composition and then hardening the melt by cooling.
- Obtaining a eutectic structure also requires the use of a eutectic composition.
- a eutectic composition exists only for certain combinations of oxides and, when it exists, the proportions of the oxides depend on the oxides considered. Even if two eutectic compositions have the same oxide in common, the content of the other oxide possibly making it possible to obtain an eutectic composition depends on the nature of this other oxide.
- the eutectic compositions MgO-ZrO 2 and SrO-ZrO 2 are such that MgO / ZrO 2 is different from SrO / ZrO 2 .
- a eutectic structure of a cermet precursor according to the invention can be of two types: regular (normal) or irregular (abnormal).
- the regular structure of a cermet precursor according to the invention has two growth morphologies: lamellar or fibrous, in which there is a marked crystallographic relationship between the phases of the eutectic:
- the lamellar morphology corresponds to a stack of platelets, alternately in cerium oxide and in cobalt or nickel oxide.
- the growth front Di moves along the plane of the lamellae.
- a lamellar structure can result from a method of manufacturing by melting an eutectic mixture comprising a solidification step at a speed greater than 20 K / s. Lower speeds, for example 10 K / s, can also lead to lamellar structures, but controls are then necessary for verification.
- the fibrous morphology corresponds to a morphology in which one of the phases in the form of fibers is embedded in a continuous matrix formed by the second phase.
- the axis of the fibers is then parallel to the direction of propagation of the growth front Df (FIG. 6A).
- a fibrous structure may in particular result from a process for manufacturing by melting an eutectic mixture comprising a solidification step at a temperature of speed less than 20 K / s, less than 10 K / s or less than 5 K / s.
- a structure corresponding to a mixture of lamellar and fibrous morphologies can also be obtained with a solidification rate of less than 20 K / s.
- a solidification rate greater than 1 K / s is preferable to obtain a regular eutectic structure.
- the inventors have found that a solidification rate of less than 1 K / s favors the sublimation of the oxide having the lowest melting point (CoO and / or NiO), this sublimation being able to generate a non eutectic phase. (CeO 2 ), and thus promote an irregular eutectic structure.
- This observation is consistent with the teaching of the article "Ce02-CoO Phase Diagram" in J. Am. Ceram. Soc. - 86 - pages 1567/1570.
- the irregular eutectic structure has no relationship between the orientation of the two phases, although the fibers generally grow in the propagation direction of the eutectic growth front ( Figure 6C) and 6D).
- the structure of a material resulting from a reduction of a cermet precursor having a eutectic structure is also referred to as the eutectic structure.
- a "dopant” is a metal cation other than the cation ccrium, integrated within the crystalline CeO: lattice, most often in solid solution, namely metallic calions present as insertion and / or substitution cations. in the middle of the oxide of cerium.
- cerium oxide CeO 2 is said to be "doped at x% with a dopant"
- this conventionally means that in said doped eerium oxide, the amount of dopant is the molar percentage of dopant cations on the basis of the amount total of dopant cations and ccrium cations.
- the amount of dopant is the molar percentage of dopant cations on the basis of the amount total of dopant cations and ccrium cations.
- Gd gaduttium
- Such a cerium oxide doped at 10% by weight of Gd is generally described in the form of Ceo, 9Gd 10O 10.
- silica oxide doped with 20% by weight of amaric acid (Sm) 20 mol% of the cerium cations are replaced by samarium cations.
- Sm amaric acid
- Such 20 mol% Sm cysdium oxide is generally described as Cco SSiTiO 1- Oi ⁇ •
- (CeO 2 + dopant) is meant the sum of the molar contents of cerium and dopant cations.
- a precursor of CeO 2 , CoO, NiO or dopant is a compound capable of leading to the formation of these oxides, respectively, by a process comprising a melting and then solidification by cooling.
- a precursor of a cermet product is a material capable, under reducing conditions, of leading to a cermet product according to the invention.
- particle size is meant the size of a particle conventionally given by a particle size distribution characterization performed with a laser granulometer.
- the laser granulometer used here is a Partica LA-950 from the company HORIBA.
- Impurities means the inevitable constituents, introduced involuntarily and necessarily with the raw materials or resulting from reactions with these constituents. Impurities are not necessary constituents, but only tolerated.
