WO2010058550A1 - 抗ヒトggt抗体による肝疾患治療剤又は予防剤 - Google Patents
抗ヒトggt抗体による肝疾患治療剤又は予防剤 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010058550A1 WO2010058550A1 PCT/JP2009/006146 JP2009006146W WO2010058550A1 WO 2010058550 A1 WO2010058550 A1 WO 2010058550A1 JP 2009006146 W JP2009006146 W JP 2009006146W WO 2010058550 A1 WO2010058550 A1 WO 2010058550A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
- C07K16/40—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against enzymes
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
- A61P1/16—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for liver or gallbladder disorders, e.g. hepatoprotective agents, cholagogues, litholytics
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
- A61P31/12—Antivirals
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
- A61K2039/505—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising antibodies
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
- C07K2317/70—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
- C07K2317/76—Antagonist effect on antigen, e.g. neutralization or inhibition of binding
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a therapeutic or prophylactic agent for liver diseases containing an anti-human GGT antibody as an active ingredient.
- Liver fibrosis is one of the processes that occurs when the liver is damaged.
- causes of such damage include, for example, viruses (eg, chronic hepatitis), chemical substances (eg, drugs, alcohol), metabolic diseases (eg, lipid metabolism disorders, glycogen metabolism disorders, metal metabolism disorders), cancer (primary Liver cancer, metastatic liver cancer), and infection by bacteria.
- viruses eg, chronic hepatitis
- chemical substances eg, drugs, alcohol
- metabolic diseases eg, lipid metabolism disorders, glycogen metabolism disorders, metal metabolism disorders
- cancer primary Liver cancer, metastatic liver cancer
- an agent for preventing or treating fibrosis of the liver is desired.
- JP-A-2006-22088 discloses, hepatic fibrosis inhibitor comprising a vitamin B 12 or an active ingredient an analog thereof is disclosed.
- Vitamin B 12 or its analogs act in many biological organizations. Therefore, an agent containing a large amount of vitamin B12 or an analog thereof has a problem that side effects occur in various parts of living tissue. For this reason, it is difficult to obtain a sufficient amount of vitamin B12 or an analog thereof to show liver fibrosis inhibitory action, and a new drug has been desired.
- JP 2006-22088 A JP 2006-22088 A
- An object of the present invention is to provide an agent containing an anti-GGT antibody for preventing or treating liver fibrosis or cirrhosis.
- the present invention is based on the finding that an anti-GGT antibody can improve liver fibrosis in liver fibrosis and cirrhosis model animals.
- the present invention is also based on the finding that liver function markers (ALT and AST) are restored by anti-GGT antibodies.
- the present invention is based on the finding that anti-GGT antibody can suppress the expression of TNF- ⁇ .
- the first aspect of the present invention relates to a therapeutic or preventive agent for liver fibrosis containing an anti- ⁇ -glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) antibody as an active ingredient.
- the anti-GGT antibody is an antibody having an osteoclast formation inhibitory action.
- the anti-GGT antibody of the present invention is preferably AGT-3.
- the anti-GGT antibody of the present invention can suppress fibrosis of liver tissue. Therefore, the anti-GGT antibody of the present invention can be suitably used as a hepatic fibrosis therapeutic agent or a prophylactic agent.
- the second aspect of the present invention relates to a therapeutic or preventive agent for cirrhosis containing an anti-GGT antibody as an active ingredient.
- the anti-GGT antibody is an antibody having an osteoclast formation inhibitory action.
- the anti-GGT antibody of the present invention is preferably AGT-3.
- the anti-GGT antibody of the present invention can improve the liver function of cirrhosis model mice. Therefore, it can be suitably used as a therapeutic agent for cirrhosis.
- the anti-GGT antibody of the present invention can suppress fibrosis of liver tissue. Cirrhosis is caused by worsening fibrosis of the liver tissue. Therefore, the anti-GGT antibody of the present invention can be suitably used as a preventive agent for cirrhosis.
- the third aspect of the present invention relates to a therapeutic or preventive agent for chronic hepatitis containing an anti-GGT antibody as an active ingredient.
- the anti-GGT antibody is an antibody having an osteoclast formation inhibitory action.
- the anti-GGT antibody of the present invention is preferably AGT-3.
- fibrosis of the liver tissue progresses due to repeated inflammation of the liver.
- the anti-GGT antibody of the present invention can suppress fibrosis of liver tissue.
- GGT induced by liver disease liver injury
- the anti-GGT antibody of the present invention inhibits the action of GGT.
- the anti-GGT antibody of the present invention can suppress the production of inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, by using the anti-GGT antibody of the present invention, it is possible to reduce the inflammatory reaction of the liver that is repeated in chronic hepatitis. Therefore, the anti-GGT antibody of the present invention can be suitably used as a therapeutic or prophylactic agent for chronic hepatitis.
- the fourth aspect of the present invention relates to a liver fibrosis-inducing TNF- ⁇ expression inhibitor or a cirrhosis-inducing TNF- ⁇ expression inhibitor containing an anti-GGT antibody as an active ingredient.
- the anti-GGT antibody is an antibody having an osteoclast formation inhibitory action.
- the anti-GGT antibody of the present invention is preferably AGT-3.
- expression of TNF- ⁇ is suppressed by administering the anti-GGT antibody of the present invention in liver fibrosis and cirrhosis model mice. Therefore, the anti-GGT antibody of the present invention can be suitably used as a liver fibrosis-induced TNF- ⁇ expression inhibitor or a cirrhosis-induced TNF- ⁇ expression inhibitor.
- an agent containing an anti-GGT antibody for preventing or treating liver fibrosis or cirrhosis can be provided.
- FIG. 1 is a photograph replacing a drawing showing the results of immunostaining of AGT-1 using human kidney.
- FIG. 1A is a photograph replacing a drawing showing the result of immunostaining with AGT-1 antibody.
- FIG. 1B is a photograph replacing a drawing showing the result of HE staining.
- FIG. 1C is a photograph replacing a drawing showing the result of immunostaining with CSLEX-1 antibody which is a positive control.
- FIG. 1D is a photograph replacing a drawing showing a tissue not stained.
- FIG. 2 is a photograph replacing a drawing showing the result of immunostaining of AGT-3 using human kidney.
- FIG. 2A is a photograph replacing a drawing showing the result of immunostaining with AGT-3 antibody.
- FIG. 2B is a photograph replacing a drawing showing the result of HE staining.
- FIG. 2C is a photograph replacing a drawing which shows the result of immunostaining with CSLEX-1 antibody which is a positive control.
- FIG. 2D is a photograph replacing a drawing showing a tissue not stained.
- FIG. 3 is a graph replaced with a drawing showing the measurement results of bone mineral density.
- FIG. 4 is a photograph replacing a drawing showing a ⁇ CT3D image of a rat femur.
- FIG. 4A is a photograph replacing a drawing showing a ⁇ CT3D image of a rat femur not ligated with a bile duct.
- FIG. 4B is a photograph replacing a drawing showing a cut surface of a femur of a rat not ligated with a bile duct.
- FIG. 4C is a photograph replacing a drawing showing a ⁇ CT3D image of a femur of a rat ligated with bile ducts.
- FIG. 4D is a photograph replacing a drawing, showing a cut surface of the femur of a rat ligated with bile ducts.
- FIG. 5 is a photograph or graph replaced with a drawing showing the HE-stained tissue image, the cancellous bone mass area ratio, and the number of osteoclasts of the distal femoral shaft.
- FIG. 5A is a photograph replacing a drawing showing an HE-stained tissue of the distal femoral shaft of a rat not subjected to bile duct ligation.
- FIG. 5B is a photograph replacing a drawing showing an HE-stained tissue of the distal femoral shaft of a rat ligated with bile ducts.
- FIG. 5C is a graph replaced with a drawing showing the cancellous trabecular area ratio of the distal femoral shaft.
- FIG. 5D is a graph replaced with a drawing showing the number of osteoclasts in the distal femoral shaft.
- FIG. 6 is a photograph and a graph in place of a drawing showing the results of CT imaging and bone density measurement of the distal femoral shaft of a rat.
- 6A to 6C show ⁇ CT images of the affected part of the distal femur of the rat.
- FIG. 6A is a photograph replacing a drawing showing a ⁇ CT image of an affected part of a distal femur of a rat not subjected to biliary ligation.
- FIG. 6B is a photograph replacing a drawing showing a ⁇ CT image of the affected part of the distal femur of a rat subjected to bile duct ligation.
- FIG. 6C is a photograph replacing a drawing showing a ⁇ CT image of the affected part of the distal femur of a rat subjected to biliary ligation and administered ATG-3.
- FIG. 6D is a graph replaced with a drawing showing the result of bone density.
- FIG. 7 is a graph replaced with a drawing showing the results of biochemical examination of serum liver function markers.
- FIG. 7A is a graph replaced with a drawing showing the result of the GGT value
- FIG. 7B is the ALT value
- FIG. 7C is the AST value.
- FIG. 8 is a photograph replacing a drawing showing the result of staining a liver tissue section with HE.
- FIG. 8 is a photograph replacing a drawing showing the result of staining a liver tissue section with HE.
- FIG. 8A is a photograph replacing a drawing showing the result of HE staining of a liver tissue section of a rat not subjected to bile duct ligation.
- FIG. 8B is a photograph replacing a drawing which shows the results of TNF- ⁇ immunostaining of a liver tissue section of a rat not subjected to bile duct ligation.
- FIG. 8C, FIG. 8E, and FIG. 8F are photographs replaced with drawings showing the results of HE staining of liver tissue sections of rats subjected to bile duct ligation.
- FIG. 8D is a photograph replacing a drawing which shows the results of TNF- ⁇ immunostaining of a liver tissue section of a rat subjected to bile duct ligation.
- FIG. 8G, FIG. 8I and FIG. 8J are photographs instead of drawings showing the results of HE staining of liver tissue sections of rats subjected to biliary ligation and administered AGT-3.
- FIG. 8H is a photograph replacing a drawing which shows the results of TNF- ⁇ immunostaining of a liver tissue section of a rat subjected to biliary ligation and administered AGT-3.
- FIG. 9 is a photograph replacing a drawing in which collagen fibers of the fibrous tissue are stained with Azan Mallory staining.
- FIG. 9A and FIG. 9B are photographs replaced with drawings showing liver tissues of animals that were not subjected to bile duct ligation.
