Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
  • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
  • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
  • C08G18/40—High-molecular-weight compounds
  • C08G18/4009—Two or more macromolecular compounds not provided for in one single group of groups C08G18/42 - C08G18/64
  • C08G18/4072—Mixtures of compounds of group C08G18/63 with other macromolecular compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
  • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
  • C08G18/40—High-molecular-weight compounds
  • C08G18/48—Polyethers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
  • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
  • C08G18/40—High-molecular-weight compounds
  • C08G18/48—Polyethers
  • C08G18/4804—Two or more polyethers of different physical or chemical nature
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
  • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
  • C08G18/40—High-molecular-weight compounds
  • C08G18/48—Polyethers
  • C08G18/4829—Polyethers containing at least three hydroxy groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
  • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
  • C08G18/40—High-molecular-weight compounds
  • C08G18/63—Block or graft polymers obtained by polymerising compounds having carbon-to-carbon double bonds on to polymers
  • C08G18/632—Block or graft polymers obtained by polymerising compounds having carbon-to-carbon double bonds on to polymers onto polyethers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
  • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/70—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the isocyanates or isothiocyanates used
  • C08G18/72—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates
  • C08G18/74—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic
  • C08G18/76—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic aromatic
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
  • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/70—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the isocyanates or isothiocyanates used
  • C08G18/72—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates
  • C08G18/74—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic
  • C08G18/76—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic aromatic
  • C08G18/7607—Compounds of C08G18/7614 and of C08G18/7657
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
  • C08J9/04—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L101/00—Compositions of unspecified macromolecular compounds
  • C08L101/005—Dendritic macromolecules
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L75/00—Compositions of polyureas or polyurethanes; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L75/04—Polyurethanes
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G2110/00—Foam properties
  • C08G2110/0008—Foam properties flexible
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G2110/00—Foam properties
  • C08G2110/0041—Foam properties having specified density
  • C08G2110/005—< 50kg/m3
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G2110/00—Foam properties
  • C08G2110/0083—Foam properties prepared using water as the sole blowing agent
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G2350/00—Acoustic or vibration damping material

Definitions

• the present invention relates to highly elastic flexible polyurethane foams obtainable by mixing a) polyisocyanates with b) at least one relatively high molecular weight compound having at least two reactive hydrogen atoms, c) hyperbranched polyethers, d) optionally low molecular weight chain extenders and / or crosslinking agents, e) catalysts, f) blowing agents and (g) where appropriate, other additives, a process for their preparation and their use in the manufacture of furniture, mattresses, car seats and other upholstery in the automotive sector.
• Flexible polyurethane foams are mainly used for the production of furniture and mattresses as well as for car seats and car carpets. Important properties for these applications are mechanical and mechanical-dynamic parameters such as hardness, elasticity, elongation, tensile strength, loss modulus and storage modulus. With regard to the hardness and the elasticity of the polyurethane flexible foams, it is the case that, as a rule, an increase in the elasticity leads to a reduction in the hardness.
• dendritic polyethers can be used for the production of polyurethane urethane foams and lead to improved foam stability at low density and high compression hardness.
• the dendritic polymer may be any type of dendritic polymer, the content of active hydrogen Matter atoms greater than 3.8 mmol / g, the OH functionality greater than 8 and the polymer is at least 15 wt .-%, based on the weight of the dendritic polymer, miscible with a polyetherol having an OH number of less than 40.
• a disadvantage of the known dendritic and hyperbranched additives from the prior art is that these additives lead to predominantly closed-cell polyurethane foams.
• closed-cell polyurethane foams have a reduced elasticity compared to open-cell foams.
• the processing of closed-cell flexible polyurethane foams is difficult because the cellular gases contained in the cells contract due to the cooling of the foam after the reaction, resulting in undesirable shrinkage of the polyurethane foams.
• further additives such as, for example, surfactants
• these additives are expensive and lead to impaired mechanical properties of the foam.
• these polyurethane foams can only be produced with specific isocyanates and additives, since otherwise incompatibilities occur which lead to foam defects occurring or the foam can not be produced.
• WO 2008/071622 describes a flexible polyurethane foam obtainable by mixing a) polyisocyanate with b) at least one relatively high molecular weight compound having at least two reactive hydrogen atoms, c) a hyperbranched polyester d) of the type A x B y , where x is at least 1, 1 and y at least 2.1, and / or hyperbranched polycarbonate c2), d) optionally low molecular weight chain extenders and / or crosslinking agents, e) catalyst, f) blowing agents and g) optionally other additives.