- the compounds forming part of the group of oxides, nitrides, oxynitrides, carbides, oxycarbides, carbonitrides and metallic species of sodium and other alkalis, iron, vanadium and chromium are impurities if their presence is not desired.
- Co cobalt and metallic nickel.
- FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic sectional view of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) according to FIG. the invention; the following figures represent photographs of cermet precursors according to the invention CeO 2 -CoO (FIGS. 2a to 2f), CeO 2 doped with 10 mol% Gd 2 O 3 - CoO (FIGS. 3a to 3f), cermets according to FIG. invention CeO 2 doped with 10 mol% Gd 2 O 3 -CoO (FIGS. 4a to 4d) after a reduction treatment at 750 ° C., and precursor of cermet according to the invention CeO 2 -NiO (FIG.
- FIGS. 2a to 2f and 3a to 3f the cerium oxide CeO 2 appears in white color and the cobalt oxide CoO appears gray in color.
- FIGS. 4a to 4d the cerium oxide CeO 2 appears white in color, Cobalt Co appears gray in color and the pores appear black in color.
- FIG. 5 the cerium oxide CeO 2 appears in white color and the nickel oxide NiO appears dark gray in color;
- FIG. 6 represents diagrams illustrating regular eutectic morphologies (FIG. 6A) and 6B) and irregular morphologies (FIG. 6C) and 6D));
- FIGS. 7 (a) and 7 (b) show diagrams illustrating the reduction treatment used for the examples.
- the orientation changes in the direction of the lamellae visible in the different figures would be related to the changes of direction of the eutectic growth plane front.
- the invention relates to a general method of manufacturing a cermet precursor according to the invention or a melted cermet product according to the invention, comprising the following successive stages: a) mixture of particulate raw materials providing CeO 2 , CoO and / or NiO, and / or one or more of the precursors of these oxides and / or, optionally, one or more dopants of the cerium oxide and / or one or more precursors of these dopants, to form a starting charge, b) melting of the feedstock until a melt is obtained, c) cooling to complete solidification of said melt so as to obtain a melt having a eutectic structure, d) optionally, grinding said melt melted product, e) optionally shaped, or even sintered, the melted product, optionally ground, f) optionally, reduction of the melted product, optionally ground and / or shaped or sintered, in order to increase the quantity of CoO and / or NiO transformed into Co and / or Ni, the raw materials
- cermet precursors or cermet products of different sizes, for example in the form of particles or blocks.
- the nature of the product obtained depends on the oxidation-reduction conditions encountered during the implementation of the manufacturing process.
- a step f) increases the amount of cermet product.
- the feedstock can be adapted so that the process leads, at the end of step c), d) or e), to a precursor of cermet according to the invention possibly having one or several of the optional features described above.
- the oxides CeO 2 , CoO and / or NiO, their precursors, the dopants of cerium oxide and their precursors preferably constitute, with the impurities, 100% of the oxides of the feedstock.
- the impurities are such that, in molar percentages based on the oxides of the feedstock:
- the feedstock does not contain urea.
- step b) it is possible in particular to use an induction furnace, a plasma torch, an arc furnace or a laser. Preferably an arc or induction furnace is used.
- an arc or induction furnace is used.
- step b) the melting is preferably carried out under oxidizing conditions.
- the oxidizing conditions in step b) can be maintained in step c).
- Stage c) can be carried out, completely or partially, under oxidizing or reducing conditions.
- a step f) is necessary to obtain a cermet product according to the invention.
- a step f) may advantageously be optional.
- the solidification rate determines structure, and in particular, in the case of lamellar structure, the average spacing between two slats of the precursor cermet or cermet according to the invention manufactured.
- the solidification rate can be adapted to produce cermets according to the invention of regular eutectic structure. In particular, it may preferably be greater than 1 K / s.
- the solidification rate is preferably greater than 20 K / s. If a fibrous structure is desired, the solidification rate is preferably less than 20 K / s, preferably less than 10 K / s, preferably less than 5 K / s.
- step d) the melt product from step c) can be milled to facilitate the effectiveness of subsequent steps.
- the granulometry of the crushed product is adapted according to its destination. If necessary, the ground particles undergo a granulometric selection operation, for example by sieving.