- FIG. 9D are photographs replaced with drawings showing liver tissues of animals ligated with bile ducts and bred for 2 weeks.
- FIG. 9E and FIG. 9F are photographs instead of drawings showing liver tissues of animals ligated with bile ducts and further administered with AGT-3 antibody for 2 weeks.
- the present invention relates to a therapeutic and prophylactic agent for liver diseases containing an anti-GGT antibody as an active ingredient.
- liver diseases in the present specification include diseases involving liver fibrosis.
- Diseases involving liver fibrosis include liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, or chronic hepatitis.
- GGT refers to ⁇ -glutamyltranspeptidase ( ⁇ -glutamyltransferase).
- GGT is an enzyme that catalyzes a reaction of transferring a ⁇ -glutamyl group to a peptide or amino acid.
- GGT has an activity to hydrolyze ⁇ -glutamyl compounds such as glutathione.
- GGT is present in the cell membrane of cells such as kidney, pancreas and liver, and is an enzyme involved in the uptake of extracellular amino acids into the cell, and is known as a liver function diagnostic marker.
- An antibody is a protein induced in an organism. Such organisms include mammals, Examples include birds. Examples of the antibody of the present invention include anti-GGT antibodies derived from mammals such as humans, mice and rats. The antibody of the present invention can be used as an animal medicine for dogs, cats and the like in addition to humans. In order to avoid side effects after administration, antibodies derived from the organism to be administered are preferably used. Examples of types of antibodies administered to humans include mouse antibodies, chimeric antibodies, humanized antibodies, (fully) human antibodies, and the like.
- Anti-GGT antibodies include antibodies that bind GGT and suppress GGT functions, antibodies that bind GGT-binding ligands and suppress GGT functions, and antibodies that bind GGT receptors to which GGT binds and suppress GGT functions It is done.
- the antibody of the present invention is preferably an antibody that binds to GGT and suppresses GGT function.
- Such an antibody can be produced by a known method (for example, Takenobu Tadaomi, Protein Experiment Handbook, 2003, p86-p105, published by Yodosha Co., Ltd.).
- a commercially available product may also be used (for example, AGT-3 manufactured by AC Biotechnology).
- a protein or peptide, which is an antigen to which an antibody binds is injected into an immunized animal that produces the antibody.
- immunized animal known animals used as immunized animals such as mice, rats, hamsters, rabbits, goats and the like can be used.
- the injection of the antigen into the immunized animal is performed once or twice or more regularly (for example, every 2 to 4 weeks).
- an antibody derived from an immunized animal (a mouse antibody in the case of a mouse) can be obtained.
- the chimeric antibody is a mouse antibody variable region linked to a human antibody constant region, and can be produced by a known method (for example, JP-A-7-194384).
- a humanized antibody is an antibody in which a complementary determining region (CDR) of a mouse antibody is transplanted into a variable region of a human antibody.
- CDR complementary determining region
- Known methods Japanese Patent No. 2828340, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 11-4694, etc.
- a human antibody is an antibody produced by introducing a human immunoglobulin gene into a knockout animal in which an immunoglobulin originally possessed by the immunized animal has been destroyed, and is known in the art (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No.
- a fully human antibody is an antibody produced from human cells, and is a known method (JP 2007-141, JP 2005-034154, etc.).
- a person skilled in the art can produce the antibody of the present invention by appropriately adopting a known production method of such an antibody.
- a polyclonal antibody can be prepared by injecting an antigen (immunogen) into the immunized animal.
- an antigen (immunogen) to be injected into an immunized animal antigen-expressing cells, (crude) purified protein, recombinant protein, or synthetic peptide can be used.
- an antigen for example, the same amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 (human GGT1 full-length ORF (NCBI No. CR456494)), or 1 to 10 amino acid residues are substituted, deleted, added or inserted.
- the antigen is preferably a peptide consisting of an amino acid sequence that is identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or that has 1 to 5 amino acid residues substituted, deleted, added, or inserted.
- the number of amino acid residues to be substituted, deleted, added or inserted is more preferably 1 to 2, and even more preferably 1.
- the anti-GGT antibody of the present invention is preferably an antibody that suppresses the function of GGT. Therefore, a peptide having an amino acid sequence shorter than the amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 1 may be used as an antigen used for producing such an antibody. Those skilled in the art can appropriately adjust the length of such a peptide.
- the antigen When producing a polyclonal antibody, the antigen is mixed with adjuvant and injected into the immunized animal.
- adjuvant refers to a substance used for the purpose of enhancing an immune response to an antigen, and examples thereof include aluminum adjuvant, complete (incomplete) Freund adjuvant, and pertussis adjuvant.
- the antigen is injected into the immunized animal every 2 to 4 weeks. After two or more injections, blood is collected 1 to 2 weeks after the injection date, and an antibody titer check is performed. The amount of injection into the immunized animal and the number of injections (number of immunizations) vary depending on the type of immunized animal and the individual.
- a person skilled in the art can adjust appropriately according to the result of the antibody titer test.
- the antibody titer assay a known method can be used, and examples thereof include ELISA and Western blotting. After immunization, whole blood is extracted and serum is separated using a known method such as centrifugation. Serum is purified to remove endogenous antibodies contained in the serum. As a purification method, for example, a known method such as affinity chromatography can be used. In this way, a polyclonal antibody can be prepared.
- the antigen-expressing cell used as the antigen is preferably a cell in which a protein serving as the antigen is expressed on a cell membrane such as cultured cells.
- Such antigen-expressing cells can be prepared by a known method. Specifically, DNA encoding a protein serving as an antigen may be introduced into a cultured cell and expressed.
- the cultured cells that express the antigen (hereinafter also referred to as “host”) are not particularly limited, and known cells may be used. Examples include B cells and dendritic cells that are used as antigen-presenting cells.
- an antigen expression vector incorporating a DNA encoding the protein serving as an antigen is prepared and introduced into a cell that expresses the antigen.
- the DNA to be incorporated into the expression vector does not include a cell membrane domain sequence, it is preferable to include a cell membrane domain sequence possessed by the host into which the expression vector is introduced. By including such a sequence, a protein (antigen) can be efficiently expressed on the cell membrane.
- a cell membrane domain sequence By including such a sequence, a protein (antigen) can be efficiently expressed on the cell membrane.
- Those skilled in the art can appropriately obtain such a cell membrane domain sequence and include it in a DNA sequence to be incorporated into an expression vector.
- a vector containing a promoter, enhancer, splicing signal, poly A addition signal, selection marker, SV40 replication origin, and the like can be used.
- the promoter include SR ⁇ promoter, SV40 promoter, HIV / LTR promoter, CMV promoter, HSV-TK promoter and the like.
- the selection marker include a dihydrofolate reductase gene (methotrexate (MTX) resistance), an ampicillin resistance gene, a neomycin resistance gene (G418 resistance), a hydromycin resistance gene, a blasticidin resistance gene, and the like.
- an expression vector a known one may be used, and those skilled in the art can appropriately select depending on the host.
- a method for introducing the antigen expression vector a known method such as a calcium phosphate method, a lipofection method, or an electroporation method can be used.
- a known method such as immunostaining may be used as appropriate for confirming that the antigen is expressed in the cells.
- the cells expressing the antigen in this way can be collected by a known method and used as an antigen to be injected into an immunized animal.
- the (crude) purified protein used as an antigen is a protein purified from cultured cells and the like. Such a protein may be expressed by stimulating cultured cells or the like with a drug or factor that acts on a cell signal transduction pathway or acts on a transcription factor.
- the expressed protein can be purified by a known method and used as a purified protein. For example, if it is a secreted protein, the culture supernatant can be collected and purified by, for example, salting out, column chromatography, membrane treatment or the like.
- column chromatography examples include ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography, affinity chromatography, hydrophobic chromatography and the like, and those skilled in the art can appropriately use them according to the properties of the protein. If the protein is not secreted outside the cell, the cultured cell can be collected, and the protein can be collected by disrupting the cell by ultrasonic treatment or the like. Then, the protein may be purified by the method described above. Methods for obtaining such purified proteins are known, and those skilled in the art can appropriately use them in accordance with the characteristics of the protein.
- a recombinant protein used as an antigen can be prepared by a known method. Specifically, DNA encoding a recombinant protein used as an antigen is inserted into a vector by a known method and introduced into a host for expressing the recombinant protein.
- a known vector may be used, and those skilled in the art can select it according to the host to be introduced.
- known hosts such as bacteria, insect cells, plant cells, and animal cells can be used.
- a method for introducing a vector into a host a known method can be appropriately used depending on the host, such as an electroporation method, a calcium phosphate method, or a lipofection method.
- the recombinant protein may be a fusion protein with a tag such as GST (glutathin transfer), HA (hemagglutinin), or (oligo) histidine.
- a tag such as GST (glutathin transfer), HA (hemagglutinin), or (oligo) histidine.
- a tag may be bound to the N-terminal side or C-terminal side of the DNA encoding the target antigen.
- the expressed protein can be easily purified.
- the protein expressed in the host can be recovered, for example, by recovering the culture supernatant if it is a secreted protein, or by disrupting the host cell by sonication or the like if it is not a secreted protein.
- HPLC or an affinity column can be used for protein purification.
- recombinant proteins can be obtained using in vitro protein expression systems and living organisms such as insects, animals and plants. Such a method is publicly known, and those skilled in the art can make appropriate changes.
- Synthetic peptides Examples of methods for synthesizing peptides include a solid phase method and a liquid phase method.
- a stepwise extension method in which the target amino acid sequence is sequentially linked from the N-terminal or C-terminal, or a fragment in which the amino acid sequence is divided into appropriate fragments and these fragments are condensed to synthesize the target peptide Examples of the condensation method.
- a solid phase method in which an amino acid is bonded to an insoluble resin, an amino acid is bonded one by one on the resin, and a chain is extended based on amino acid sequence information.
- a liquid phase method that does not use s.
- the synthesized peptide may be purified.
- known methods such as precipitation, HPLC, ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography and the like can be used.
- a synthetic peptide is used as an antigen, it is poor in antigenicity as it is, so that a cross-linking agent (for example, MBS (m-maleimidobenzoic acid) ester, DMS (DMS (DMS (ester)), etc. dimethyl sublimate)) or the like.