• the flexible polyurethane foams described there have a good property profile, but their moist heat storage stability could still be improved.
• the object of the present invention was to provide polyurethane foams which have a high hardness and yet a high elasticity.
• the object is achieved by a process for the production of flexible polyurethane flexible foams in which (a) polyisocyanates with (b) at least one higher molecular weight compound having at least two reactive hydrogen atoms, (c) hyperbranched polyetherols, (d) optionally low molecular weight chain extenders and / or Crosslinking agents, (e) catalysts, (f) blowing agents and (g) optionally other additives mixed into a reaction mixture and cured to form flexible polyurethane foam, and by the flexible polyurethane flexible foams themselves.
• Flexible polyurethane foams in the sense of the invention are polyisocyanate polyaddition products which represent foams according to DIN 7726 and a compressive stress at 10% compression or compressive strength according to DIN 53 421 / DIN EN ISO 604 of 15 kPa and smaller, preferably 1 to 14 kPa and especially 4 to 14 kPa.
• Flexible polyurethane foams in the context of the invention preferably have an open-cell content according to DIN ISO 4590 of preferably greater than 85%, particularly preferably greater than 90%.
• the polyisocyanate component (a) used for producing the flexible polyurethane foams according to the invention comprises all polyisocyanates known for the preparation of polyurethanes. These include the aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and aromatic di- or polyfunctional isocyanates known from the prior art and any mixtures thereof.
• Examples are 2,2 ' , 2,4 ' and 4,4 ' - diphenylmethane diisocyanate, the mixtures of monomeric Diphenylmethandiisocy- anaten and higher nuclear homologues of diphenylmethane diisocyanate (polymer MDI), isophorone diisocyanate (I PD I) or its Ol igomere, 2, 4- or 2,6-toluene diisocyanate (TDI) or mixtures thereof, tetramethylene diisocyanate or its oligomers, hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) or its oligomers, naphthylene diisocyanate (NDI) or mixtures thereof.
• polymer MDI diphenylmethane diisocyanate
• I PD I isophorone diisocyanate
• TDI 2, 4- or 2,6-toluene diisocyanate
• HDI hexamethylene diisocyanate
• 2,2 '-, 2,4' - and 4,4 'diphenylmethane diisocyanate the mixtures of monomeric diphenylmethane diisocyanates and higher-nuclear homologues of diphenylmethane diisocyanate (polymeric MDI), 2,4- or 2,6-tolylene diisocyanate (TDI) or mixtures thereof, isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) or its oligomers, hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) or its oligomers or mixtures of said isocyanates.
• polymeric MDI polymeric MDI
• TDI 2,4- or 2,6-tolylene diisocyanate
• IPDI isophorone diisocyanate
• HDI hexamethylene diisocyanate
• the preferred isocyanates may also contain uretdione, allophanate, uretonimine, urea, biuret, isocyanurate or iminooxadiazinetrione groups. Further possible isocyanates are, for example, in the "plastic Handbook, Volume 7, Polyurethane ", Carl Hanser Verlag, 3rd edition 1993, chapter 3.2 and 3.3.2.
• polyisocyanate (a) is used alternatively in the form of polyisocyanate prepolymers. These polyisocyanate prepolymers are obtainable by the above-described
• Polyisocyanates (a1) for example at temperatures of 30 to 100 0 C, preferably at about 80 0 C, with polyols (a2) are reacted to the prepolymer.
• polyols for example at temperatures of 30 to 100 0 C, preferably at about 80 0 C
• polyols for example at temperatures of 30 to 100 0 C, preferably at about 80 0 C
• polyols for example at temperatures of 30 to 100 0 C, preferably at about 80 0 C
• polyols (a2) are reacted to the prepolymer.
• polyols (a2) for example at temperatures of 30 to 100 0 C, preferably at about 80 0 C
• polyols (a2) are reacted to the prepolymer.
• polyols for the preparation of the prepolymers of the invention it is preferred to use polyols based on
• Polyesters for example starting from adipic acid, or polyether, for example starting from ethylene oxide and / or propylene oxide used.
• Polyols (a2) are known to the person skilled in the art and are described, for example, in “Kunststoffhandbuch, 7, Polyurethane", Carl Hanser Verlag, 3rd edition 1993, Chapter 3.1.
• a hyperbranched polyether having isocyanate-reactive hydrogen atoms may be used as component (a2) to prepare the prepolymer.
• chain extenders (a3) are dihydric or trihydric alcohols, for example dipropylene glycol and / or tripropylene glycol, or the adducts of dipropylene glycol and / or tripropylene glycol with alkylene oxides, preferably propylene oxide.
