Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L69/00—Compositions of polycarbonates; Compositions of derivatives of polycarbonates
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G64/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbonic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G64/18—Block or graft polymers
  • C08G64/186—Block or graft polymers containing polysiloxane sequences
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G77/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G77/42—Block-or graft-polymers containing polysiloxane sequences
  • C08G77/46—Block-or graft-polymers containing polysiloxane sequences containing polyether sequences
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
  • C08K5/0008—Organic ingredients according to more than one of the "one dot" groups of C08K5/01 - C08K5/59
  • C08K5/0083—Nucleating agents promoting the crystallisation of the polymer matrix
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
  • C08K5/49—Phosphorus-containing compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L51/00—Compositions of graft polymers in which the grafted component is obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L51/04—Compositions of graft polymers in which the grafted component is obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers grafted on to rubbers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G77/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G77/42—Block-or graft-polymers containing polysiloxane sequences
  • C08G77/445—Block-or graft-polymers containing polysiloxane sequences containing polyester sequences
  • C08G77/448—Block-or graft-polymers containing polysiloxane sequences containing polyester sequences containing polycarbonate sequences
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
  • C08K5/49—Phosphorus-containing compounds
  • C08K5/51—Phosphorus bound to oxygen
  • C08K5/52—Phosphorus bound to oxygen only
  • C08K5/521—Esters of phosphoric acids, e.g. of H3PO4
  • C08K5/523—Esters of phosphoric acids, e.g. of H3PO4 with hydroxyaryl compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L55/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers, obtained by polymerisation reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, not provided for in groups C08L23/00 - C08L53/00
  • C08L55/02—ABS [Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene] polymers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L83/00—Compositions of macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon only; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L83/10—Block- or graft-copolymers containing polysiloxane sequences
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L83/00—Compositions of macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon only; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L83/10—Block- or graft-copolymers containing polysiloxane sequences
  • C08L83/12—Block- or graft-copolymers containing polysiloxane sequences containing polyether sequences

Definitions

• thermoplastic compositions comprising an aromatic polycarbonate, and in particular flame retardant thermoplastic polycarbonate compositions.
• Polycarbonates are useful in the manufacture of articles and components for a wide range of applications, from automotive parts to electronic appliances. Because of their broad use, particularly in applications where flame retardance is important, there is a need for a combination of desirable melt flow, impact resistance and heat resistance while using flame retardants that are environmentally acceptable.
• Melt flow is important to the ability to make a wide range of parts, particularly complex parts with areas of decreased thickness.
• Impact resistance is important in a range of applications as it is generally undesirable for a part to shatter on impact.
• ABS acrylonitrile- butadiene-styrene copolymer
• thermoplastic polycarbonate compositions that have excellent melt flow, impact properties, a flame retardance while using environmentally acceptable flame retardants.
• thermoplastic composition comprising: a polycarbonate; an impact modifier; a polycarbonate -polysiloxane copolymer; a poly(arylene ether) -polysiloxane copolymer; and an organophosphate in an amount of 2 to 20 weight percent based on the combined weight of polycarbonate, impact modifier, polycarbonate-polysiloxane copolymer, and poly(arylene ether)-polysiloxane copolymer, wherein the composition has a notched Izod impact strength of greater than or equal to 4 kilojoules per square meter (kJ/m 2 ) as determined according to ISO 180/A, a melt viscosity rate of less than or equal to 130 Pascal seconds (Pa.s) as determined according to ISO 11443 at 1500 s "1 and 28O 0 C, and a UL 94 rating of Vl or better at 0.8 millimeter (mm) thickness.
• An article may be formed by molding, extruding, shaping or forming such a composition to form the article.
• the composition has a notched Izod impact strength of 4 to 100 kJ/m 2 as determined by ISO 180/A. Within this range the notched Izod impact strength may be greater than or equal to 6, or, more specifically, greater than or equal to 10 kJ/m 2 . Also within this range the notched Izod impact strength may be less than or equal to 60 kJ/m 2 .
• the composition has a melt viscosity of 130 to 35 Pa.s. Melt viscosity is determined by ISO 11443 at a shear rate of 1500 s "1 and 28O 0 C.
• the composition has a UL 94 rating of Vl or better at 0.8 millimeters thickness. Additionally, the composition may have a UL 94 rating of Vl or better at 0.6 mm thickness. In some embodiments the composition may have a UL 94 rating of VO at 0.6 millimeter thickness.
• the composition may have a heat deflection temperature (HDT) of greater than or equal to 8O 0 C. or more specifically, greater than or equal to 85 0 C, or, even more specifically, greater than or equal to 87 0 C.
• the heat deflection temperature can be less than or equal to 105 0 C.
• Heat deflection temperature is determined by ISO 75/A as described in the examples.
• polycarbonate refers to a polymer comprising the same or different carbonate units, or a copolymer that comprises the same or different carbonate units, as well as one or more units other than carbonate (i.e.
• aliphatic refers to a hydrocarbon radical having a valence of at least one comprising a linear or branched array of carbon atoms which is not cyclic
• aromatic refers to a radical having a valence of at least one comprising at least one aromatic group; examples of aromatic groups include phenyl, pyridyl, furanyl, thienyl, naphthyl, and the like
• cycloaliphatic refers to a radical having a valence of at least one comprising an array of carbon atoms which is cyclic but not aromatic
• alkyl refers to a straight or branched chain monovalent hydrocarbon radical
• alkylene refers to a straight or branched chain divalent hydrocarbon radical
• alkylidene refers to a straight or branched chain divalent hydrocarbon radical, with both valences on a single common carbon atom
• alkenyl refers to a straight
• polycarbonate and “polycarbonate resin” mean compositions having repeating structural carbonate units of the formula (1):
• each R 1 is an aromatic organic radical, for example a radical of the formula (2): A 1 — Y 1 — A 2 (2) wherein each of A 1 and A 2 is a monocyclic divalent aryl radical and Y 1 is a bridging radical having one or two atoms that separate A 1 from A 2 . In an exemplary embodiment, one atom separates A 1 from A 2 .