- a monoclonal antibody can be produced by a known method. Specifically, the above-mentioned antigen is injected (immunized) into an immunized animal (eg, a mouse) at intervals of 2 to 4 weeks for 1 to 6 months, and an antibody titer assay is performed in the same manner as the polyclonal antibody production method. When the desired antibody titer is obtained by the assay, the spleen is isolated from the immunized animal. The isolated spleen is suspended in a serum-free medium (for example, Iskov medium (GIBCO)) to obtain a spleen cell suspension.
- a serum-free medium for example, Iskov medium (GIBCO)
- Spleen cells and myeloma cells are mixed, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) is added to fuse the cells. Thereafter, only hybridomas (cells in which spleen cells and myeloma cells are fused) are grown by culturing in hypoxanthine-aminopterine-thymidine (HAT) selective medium. Furthermore, in order to select a hybridoma that produces the target antibody, the test-positive hybridoma is cloned simultaneously with the presence or absence of the target antibody. By repeating this operation several times, a cloned hybridoma producing the target antibody can be obtained.
- PEG polyethylene glycol
- the cloned hybridoma is injected into the peritoneal cavity of the immunized animal, and ascites is collected after 2 to 4 weeks and purified to obtain a monoclonal antibody.
- ascites a known method may be used, and examples thereof include affinity chromatography and gel filtration chromatography.
- the antibody of the present invention may be a recombinant antibody.
- Recombinant antibodies are recombinant monoclonal antibodies that do not use hybridomas in the antibody production process. Examples include those that have only the smallest antigen binding site, those that have a multivalent antigen binding site, those that combine and secrete IgG and IgA, and chimera and humanization between different animals. The thing which gave it is given.
- Such a recombinant antibody can be obtained by expressing an immunoglobulin gene of each isotype in a host. Examples of production systems using such a host include a method using Escherichia coli, a method using cultured cells, a method for producing in plants, and a method for producing in transgenic mice.
- Such a recombinant antibody can be produced by a known method.
- a specific example is a phage display method (for example, a Ricombinant antibody expression system (Amersham Biosciences)).
- the phage display method is a system in which a foreign gene is expressed as a fusion protein in a coat protein of a filamentous phage such as M13, which is a kind of E. coli virus, so that the infectivity of the phage is not lost.
- a phage is a virus that infects bacteria. If a foreign gene is incorporated into its DNA, it has the ability to enter the host and propagate upon infection.
- phage display method An example of a method for producing a monoclonal antibody by the phage display method is given below, but the present invention is not limited to the following production method, and those skilled in the art will appropriately change each step using other known methods. can do. In addition, those skilled in the art can appropriately set and change parameters such as temperature, reaction time, use solution concentration, use solution amount, etc. in each step.
- a monoclonal antibody is prepared by first preparing a phage antibody library and then screening antibody-producing phages.
- mRNA is extracted from B cells and RT-PCR is performed to prepare a cDNA library.
- B cells may be collected from mice or humans.
- AGPC method Acid-Guanidinium-Phenol-Chloroform method
- a guanine thiocyanate solution is added to B cells and homogenized.
- sodium acetate, phenol, and chloroform is added to the cell homogenate solution, mix, and centrifuge. After centrifugation, collect the aqueous layer of the solution. Add isopropanol to the collected aqueous layer, mix and centrifuge to precipitate RNA.
- RNA The precipitate (RNA) is again dissolved in guanidine thiocyanate solution, and then shaken with sodium acetate, phenol and chloroform. After shaking, centrifuge and collect the aqueous layer again. Add isopropanol to the collected aqueous layer again and centrifuge to precipitate RNA.
- Total RNA Total RNA (total RNA) can be obtained by adding 70% ethanol to the precipitated RNA, suspending it and centrifuging it again to precipitate the RNA.
- mRNA is extracted from the total RNA by amplifying the mRNA by PCR using a primer (oligo dT primer) that binds to the poly A sequence present on the C-terminal side of the mRNA, and an oligo dT column (eg, QIAGEN). For example).
- a primer oligo dT primer
- an oligo dT column eg, QIAGEN
- extraction and purification may be performed by affinity chromatography using magnetic beads coated with oligo dT (for example, manufactured by Nacalai Tesque).
- a cDNA library can be prepared by PCR in a reaction solution containing reverse transcriptase.
- V H and V L which are variable regions of the H chain and L chain of an antibody (immunoglobulin (Ig) molecule), can be obtained from, for example, GenBank.
- IgA human antibody VL and VH sequences of human IgA are obtained, primer design is performed to increase these sequences, and both sequences are obtained by PCR using the above cDNA as a template. It only has to be amplified.
- a person skilled in the art can appropriately design primers depending on what kind of antibody is obtained, and can also determine conditions such as PCR as appropriate. It was amplified V L and V H may be purified by known methods.
- the phagemid vector is a plasmid vector in which an origin of replication (IG region) necessary for the production of single-stranded DNA of M13 phage or f1 phage is incorporated.
- a phagemid vector has characteristics as a plasmid and a single-stranded DNA phage, and can be operated as a normal double-stranded DNA plasmid, but also contains a linear strand containing one DNA strand of the plasmid. Phage particles can be produced.
- a publicly known phagemid vector may be used (for example, pCANTAB5E (manufactured by Amersham Biosciences)).
- antibody gene fragments are amplified by PCR using primers specific to the antibody H chain Fd portion (V H and C H 1 regions) and the L chain portion, and these gene fragments are converted into a phagemid vector.
- a gene library corresponding to the antibody Fab may be constructed by insertion.
- antigen-specific phage antibody-producing phage
- ELISA ELISA
- the antibody-producing phage is reacted with an ELISA plate coated with the purified antigen, and the reactivity (binding property) with the purified antigen is examined.
- phages producing monoclonal antibodies can be obtained.
- a monoclonal antibody can be obtained by growing such a phage in E. coli and recovering the antibody.
- Such an antibody can be purified using a known purification method such as affinity chromatography.
- the prepared antibody can be evaluated by examining the antibody titer.
- the antibody titer may be evaluated using a known method. For example, ELISA and Western blotting can be mentioned. Whether the prepared antibody has an osteoclast formation inhibitory effect can be evaluated by examining the inhibition of osteoclast formation activity of GGT by an anti-GGT antibody.
- the method described in “Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, volume 22, Number 12, p1933-1942, 2007” can be used as appropriate.
- those skilled in the art can appropriately modify the above known methods. Specifically, primary chondrocytes and bone marrow hematopoietic cells (BMHCs) are seeded in the same culture dish and co-cultured for 7 days.
- BMHCs bone marrow hematopoietic cells
- the value may be 0.9 or less, preferably 0.7 or less, and more preferably 0.5 or less.
- Primary chondrocytes and bone marrow hematopoietic cells used for such evaluation may be collected by a known method from the organism to which the produced anti-GGT antibody is directed. Those skilled in the art can appropriately use these cells after culturing them appropriately in a known culture medium (for example, ⁇ MEM medium containing 10% bovine serum).
- Preferred embodiments of the present invention include a therapeutic or preventive agent for liver fibrosis, a therapeutic agent or preventive agent for cirrhosis, a therapeutic agent or prophylactic agent for chronic hepatitis, an inhibitor of liver fibrosis-induced TNF- ⁇ expression, or TNF-induced TNF.
- Use of the antibody of the present invention for producing an ⁇ expression inhibitor is not limited to liver fibrosis, a therapeutic agent or preventive agent for cirrhosis, a therapeutic agent or prophylactic agent for chronic hepatitis, an inhibitor of liver fibrosis-induced TNF- ⁇ expression, or TNF-induced TNF.
- the present invention relates to the use of an anti-GGT antibody for producing a therapeutic or preventive agent for liver fibrosis; the use of an anti-GGT antibody for producing a therapeutic or preventive agent for cirrhosis; Use of an anti-GGT antibody for producing a prophylactic agent; use of an anti-GGT antibody for producing a liver fibrosis-induced TNF- ⁇ expression inhibitor or a cirrhosis-induced TNF- ⁇ expression inhibitor is also provided. And in use of an anti- GGT antibody, it can use combining each pattern demonstrated previously.
- the agent of the present invention may be produced by a method known to those skilled in the art.
- the agent of the present invention can be produced as an oral preparation and a parenteral preparation. What is necessary is just to perform the agent of this invention using a well-known formulation technology.
- the parenteral preparation may be a liquid (aqueous liquid, non-aqueous liquid, suspension liquid, emulsion liquid, etc.) or a solid preparation (powder-filled preparation, lyophilized preparation, etc.).
- the agent of the present invention may be a sustained release preparation.
- a method for producing the solid agent a known method such as a freeze-drying method, a spray-drying (spray-drying) method, or an aseptic recrystallization method may be used.
- the method for producing the liquid agent can be produced by a known method.
- it can be produced by dissolving an antibody in a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent and filling a sterilized liquid container.
- the pharmaceutically acceptable solvent include water for injection, distilled water, physiological saline, electrolyte solution and the like, and it is preferable to use a sterilized solvent.
- sterilized liquid containers include ampoules, vials, bags, and the like.
- known containers such as glass and plastic can be used.
- plastic containers include those using materials such as polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene / vinyl acetate copolymer, and the like.
- container and solvent sterilization methods include heating methods (flame method, drying method, high temperature steam method, flow steam method, boiling method, etc.), filtration method, irradiation method (radiation method, ultraviolet method, high frequency method, etc.), gas method , Chemical solution method and so on.
- heating methods flame method, drying method, high temperature steam method, flow steam method, boiling method, etc.
- filtration method irradiation method (radiation method, ultraviolet method, high frequency method, etc.), gas method , Chemical solution method and so on.
- irradiation method radiation method, ultraviolet method, high frequency method, etc.
- gas method Chemical solution method and so on.
- the present invention can be provided as a kit product in which an agent containing the anti-GGT antibody of the present invention and a medical device are combined.
- an agent containing the anti-GGT antibody of the present invention is pre-filled in a medical device such as a syringe, one soft bag is filled with a solid agent via a separation wall, and the other is filled with a solvent.
- the wall can be opened and mixed.
- the agent containing the anti-GGT antibody of the present invention can be administered using known administration methods such as intravenous administration, intraarterial administration, intramuscular administration, subcutaneous administration, intraperitoneal administration, and intranasal administration. Preferably, administration is by injection, and infusion is possible. In addition, the agent of the present invention may be administered directly to the affected part by opening the affected part by surgery.