• Preferred compounds having at least two active hydrogen atoms are polyester alcohols and / or polyether alcohols having a functionality of from 2 to 8, in particular from 2 to 6, preferably from 2 to 4 and a mean equivalent molecular weight in the range from 400 to 3000 g / mol. preferably from 1000 to 2500 g / mol, into consideration.
• the polyether alcohols can by known methods, usually by catalytic conversion
• alkylene oxides in particular ethylene oxide and / or propylene oxide
• H-functional starter substances or by condensation of tetrahydrofuran, produced.
• H-functional starter substances in particular Petrochantio- nelle alcohols and / or amines used. Preference is given to using water, dihydric alcohols, for example ethylene glycol, propylene glycol or butanediols, trihydric alcohols, for example glycerol or trimethylolpropane, and also higher-value alcohols, such as pentaerythritol, sugar alcohols, for example sucrose, glucose or sorbitol.
• dihydric alcohols for example ethylene glycol, propylene glycol or butanediols
• trihydric alcohols for example glycerol or trimethylolpropane
• higher-value alcohols such as pentaerythritol
• sugar alcohols for example sucrose, glucose or sorbitol.
• Preferably used amines are aliphatic amines having up to 10 carbon atoms, for example, ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, propylenediamine, and amino alcohols, such as ethanolamine or diethanolamine.
• the alkylene oxides used are preferably ethylene oxide and / or propylene oxide, with polyether alcohols which are used for the production of flexible polyurethane foams frequently being attached to the chain end by an ethylene oxide block.
• catalysts in the addition of the alkylene oxides in particular basic compounds are used, in which case the potassium hydroxide has the greatest technical importance.
• DMC catalysts can also be used as catalysts. It is also possible to use the polyether alcohol used in the preparation of the prepolymer in component b).
• polyester polyols for example, prepared from organic dicarboxylic acids having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably aliphatic dicarboxylic acids having 8 to 12 carbon atoms and polyhydric alcohols, preferably diols having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably 2 to 6 carbon atoms , are used.
• Suitable dicarboxylic acids are, for example: succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, decanedicarboxylic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid and the isomeric naphthalenedicarboxylic acids.
• adipic acid is used.
• the dicarboxylic acids can be used both individually and in admixture with each other. Instead of the free dicarboxylic acids, the corresponding dicarboxylic acid derivatives, such as e.g. Dicarboxylic acid esters of alcohols having 1 to 4 carbon atoms or dicarboxylic anhydrides are used.
• dihydric and polyhydric alcohols especially diols
• diols are: ethanediol, diethylene glycol, 1,2- or 1,3-propanediol, dipropylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1, 10-decanediol, glycerol and trimethylolpropane.
• ethanediol diethylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol or mixtures of at least two of the diols mentioned, in particular mixtures of 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol and 1, 6-hexanediol.
• Be used furthermore polyesterpolyols from lactones, for example ⁇ -caprolactone or hydroxycarboxylic acids, for example ⁇ -hydroxycaproic acid and hydroxybenzoic acids.
• Preferably used is dipropylene glycol.
• the hydroxyl number of the polyester alcohols is preferably in the range between 40 and 100 mg KOH / g.
• polymer-modified polyols preferably polymer-modified polyesterols or polyetherols, particularly preferably graft polyether or graft polyesterols, in particular graft polyetherols.
• a polymer-modified polyol is a so-called polymer polyol, which usually has a content of, preferably thermoplastic, polymers of from 5 to 60% by weight, preferably from 10 to 55% by weight, particularly preferably from 30 to 55% by weight. and in particular 40 to 50 wt .-%.
• Polymer polyols are described, for example, in EP-A-250 351, DE 1 1 1 394, US Pat. No. 3,304,273, US Pat. No. 3,383,351, US Pat. No. 3,523,093, DE 1 152 536 and DE 1 152 537 and are usually prepared by free-radical polymerization olefinic monomers, for example styrene, acrylonitrile, (meth) acrylates, (meth) acrylic acid and / or acrylamide, in a polyol as a graft, preferably polyesterol or polyetherol produced.
• the side chains are generally formed by transferring the radicals from growing polymer chains to polyols.
• the polymer polyol predominantly contains the homopolymers of the olefins, dispersed in unchanged polyol.
• the monomers used are acrylonitrile, styrene, in particular exclusively styrene. If appropriate, the monomers are polymerized in the presence of further monomers, a macromer, a moderator and using a free radical initiator, usually azo or peroxide compounds, in a polyesterol or polyetherol as the continuous phase.