- Crushed and optionally sieved particles may in particular have a size greater than 0.1 ⁇ m, even greater than 1 ⁇ m, even greater than 0.3 ⁇ m, even greater than 0.5 ⁇ m, or even greater than 1 ⁇ m, or even greater. at 15 ⁇ m, or even greater than 20 ⁇ m and / or less than 6 mm, or even less than 4 mm, or even less than 3 mm, or even less than 70 ⁇ m, or even less than 50 ⁇ m.
- step e) the product is shaped, in particular to be sintered. All conventional shaping and sintering techniques can be used.
- the sintering is carried out in situ, that is to say after the melted product, possibly milled, has been placed in its service position, for example in the form of a coating layer. anode.
- the reduction leads to a transformation of at least a portion of the NiO and CoO oxides to Ni and Co, respectively.
- the cermet precursor according to the invention resulting from step c), d) or e) is subjected to a reducing environment.
- a reducing fluid such as a hydrogenated gas.
- Said reducing fluid preferably comprises at least 5%, preferably at least 20%, or even at least 50% by volume of hydrogen (H 2 ).
- step f) is carried out partially simultaneously with step e), the reduction being performed simultaneously with sintering.
- the sintering is carried out in a reducing environment. The efficiency of the process is advantageously considerably improved.
- step f a powder of a cermet product according to the invention is obtained.
- the process does not include a self-ignition step, or self-sustaining combustion, in particular of the type described in the article "Synthesis and performance of Ni-SDC cermets for IT-SOFC anode" cited above. -above.
- a cermet product according to the invention may have a high total porosity, typically greater than 20% and / or less than 60%.
- the porosity of the cermet is of great importance because the pores are the seat of part of the catalysis reactions necessary for the operation of the fuel cell. Pores are also the means of conveying the gas within the anode. Stability of the porosity over time makes it possible to limit the degradation of the performance of the fuel cell during its use.
- the invention also relates to a first particular manufacturing method comprising the steps a), b) described above as part of the general manufacturing process, and noted, for this first method, "ai)" and “bi)", respectively, and a step c) comprising the following steps:
- a first particular manufacturing method may further include one or more of the optional features of the general manufacturing method listed above.
- step C 1 ') and / or in step C 1 " said molten material and / or said liquid droplets during solidification can be brought into contact with an oxidizing fluid, if during these steps neither said molten material, nor said liquid droplets being solidified have been in contact with a reducing fluid, a step f) is indispensable to obtain a cermet product according to the invention.
- step c) beads, according to the invention, are then obtained in a precursor of cermet according to the invention.
- step C 1 ') and / or in step Ci " said molten material and / or said liquid droplets being solidified are brought into contact with a reducing fluid, preferably identical for step C 1 ") and step C 1 ").
- step f) is therefore no longer necessary to obtain a cermet product according to the invention. 5%, preferably at least 20%, or even at least 50% by volume of hydrogen (H 2 ).
- step C 1 ') and / or in step C 1 " Even when a reducing fluid is used in step C 1 ') and / or in step C 1 "), a step f) can be envisaged to increase the amount of cermet
- the reducing fluid used in step C 1 ') and / or in step C 1 "), preferably gaseous, may then be identical to or different from that optionally used in step f).
- the dispersion steps C 1 ') and solidification Ci ") are substantially simultaneous, the means used for the dispersion causing the melt to cool, for example, the dispersion results from blowing gas through the melting material, the temperature of said gas being adapted to the desired solidification rate.
- the contact between the droplets and the oxidizing or reducing fluid may be of variable duration. Preferably, however, a contact is maintained between the droplets and this fluid until complete solidification of said droplets.
- the invention also relates to a second particular manufacturing method comprising the steps a) and b) described above as part of the general manufacturing process, and noted, for this second particular manufacturing method, "a 2 )" and “b 2 )", respectively, and a step c) comprising the steps of: C 2 ') casting said melt into a mold; C 2 ") solidification by cooling of the cast material in the mold until a block at least partially, or totally, solidified; C 2 '") demolding the block.
- This second particular manufacturing method may further include one or more of the optional features of the general manufacturing process listed above.
- a mold is used which allows rapid cooling.
- a mold capable of forming a block in the form of a plate, and preferably a mold as described in US 3,993,119.