- the agent of the present invention can be prepared as an oral preparation and a parenteral preparation, and is preferably a parenteral preparation.
- Such parenteral preparations may be liquids (aqueous liquids, non-aqueous liquids, suspension liquids, emulsion liquids, etc.), or solid preparations (powder-filled preparations, freeze-dried preparations, etc.).
- the solid preparation is used by dissolving or suspending it in a desired concentration with a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent at the time of administration.
- Such parenteral preparations can be used by administration methods such as injection and infusion.
- an agent containing the anti-GGT antibody of the present invention it can be formulated in appropriate combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or medium.
- drugs may be included.
- the agent containing the anti-GGT antibody of the present invention may contain a protein that does not inhibit the action of the antibody of the present invention, such as albumin, lipoprotein, or globulin. By including the protein in this way, the stability of the antibody contained in the solution can be improved.
- a protein may be contained in a liquid preparation when the agent of the present invention is formulated as a liquid preparation.
- the protein When formulating as a solid agent, the protein may be included when the anti-GGT antibody of the present invention is solidified, or the protein may be included in a solvent that dissolves the solid agent. The content of such protein is 0.01 to 5 parts by weight when the liquid volume at the time of administration is 100 parts by weight.
- Those skilled in the art will include the amount of antibody to be administered and others. It can be appropriately adjusted according to the substance to be used.
- Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or vehicles are pharmaceuticals such as excipients, stabilizers, solubilizers, emulsifiers, suspending agents, buffers, isotonic agents, antioxidants, or preservatives. Examples of acceptable substances.
- a polymer material such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) or a conjugated anti-protective material such as cyclodextrin may be used.
- PEG polyethylene glycol
- cyclodextrin conjugated anti-protective material
- this invention is not limited to them, A well-known thing can be used.
- the excipient those having no pharmacological action themselves such as starch and lactose are preferable.
- Stabilizers include albumin, gelatin, sorbitol, mannitol, lactose, sucrose, trehalose, maltose, glucose and the like. Of these, sucrose or trehalose is preferred.
- solubilizers include ethanol, glycerin, propylene glycol, and polyethylene glycol.
- the emulsifier include lecithin, aluminum stearate, sorbitan sesquioleate, and the like.
- the suspending agent include macrogol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), and carmellose (CMC).
- isotonic agents include sodium chloride and glucose.
- the buffer include citrate, acetate, boric acid, and phosphate.
- Antioxidants include ascorbic acid, sodium bisulfite, sodium pyrosulfite and the like.
- Preservatives include phenol, thimerosal, benzalkonium chloride and the like.
- drugs combined with the antibody of the present invention include anti-inflammatory agents, analgesics, antibiotics, hepatitis treatment drugs, or known drugs used for liver diseases.
- an agent containing the anti-GGT antibody of the present invention is administered by injection or the like, pain due to injection may occur, and thus a soothing agent may be included.
- Such drugs may be used alone or in combination.
- anti-inflammatory agents examples include steroidal anti-inflammatory agents and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs).
- steroidal anti-inflammatory agents include dexamethasone, cortisone, hydrocortisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, betamethasone, triamcinolone, triamcinolone acetonide, fluocinolone acetonide, fluocinonide, beclomethasone, ethenamide.
- Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents include, for example, aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac, indomethacin, nabutome, phenylbutazone, rofecoxib, celecoxib, oxicam, piroxicam, pyrazolone, azapropazone and the like.
- Examples of analgesics include NSAIDs having an analgesic action and opioid analgesics.
- NSAIDs include aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac, indomethacin, nabutome, phenylbutazone, rofecoxib, celecoxib, oxicam, piroxicam, pyrazolone, azapropazone and the like.
- Examples of opioid analgesics include endorphins, dynorphins, enkephalins, codeine, dihydrocodeine, dextropropoxyphene, and the like.
- Antibiotics include penicillin antibiotics, cephem antibiotics, aminoglycoside antibiotics, macrolide antibiotics, tetracycline antibiotics, peptide antibiotics and the like.
- Penicillin antibiotics include benzylpenicillin, phenoxymethylpenicillin, methicillin, flucloxacillin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, piperacillin, azulocillin, ticarcillin and the like.
- cephem antibiotics include cefazolin, cefuroxime, cefamandole, cefotaxime, cefoperazone, cefpyramide, cephalexin, cefaclor, cefixime, and cefteram.
- aminoglycoside antibiotics examples include gentamicin, netilmicin, tobramycin, streptomycin, neomycin, kanamycin, amikacin and the like.
- Macrolide antibiotics include erythromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, rokitamicin, clindamycin, azithromycin and the like.
- Tetracycline antibiotics include tetracycline, minocycline, and Mr. Toki re-clin.
- Other ⁇ -lactam antibiotics include latamoxef, flomoxef, azuleonam, imipenem, and panipenem.
- vancomycin, rifampicin, chloramphenicol and the like can be mentioned.
- anti-hepatitis drugs examples include interferon, interleukin, steroid, strong minophagen, urso, ribavirin, and lamivudine.
- the agent containing the anti-GGT antibody of the present invention produced as described above as an active ingredient can be used as a therapeutic method or a preventive method for administering an effective amount to a patient with liver fibrosis, cirrhosis or chronic hepatitis.
- the agent comprising the anti-GGT antibody of the present invention as an active ingredient is a therapeutic method or prophylaxis in which an effective amount is administered to a patient in order to suppress liver fibrosis-induced TNF- ⁇ expression or cirrhosis-induced TNF- ⁇ expression. It can be used as a method.
- the present invention relates to a method for treating or preventing liver fibrosis in which an effective amount of an anti-GGT antibody is administered to a subject; a method for treating or preventing cirrhosis in which an effective amount of an anti-GGT antibody is administered to a subject; Also provided is a method for treating or preventing chronic hepatitis by administering a GGT antibody; a method for inhibiting hepatic fibrosis-induced TNF- ⁇ expression or a method for inhibiting cirrhosis-induced TNF- ⁇ expression by administering an effective amount of an anti-GGT antibody to a subject. . And in using this anti-GGT antibody, it can use combining each pattern demonstrated previously.
- the agent of the present invention is used as an oral or parenteral preparation.
- the administration method of the parenteral preparation may be a known method and is not particularly limited. For example, intravenous injection, arterial injection, subcutaneous injection, intramuscular injection, infusion and the like can be mentioned. A person skilled in the art can appropriately select an administration method suitable for the patient.
- the anti-GGT antibody that is the main component of the agent of the present invention may be contained in an effective amount in the agent of the present invention.
- the ratio of the anti-GGT antibody contained in the agent of the present invention may be 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 to 1 ⁇ 10 parts by weight when the total weight is 100 parts by weight, and 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 to 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 1 part by weight is preferable, and 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 to 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 1 part by weight is more preferable.
- the dose varies depending on the subject, age, and symptoms. In general, the daily dose is 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 to 1 ⁇ 10 3 mg per individual of the active ingredient of the antibody, preferably 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 1 to 5 ⁇ 10 2 mg, More preferably, it is 1 ⁇ 10 0 to 1 ⁇ 10 2 mg.
- 1.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 to 1.5 ⁇ 10 2 mg per 1 kg of body weight is mentioned, preferably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 to 1 ⁇ 10 mg, more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 1 to 5 ⁇ 10 0 mg.
- the daily dose is divided into 2 to 5 doses.
- count of administration per day by using the agent of this invention as a sustained release formulation.
- a sustained-release preparation a known method may be used.
- Administration in divided doses or sustained release preparations makes it easier to maintain a constant drug concentration in the body, making it easier to obtain sustained effects and reducing side effects, reducing the burden on patients be able to.
- Anti-GGT antibody production Recombinant human GGT (rh-GGT) (Ikeda Y et al, Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, vol. 92, p126-130, 1995) was sensitized to mice, and the lymphocytes were Cell fusion was carried out to produce a new hybridoma.
- Antibody production method Sensitization Balb / c female 6-week-old mice (Nippon Charles River) were reared in a 25 ° C. rearing room under light control every 12 hours with food and water. Immunization started after a week-long break-in. In the sensitization schedule, 50 ⁇ g / 100 ⁇ L adjuvant (liquid adjuvant) was intraperitoneally administered every 2 weeks from the first to 3 times, and the final injection was injected with tail vein of 50 ⁇ g / 50 ⁇ L PBS as a boost 3 days later.
- adjuvant liquid adjuvant
- spleen cells were prepared by aseptically dispersing the spleen surgically removed under anesthesia with diethyl ether from mice sensitized. The fusion was basically performed according to the method of Keller and Milstein (Nature, vol. 256, p495, 1975). First, the removed spleen was sterilized by lightly passing it through 70% alcohol, and the spleen was dispersed in a 5 mL serum-free medium prepared in a 60 mm dish using a sterilized surgical sharpened knife and a curved tweezers. When well dispersed, only the fibers were removed through sterile gauze and collected in a Falcon 15 mL centrifuge tube (Falcon 2096).
- the completed plate was washed 3 times with a Tris buffer containing 0.05% Tween 20, and then 100 ⁇ L of the culture supernatant was reacted. ] was added and reacted. After washing, 3 mg / mL OPD [manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.] which is a color developing substrate of HRP was added, and OD490 (absorbance) was measured after a certain time. Clones that became positive as described above were recloned by limiting dilution, and the supernatant was checked again.
- Hybridomas are grown in serum-containing RPMI-1640 medium or the like, antibodies are produced in serum-free RPMI-1640 medium or ASF104 medium, and monoclonal antibodies are purified from the culture supernatant.
- a hybridoma is transplanted into the abdominal cavity of a Balb / c mouse and allowed to grow and ascites.
- Antibodies can also be recovered from this ascites. In this case, if a mineral oil such as pristane is administered intraperitoneally before transplantation, the antibody producing ability is increased.
- a protein A FF column [manufactured by Amersham Biosciences] was used for IgG after raising the antibody concentration by a known method such as ammonium sulfate precipitation or ultrafiltration.
- IgM it was purified by chromatography using HiTrap IgM HP column [Amersham Biosciences].
- FIGS. 1 and 2 show the results of immunostaining of AGT-1 (FIG. 1) and AGT-3 (FIG. 2) using human kidney.