• radicals of this type are -O-, -S-, -S(O)-, -S(O 2 )-, -C(O)-, methylene, cyclohexyl-methylene, 2-[2.2.1]-bicycloheptylidene, ethylidene, isopropylidene, neopentylidene, cyclohexylidene, cyclopentadecylidene, cyclododecylidene, and adamantylidene.
• the bridging radical Y 1 may be a hydrocarbon group or a saturated hydrocarbon group such as methylene, cyclohexylidene, or isopropylidene.
• Polycarbonates may be produced using dihydroxy compounds having the formula HO-R 1 OH, which includes dihydroxy compounds of formula (3) HO-A 1 - Y 1 — A 2 -OH (3) wherein Y 1 , A 1 and A 2 are as described above.
• Exemplary dihydroxy compounds include bisphenol compounds of general formula (4):
• R a and R b each represent a halogen atom or a monovalent hydrocarbon group and may be the same or different; p and q are each independently integers of O to 4; and X a represents one of the groups of formula (5):
• R d (5) wherein R c and R d each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a monovalent linear or cyclic hydrocarbon group and R e is a divalent hydrocarbon group.
• suitable dihydroxy compounds include the following: resorcinol, 4-bromoresorcinol, hydroquinone, 4,4'-dihydroxybiphenyl, 1,6-dihydroxynaphthalene, 2,6-dihydroxynaphthalene, bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane, bis(4- hydroxyphenyl)diphenylmethane, bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)- 1 -naphthylmethane, 1 ,2-bis(4- hydroxyphenyl)ethane, l,l-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-l-phenylethane, 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(3- hydroxyphenyl)propane, bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)phenylmethane, 2,2-bis(4-hydroxy-3- bromophenyl)propane, 1,1-bis (hydroxyphenyl)cyclopentane,
• bisphenol A 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) propane
• Branched polycarbonates are also useful, as well as blends of a linear polycarbonate and a branched polycarbonate,
• the branched polycarbonates may be prepared by adding a branching agent during polymerization.
• branching agents include polyfunctional organic compounds containing at least three functional groups selected from hydroxyl, carboxyl, carboxylic anhydride, haloformyl, and mixtures of the foregoing functional groups.
• trimellitic acid trimellitic anhydride
• trimellitic trichloride tris-p-hydroxy phenyl ethane, isatin-bis-phenol, tris-phenol TC ( 1,3,5 -tns((p- hydroxyphenyl)isopropyl)benzene), tris-phenol PA (4(4(1, l-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)-ethyl) alpha, alpha-dimethyl benzyl)phenol), 4-chloroformyl phthalic anhydride, trimesic acid, and benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid.
• the branching agents may be added at a level of 0.05 wt. % to 2.0 wt.%. All types of polycarbonate end groups are contemplated as being useful in the polycarbonate composition, provided that such end groups do not significantly affect desired properties of the thermoplastic compositions,
• Polycarbonates and “polycarbonate resins” as used herein further includes blends of polycarbonates with other copolymers comprising carbonate chain units.
• a specific suitable copolymer is a polyester carbonate, also known as a copolyester- polycarbonate. Such copolymers further contain, in addition to recurring carbonate chain units of the formula (1).
• D is a divalent radical derived from a dihydroxy compound, and may be, for example, a C 2-10 alkylene radical, a C6- 2 0 alicyclic radical, a C6- 2 0 aromatic radical or a polyoxyalkylene radical in which the alkylene groups contain 2 to 6 carbon atoms, specifically 2, 3, or 4 carbon atoms; and T is a divalent radical derived from a dicarboxyhc acid, and may be, for example, a C 2 1 0 alkylene radical, a C 6 2 0 alicyclic radical, a Ce 2 0 alkyl aromatic radical, or a C(, 20 aromatic radical.
• D is a C 2 6 alkylene radical.
• D is derived from an aromatic dihydroxy compound of formula (7): wherein each R f is independently a halogen atom, a Ci 10 hydrocarbon group, or a Ci 10 halogen substituted hydrocarbon group, and n is 0 to 4.
• the halogen is usually bromine.
• Examples of compounds that may be represented by the formula (7) include resorcinol, substituted resorcinol compounds such as 5 -methyl resorcinol, 5-ethyl resorcinol, 5 -propyl resorcinol, 5-butyl resorcinol, 5-t-butyl resorcinol, 5-phenyl resorcinol, 5-cumyl resorcinol, 2,4,5, 6-tetrafluoro resorcinol, 2,4,5, 6-tetrabromo resorcinol, or the like; catechol; hydroquinone, substituted hydroquinones such as 2-methyl hydroquinone, 2-ethyl hydroquinone, 2-propyl hydroquinone, 2-butyl hydroquinone, 2-t-butyl hydroquinone, 2- phenyl hydroquinone, 2-cumyl hydroquinone, 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl hydroquinone, 2,3,5,6- tetra
• polyesters examples include isophthalic or terephthalic acid, l,2-di(p-carboxyphenyl)ethane, 4,4'- dicarboxydiphenyl ether, 4,4'-bisbenzoic acid, and mixtures comprising at least one of the foregoing acids. Acids containing fused rings can also be present, such as in 1,4-, 1,5-, or 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acids. Specific dicarboxylic acids are terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, naphthalene dicarboxyhc acid, cyclohexane dicarboxyhc acid, or mixtures thereof.
• a specific dicarboxyhc acid comprises a mixture of isophthalic acid and terephthalic acid wherein the weight ratio of terephthalic acid to isophthalic acid is 10:1 to 0.2:9.8.
• D is a C 2 6 alkylene radical and T is p-phenylene, m-phenylene, naphthalene, a divalent cycloaliphatic radical, or a mixture thereof.
• This class of polyester includes the poly(alkylene terephthalates).
• the polycarbonate is a linear homopolymer derived from bisphenol A, in which each of A 1 and A 2 is p-phenylene and Y 1 is isopropylidene.