- step c 2 ') and / or Step C 2 ") and / or step c 2") and / or after step c 2 "') can be brought into contact with an oxidizing fluid said molten material and / or the cast material being solidified in the mold and / or the demolded block, If during these steps, neither said molten material nor the cast material being solidified in the mold or the demolded block have been in contact with a reducing fluid, a step f) is essential to obtain a cermet product according to the invention.
- step C 2 ') and / or in step C 2 ") and / or in step C 2 '") and / or after step C 2 '") one contact with a reducing fluid, directly or indirectly, of said molten material during casting or during solidification and / or the demoulded block
- the reducing fluid may comprise at least 5%, preferably at least 20%, or at least 50% by volume of hydrogen (H 2 )
- H 2 hydrogen
- step C 2 ') and / or in step C 2 ") and / or in step C 2 '") and / or after step C 2 '"), preferably gaseous, may be identical or different from that possibly used in step f).
- a step f) is generally preferable for increasing the amount of cermet, in particular during the manufacture of a solid block, the reducing fluid used in step C 2 ') and / or in step C 2 ") and / or in step C 2 '") and / or after step C 2 '"), preferably gaseous, may then be identical to or different from that optionally used in step f).
- said contact with the oxidizing fluid or the reducing fluid is initiated as soon as the molten material is poured into the mold and until the block is demolded. More preferably, maintaining said contact until complete solidification of the block.
- the rate of solidification of the melt during cooling may in particular always be less than 1000 K / s, less than 100 K / s, less than 50 K / s.
- the solidification rate is preferably greater than 20 K / s
- the rate is preferably less than 20 K / s, preferably less than 10 K / s, preferably less than 5 K / s.
- step C 2 ') the mold is preferably removed before complete solidification of the block, preferably the block is demolded as soon as it has sufficient rigidity to substantially maintain its shape. oxidizing or reducing fluid is then increased.
- the first and second particular methods are industrial processes for manufacturing large quantities of products, with good yields.
- a powder of a cermet product according to the invention can in particular be used to manufacture a porous product according to the invention, in particular an active porous anode layer, for example by following a method comprising the following successive steps:
- the cermet product powder used in step A) may in particular be manufactured according to steps a) to f) described above.
- the powder may be deposited in the form of a layer.
- step C the shaped powder is sintered according to conventional sintering techniques, preferably by hot pressing.
- Examples 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 were obtained by melting in a floating zone under laser heating ("Laser floating zone" in English), using a 600 watt CO 2 laser.
- the raw materials used are the following: a cobalt oxide CoO powder, obtained from a cobalt oxide Co3O4 as follows: the cobalt oxide Co3O4 sold by the company Sigma-Aldrich ®, Purity of the order of 99.7%, is calcined at 1000 0 C for 4 hours in air in an alumina crucible. After the end of the plateau at 1000 0 C, the alumina crucible is taken out of the oven and placed on a water-cooled aluminum plate. The solidification rate is increased, which limits the re-oxidation of the COO obtained in CO 3 O 4 . After complete cooling, the content of CoO is verified by X-ray diffraction.
- a CoO content greater than or equal to 95% is targeted, this measurement being carried out by the Rietveld method.
- the typical CO 3 O 4 mass treated during each calcination is 15 to 20 grams.
- the cobalt oxide CoO powder is milled with zirconia beads having a diameter of 1 mm so as to reduce the median diameter to about 1 micron; a cerium oxide CeO 2 powder, sold by the company Sigma-Aldrich ®, purity of about 99.9%, less than 5 microns median diameter; a nickel oxide NiO powder having a median diameter of about 1 micron and obtained by grinding, in a mill type Retsch MM 2000 zirconia beads, a powder marketed by Sigma-Aldrich ® , purity of the order of 99.9%, and median diameter less than 5 microns; a CeO 2 cerium oxide powder doped with 10 mol% of gadolinium (Gd 2 Os), eo, 9Gde.i ⁇ i, 9s prepared according to the following method: ce
- the residue obtained has the good proportions of cerium oxide and gadolinium. Any residual organic elements are removed by dispersing said residue in ethanol, which is then slowly evaporated at 100 ° C.
- the residue subsequently recovered is sintered in air at 1350 ° C. with a 4 hour stage.
- the powder recovered as a result of the heat treatment is a cerium oxide powder doped with 10 mol% of gadolinium.