- FIG. 1A shows the result of immunostaining with AGT-1 antibody.
- FIG. 1B shows the result of HE staining.
- FIG. 1C shows the result of immunostaining with CSLEX-1 antibody as a positive control.
- FIG. 1D shows tissue that has not been stained.
- FIG. 2A shows the results of immunostaining with AGT-3 antibody.
- FIG. 2B shows the result of HE staining.
- FIG. 2C shows the result of immunostaining with CSLEX-1 antibody as a positive control.
- FIG. 2D shows tissue that has not been stained.
- CSLEX-1 and GGT are present in the proximal tubule. As shown in FIGS. 1C and 2C, CSLEX-1 was specifically stained. As shown in FIGS. 1A and 2A, AGT-1 and AGT-3 were positive for ductal epithelial cells as well as GSLEX-1, although they had a back. This indicates that AGT-1 and AGT-3 recognize natural membrane-bound GGT.
- Osteoclast induction inhibition system 1 ⁇ l / 180 ⁇ L of mouse bone marrow cells is added to a 96-well plate, and 10 ⁇ L of rh-GGT (625 ng) and antibody (AGT-1, AGT-3, and control IgG antibody) are simultaneously added thereto. The culture was started. On the third day, 3/4 of the medium was changed, and the same amount of the sample was added, followed by further culturing for 4 days.
- TRAP staining is one of the methods for identifying osteoclasts, and is a method of staining TRAP, which is a marker for osteoclasts, with a substrate.
- Cells from the osteoclast induction system (plate) were fixed with acetone-citric acid, and in the presence of tartaric acid, the substrate (Naphthol AS-MX phosphate) and the dye (Past red violet LB salt) were reacted at 37 ° C. for 30 minutes. And stained. This reaction was stopped by washing the reaction solution with PBS and drying (Endcrinology, vol122, p1373, 1988).
- rh-GGT promoted the formation of TRAP-positive cells (osteoclasts) by inducing RANKL expression in osteoclast culture systems (data not shown).
- the number of TRAP positive cells was not changed, but the addition of AGT-3 decreased the number of TRAP positive cells in a dose-dependent manner (data not shown). This indicates that AGT-3 inhibits osteoclast induction (formation).
- the addition of AGT-1 promoted the formation of osteoclasts, which was the opposite of the addition of AGT-3 (data not shown).
- FIG. 3 Measured bone mineral density immediately after closing (0W), after 1 week (1W), and after 2 weeks (2W) (FIG. 3). Further, two weeks after the abdomen, a ⁇ CT3D image of the femur was taken using a CT imaging device (FIG. 4). Furthermore, the femoral distal diaphysis 2 weeks after rehabilitation was stained with HE, and the interface trabecular area ratio and the number of osteoclasts were measured (FIG. 5).
- “Sham ope” indicates a control rat that did not perform bile duct ligation and performed only laparotomy.
- BDL indicates a bile duct ligated rat.
- FIG. 3 shows the measurement results of bone mineral density.
- the vertical axis indicates bone mineral density [g / cm 2 ], and the horizontal axis indicates immediately after biliary ligation (0 W), after 1 week (1 W), and after 2 weeks (2 W).
- P indicates a rejection rate.
- FIG. 3 it shows that bone mineral density is so high that the value of a vertical axis
- the rat Sham ope
- without biliary ligation has high bone mineral density after the operation.
- bile duct ligated rats BDL
- FIG. 4 shows a ⁇ CT3D image of the rat femur.
- FIG. 4A shows the femur of a rat with no bile duct ligation.
- FIG. 4B shows the cut surface of the femur of a rat that has not been ligated.
- FIG. 4C shows the femur of a rat ligated with bile ducts.
- FIG. 4D shows the cut surface of the femur of a rat ligated with bile ducts.
- FIG. 4D shows the cut surface of the femur of a rat ligated with bile ducts.
- FIG. 5A and 5B show HE stained tissue of the distal femoral shaft.
- FIG. 5C shows the cancellous trabecular area ratio of the distal femoral shaft.
- the vertical axis represents bone mass (%).
- FIG. 5D shows the number of osteoclasts in the distal femoral shaft.
- the vertical axis represents the number of osteoclasts per 1 mm 2 .
- P indicates the rejection rate.
- rats with bile duct ligation (BDL) had lower bone mass than rats without bile duct ligation (Sham ope) (FIG. 5C).
- the number of osteoclasts was higher in rats with bile duct ligation (BDL) than in rats with no bile duct ligation (Sham ope) (FIG. 5D).
- the bile duct-ligated rat group which is a model of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, dissected the common bile duct after laparotomy and ligated it with 5-0 silk thread, and then closed the abdomen.
- AGT-1 or AGT-3 Ten 7-week-old Wistar male rats were used. Shaved abdominal hair under general anesthesia with chronal hydrate (44.8mg / 100gBW), disinfected with 70% alcohol, opened the abdomen, necropsied the common bile duct, and 2 sites with 5-0 silk thread After ligation, he closed.
- Anti-rh-GGT neutralizing antibody (AGT-1, AGT-3 (0.1 mg / 200 g / day)) was administered intraperitoneally every day during the experiment period (2 weeks) from 2 days before ligation.
- the anti-rh-GGT neutralizing antibodies AGT-1 and AGT-3 were those manufactured by AC Biotechnology Co., Ltd. BDL rats usually die in one month. However, it became clear that BDL rats treated with AGT-3 did not die. On the other hand, BDL rats administered with AGT-1 were found to die in 2 weeks.
- FIG. 6A to 6C show ⁇ CT images of the affected part of the distal femur of the rat.
- FIG. 6A shows the results of control rats (Sham ope) that have not performed biliary ligation.
- FIG. 6B shows the result of a rat (BDL) subjected to bile duct ligation.
- FIG. 6C shows the results of rats (BDL & AGT-3) that were subjected to biliary ligation and administered with anti-rh-GGT neutralizing antibody (AGT-3).
- FIG. 6D shows the bone density results.
- FIG. 6 From the result of FIG. 6, the bone density decreases by bile duct ligation (FIG. 6B). However, it was shown that bone density was restored by administration of AGT-3 (FIG. 6C). As shown in FIG. 5, the number of osteoclasts increases and the bone mass decreases in rats ligated with bile ducts. In other words, the bone density phenomenon in rats with bile duct ligation is thought to be due to osteoclasts. Therefore, AGT-3 is restored to bone density by administering AGT-3 to rats ligated with bile ducts. Therefore, it is considered that AGT-3 restores bone density by inhibiting osteoclast formation. Therefore, it can be said that AGT-3 has an osteoclast formation inhibitory effect.
- AGT-1 has an osteoclast formation promoting action.
- a similar experiment was conducted using AGT-2 and AGT-4, and it was found that AGT-2 and AGT-4 do not act on osteoclast formation.
- mice Two weeks after the start of the experiment, the mice were killed by decapitation and blood was collected. The collected blood was centrifuged for 10 minutes (2.5 ⁇ 10 3 RPM), serum was collected, and total bilirubin, AST (, ALT, ⁇ GTP (GGT), and ALP were measured.
- FIG. 7 shows the results.
- 7A shows the GGT value
- FIG. 7B shows the ALT value
- FIG. 7C shows the AST value.
- “2W” in FIG. 7 indicates two weeks after biliary ligation.
- “Sham ope” indicates a control rat that did not perform bile duct ligation and performed only laparotomy.
- “BDL” indicates a rat ligated with bile ducts.
- BDL + AGT-3 indicates a rat administered with an anti-GGT antibody (AGT-3) to a rat ligated with a bile duct.
- AGT-3 anti-GGT antibody
- the anti-GGT antibody of the present invention can be suitably used as a therapeutic agent for liver dysfunction.
- the bile duct ligated rat is widely used as a model of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Since the anti-GGT antibody of the present invention improves the liver dysfunction of such model animals, it can be used as a therapeutic agent for liver fibrosis and cirrhosis.
- FIG. 8 shows the result of staining a liver tissue section with HE.
- FIG. 8A to FIG. 8B show liver tissue sections of rats (Sham ope) that have not undergone bile duct ligation.
- FIG. 8A shows the results of HE staining.
- FIG. 8B shows the results of TNF- ⁇ immunostaining.
- 8C to 8F show liver tissue sections of rats (BDL2W) subjected to bile duct ligation.
- 8C, 8E and 8F show the results of HE staining.
- FIG. 8D shows the results of TNF- ⁇ immunostaining.
- FIG. 8G to FIG. 8J show liver tissue sections of rats (AGT-3 2W) subjected to biliary ligation and administered AGT-3.
- 8G, 8I and 8J show the results of HE staining.
- FIG. 8H shows the results of TNF- ⁇ immunostaining.
- the fibrous tissue increased and the expression of TNF- ⁇ was observed in the fibrous tissue.
- TNF- ⁇ positive macrophages were scattered.
- rats that had undergone bile duct ligation (BDL2W) rats that received AGT-3 after biliary ligation (AGT-3 2W) had various tissue responses caused by bile duct ligation (increased fibrous tissue, TNF- ⁇ Etc.) was decreased (FIGS. 8G to 8J).
- AGT-3 caused fibrosis of the portal vein region, swelling of the central vein, hepatocyte necrosis, bile duct proliferation, granulation tissue with wet inflammatory cells, microabscess lesions, and expression of TNF- ⁇ . It was shown to be suppressed. These phenomena are also pathologies found in liver disease or cause of various liver diseases. Therefore, ATG-3 can be effectively used as a therapeutic agent and a preventive agent for liver diseases.
- FIG. 9 is a photograph of collagen fibers in the fibrous tissue stained with Azan Mallory. In Azan Mallory staining, the color is blue depending on the amount of collagen. In other words, the blue color indicates more fibrous tissue (fibrosis has progressed).
- FIG. 9A and FIG. 9B show liver tissue of a rat that was not subjected to bile duct ligation.
- FIG. 9C and FIG. 9D show the liver tissue of rats ligated with bile ducts and bred for 2 weeks.
- FIG. 9E and FIG. 9F show liver tissues of rats that were ligated with bile ducts and further administered with AGT-3 antibody for 2 weeks.
- 9B, FIG. 9D, and FIG. 9F are photographs taken by enlarging FIGS. 9A, 9C, and 9E, respectively.
- AGT-1 and AGT-3 are anti-GGT antibodies.