• Suitable polycarbonates can be manufactured by processes such as interfacial polymerization and melt polymerization.
• polycarbonates In addition to the polycarbonates described above, it is also possible to use combinations of the polycarbonate with other thermoplastic polymers, for example combinations of polycarbonates and/or polycarbonate copolymers with polyesters.
• a "combination'" is inclusive of all mixtures, blends, alloys, and the like.
• Suitable polyesters comprise repeating units of formula (6), and may be, for example, poly(alkylene dicarboxylates), liquid crystalline polyesters, and polyester copolymers. It is also possible to use a branched polyester in which a branching agent, for example, a glycol having three or more hydroxyl groups or a trifunctional or multifunctional carboxylic acid has been incorporated. Furthermore, it is sometimes desirable to have various concentrations of acid and hydroxyl end groups on the polyester, depending on the ultimate end use of the composition.
• poly(alkylene terephthalates) are used, Specific examples of suitable poly(alkylene terephthalates) are poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), poly(l,4- butylene terephthalate) (PBT), poly(ethylene naphthanoate) (PEN), poly(butylene naphthanoate), (PBN), (polypropylene terephthalate) (PPT), polycyclohexanedimethanol terephthalate (PCT), cycloaliphatic polyesters, and combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing polyesters.
• PET poly(ethylene terephthalate)
• PBT poly(l,4- butylene terephthalate)
• PEN poly(ethylene naphthanoate)
• PBN poly(butylene naphthanoate)
• PCT polycyclohexanedimethanol terephthalate
• cycloaliphatic polyesters and combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing polyesters.
• An exemplary cycloaliphatic polyester is poly(cyclohexane-l,4- dimethylene cyclohexane-l,4-dicarboxylate) also referred to as poly(l,4-cyclohexane- dimethanol-l,4-dicarboxylate) (PCCD). Also contemplated are the above polyesters with a minor amount, e.g., from 0.5 to 10 percent by weight, of units derived from an aliphatic diacid and/or an aliphatic polyol to make copolyesters.
• Blends and/or mixtures of more than one polycarbonate may also be used.
• a high flow and a low flow polycarbonate may be blended together.
• the composition comprises polycarbonate in an amount of 30 to 85 weight percent (wt.%), based on the total weight of the composition.
• amount of polycarbonate can be greater than or equal to 40 wt.%, or, more specifically, greater than or equal to 50 wt.%. Also withm this range the amount of polycarbonate can be less than or equal to 80 wt.%, or, more specifically, less than or equal to 75 wt.%.
• the composition further includes one or more impact modifiers to increase the impact resistance of the thermoplastic composition.
• useful impact modifiers include an elastomer-modified graft copolymers and silicone-acrylate copolymer
• Elastomer-modified graft copolymers include copolymers comprising (i) an elastomeric (i.e., rubbery) polymer substrate having a Tg less than 1O 0 C, more specifically less than -10°C, or more specifically - 4O 0 C to -8O 0 C, and (ii) a rigid polymeric superstrate grafted to the elastomeric polymer substrate.
• the grafts may be attached as graft branches or as shells to an elastomer core. The shell may merely physically encapsulate the core, or the shell may be partially or essentially completely grafted to the core.
• Suitable materials for use as the elastomer phase include, for example, conjugated diene rubbers; copolymers of a conjugated diene with less than 50 wt.% of a copolymenzable monomer; olefin rubbers such as ethylene propylene copolymers (EPR) or ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubbers (EPDM); ethylene- vinyl acetate rubbers; silicone rubbers; elastomeric Ci 8 alkyl (meth)acrylates; elastomeric copolymers of Ci 8 alkyl (meth)acrylates with butadiene and/or styrene; or combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing elastomers.
• conjugated diene rubbers copolymers of a conjugated diene with less than 50 wt.% of a copolymenzable monomer
• olefin rubbers such as ethylene propylene copolymers (EPR) or ethylene-prop
• Exemplary monovinylaromatic monomers used in the formation of the rigid graft phase include styrene, alpha-methyl styrene, halostyrenes such as dibromostyrene, vinyltoluene, vinylxylene, butylstyrene, para-hydroxystyrene, methoxystyrene, or the like, or combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing monovinylaromatic monomers
• Exemplary comonomers for use in the rigid phase include acrylonitrile, ethacrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, methyl (meth)acrylate, ethyl (meth)acrylate, n-propyl (meth)acrylate, isopropyl (meth)acrylate, and the like, and combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing comonomers.
• Exemplary silicone rubber monomers include cyclic siloxanes, tetraalkoxysilanes, trialkoxysilanes, (acryloxy)alkoxysilanes, (mercaptoalkyl)alkoxysilanes, vinylalkoxysilanes, or allylalkoxysilanes, alone or in combination, e.g., decamethylcyclopentasiloxane, dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane, trimethyltriphenylcyclotrisiloxane, tetramethyltetraphenylcyclotetrasiloxane, tetramethyltetravinylcyclotetrasiloxane, octaphenylcyclotetrasiloxane, octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane and/or tetraethoxysilane.
• decamethylcyclopentasiloxane dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxan
• Exemplary acrylate rubber monomers include iso-octyl acrylate, 6-methyloctyl acrylate, 7-methyloctyl acrylate, 6-methylheptyl acrylate, and the like, alone or in combination.
• the polymenzable alkenyl-containing organic material may be, for example, a monomer of formula (9) or (10), e.g., styrene, alpha-methylstyrene, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, or an unbranched (meth)acrylate such as methyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, n-propyl acrylate, or the like, alone or in combination.
• a monomer of formula (9) or (10) e.g., styrene, alpha-methylstyrene, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, or an unbranched (meth)acrylate such as methyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, n-propyl acrylate, or the like, alone or in combination.
• Exemplary first graft link monomers include (acryloxy)alkoxysilanes, (mercaptoalkyl)alkoxysilanes, vinylalkoxysilanes, allylalkoxysilanes, and combinations of two or more of the foregoing e.g., (gamma- methacryloxypropyl)(dimethoxy)methylsilane and/or (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane.