• polymer polyol is present in the relatively high molecular weight compound (b), this is preferably present together with further polyols, for example polyetherols, polyesterols or mixtures of polyetherols and polyesterols. Particularly preferably, the proportion of polymer polyol is greater than 5 wt .-%, based on the total weight of component (b).
• the polymer polyols may be contained, for example, based on the total weight of component (b) in an amount of 7 to 90 wt .-%, or from 11 to 80 wt .-%.
• the polymer polyol is particularly preferably polymer polyesterol or polymer polyetherol.
• hyperbranched polyether polyols are understood as meaning uncrosslinked polymer molecules having hydroxyl and ether groups which are structurally as well as molecularly nonuniform. They can be constructed on the one hand, starting from a central molecule analogous to dendrimers, but with uneven chain length of the branches. On the other hand, they can also have linear regions with functional side groups.
• dendrimeric and hyperbranched polymers see also PJ. Flory, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1952, 74, 2718 and H. Frey et al., Chem. Eur. J. 2000, 6, no. 14, 2499.
• the hyperbranched polyetherols (c) have, in addition to the ether groups which form the polymer backbone, at least three, preferably at least six, particularly preferably at least ten, OH groups on the end or on the side.
• the number of terminal or pendant functional groups is not limited to the top, but products having a very large number of functional groups may have undesirable properties such as high viscosity or poor solubility.
• the hyperbranched polyetherols (c) usually have not more than 500 terminal or pendant functional groups, preferably not more than 100 terminal or pendant functional OH groups.
• the hyperbranched polyetherols (c) are obtained by condensation of di-, tri- or higher-functional alcohols.
• the hyperbranched polyetherol used according to the invention is preferably the condensation product of on average at least 3, particularly preferably at least 4, more preferably at least 5 and in particular at least 6 di-, tri- or higher-functional alcohols. It is further preferred that this is the condensation product of on average at least 3, more preferably at least 4, especially at least 5 and especially at least 6 tri- or higher functional alcohols.
• DB degree of branching
• dendrimer in connection with the present invention it is meant that the degree of branching is 99.9 to 100 % is. For the definition of the degree of branching see H. Frey et al., Acta Polym. 1997, 48, 30.
• triols such as trimethylolmethane, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane (TMP), 1, 2,4-butanetriol, tris-hydroxymethyl isocyanurate and tris-hydroxyethyl isocyanurate (THEIC)
• tetrols can be used, such as bis-trimethylolpropane (Di-TMP) or pentaerythritol.
• higher functional polyols such as bis-pentaerythritol (di-penta) or inositols can be used.
• alkoxylation products of the abovementioned alcohols and of glycerol preferably with 1-40 alkylene oxide units per molecule.
• trifunctional and higher-functional alcohols are aliphatic alcohols and in particular those having primary hydroxyl groups, such as trimethylolmethane, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, di-TMP, pentaerythritol, di-penta and their alkoxylates having 1-30 ethylene oxide units per molecule and also glycerol. Ethoxylates with 1-30 ethylene oxide units per molecule. Very particular preference is given to using trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol and their ethoxylates with an average of 1-20 ethylene oxide units per molecule and glycerol ethoxylates having 1-20 ethylene oxide units per molecule. Likewise, the alcohols mentioned can be used in a mixture.
• the tri- and higher-functional alcohols can also be used in mixture with difunctional alcohols.
• suitable compounds having two OH groups include ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, 1,2- and 1,3-propanediol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, neopentyl glycol, 1, 2, 1, 3 and 1, 4-butanediol, 1, 2-, 1, 3- and 1,5-pentanediol, hexanediol, dodecanediol, cyclopentanediol, cyclohexanediol, cyclohexanedimethanol, bis (4-hydroxycyclohexyl) methane, bis (4-hydroxycyclohexyl) ethane, 2,2-bis (4-hydroxycyclohexyl) Propan, difunctional polyetherpolyols based on ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide or mixtures thereof with 1 to 50, preferably 2 to
• difunctional alcohols can also be used in mixtures.
• Preferred difunctional alcohols are ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, 1, 2 and 1, 3-propanediol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, neopentylglycol col, 1, 4-butanediol, 1, 5-pentanediol, hexanediol, dodecanediol, bis (4-hydroxycyclohexyl) methane, and difunctional polyether polyols based on ethylene oxide and / or propylene oxide, or mixtures thereof.