- AGT-1 promotes osteoclast formation whereas AGT-3 inhibits osteoclast formation.
- both antibodies have the opposite effect.
- anti-GGT antibodies AGT-2, AGT-4
- an anti-GGT antibody having an osteoclast formation inhibitory effect has a liver fibrosis inhibitory effect. Therefore, it is considered that an anti-GGT antibody having an osteoclast formation inhibitory action can be used as a therapeutic agent or a preventive agent for liver fibrosis.
- the anti-GGT antibodies AGT-1 and AGT-3 have the opposite actions. Therefore, by combining AGT-1 and AGT-3, for example, it becomes possible to obtain a new pharmaceutical composition that adjusts the efficacy of one antibody by the action of the other antibody.
- the anti-GGT antibody of the present invention is an antibody having an osteoclast formation inhibitory action and binding to GGT to inhibit the function of GGT.
- GGT is induced and the amount of GGT increases.
- This GGT binds to the GGT receptor in ST-2 cells (osteoblast-like stromal cells (fibroblasts)) and RAW cells (macrophage-like cells), and induces the production of cytokines.
- This cytokine includes inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, MIP-1, etc.). Therefore, when GGT increases due to liver disease, inflammatory symptoms may be caused.
- Such an effect of GGT is considered to be caused by the formation of a complex between GGT and the in vivo binding protein, and the complex binding to a receptor on the cell membrane.
- the anti-GGT antibody of the present invention is considered to inhibit binding of the complex to the receptor of the complex by binding to the complex of GGT and the binding protein.
- the anti-GGT antibody of the present invention can suppress the symptoms caused by GGT by inhibiting signal transduction via the receptor. Therefore, by using the anti-GGT antibody of the present invention, inflammatory symptoms caused by liver diseases can be prevented.
- the present invention can be used in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Abstract
Description
鳥類などがあげられる。本発明の抗体としては,ヒト,マウス,ラットなど哺乳動物由来の抗GGT抗体があげられる。本発明の抗体は,ヒト以外にも,イヌやネコなどの動物医薬として用いることもできる。投与後の副作用を避けるため,投与する生物由来の抗体とすることが好ましい。ヒトに投与する抗体のタイプとしては,マウス抗体,キメラ抗体,ヒト化抗体,(完全)ヒト抗体などがあげられる。
ポリクローナル抗体の作製方法の例を以下にあげるが,当業者にとって公知の方法を用いて適宜変更することができる。ポリクローナル抗体は,上記した免疫動物に抗原(免疫原)を注入することで作製することができる。免疫動物に注入する抗原(免疫原)としては,抗原発現細胞,(粗)精製タンパク質,組換えタンパク質,又は合成ペプチドなどを用いることができる。このような抗原として,例えば,配列番号1に記載のアミノ酸配列(ヒトGGT1全長ORF(NCBI No.CR456494))と同一,又は1~10個のアミノ酸残基が置換,欠失,付加又は挿入されたアミノ酸配列からなるペプチドがあげられる。抗原は,好ましくは配列番号1に記載のアミノ酸配列と同一,又は1~5個のアミノ酸残基が置換,欠失,付加又は挿入されたアミノ酸配列からなるペプチドであることが好ましく,前記アミノ酸配列に置換,欠失,付加又は挿入されるアミノ酸残基の数は1~2個がより好ましく,さらに好ましくは1個である。本発明の抗GGT抗体は,GGTの機能を抑える抗体であることが好ましい。よって,このような抗体を製造する際に用いる抗原は,配列番号1に記載のアミノ酸配列よりも短いアミノ酸配列のペプチドを用いてもよい。このようなペプチドの長さは,当業者であれば適宜調整することができる。
抗原として用いる抗原発現細胞は,培養細胞などの細胞膜上に抗原となるタンパク質が発現した細胞が好ましい。このような抗原発現細胞は,公知の方法で作製することができる。具体的には,抗原となるタンパク質をコードするDNAを培養細胞に導入し発現させればよい。抗原を発現させる培養細胞(以下,「宿主」ともよぶ)は,特に限定されず公知の細胞を用いればよい。たとえば,抗原提示細胞としてしられるB細胞や樹状細胞などがあげられる。このような細胞に抗原となるタンパク質を発現させる方法としては,抗原となるタンパク質をコードするDNAを組み込んだ抗原発現ベクターを作製し,抗原を発現させる細胞に導入する。発現ベクターに組み込むDNAが細胞膜ドメイン配列を含まない場合には,発現ベクターを導入する宿主が有する細胞膜ドメインの配列を含ませておくことが好ましい。このような配列を含むことで,効率的に細胞膜上にタンパク質(抗原)を発現させることができる。このような細胞膜ドメイン配列は,当業者であれば,適宜取得し,発現ベクターに組み込むDNA配列に含ませることができる。このような発現ベクターとしては,プロモーター,エンハンサー,スプライシングシグナル,ポリA付加シグナル,選択マーカー,SV40複製オリジンなどを含有しているものを用いることができる。宿主が動物細胞である場合,プロモーターとしては,例えば,SRαプロモーター、SV40プロモーター、HIV・LTRプロモーター、CMVプロモーター、HSV-TKプロモーターなどがあげられる。選択マーカーとしては,例えば,ジヒドロ葉酸還元酵素遺伝子(メソトレキサート(MTX)耐性),アンピシリン耐性遺伝子,ネオマイシン耐性遺伝子(G418耐性),ハイドロマイシン耐性遺伝子,ブラストサイジン耐性遺伝子等があげられる。このような発現ベクターは,公知のものを使用すればよく,当業者であれば,宿主に応じて適宜選択することができる。抗原発現ベクターを導入する方法としては,リン酸カルシウム法,リポフェクション法,エレクトロポレーション法など公知の方法を用いることができる。細胞に抗原が発現していることを確認する方法は,免疫染色法など公知の方法を適宜用いればよい。このように抗原を発現させた細胞は,公知の方法で回収し,免疫動物に注入する抗原として用いることができる。
抗原として用いる(粗)精製タンパク質は,培養細胞などが発現するタンパク質を精製したものである。このようなタンパク質は,細胞のシグナル伝達経路に作用したり,転写因子に作用したりする薬剤や因子で培養細胞などを刺激することによって発現させればよい。発現したタンパク質は,公知の方法で精製し,精製タンパク質として用いることができる。たとえば,分泌タンパク質であれば,培養上清を回収し,例えば塩析やカラムクロマトグラフィー,膜処理などで精製することができる。カラムクロマトグラフィーとしては,イオン交換クロマトグラフィー,ゲル濾過クロマトグラフィー,アフィニティークロマトグラフィー,疎水性クロマトグラフィーなどがあげられ,当業者であれば,タンパク質の性質に応じて適宜使用することができる。細胞外に分泌されないタンパク質であれば,培養細胞を回収し,超音波処理などで細胞を破砕し,タンパク質を回収することができる。そして,上記した方法でタンパク質を精製すればよい。このような精製タンパク質を取得する方法は,公知であり,当業者であればタンパク質の特性に合わせて適宜用いることができる。
抗原として用いる組換えタンパク質は,公知の方法で作製することができる。具体的には,抗原として用いる組換えタンパク質をコードするDNAを公知の方法でベクターに挿入し,組換えタンパク質を発現させる宿主に導入する。ベクターは公知のものを用いればよく,当業者であれば導入する宿主に応じて選択することができる。このような宿主としては,細菌,昆虫細胞,植物細胞,動物細胞など公知の宿主を用いることができる。そして,宿主にベクターを導入する方法は,エレクトロポレーション法,リン酸カルシウム法,リポフェクション法など,宿主に応じて,適宜公知の方法を用いることができる。組換えタンパク質は,GST(glutathion S transferase),HA(hemagglutinin),又は(オリゴ)ヒツチジンなどのタグとの融合タンパク質としてもよい。このようなタグは,目的とする抗原をコードするDNAのN末端側又はC末端側に結合させればよい。このようなタグを結合させた融合タンパク質とすることで,発現したタンパク質を簡単に精製することが可能になる。宿主に発現させたタンパク質は,例えば分泌タンパク質であれば培養上清を回収することによって,分泌タンパク質でなければ,超音波処理などで宿主細胞を破砕するなどして回収することができる。タンパク質の精製方法は,上記したように,たとえば,HPLCやアフィニティーカラムなどを用いることができる。また,インビトロでのタンパク発現系や昆虫,動物,植物などの生体を用いて組換えタンパク質を得ることもできる。このような方法は,公知であり,当業者であれば,適宜変更を加えることができる。