• the second graft link monomer is a polyethylenically unsaturated compound having at least one allyl group, such as allyl methacrylate, tnallyl cyanurate, or triallyl isocyanurate, alone or in combination.
• Processes known for the formation of the foregoing impact modifiers include mass, emulsion, suspension, and solution processes, or combined processes such as bulk- suspension, emulsion-bulk, bulk-solution or other techniques, using continuous, semibatch, or batch processes.
• the foregoing types of impact modifiers may be prepared by an emulsion polymerization process that is free of basic materials such as alkali metal salts of Cg_ 3 o fatty acids, for example sodium stearate, lithium stearate, sodium oleate, potassium oleate, and the like, alkali metal carbonates, amines such as dodecyl dimethyl amine, dodecyl amine, and the like, and ammonium salts of amines.
• basic materials such as alkali metal salts of Cg_ 3 o fatty acids, for example sodium stearate, lithium stearate, sodium oleate, potassium oleate, and the like, alkali metal carbonates, amines such as dodecyl dimethyl amine, dodecyl amine, and the like, and ammonium salts of amines.
• Such materials are commonly used as surfactants in emulsion polymerization, and may catalyze transesterification and/or degradation
• ionic sulfate, sulfonate or phosphate surfactants may be used in preparing the impact modifiers, particularly the elastomeric substrate portion of the impact modifiers.
• Suitable surfactants include, for example, Ci -22 alkyl or C 7 - 25 alkylaryl sulfonates, Ci 22 alkyl or C7- 2 5 alkylaryl sulfates, Ci -22 alkyl or C7- 2 5 alkylaryl phosphates, substituted silicates, and mixtures thereof.
• a specific surfactant is a C 6-I6 , specifically a Cs 12 alkyl sulfonate.
• a specific impact modifier of this type is a methyl methacrylate-butadiene- styrene (MBS) impact modifier wherein the butadiene substrate is prepared using above- described sulfonates, sulfates, or phosphates as surfactants.
• MBS methyl methacrylate-butadiene- styrene
• elastomer- modified graft copolymers besides ABS and MBS include but are not limited to acrylonitrile- styrene-butyl acrylate (ASA), methyl methacrylate-acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (MABS), and acrylonitrile-ethylene-propylene-diene-styrene (AES).
• ASA acrylonitrile- styrene-butyl acrylate
• MABS methyl methacrylate-acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene
• AES acrylonitrile-ethylene
• the impact modifier is a graft polymer having a high rubber content, i.e., greater than or equal to 50 wt.%, optionally greater than or equal to 60 wt. % by weight of the graft polymer.
• the rubber is preferably present in an amount less than or equal to 95 wt.%, optionally less than or equal to 90 wt.% of the graft polymer.
• the composition comprises an impact modifier in an amount of 1 to 15 wt.%, based on the total weight of the composition.
• the amount of impact modifier can be greater than or equal to 2 wt.%, or, more specifically, greater than or equal to 3 wt.%. Also within this range the amount of impact modifier can be less than or equal to 13 wt.%, or, more specifically, less than or equal to 10 wt.%.
• the composition further comprises a polycarbonate-polysiloxane copolymer comprising polycarbonate blocks and polydiorganosiloxane blocks.
• the polycarbonate blocks in the copolymer comprise repeating structural units of formula (1) as described above, for example wherein R 1 is of formula (2) as described above. These units may be derived from reaction of dihydroxy compounds of formula (3) as described above.
• the dihydroxy compound is bisphenol A, in which each of A 1 and A 2 is p- phenylene and Y 1 is isopropylidene.
• the polydiorganosiloxane blocks comprise repeating structural units of formula (11) (sometimes referred to herein as 'siloxane'): wherein each occurrence of R 2 is the same or different, and is a Ci -I3 monovalent organic radical.
• R 2 may be a Ci-Ci 3 alkyl group, Ci-Ci 3 alkoxy group, C 2 -Ci 3 alkenyl group, C 2 -Ci 3 alkenyloxy group, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl group, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkoxy group, C 6 -CiO aryl group, C 6 -CiO aryloxy group, C7-Ci 3 aralkyl group, C7-Ci 3 aralkoxy group, Cy-Ci 3 alkaryl group, or C 7 -C 13 alkaryloxy group. Combinations of the foregoing R 2 groups may be used in the same copolymer.
• W in formula (11) may vary widely depending on the type and relative amount of each component in the thermoplastic composition, the desired properties of the composition, and like considerations. Generally, W may have an average value of 2 to 1000, specifically 2 to 500, more specifically 5 to 100. In one embodiment, W has an average value of 10 to 75, and in still another embodiment, W has an average value of 40 to 60. Where W is of a lower value, e.g., less than 40, it may be desirable to use a relatively larger amount of the polycarbonate-polysiloxane copolymer. Conversely, where W is of a higher value, e.g., greater than 40, it may be necessary to use a relatively lower amount of the polycarbonate-polysiloxane copolymer.
• a combination of a first and a second (or more) polycarbonate-polysiloxane copolymers may be used, wherein the average value of W of the first copolymer is less than the average value of W of the second copolymer.
• polydiorganosiloxane blocks are provided by repeating structural units of formula (12):
• W wherein W is as defined above; each R 2 may be the same or different, and is as defined above; and Ar may be the same or different, and is a substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 3O arylene radical, wherein the bonds are directly connected to an aromatic moiety.
• Suitable Ar groups in formula (12) may be derived from a C 6 -C 3O dihydroxyarylene compound, for example a dihydroxyarylene compound of formula (3), (4), or (7) above. Combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing dihydroxyarylene compounds may also be used.
• dihydroxyarlyene compounds are l,l-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) methane, l,l-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) ethane, 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) propane, 2,2-bis(4- hydroxyphenyl) butane, 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) octane, l,l-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) propane, l,l-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) n-butane, 2,2-bis(4-hydroxy-l-methylphenyl) propane, l,l-bis(4- hydroxyphenyl) cyclohexane, bis(4-hydroxyphenyl sulphide), and l,l-bis(4-hydroxy-t- butylphenyl) propane. Combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing dihydroxy compounds may also be used.