- the raw materials in powder are chosen and their quantities adapted according to the product to be manufactured.
- the raw materials are intimately mixed manually in an agate mortar.
- a solution of 5% PVA and 95% water is added in proportions of 1 ml per 1.5 to 2 g of powder mixture.
- the mixture thus obtained is put in the form of rods by cold isostatic pressing ("CoId Isostatic pressing" or "CIP” in English) at 200 Mbar for 3 to 4 minutes.
- the rods obtained are then sintered in air as follows: Increase of the ambient temperature to 500 ° C. at 3 ° C./min; 30 minute stage at 500 0 C; Rise from 500 ° C. to 1350 ° C. at 3 ° C./min; Bearing 240 minutes at 1350 0 C; Descent at room temperature to 10 ° C / min.
- the rods thus sintered are then moved in translation (without rotation of the rods) through the beam of a laser set to 6OW. They thus undergo a fusion in a floating zone under laser heating, with a constant growth rate included between 10 and 750 mm / h, which corresponds to a solidification rate of between 2 and about 140 K / s.
- the product of the rods is a precursor of melted cermet according to the invention, the composition of which is adapted to lead, by reduction, to a melted cermet product according to the invention.
- a quartz tube of approximately 100 cm in length and an internal diameter of 3 cm is introduced into a tubular oven at a standstill.
- the quartz tube is longer than the oven, in order to allow displacement of the tube in the oven, according to the principle described in FIG. 7.
- a reducing gas mixture consisting of 5 vol% hydrogen (H 2 ) and 95 vol % Argon (Ar), is circulated in the quartz tube with a flow rate of 0.7 liter / minute to remove any trace of oxygen.
- the oven is then heated to 750 ° C. (rise in temperature of about 10 ° C./min)
- the previously weighed rod is then introduced into the quartz tube (Fig. 7 (a)), and the quartz tube is moved.
- the melted cermet precursors of Examples 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 lead, at the end of this reduction treatment, to the melted cermets of Examples 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15, respectively.
- Comparative Example 2 The product of Comparative Example 2 was obtained by the same method as that described above for the manufacture of Examples 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16, but without a floating zone melting step. This product is not a melted product.
- Comparative Example 1 The product of Comparative Example 1 was obtained from the product of Example 2, applying the reduction treatment described above.
- the content of impurities was less than 2%.
- Each rod is then subjected to the following aging treatment: a quartz tube of approximately 100 cm in length and an internal diameter of 3 cm is introduced into a tubular oven at a standstill.
- the quartz tube is longer than the oven, in order to allow movement of the tube in the oven, according to the principle illustrated in FIG. 7.
- a reducing gas mixture consisting of 5 vol% hydrogen (H 2 ) and 95 vol % argon (Ar) is circulated in the quartz tube at a rate of 0.4 liter / minute to remove any trace of oxygen.
- the oven is then raised to 750 ° C. (rise in temperature of about 10 ° C./min)
- the rod is then introduced into the quartz tube, and the quartz tube is moved into the oven to allow the rod to be placed in the oven. In the hot zone of the oven for 306 hours, the quartz tube is then moved so that the rod is out of the oven and extracted from the tube for analysis.
- the samples before and after aging treatment are embedded in a resin and polished. Each polished section is then observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). One photograph per section is produced.
- Each photograph is then processed using the DigitalMicrograph TM program (v3.10, marketed by Gatan Software) to be converted to pixels.
- the pores are then isolated by their color, and the surface of each pore is calculated taking into account the magnification of the photograph.
- a pore distribution, in number, according to their surface is determined before and after the aging treatment. These distributions are evaluated cumulatively on the five photographs of the five samples taken from this rod, before and after the aging treatment, respectively.
- the pore number distribution as a function of their area prior to the aging treatment of the rod of Comparative Example 1 is the cumulative pore distribution measured over each of the five photographs (one per sample) taken from the five samples taken from this rod before the aging treatment.
- percentiles 99% by number of pores have a pore size smaller than 99th percentile, or D99.
- the percent increase of the percentile D 1 being defined by the following formula:
- the measurements show a much smaller change in porosity in the example according to the invention than in the comparative example.
- the invention thus also relates to the use of a cermet product according to the invention for increasing the stability of porosity over time.