• difunctional alcohols are ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, hexanediol, bis (4-hydroxycyclohexyl) methane, and difunctional polyether polyols based on ethylene oxide and / or or propylene oxide, or mixtures thereof.
• the diols serve to fine tune the properties of the polyether polyol. If difunctional alcohols are used, the ratio of difunctional alcohols to the tri- and higher-functional alcohols is determined by the person skilled in the art, depending on the desired properties of the polyether. As a rule, the amount of difunctional or difunctional alcohols is 0 to 99 mol%, preferably 0 to 80 mol%, particularly preferably 0 to 75 mol% and very particularly preferably 0 to 50 mol% with respect to the total amount of all alcohols , It is also possible to obtain block copolyethers, for example diol-terminated polyethers, by alternating addition of tri- and higher-functional alcohols and diols during the course of the reaction.
• the difunctional alcohols can also be precondensed to give OH-terminated oligomers and subsequently the tri- or higher-functional alcohol can be added. In this way hyperbranched polymers with linear block structures can likewise be obtained.
• monools can also be added to control the OH functionality during or after the reaction of the trifunctional and higher-functional alcohols.
• Such monools can be, for example, linear or branched-chain aliphatic or aromatic monools. Preferably, these have more than 3, more preferably more than 6 carbon atoms.
• monofunctional polyethers Preferably, a maximum of 50 mol% monool, based on the total amount of tri- and higher-functional alcohol is added.
• Suitable catalysts are, for example, acids having a pK s value of less than 2.2, particular preference being given to strong acids.
• acids having a pK s value of less than 2.2 are, for example, phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4 ), phosphorous acid (H 3 PO 3 ), pyrophosphoric acid (H 4 P 2 O 7 ), polyphosphoric acid, hydrogen sulfate ( HSO 4 " ), sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ), perchloric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, chlorosulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, trichloromethanesulfonic acid, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid or p-toluenesulfonic acid.
• acidic catalysts are acidic ion exchangers or ion exchanger resins.
• Ion exchange is the collective term for solids or liquids which are capable of accepting positively or negatively charged ions from an electrolyte solution with the release of equivalent amounts of other ions.
• solid grains and particles are used whose matrix was obtained by condensation (phenol-formaldehyde) or by polymerization (copolymers of styrene and divinylbenzene and methacrylates and divinylbenzene).
• the acidic ion exchangers used carry, for example, sulfonic acid groups, carboxylic acid or phosphonic acid groups. It is also possible to use ion exchangers which have a hydrophilic cellulose skeleton or consist of crosslinked dextran or agarose and carry acidic functional groups, for example carboxymethyl or sulfoethyl groups. It is also possible to use inorganic ion exchangers, such as zeolites, montmorillonites, palygorskites, bentonites and other aluminum silicates, zirconium phosphate, titanium tungstate and nickel hexacyanoferrate (II).
• Acidic ion exchangers are, for example, solid or solid dissolved form available under the product name Amberlite TM, Ambersept TM or Amberjet TM from Rohm and Haas.
• catalysts are phosphoric acid, polyphosphoric acid, chlorosulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, trichloromethanesulfonic acid, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid and acidic ion exchangers.
• methanesulfonic acid, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid and acidic ion exchangers are particularly preferred.
• the addition of the acid as a catalyst is generally carried out in an amount of 50 ppm to 10 wt .-%, preferably from 100 ppm to 5 wt .-%, more preferably 1000 ppm to 3 wt .-% based on the amount of the alcohol used or alcohol mixture.
• an acidic ion exchanger is used as the catalyst, it is customary to use an amount of from 1000 ppm to 30% by weight, preferably from 1 to 25% by weight, particularly preferably from 1 to 20% by weight, based on the amount of used alcohol or alcohol mixture.
• the catalysts can also be used in a mixture.
• the average molecular weight of the polymer and its structure can be adjusted via the composition of the starting components and over the residence time.
• the reaction is usually carried out at a temperature of 0 to 300 0 C, preferably 0 to 250 0 C, more preferably at 60 to 250 0 C and most preferably at 80 to 250 0 C in bulk or in solution.
• solvents which are inert to the respective starting materials.
• organic solvents for example decane, dodecane, benzene, toluene, chlorobenzene, xylene, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide or solvent naphtha.
• the condensation reaction is carried out in bulk, that is without addition of solvent.
• the liberated in the reaction water can be removed to accelerate the reaction from the reaction equilibrium, for example by distillation, optionally at reduced pressure.