• Such units may be derived from the corresponding dihydroxy compound of formula (13):
• polydiorganosiloxane blocks comprise repeating structural units of formula (14):
• R in formula (14) is a divalent C 2 -C 8 aliphatic group.
• Each M in formula (14) may be the same or different, and may be a halogen, cyano, nitro, Ci-C 8 alkylthio, Ci-C 8 alkyl, Ci-C 8 alkoxy, C 2 -C 8 alkenyl, C 2 -Cg alkenyloxy group, C 3 - C 8 cycloalkyl, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkoxy, C 6 -CiO aryl, C 6 -CiO aryloxy, C ⁇ -C ⁇ aralkyl, C ⁇ -C ⁇ aralkoxy, C 7 -Ci 2 alkaryl, or C 7 -Ci 2 alkaryloxy, wherein each n is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.
• M is bromo or chloro, an alkyl group such as methyl, ethyl, or propyl, an alkoxy group such as methoxy, ethoxy, or propoxy, or an aryl group such as phenyl, chlorophenyl, or tolyl;
• R 3 is a dimethylene, trimethylene or tetramethylene group;
• R 2 is a C 1-8 alkyl, haloalkyl such as trifluoropropyl, cyanoalkyl, or aryl such as phenyl, chlorophenyl or tolyl.
• R 2 is methyl, or a mixture of methyl and trifluoropropyl, or a mixture of methyl and phenyl.
• M is methoxy
• n is one
• R 3 is a divalent C 1 -C 3 aliphatic group
• R 2 is methyl.
• R 2 , W, M, R 3 , and n are as described above.
• the amount of polydiorganosiloxane units in the copolymer may vary widely, i.e., may be 1 wt.% to 99 wt.% of polydimethylsiloxane, or an equivalent molar amount of another polydiorganosiloxane, with the balance being carbonate units.
• the particular amounts used will therefore be determined depending on desired physical properties of the thermoplastic composition, the value of W (within the range of 2 to 1000), and the type and relative amount of each component in the thermoplastic composition, including the type and amount of polycarbonate, type and amount of impact modifier, type and amount of polycarbonate-polysiloxane copolymer, and type and amount of any other additives.
• the amount of dihydroxy polydiorganosiloxane may be selected so as to produce a copolymer comprising 1 wt.% to 75 wt.%, or 1 wt.% to 50 wt.% polydimethylsiloxane, based on the total weight of the copolymer or an equivalent molar amount of another polydiorganosiloxane.
• the copolymer can comprise 5 wt.% to 40 wt.%, or 5 wt.% to 25 wt.% polydimethylsiloxane, or an equivalent molar amount of another polydiorganosiloxane, with the balance being polycarbonate.
• the composition comprises a polycarbonate-polysiloxane copolymer in an amount of 2 wt.% to 25 wt.%, based on the total weight of the composition.
• amount of the polycarbonate-polysiloxane copolymer can be greater than or equal to 5 wt.%, or, more specifically, greater than or equal to 7 wt.%.
• amount of the polycarbonate-polysiloxane copolymer can be less than or equal to 22 wt.%, or, more specifically, less than or equal to 20 wt.%.
• the composition further comprises a poly(arylene ether) -poly siloxane copolymer.
• the poly(arylene ether)-polysiloxane copolymer is a block copolymer comprising a poly(arylene ether) block, a hydroxyaryl-terminated polysiloxane block, and a carbonate group linking the poly(arylene ether) block and the polysiloxane block.
• hydroxyaryl-te ⁇ ninated polysiloxane block refers to a block that does not include the hydroxy group hydrogen atom(s) of the reactant hydroxyaryl-terminated polysiloxane.
• the "hydroxyaryl-terminated polysiloxane block” may also be referred to as an "oxyaryl- terminated polysiloxane block”.
• a poly(arylene ether)-polysiloxane copolymer there are several methods of making a poly(arylene ether)-polysiloxane copolymer.
• One method involves reacting a poly(arylene ether), a hydroxyaryl-terminated polysiloxane, and an oxidant.
• This method employs a process typically referred to a redistribution. This method is described in U.S. Patent No. 5,596,048. The redistribution method may be performed in solution or in melt.
• the poly(arylene ether)-polysiloxane copolymer can also be prepared by reacting a poly(arylene ether), a hydroxyaryl-terminated polysiloxane, and an activated aromatic carbonate. This reaction can also occur in a polymer melt (that is, in the absence of intentionally added solvent), or in solution (that is, in the presence of an intentionally added solvent). This method is described in U.S. Patent Publication No
• the poly(arylene ether) block comprises repeating units having the structure
• each Z 1 is independently halogen, unsubstituted or substituted C 1 -C 12 hydrocarbyl with the proviso that that the hydrocarbyl group is not tertiary hydrocarbyl, C 1 -C 12 hydrocarbylthio, C 1 -Ci 2 hydrocarbyloxy, or C 2 -Ci 2 halohydrocarbyloxy wherein at least two carbon atoms separate the halogen and oxygen atoms; and each Z 2 is independently hydrogen, halogen, unsubstituted or substituted C 1 -C 12 hydrocarbyl with the proviso that that the hydrocarbyl group is not tertiary hydrocarbyl, C 1 -C 12 hydrocarbylthio, C 1 -C 12 hydrocarbyloxy, or C 2 -C 12 halohydrocarbyloxy wherein at least two carbon atoms separate the halogen and oxygen atom.
• each Z 1 is methyl
• each Z 2 is independently hydrogen or methyl
• the poly(arylene ether) block can comprise 2,6-dimethyl-l,4-phenylene ether units, 2,3,6-trimethyl-l,4-phenylene ether units, or a combination thereof.