- the invention provides a novel porous product: providing regions of contact between the anode material, the electrolyte and the fuel ("triple points"), which are long and numerous, maintaining substantially its level of porosity in the duration, chemically resistant, over time, under service conditions, and mechanically resistant over time, especially to withstand shaping and thermal cycling in service.
- a product according to the invention may comprise regions having different chemical compositions (but within the claimed composition range) and / or different structures (for example regions with lamellar structure and regions with lamellar structure and fibrous).
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2011553594A JP2012520394A (ja) | 2009-03-12 | 2010-03-12 | 融解サーメット製品 |
| CN2010800213192A CN102421723B (zh) | 2009-03-12 | 2010-03-12 | 熔凝金属陶瓷产品 |
| EP10712529A EP2406200A1 (fr) | 2009-03-12 | 2010-03-12 | Produit de cermet fondu |
| US13/255,807 US20120049132A1 (en) | 2009-03-12 | 2010-03-12 | Fused cermet product |
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| FR0901159 | 2009-03-12 | ||
| FR0901159A FR2943049B1 (fr) | 2009-03-12 | 2009-03-12 | Produit de cermet fondu |
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| WO2010103498A1 true WO2010103498A1 (fr) | 2010-09-16 |
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| PCT/IB2010/051086 Ceased WO2010103498A1 (fr) | 2009-03-12 | 2010-03-12 | Produit de cermet fondu |
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| US (1) | US20120049132A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP2406200A1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP2012520394A (fr) |
| KR (1) | KR20120024540A (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN102421723B (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2943049B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2010103498A1 (fr) |
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| US9162931B1 (en) * | 2007-05-09 | 2015-10-20 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force | Tailored interfaces between two dissimilar nano-materials and method of manufacture |
| US8617456B1 (en) | 2010-03-22 | 2013-12-31 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force | Bulk low-cost interface-defined laminated materials and their method of fabrication |
| US9120245B1 (en) | 2007-05-09 | 2015-09-01 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force | Methods for fabrication of parts from bulk low-cost interface-defined nanolaminated materials |
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| WO2004093235A1 (fr) | 2003-04-10 | 2004-10-28 | University Of Connecticut | Dispositifs electrochimiques a semi-conducteurs |
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| US8028A (en) * | 1851-04-08 | Hokse-poweb | ||
| JP2734768B2 (ja) * | 1990-10-09 | 1998-04-02 | 富士電機株式会社 | 固体電解質型燃料電池の製造方法 |
| JPH07183034A (ja) * | 1993-12-24 | 1995-07-21 | Idemitsu Kosan Co Ltd | 固体電解質型燃料電池用燃料電極の製造方法 |
| JPH09190826A (ja) * | 1995-12-28 | 1997-07-22 | Fuji Electric Co Ltd | 固体電解質型燃料電池およびその製造方法 |
| JPH11172301A (ja) * | 1997-12-10 | 1999-06-29 | Toto Ltd | ニッケル系/ジルコニウム系粉末及びその製造方法並びにそれを用いた固体電解質型燃料電池及びその製造方法 |
| JP5028063B2 (ja) * | 2006-10-16 | 2012-09-19 | 行政院原子能委員會核能研究所 | ナノチャネル複合薄膜を具えた陽極構造及びその大気プラズマ溶射法の製造方法 |
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2009
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-
2010
- 2010-03-12 KR KR1020117023779A patent/KR20120024540A/ko not_active Withdrawn
- 2010-03-12 EP EP10712529A patent/EP2406200A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2010-03-12 US US13/255,807 patent/US20120049132A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2010-03-12 CN CN2010800213192A patent/CN102421723B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2010-03-12 JP JP2011553594A patent/JP2012520394A/ja not_active Ceased
- 2010-03-12 WO PCT/IB2010/051086 patent/WO2010103498A1/fr not_active Ceased
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2943049B1 (fr) | 2011-06-03 |
| EP2406200A1 (fr) | 2012-01-18 |
| CN102421723B (zh) | 2013-12-04 |
| JP2012520394A (ja) | 2012-09-06 |
| FR2943049A1 (fr) | 2010-09-17 |
| KR20120024540A (ko) | 2012-03-14 |
| CN102421723A (zh) | 2012-04-18 |
| US20120049132A1 (en) | 2012-03-01 |
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