• the preparation of the high-functionality polyetherpolyols according to the invention is usually carried out in a pressure range from 0.1 mbar to 20 bar, preferably at 1 mbar to 5 bar, in reactors which are operated in batch mode, semicontinuously or continuously.
• the reaction is carried out in a so-called “one-pot procedure" in which the monomer is completely charged and the reaction is carried out in a back-mixed reactor.
• Conceivable are also reaction guides in a multistage reactor system, for example a stirred tank cascade or a tube reactor.
• the reaction may be carried out in a kneader, extruder, intensive mixer or paddle dryer.
• reaction can also be carried out with the aid of ultrasound or microwave radiation.
• the temperature can be lowered to a range in which the reaction comes to a standstill and the condensation product is storage stable.
• a basic component such as a Lewis base or an organic or inorganic base.
• the polyetherols according to the invention may contain, in addition to the OH groups already obtained by the reaction, further functional groups.
• further functional groups include mercapto groups, primary, secondary or tertiary amino groups, ester groups, carboxylic acid groups or derivatives thereof, sulfonic acid groups or their derivatives, phosphonic acid groups or their derivatives, silane groups, siloxane groups, aryl radicals or short- or long-chain alkyl radicals.
• modifying reagents are used. These are compounds which have such a further functional group and an alcohol-reactive group.
• Such alcohol-reactive groups may be, for example, isocyanate groups, acid groups, acid derivatives, epoxide groups or alcohol groups.
• the modifying reagents may be added to the high-functionality polyether before or during the reaction of the trifunctional or higher-functional alcohols.
• Subsequent functionalization can be obtained by reacting the resulting highly functional, highly branched or hyperbranched polyether polyol in an additional process step with a suitable functionalizing reagent which can react with the OH groups of the polyether.
• the high-functionality polyethers according to the invention can be modified, for example, by adding modifying reagents containing acid, acid anhydride, acid halide or isocyanate groups.
• the hyperbranched polyetherols according to the invention can also be converted by reaction with alkylene oxides, for example ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide or mixtures thereof, as modifying reagents into highly functional polyether polyols containing linear polyether chains with adjustable polarity.
• alkylene oxides for example ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide or mixtures thereof.
• the alkoxylation reaction according to the expert known, conventional methods carried out, as they are also used for the preparation of polyetherolsolen (b).
• reaction conditions such as pressure and temperature
• concentration of the alcohols and optionally the modifying reagents depends on the reactivity of the alcohols and the modifying reagents. In principle, a lower temperature, a higher reactivity of the modifying reagents and a higher concentration of the modifying reagents tend to lead to lower molecular weight modified alcohols, with a higher temperature, a lower concentration of modifying reagents and a lower reactivity of the modifying reagents rather leading to condensation products which have several di- , tri- and higher-functional alcohols per molecule.
• the reaction conditions in the process according to the invention are preferably selected such that the polyether polyols obtained have condensation products of on average at least 3, particularly preferably at least 4, more preferably at least 5 and in particular at least 6 di, tri or higher, higher alcohols. More preferably, the reaction conditions are chosen so that the resulting high-functionality polyether polyols are condensation products of on average at least 3, more preferably at least 4, more preferably at least 5 and in particular at least 6 tri- or higher-functional alcohols.
• the number of di-, tri- or higher-functional alcohols in the condensation product can be determined, for example, from the number-average molecular weight M n determined by GPC.
• the number-average molecular weight of the polyetherols used in the invention is generally 400 to 20,000 g / mol, preferably 500 to 10,000 g / mol, more preferably 600 to 5000 g / mol and particularly preferably 800 to 2000 g / mol.
• the products according to the invention can be further processed after preparation without further purification.
• the reaction product is purified by stripping, that is by removal of low molecular weight, volatile compounds.
• the low molecular weight volatiles for example, solvents, starting monomers, volatile fission products, volatile oligomeric or cyclic compounds or water by distillation, optionally with introduction of a gas, preferably nitrogen, carbon dioxide or air, optionally at reduced pressure, removed.
• the product is freed from volatiles in a thin-film evaporator.
• reaction may result in condensation products having different structures that have branches and cyclic moieties but no crosslinks.
• the number of reactive groups results from the nature of the monomers used and the degree of polycondensation, which should be chosen so that the gel point is not reached.
• the highly functional hyperbranched polyetherols used according to the invention as component (c) dissolve readily in various solvents, for example in water, alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol, butanol, alcohol / water mixtures, acetone, 2-butanone, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, methoxypropyl acetate, Methoxyethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, ethylene carbonate or propylene carbonate.
• alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, butanol, alcohol / water mixtures, acetone, 2-butanone, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, methoxypropyl acetate, Methoxyethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, ethylene carbonate or propylene carbonate.
• a ratio of 1: 1 corresponds to an isocyanate index of 100.
• the proportion of component (c) is preferably between 0.01 and 90, more preferably between 0.5 and 50 and particularly preferably between 0.7 and 30 wt .-%. based on the total weight of components (a) to (g).
• chain extenders and / or crosslinking agents (d) are used substances having a molecular weight of preferably less than 500 g / mol, particularly preferably from 60 to 400 g / mol, wherein chain extenders have 2 isocyanate-reactive hydrogen atoms and crosslinking agent 3 to isocyanate-reactive hydrogen atoms. These can be used individually or in the form of mixtures. Preference is given to using diols and / or triols having molecular weights of less than 400, particularly preferably from 60 to 300 and in particular from 60 to 150.
• aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and / or aliphatic diols having 2 to 14, preferably 2 to 10, carbon atoms, such as ethylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,10-decanediol, o-, m-, p- Dihydroxycyclohexane, diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, and preferably 1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, and bis (2- hydroxyethyl) hydroquinone, triols such as 1, 2,4-, 1, 3,5-trihydroxycyclohexane, glycerol and trimethylolpropane, and low molecular weight hydroxyl-containing polyalkylene oxides based on ethylene and / or 1, 2-propylene oxide and the aforementioned diols and / or Triols as starter molecules.
• chain extender (d) particular preference is given to using monoethylene glycol, 1,4-butane
• chain extenders, crosslinking agents or mixtures thereof are expediently used in amounts of from 1 to 60% by weight, preferably from 1.5 to 50% by weight and in particular from 2 to 40% by weight, based on the weight of the components (b), (c) and (d) are used.
• catalysts (e) for the preparation of the polyurethane foams preference is given to using compounds which greatly accelerate the reaction of the hydroxyl-containing compounds of component (b), (c) and optionally (d) with the polyisocyanates (a).
• amidines such as 2,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine
• tertiary amines such as triethylamine, tributylamine, dimethylbenzylamine, N-methyl-, N-ethyl-, N-cyclohexylmorpholine, N, N, N ', N'-tetramethylethylenediamine, N, N, N', N'-tetramethylbutanediamine, N, N, N ', N'-tetramethylhexanediamine, pentamethyldiethylenetriamine, tetramethyldiminoethyl ether, Bis (dimethylaminopropyl) urea, dimethylpipe
• organic metal compounds preferably organic tin compounds, such as tin (II) salts of organic carboxylic acids, eg. Tin (II) acetate, stannous octoate, stannous (II) ethylhexanoate, and stannous (II) laurate, and the dialkyltin (IV) salts of organic carboxylic acids, e.g.
• the organic metal compounds can be used alone or preferably in combination with strongly basic amines.
• component (b) is an ester, it is preferred to use only amine catalysts.
• Preferably used are 0.001 to 5 wt.%, In particular 0.05 to 2 wt.% Catalyst or catalyst combination, based on the weight of component (b), (C) and (d).
• blowing agents (f) are present in the production of polyurethane foams.
• blowing agent (f) chemically acting blowing agents and / or physically active compounds can be used.
• Chemical blowing agents are understood to mean compounds which form gaseous products by reaction with isocyanate, such as water or formic acid.
• Physical blowing agents are understood as compounds which are dissolved or emulsified in the starting materials of polyurethane production and evaporate under the conditions of polyurethane formation.
• hydrocarbons for example, hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, and other compounds, such as perfluorinated alkanes, such as perfluorohexane, chlorofluorocarbons, and ethers, esters, ketones and / or acetals, for example (cyclo) aliphatic hydrocarbons having 4 to 8 carbon atoms , hydrofluorocarbons, such Solkane ® 365 mfc, or gases such as carbon dioxide.
• the blowing agent employed is a mixture of these blowing agents containing water. If no water is used as blowing agent, preferably only physical blowing agents are used.
• the content of physical blowing agents (f) in a preferred embodiment is in the range between 1 and 20% by weight, in particular 5 and 20% by weight, the amount of water preferably in the range between 0.5 and 10% by weight. -%, in particular 1 and 5 wt .-%.
• Carbon dioxide is preferably used as blowing agent (f), which is supplied either online, that is directly on the mixing head, or via the storage tank in batch mode.
• auxiliaries and / or additives for example, surface-active substances, foam stabilizers, cell regulators, external and internal release agents, fillers, pigments, hydrolysis protection agents and also fungistatic and bactericidal substances are used.