• the polysiloxane block may comprise repeating units having the structure
• each occurrence of R 80 and R 90 is independently hydrogen, Ci-Cn hydrocarbyl, or C 1 -C 12 halohydrocarbyl; and at least one terminus (end group) derived from the structure
• each occurrence of R 100 and R 110 is independently hydrogen, C 1 -C 12 hydrocarbyl, or C 1 -C 12 halohydrocarbyl.
• each occurrence of R 80 , R 90 , R 100 , and R 110 is independently methyl or phenyl, and Y is methoxy.
• the polysiloxane block may also comprise one or more branching units such as, for example, those resulting from the use of one or more monomers such as CH 3 SiCl 3 , CH 3 Si(OCH 2 CHs) 3 , SiCl 4 , and Si(OCH 2 CH 3 ) 4 during synthesis of the polysiloxane.
• branching units such as, for example, those resulting from the use of one or more monomers such as CH 3 SiCl 3 , CH 3 Si(OCH 2 CHs) 3 , SiCl 4 , and Si(OCH 2 CH 3 ) 4 during synthesis of the polysiloxane.
• the polysiloxane may, optionally, further comprise one or more of the branching units
• each occurrence of R j 160 is independently at each occurrence hydrogen, Ci-C] 2 hydrocarbyl, or C 1 -C 12 halohydrocarbyl.
• the poly(arylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer may comprise polysiloxane in an amount of 5 to 50 weight percent, based on the total weight of the copolymer.
• the polysiloxane content can be greater than or equal to 10 weight percent, or more specifically, greater than or equal to 20 weight percent, or, even more specifically, greater than or equal to 25 weight percent.
• the polysiloxane content can be less than or equal to 40 weight percent, or more specifically, less than or equal to 35 weight percent.
• the structure of the poly(arylene ether) -polysiloxane block copolymer may take a variety of forms.
• the poly(arylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer may be a diblock copolymer, a triblock copolymer, a linear multiblock copolymer having more than three blocks, or a radial teleblock copolymer.
• the poly(arylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer is a poly(arylene ether)-polysiloxane- poly(arylene ether) triblock copolymer.
• the poly(arylene ether) block has an intrinsic viscosity of about 0.04 to about 0.6 deciliters per gram at 25 0 C in chloroform and comprises 2,6 dimethyl- 1,4-phenylene ether units, 2,3,6-trimethyl-l,4-phenylene ether units, or a combination thereof. Additionally, the polysiloxane block has a number average molecular weight of about 1,000 to about 8,000 atomic mass units, and has the structure
• n is about 5 to about 200.
• the number average molecular weight of the polysiloxane block can be less than or equal to 5,000 atomic mass units.
• the composition comprises a poly(arylene ether) -polysiloxane copolymer in an amount of 2 to 20 wt.%, based on the total weight of the composition.
• amount of the poly(arylene ether)-polysiloxane copolymer can be greater than or equal to 3 wt.%, or, more specifically, greater than or equal to 5 wt.%.
• amount of poly(arylene ether)-polysiloxane copolymer can be less than or equal to 15 wt.%, or, more specifically, less than or equal to 12 wt.%.
• the composition may have a total siloxane content of 1 to 10 weight percent based on the total weight of the composition. Within this range the total siloxane content may be greater than or equal to 2 weight percent. Also within this range the total siloxane content may be less than or equal to 5 weight percent. Total siloxane content is the sum of the siloxane content contributed by the polycarbonate-polysiloxane copolymer and the poly(arylene ether)-polysiloxane copolymer.
• the composition comprises an organophosphate.
• Two of the G groups may be joined together to provide a cyclic group, for example, diphenyl pentaerythritol diphosphate, which is described by Axelrod in U.S. Pat. No. 4,154,775.
• organophosphates include phenyl bis(dodecyl) phosphate, phenyl bis(neopentyl) phosphate, phenyl bis(3,5,5'-trimethylhexyl) phosphate, ethyl diphenyl phosphate, 2-ethylhexyl di(p-tolyl) phosphate, bis(2-ethylhexyl) p- tolyl phosphate, tritolyl phosphate, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phenyl phosphate, tri(nonylphenyl) phosphate, bis(dodecyl) p-tolyl phosphate, dibutyl phenyl phosphate, 2-chloroethyl diphenyl phosphate, p-tolyl bis(2,5,5'-trimethylhexyl) phosphate, 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate, or the like.
• the organophosphate may comprise a di- or polyfunctional aromatic phosphorus-containing compound, for example, compounds of the formulas below:
• suitable di- or polyfunctional aromatic phosphorus-containing compounds include resorcinol tetraphenyl diphosphate (RDP), the bis(diphenyl) phosphate of hydroquinone and the bis(diphenyl) phosphate of bisphenol-A, respectively, their oligomeric and polymeric counterparts, and the like.
• the organophosphate is present in an amount of 2 to 20 wt.%, based on the total weight of the composition. Within this range the amount of organophosphate can be greater than or equal to 3 wt.%, or, more specifically, greater than or equal to 5 wt.%. Also within this range the amount of organophosphate can be less than or equal to 15 wt.%, or, more specifically, less than or equal to 12 wt.%.
• the composition also may comprise an aromatic vinyl copolymer.
• the aromatic vinyl copolymer contains a comonomer, such as vinyl monomers, acrylic monomers, maleic anhydride and derivates derivatives?, and the like, and combinations thereof.
• vinyl monomers are aliphatic compounds having at least one polymerizable carbon-carbon double bond. When two or more carbon-carbon double bonds are present, they may be conjugated to each other, or not.
• Suitable vinyl monomers include, for example, ethylene, propylene, butenes (including 1-butene, 2-butene, and isobutene), pentenes, hexenes, and the like; 1,3-butadiene, 2-methyl- 1,3 -butadiene (isoprene), 1,4- pentadiene, 1,5-hexadiene, and the like; and combinations thereof.
• Acrylic monomers include, for example, acrylonitrile, ethacrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, ⁇ -chloroarylonitrile, ⁇ -chloroacrylonitrile, ⁇ -bromoacrylonitrile, and ⁇ - bromoacrylonitrile, methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, propylacrylate, isopropyl acrylate, and the like, and mixtures thereof.