ペプチドを合成する方法として,固相法や液相法などがあげられる。ペプチド合成では,目的とするアミノ酸配列をN末端またはC末端から逐次結合させていくステップワイズ延長法,またはアミノ酸配列を適当なフラグメントに分け,それらのフラグメントを縮合させて目的のペプチドを合成するフラグメント縮合法があげられる。また,ペプチド合成法として不溶性の樹脂にアミノ酸を結合し,アミノ酸配列情報に基づいて,その樹脂上でアミノ酸を1個ずつ結合させていき鎖を伸長させていく固相法や,樹脂などの担体を用いない液相法があげられる。さらにそれらの方法を組み合わせて効率的に合成することも可能である。このような方法は公知であり,当業者であれば,目的のアミノ酸配列を合成するために,適宜用いることができる。また,合成したペプチドは,精製を行ってもよい。合成ペプチドの精製は,沈殿法,HPLC,イオン交換クロマトグラフィー,ゲル濾過クロマトグラフィーなど公知の方法を用いることができる。抗原として合成ペプチドを用いる場合は,そのままでは抗原性に乏しいので,BSA(Bovine Serum Albumin)やKLH(Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin)などのキャリアに架橋剤(例えば,MBS(m-maleimidobenxoic acid)エステル,DMS(dimethyl suberimidate)など)を用いて共有結合させて用いる方がよい。
モノクローナル抗体は,公知の方法で製造することができる。具体的には,免疫動物(例えば,マウスなど)に上記した抗原を2~4週間間隔で1~6ヶ月間注入(免疫)し,ポリクローナル抗体の製造方法と同様に,抗体価検定を行う。検定により所望する抗体価が得られたら,免疫動物から脾臓を単離する。単離した脾臓は無血清培地(例えば,イスコフ培地(GIBCO社製))で懸濁し,脾臓細胞懸濁液とする。脾臓細胞とミエローマ細胞(骨髄腫細胞)を混合し,ポリエチレングリコール(PEG)を加えて,細胞を融合させる。その後,ヒポキサンチン(hypoxanthine)-アミノプテリン(aminopterine)-チミジン(thymidine)(HAT)選択培地で培養することで,ハイブリドーマ(脾臓細胞とミエローマ細胞が融合した細胞)のみを増殖させる。さらに,目的とする抗体を産生するハイブリドーマを選択するために,目的とする抗体の有無の検定と同時に,検定陽性ハイブリドーマのクローニングを行う。この操作を数回繰り返すことによって,目的とする抗体を産生するクローン化ハイブリドーマを得ることができる。その後,クローン化ハイブリドーマを免疫動物の腹腔内に注射し,2~4週間後に腹水を回収し,精製することでモノクローナル抗体を得ることができる。腹水を精製する方法は,公知の方法を用いればよく,たとえばアフィニティークロマトグラフィーやゲル濾過クロマトグラフィーなどがあげられる。
また,本発明の抗体は,リコンビナント抗体としてもよい。リコンビナント抗体とは,抗体産生工程でハイブリドーマを用いない組換え型モノクローナル抗体である。例として最小の抗原結合部位のみを有したもの、多価型の抗原結合部位を具有したもの、IgGとIgAを組み合わせ分泌型にしたもの、異種動物間でのキメラやヒューマニゼーション(humanization)を施したものなどがあげられる。このようなリコンビナント抗体は,各アイソタイプの免疫グロブリン遺伝子を宿主で発現させることによって得ることができる。このような宿主を用いる産生系のとしては,大腸菌を用いる方法,培養細胞を用いる方法,植物に産生させる方法,トランスジェニックマウスに産生させる方法などがあげられる。
ファージディスプレイ法によるモノクローナル抗体の作製方法の1例を以下にあげるが,本発明は以下の作製方法に限定されるものではなく,当業者は各工程を他の公知の方法を用いて,適宜変更することができる。また,当業者であれば,それぞれの工程において,温度,反応時間,使用溶液濃度,使用溶液量などのパラメータを適宜設定して,また変更を加えて実施することができる。ファージディスプレイ法では,まずファージ抗体ライブラリーの作製を行い,その後抗体産生ファージのスクリーニングを行うことで,モノクローナル抗体を作製する。
(1)B細胞からmRNAを抽出し,RT-PCRを行って,cDNAライブラリーを作製する。
B細胞は,マウスやヒトなどから採取した細胞を用いればよい。B細胞のRNAの抽出は,例えば,AGPC法(Acid-Guanidinium-Phenol-Chloroform法)などを用いることができる。AGPC法では,まずB細胞にグア二仁チオシアネイト溶液を加えて,ホモジナイズする。その後,細胞のホモジネート溶液に酢酸ナトリウム,フェノール,クロロホルムを加えて混和し,遠心する。遠心後,溶液の水層を回収する。回収した水層にイソプロパノールを加え,混和後,遠心し,RNAを沈殿させる。沈殿物(RNA)は再度グア二ジンチオシアネイト溶液に溶解後,酢酸ナトリウム,フェノール,クロロホルムを加えて振とうする。振とう後,遠心して再度水層を回収する。回収した水層に再度イソプロパノールを加えて遠心し,RNAを沈殿させる。沈殿させたRNAに70%エタノールを加え,懸濁し再度遠心して,RNAを沈殿させることで,トータルRNA(totalRNA)を得ることができる。次に,トータルRNAからmRNAの抽出は,mRNAのC末端側に存在するポリA配列に結合するプライマー(オリゴdTプライマー)を用いて,PCRにてmRNAを増幅させ,オリゴdTカラム(例えば,QIAGEN社製)などで抽出・精製することができる。また,オリゴdTがコーティングされた磁性ビーズ(例えば,ナカライテスク社製)を用いたアフィニティクロマトグラフィーなどで抽出・精製してもよい。精製したmRNAは,逆転写酵素を含む反応溶液中で,PCRによってcDNAライブラリーを作製することができる。
抗体(免疫グロブリン(Ig)分子)のH鎖およびL鎖の可変領域であるVH及びVLの配列は,たとえばGenBankなどから入手することができる。たとえばIgA型のヒト抗体を得るには,ヒトのIgAのVL及びVH配列を入手し,それら配列を増やすためのプライマー設計を行い,テンプレートとして上記cDNAを用いて,PCRにて両配列を増幅させればよい。当業者であれば,どのような抗体を得るかによって,プライマー設計は適宜行うことができ,またPCR等の条件も適宜決めることができる。増幅させたVLとVHは,公知の方法で精製すればよい。
精製したVLとVHは,それぞれをリンカーでつなぎ,一本鎖とし,ファージミドベクターに挿入して,一本鎖Fv(可変領域断片)遺伝子ライブラリーを構築する。リンカーとは,各断片を接続する配列である。このようなリンカーとしては,リンカーとして公知の配列を用いればよい。ファージミドベクターとは,M13ファージあるいはf1ファージの一本鎖DNAの生成に必要な複製起点(IG領域)を組み込んだプラスミドベクターである。ファージミドベクターは,プラスミドとしての特性と一本鎖DNAファージとしての特性を備えており,通常の二本鎖DNAプラスミドとして操作することが可能なだけでなく,プラスミドの一方のDNA鎖を含む線状ファージ粒子を産生させることができる。ファージミドベクターとしては,公知のものを用いればよい(例えば,pCANTAB5E(Amersham Biosciences社製))。また,別の方法として,抗体H鎖Fd部分(VHおよびCH1領域)及びL鎖部分に特異的なプライマーを用いてPCRにより抗体遺伝子断片を増幅し,これらの遺伝子断片をファージミドベクターに挿入することにより抗体Fabに対応する遺伝子ライブラリーを構築してもよい。
(4)抗体提示ファージライブラリーの濃縮
ファージミドベクターを用いて構築した抗体遺伝子ライブラリーを大腸菌に導入し,ヘルパーファージ(M13KO7,VCSM13など)を感染させることにより,抗体提示ファージライブラリーを作製する。この抗体提示ファージライブラリーの濃縮方法としては,パニング法があげられる。この方法によって,精製した抗原(上記方法などにより精製した抗原)を用いて固相法によりファージライブラリーから目的とする抗体を提示するファージ集団を濃縮することができる。パニング法では,固相化抗原とファージライブラリーの反応,洗浄(固相化抗原と結合しないファージライブラリーの除去),抗原結合ファージの溶出,大腸菌への感染による増幅というステップを数回(例えば4~5回)繰り返す。これにより抗原特異的ファージ(抗体産生ファージ)を濃縮することができる。
抗原特異的ファージクローンの選択法としては,例えばELISA法などを用いることができる。精製抗原をコートしたELISAプレートに,抗体産生ファージを反応させ,精製抗原との反応性(結合性)を調べる。この工程を繰り返し,クローンを選別していくことで,モノクローナル抗体を産生するファージを得ることができる。そして,このようなファージを大腸菌で増殖させ,抗体を回収することでモノクローナル抗体を取得することができる。このような抗体は,たとえばアフィニティークロマトグラフィーなどの公知の精製方法を用いて精製することが可能である。
作製した抗体は,抗体価を調べることで評価することができる。抗体価は,公知の方法を用いて評価すればよい。たとえば,ELISAやウエスタンブロッティングなどがあげられる。作製した抗体が破骨細胞形成阻害作用を有することは,抗GGT抗体によるGGTの破骨細胞形成活性阻害を調べることで評価することができる。たとえば,「Journal of Bone and Mineral Research,volume22,Number12,p1933-1942,2007」に記載の方法を適宜もちいることができる。また,当業者であれば,上記公知の方法に適宜変更を加えることができる。具体的には,初代軟骨細胞と骨髄造血細胞(BMHCs)を同じ培養皿に播種し,7日間共培養する。その後,1)GGT単独,2)GGTと抗GGT抗体の併用,3)PBS(コントロール)をそれぞれ添加し,2~3日培養する。その後,パラホルムアルデヒドで細胞を培養皿に固定し,TRAP(酒石酸耐性酸性ホスファターゼ)染色(株式会社プライマリーセル社製など)を行う。TRAP染色後,破骨細胞数を計測する。細胞にPBS(コントロール)を添加したディッシュの破骨細胞数を「PBS」,細胞にGGT単独を添加したディッシュの破骨細胞数「GGT」,細胞にGGTと抗GGT抗体を併用したディッシュの破骨細胞数を「GGT+抗体」とすると,作製した抗体が破骨細胞の形成を阻害すると評価するためには,(「GGT+抗体」-「PBS」)/(「GGT」-「PBS」)の値が,0.9以下であればよく,0.7以下が好ましく,0.5以下がより好ましい。このような評価に用いる初代軟骨細胞及び骨髄造血細胞は,作製した抗GGT抗体が対象とする生物から公知の方法で採取すればよい。当業者であれば,これら細胞は,公知の培養培地(例えば,10%ウシ血清含有αMEM培地)で適宜培養し,使用することができる。