• the organic polyisocyanates are reacted with the compounds having at least two active hydrogen atoms in the presence of the abovementioned blowing agents, catalysts and auxiliaries and / or additives (polyol component).
• the polyisocyanates (a), the higher molecular weight compounds having at least two reactive hydrogen atoms (b), hyperbranched polyethers (c), and optionally the chain extenders and / or crosslinking agents (d) are reacted in such amounts brought that the equivalence ratio of NCO groups of the polyisocyanates (a) to the sum of the reactive hydrogen atoms of the components (b), (c) and optionally (d) and (f) 0.7 to 1, 25: 1, preferably 0.80 to 1, 15: 1.
• a ratio of 1: 1 corresponds to an isocyanate index of 100.
• the polyurethane foams are preferably produced by the one-shot process, for example by means of high-pressure or low-pressure technology.
• the foams can be made in open or closed metallic molds or by continuously applying the reaction mixture to belt lines to produce foam blocks.
• a polyol component is prepared and foamed with polyisocyanate a).
• the components are preferably mixed at a temperature in the range between 15 to 120 0 C, preferably 20 to 80 0 C and placed in the mold or on the strip line.
• the temperature in the mold is usually in the range between 15 and 120 0 C, preferably between 30 and 80 0 C.
• Flexible polyurethane foams according to the invention are preferably used as upholstery for furniture and mattresses, orthopedic products, such as cushions, for upholstery in the automotive sector, such as armrests, headrests and, in particular, car seats, and have improved values for elasticity with constant hardnesses. Further, flexible polyurethane foams according to the invention have improved moist / heat storage stability when using hyperbranched polyethers in comparison with the use of hyperbranched polyesters.
• Another advantage of the polyurethanes of the invention is a pronounced damping behavior.
• the damping behavior is determined by exciting the test foam with a thickness of 10 cm at standard conditions of 50 kg in a frequency range of 2-20 Hz with an excitation amplitude of +/- 1 mm.
• the frequency at which maximum deflection is measured is called the resonance frequency. Since the human body is particularly sensitive to vibrations in a frequency range of 2-20 Hz, In this area, the transmission should be as low as possible, especially in the area of the resonance frequency.
• the apparent density was determined according to DIN EN ISO 845. Furthermore, the compression hardness was determined according to DIN EN ISO 3386 and the rebound resilience according to DIN 53573.
• Polyol 1 polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene polyol, OH number: 28, functionality: 2.7
• Polyol 2 graft polyol based on styrene-acrylonitrile with a solids content of 45% in a polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene polyol, OH number: 20, functionality: 2.7
• Polyol 3 polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene polyol, OH number: 42, functionality: 2.6
• Polyol 4 Poletherpolyol, OH number: 250, Functionality: 3 Catalysis: Standard amine catalysis
• HB polyol 1 polyol of pentaerythritol / triethylene glycol, OH number: 536, prepared according to the following procedure:
• the polymerization is carried out in a 4 l glass flask equipped with a stirrer, reflux condenser and a 20 cm long packed column with distillation bridge and vacuum connection.
• the mixture of 1225.4 g pentaerythritol (9.0 mol), 1351, 2 g triethylene glycol (9.0 mol) and 2.0 g p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (0.08 wt%) is slowly added via oil bath 180 0 C heated. After reaching the reaction temperature is evacuated and the reaction mixture stirred for 15 h at a pressure of 200 mbar. The reaction water formed in the reaction is removed by distillation. After a reaction time of about 17 hours, a total of 596 g of aqueous phase were distilled off.
• the product had the following characteristics: M WI M n (GPC, DMF) 14,100, 900 [g / mol] OH: 536 mg KOH / g polymer isocyanate 1: diphenylmethane diisocyanate, NCO content: 32.8
• Isocyanate 2 tolylene diisocyanate / diphenylmethane diisocyanate 80/20, NCO content: 44.8
• MT molded foams (molded foams based on M DI / TD) were produced and their mechanical properties were determined.
• composition of the formulations and the results of the mechanical tests are shown in the table below.
• composition of the formulations and the results of the mechanical tests are shown in the table below.
• the following table shows that the use of hyperbranched polyethers leads to the desired marked increase in compressive hardness combined with likewise increased rebound resilience (Examples 4, 5, 7 and 8). It can also be seen that 4 parts of the hyperbranched polyether lead to a similar increase in hardness as 15 parts of a graft polyol, wherein additionally the elasticity increases and density decreases (Example 4, Comparative Example 2).

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• 2010
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