• Maleic anhydride and derivatives thereof include, for example, maleic anhydride, maleimide, N-alkyl maleimide, N-aryl maleimide or the alkyl- or halo- substituted N-arylmaleimides, and the like, and combinations thereof.
• the amount of comonomer(s) present in the aromatic vinyl copolymer can vary. However, the level is generally present at a mole percentage of 2% to 75%. Within this range, the mole percentage of comonomer may specifically be at least 4%, more specifically at least 6%. Also within this range, the mole percentage of comonomer may specifically be up to 50%, more specifically up to 25%, even more specifically up to 15%.
• Specific polystyrene copolymer resins include poly(styrene maleic anhydride), commonly referred to as "SMA" and poly(styrene acrylonitrile), commonly referred to as "SAN".
• the weight average molecular weight (Mw) of the aromatic vinyl copolymer can be 30,000 to 200,000. optionally 30,000 to 110,000, measured by gel permeation chromatography.
• the composition may comprise 2 wt.% to 25 wt.% aromatic vinyl copolymer, based on the total weight of the composition.
• aromatic vinyl copolymer can be present in an amount greater than or equal to 5 wt.%, or, more specifically greater than or equal to 7.5 wt.%.
• aromatic vinyl copolymer can be present in an amount less than or equal to 20 wt.%, or, more specifically, less than or equal to 15 wt.%, or, more specifically, less than or equal to 10 wt.%.
• the thermoplastic composition may include various additives ordinarily incorporated in resin compositions or blends of this type, with the proviso that the additives are preferably selected so as to not significantly adversely affect the desired properties of the thermoplastic composition.
• Mixtures of additives may be used. Such additives may be mixed at a suitable time during the mixing of the components for forming the composition.
• Exemplary additives include fillers and/or reinforcing agents, antioxidants, heat stabilizers, light stabilizers, UV absorbing additives, plasticizers, lubricants, mold release agents, antistatic agents, colorants, dyes, anti-drip agents, blowing agents, nucleating agents, and combinations of two or more of the foregoing additives.
• thermoplastic compositions may be manufactured by methods generally available in the art, for example, in one embodiment, powdered polycarbonate resin, impact modifier, polycarbonate-polysiloxane copolymer, poly(arylene ether) -poly siloxane copolymer and organophosphate are first blended, optionally with any fillers or additives in a HenschelTM high speed mixer or other suitable mixer/blender. Other low shear processes including but not limited to hand mixing may also accomplish this blending. The blend is then fed into the throat of a twin-screw extruder via a hopper.
• one or more of the components may be incorporated into the composition by feeding directly into the extruder at the throat and/or downstream through a sidestuffer.
• Such additives may also be compounded into a masterbatch with a desired polymeric resin and fed into the extruder.
• the extruder is generally operated at a temperature higher than that necessary to cause the composition to flow.
• the extrudate is immediately quenched in a water batch and pelletized.
• the pellets, so prepared, when cutting the extrudate may be one-fourth inch long or less as desired. Such pellets may be used for subsequent molding, shaping, or forming.
• the polycarbonate compositions may be molded into useful shaped articles by a variety of means such as injection molding, extrusion, rotational molding, blow molding and thermoforming to form articles such as, for example, computer and business machine housings such as housings for monitors, handheld electronic device housings such as housings for cell phones, electrical connectors, and components of lighting fixtures, ornaments, home appliances, roofs, greenhouses, sun rooms, swimming pool enclosures, electronic device casings and signs and the like.
• the polycarbonate compositions may be used for such applications as automotive parts, including panel and trim, spoilers, luggage doors, body panels, as well as walls and structural parts in recreation vehicles.
• compositions are further illustrated by the following non-limiting examples, which were prepared from the components set forth in Table 1. Table 1.
• PPE-Si (solution) (60/40) copolymer PPE (60 g) was dissolved in 120 milliliters (ml) of anhydrous toluene in a three-necked round bottom flask equipped with a stir bar, a condenser and a nitrogen inlet. Calculated amount (40 grams (g)) of Eu-Si (D , CF2003) was added drop-wise to above solution under vigorous stirring at room temperature. The reaction temperature was subsequently raised to 80-90 0 C and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) (1 g) dissolved in toluene (10 ml) was added to it, for a period of 1 hour.
• BPO benzoyl peroxide
• the reaction was continued for another 7 hours.
• the homogenous solution thus obtained was precipitated in methanol (2000 ml), with vigorous stirring.
• the white powdery solid thus obtained was dried overnight under vacuum at 8O 0 C.
• the yield of the free flowing powdery solid product was 89 g (87 %).
• the compositions were made by feeding a mixture of all the ingredients in the extruder feed throat.
• the extruder was a twin-screw extruder having a screw diameter 25 mm and L/D of 40.
• the extruder was typically operated at a temperature of 180 to 385°C, specifically 200 to 330 0 C, or, more specifically, 220 to 300 0 C.
• the die temperature may have been different from the barrel temperature.
• the extruded thermoplastic composition was quenched in water and pelletized. The compositions were subsequently injection molded.
• compositions were tested for one or more of the following: UL 94 flame retardance, Izod impact strength, melt viscosity, spiral flow, heat deflection temperature, tensile modulus, stress at yield and elongation at break.
• UL 94 flame retardance Izod impact strength
• melt viscosity melt viscosity
• spiral flow heat deflection temperature
• tensile modulus stress at yield and elongation at break.
• Flammability tests were performed following the procedure of Underwriter's Laboratory Bulletin 94 entitled "Tests for Flammability of Plastic Materials, UL 94". Several ratings can be applied based on the rate of burning, time to extinguish, ability to resist dripping, and whether or not drips are burning. Samples for testing are bars having dimensions of 125 mm length x 13 mm width by no greater than 13 mm thickness. Bar thicknesses were 0.6 mm or 0.8 mm.
• VO In a sample placed so that its long axis is 180 degrees to the flame, the period of flaming and/or smoldering after removing the igniting flame does not exceed ten (10) seconds and the vertically placed sample produces no drips of burning particles that ignite absorbent cotton.
• Five bar flame out time is the flame out time for five bars, each lit twice, in which the sum of time to flame out for the first (ti) and second (t 2 ) ignitions is less than or equal to a maximum flame out time (ti + 1 2 ) of 50 seconds.
• Vl In a sample placed so that its long axis is 180 degrees to the flame, the period of flaming and/or smoldering after removing the igniting flame does not exceed thirty (30) seconds and the vertically placed sample produces no drips of burning particles that ignite absorbent cotton.
• Five bar flame out time is the flame out time for five bars, each lit twice, in which the sum of time to flame out for the first (ti) and second (t 2 ) ignitions is less than or equal to a maximum flame out time (ti + 1 2 ) of 250 seconds.
• V2 In a sample placed so that its long axis is 180 degrees to the flame, the average period of flaming and/or smoldering after removing the igniting flame does not exceed thirty (30) seconds, but the vertically placed samples produce drips of burning particles that ignite cotton.
• Five bar flame out time is the flame out time for five bars, each lit twice, in which the sum of time to flame out for the first (ti) and second (t 2 ) ignitions is less than or equal to a maximum flame out time (ti + 1 2 ) of 250 seconds.
• Izod Impact Strength is used to compare the impact resistances of plastic materials. Nil was determined at 23 0 C using a 4 -mm thick, molded, notched Izod impact bar. It was determined per ISO 180/A. The ISO designation reflects type of notch: ISO 180/A means notch type A. ISO 180/U standard was used to determine un-notched Izod impact (UNI). The ISO results are defined as the impact energy in joules used to break the test specimen, divided by the specimen area at the notch, Results are reported in kj/m 2 .
• Melt viscosity is a measure of a polymer at a given temperature at which the molecular chains can move relative to each other. Melt viscosity may be dependent on the molecular weight, in that the higher the molecular weight, the greater the entanglements and the greater the melt viscosity. Melt viscosity is determined against different shear rates, and was determined by ISO 11443. The melt viscosity was measured at 28O 0 C at shear rate of 1500 s "1 . Results are reported in Pascal seconds (Pa.s).
• Spiral flow length testing was performed according to the following procedure.
• a molding machine with a barrel capacity of 3 to 5 ounces (85 to 140 g) and channel depths of 0.03, 0.06, 0.09, or 0.12 inches (0.76, 1.52, 2.29, or 3.05 mm, respectively) was loaded with pelletized thermoplastic composition.
• the mold and barrel were heated to a temperature suitable to flow the polymer, typically about 270 0 C.
• the thermoplastic composition after melting and temperature equilibration, is injected into the selected channel of the mold at 580 pounds per square inch (psi) (4 MPa) for a minimum flow time of 6 seconds, at a rate of 6.0 inches (15.24 cm) per second, to allow for maximum flow prior to gate freeze.
• Heat deflection temperature is a relative measure of a material's ability to perform for a short time at elevated temperatures while supporting a load. The test measures the effect of temperature on stiffness: a standard test specimen is given a defined surface stress and the temperature is raised at a uniform rate. HDT was determined per ISO 75/A, using a flat, 4 mm thick bar, molded tensile bar subjected to 1.8 MPa. Results are reported in 0 C.
• Tensile properties such as tensile modulus, stress at yield and elongation at break and elastic modulus were determined using 4 mm thick molded tensile bars tested per ISO 527 at a pull rate of 1 mm/min. until 5% strain, followed by a rate of 50 mm/min. until the sample broke. It is also possible to measure at 5 mm/min. if desired for the specific application, but the samples measured in these experiments were measured at 50 mm/min. Tensile Strength results are reported as MPa, and tensile elongation at break is reported as a percentage. Elastic modulus is reported in gigapascals (GPa). Examples 1-8
• compositions as shown in Table 2 were made by melt mixing in a twin- screw lab scale extruder as described above.
• the amounts in Table 2 are shown in weight percent based on the total weight of the composition.
• each example also contained 0.5 weight percent of stabilizers.
• Example 1 is a comparative example which contains no poly(arylene ether) or polysiloxane of any type and provides a baseline comparison for the remaining examples in terms of flammability and physical properties.
• Example 2 is a comparative example which demonstrates the effect of replacing a portion of the polycarbonate with poly(arylene ether).
• Example 2 shows a increase in flammability and a decrease in impact strength.
• Examples 3 and 4 are also comparative examples in that they incorporate poly(arylene ether) and polysiloxane as individual polymers - not as a copolymer. Again, flammability is increased compared to Example 1 and impact strength is decreased.
• Examples 5 to 8 are inventive examples and show the surprising effect of including a poly(arylene ether)- siloxane copolymer (PPE-Si).
• PPE-Si poly(arylene ether)- siloxane copolymer
• the inventive examples show a marked decrease in flammability at both 0.8 mm and 0.6 mm thicknesses and an increase HDT.
• the inventive examples also show a marked decrease in melt viscosity compared to Examples 1 and 2.
• the improvement in melt viscosity means that thin, complex parts are easier to fill. This in tandem with the decreased flammability at smaller thicknesses is a surprising and highly useful combination of properties. Additionally, impact strength and spiral flow is improved in some examples and HDT is improved in all inventive examples when compared to Example 1.
• compositions as shown in Table 3 were made by melt mixing in a twin-screw lab scale extruder as described above.
• the amounts in Table 3 are shown in weight percent based on the total weight of the composition.
• each example also contained 0.5 weight percent of stabilizers.
• Examples 9 to 20 explore the effect of total siloxane content (from PC-ST and PPE-Si) and the relative amounts of two siloxane containing copolymers.
• Example 9 is a comparative example which contains no PPE-Si.
• Example 10 which contains 14% less total siloxane and 18% less RDP compared to Example 9, has comparable flame retardance but a greatly decreased melt viscosity, a higher spiral flow, and increased notched Izod impact strength. The remaining examples show that flame retardance can be achieved in combination with other desirable physical properties.

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