薬学的に許容される担体又は媒体は,例えば,賦形剤,安定化剤,溶解補助剤,乳化剤,懸濁化剤,緩衝剤,等張化剤,抗酸化剤,又は保存剤など薬学的に許容される物質があげられる。また,ポリエチレングリコール(PEG)などの高分子材料やシクロデキストリン等の抱合化防物を使用することもできる。以下,具体例をあげるが,本発明はそれらに限定されるものではなく,公知のものを使用することができる。賦形剤としては,デンプンや乳糖などそれ自体が薬理作用を有さないものが好ましい。安定化剤としては,アルブミン,ゼラチン,ソルビトール,マンニトール,乳糖,ショ糖,トレハロース,マルトース,グルコースなどがあげられる。これらのうちでは,ショ糖又はトレハロースが好ましい。溶解補助剤としては,エタノール,グリセリン,プロピレングリコール,ポリエチレングリコールなどがあげられる。乳化剤としては,レシチン,ステアリン酸アルミニウム,またはセスキオレイン酸ソルビタンなどがあげられる。懸濁化剤としては,マクロゴール,ポリビニルピロリドン(PVP),またはカルメロース(CMC)などがあげられる。等張化剤としては,塩化ナトリウム,グルコースなどがあげられる。緩衝剤としては,クエン酸塩,酢酸塩,ホウ酸,またはリン酸塩などがあげられる。抗酸化剤としては,アスコルビン酸,亜硫酸水素ナトリウム,ピロ亜硫酸ナトリウムなどがあげられる。保存剤としては,フェノール,チメロサール,塩化ベンザルコニウムなどがあげられる。
組換えヒトGGT(rh-GGT)(Ikeda Y et al,Proc Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,vol.92,p126-130,1995)をマウスに感作して,そのリンパ球を細胞融合し,新規ハイブリドーマを作製した。
1.感作
Balb/c雌6週齢マウス(日本チャールズリバー社)を25℃飼育室にて,12時間ごとのライトコントロール下,餌,水を与えて飼育した。1週間の慣らし買いの後に免疫を開始した。感作スケジュールは初回から3回まで50μg/100μLアジュバンド(液性アジュバンド)を2週間おきに腹腔内投与,最終回のみ3日後にブーストとして50μg/50μL PBSを尾静脈注射した。
最終免疫より3日後に感作済みのマウスより,ジエチルエーテル麻酔下に外科的摘出された脾臓を無菌的に分散し脾臓細胞を調整した。融合は基本的にケラーとミルスタインの方法(Nature,vol.256,p495,1975)に従って行った。はじめに取り出した脾臓を70%アルコールに軽く通して除菌し,滅菌済みの外科用先鋭刀と先曲ピンセットを用いて60mm dish中に用意した5mL無血清培地中で脾臓を分散した。よく分散したら無菌ガーゼを通して線維質のみを取り除き,ファルコン15mL遠心管(Falcon 2096)に集めた。更に無血清培地5mLを加えてよく分散し,遠心分離(1000rpm×5min RT)した。これを計3回行って最後に10mLに分散した。この分散液100μLを取って900μLのギムザ染色液と混合し,細胞計測盤にて有核リンパ球数を数えた。別に培養準備した骨髄腫細胞P3-X63-Ag8-U1(P3U1)も同様に遠心操作を行って洗浄し,最後に分散液100μLを取って900μLのトリパンブルー染色液と混合し細胞数と生存率(Viability)を測定した。結果より融合割合を決定し,1本の別チューブに2種分散液の必要量を入れる。融合比率は脾臓細胞数1×108個に対して骨髄腫細胞P3-X63-Ag8-U1(P3U1)5×107個で,5:1であった。遠心操作を行って細胞を集めたら,1mL PEG(ポリエチレングリコール:PEG6000)[メルク社]液を用いて脾細胞と骨髄腫細胞P3-X63-Ag8-U1(P3U1)を融合させた。PEGは1滴ずつ壁に滴下してムラがないようにし,PEGを加えたら1分後に無血清培地を加えて細胞を洗浄した。はじめに1滴/秒で10mL,次に1mL/1回で10mL,最後に10mLを1回で加えることでTotal 30mLにした。遠心分離(1000rpm×5min RT)によって上清を捨て,融合細胞は10%FBS[INVITROGEN社]α-MEM[GIBCO社]HAT[GIBCO社]培地10mLに分散し,数と融合状態を観察した。必要細胞量をとり,96ウェルマイクロタイターカルチャープレート[Falcon社]1枚に対して10mLの計算で必要液量にあわせる。先太ピペットにてプレートへ細胞液を分注して37℃,5%CO2条件にて培養した。その後,途中3日,6日,10日後に培地を加えた。
約2週間後にコロニーの生育を確認してスクリーニングを実施した。スクリーニングの実施法を以下に述べる。スクリーニング用プレートを作製するために精製したrh-GGTを50mMリン酸緩衝液(pH7.0)中に溶解し,0.5μg/100μL/wellとなるように96ウェルプレート[Nunc製]に分注した。96ウェルプレートを4℃で2晩静置した後に0.05%Tween20を含むトリス緩衝液で3回洗浄し,非特異的反応を抑えるために1.5%BSA溶液を200μL分注して,更に4℃で1晩静置した。完成したプレートを0.05%Tween20を含むトリス緩衝液で3回洗浄した後に培養上清100μLを反応させ,更に洗浄を行った後に2次抗体であるHRP標識抗マウスイムノグロブリン抗体[DAKO社製]を加えて反応させた。洗浄後にHRPの発色基質である3mg/mLOPD[和光純薬製]を加えて一定時間後にOD490(吸光度)を測定した。上記のようにして陽性になったクローンは限界希釈法によって再クローニングすることで上清を再度チェックした。
上記rh-GGT抗原プレートを0.05%Tween20を含む緩衝液で3回洗浄した後に培養上清100μLを室温で1時間反応させ,更に洗浄を行った後にGGTの酵素活性を測定した。目的はrh-GGTに結合するが,GGT酵素活性を阻害しないモノクローナル抗体の作製であり,rh-GGTに抗体を結合させた状態で酵素活性を有するクローンを選択した。GGTの酵素活性測定法は,市販の活性測定キット(デタミナーL)[協和メディックス社製]の反応試薬を各ウェルに50μL添加して,5分後にOD410(吸光度)を測定した。吸光度が0.1以下のクローンを陰性と判断して除外した。
本実験では,合計1500ウェルのスクリーニングから84クローン(6%)を確立し,目的とする特異性を有する抗体は18クローン(1.2%)であった。しかしその内4クローンは陰性コントロールのBSAプレートとも反応する非特異抗体であった。結果としてrh-GGTと反応する抗原特異的抗体は15クローン(0.9%)であった。結果より15種類のクローンの抗体をモノクローナル抗体タイピングキット[アマシャム社製]にて検定した結果,表1のような結果であった。それぞれクローンをIgGタイプの4クローンをAGT-1,AGT-2,AGT-3,AGT-4とし,IgMタイプの11クローンを番号順にAGTm-1からAGTm-11と命名した。
ハイブリドーマを血清含有RPMI-1640培地等で増殖させ,無血清のRPMI-1640培地やASF104培地で抗体を産生させ,その培養上清からモノクローナル抗体を精製する。また,大量の抗体を得るには,Balb/cマウスの腹腔内にハイブリドーマを移植して,増殖させ腹水化させる。この腹水から抗体を回収することもできる。この際,移植前にプリスタン等の鉱油を腹腔内に投与しておくと抗体産生能が上がる。
培養上清や腹水中の抗体は,公知の方法,例えば硫酸アンモニウム沈殿や限外濾過して抗体濃度をあげた後,IgGであれば,Protein A FFカラム[アマシャムバイオサイエンス社製]を用いた.IgMであれば,HiTrap IgM HPカラム[アマシャムバイオサイエンス社製]を用いたクロマトグラフィーで精製した。
交通事故患者の同意を得て,摘出されたヒト腎臓(出血による赤血球などの浸潤以外に異常は認められない)をパラフィン包埋後,切片を作製して抗rh-GGTモノクローナル抗体(AGT-1,AGT-3)(以下,「抗GGT中和抗体」,「抗GGT抗体」ともよぶ)を用いた免疫染色とHE(ヘマトキシリン・エオジン)染色を行った。陽性コントロールにはCSLEX-1抗体(抗Sialyl Lexモノクローナル抗体)で免疫染色を行った。その結果を図1,図2に示した。
1.マウス骨髄細胞の調製
6~12週齢のC3H/HeJマウス(日本エスエルシー社)の大腿骨及び頚骨を無菌的に摘出し,それらの骨端を切除してから両端から1回ずつ26Gの針を突き刺して1mLの培地(α-MEM,10%FBS,100U/mLペニシリン,100μg/mLストレプトマイシンを含む。)で骨髄細胞を押し出して,細胞塊をピペッティングした。その後,メッシュ(セルストレーナー:BD Bioscience)で組織残渣を除いてから細胞数(2×106個細胞/mL)を調整してマウス骨髄細胞とした。
前記マウス骨髄細胞を96ウェルプレートに1ウェル/180μL添加し,それに10μLのrh-GGT(625ng)と抗体(AGT-1とAGT-3及びコントロールIgG抗体)を同時に添加して培養を開始した。3日目に培地の3/4を交換して,前記サンプルも同量を添加し,更に4日間培養した。
TRAP染色は,破骨細胞の同定法の1つであり,破骨細胞のマーカーであるTRAPを基質で染色する方法である。上記破骨細胞誘導系(プレート)の細胞をアセトン-クエン酸で固定し,酒石酸存在下で,基質(Naphthol AS-MX phosphate)と色素(Past red violet LB salt)を37℃で30分間反応させて染色した。この反応はPBSで反応液を洗い流して乾燥させることによって停止させた(Endcrinology,vol122,p1373,1988)。その結果,破骨細胞培養系でrh-GGTはRANKLを発現誘導することでTRAP陽性細胞(破骨細胞)の形成を促進させた(データ未掲載)。コントロールIgG抗体では,TRAP陽性細胞数に変化はないが,AGT-3の添加では,用量依存的にTRAP陽性細胞数は減少した(データ未掲載)。このことから,AGT-3によって,破骨細胞の誘導(形成)が阻害されることが示された。一方,AGT-1添加では,破骨細胞の形成が促進され,AGT-3添加とは逆の結果となった(データ未掲載)。
1.胆汁うっ滞性肝疾患ラットモデルの作成
実験には,7週齢Wistar系雄性ラットを各群10匹,合計2群20匹用いた。抱水クロナール(44.8mg/100g B.W.)を用いて全身麻酔下にて腹部の毛を剃り,70%アルコールで消毒後,開腹を行った。コントロール群(Sham ore)はその後,即座に閉腹した。肝線維症及び肝硬変モデルである胆管結紮ラット群(BDL)は,開腹後,総胆管を剖出し5-0絹糸にて2箇所結紮した後,閉腹した。
1-a.胆汁うっ滞性肝疾患ラットモデルの作成
実験には,7週齢Wistar系雄性ラットを各群10匹,合計2群20匹用いた。抱水クロナール(44.8mg/100g B.W.)を用いて全身麻酔下にて腹部の毛を剃り,70%アルコールで消毒後,開腹を行った。コントロール(Sham ope)群はその後,即座に閉腹した。肝線維症及び肝硬変モデルである胆管結紮ラット群は,開腹後,総胆管を剖出し5-0絹糸にて2箇所結紮した後,閉腹した。
7週齢Wistar系雄性ラット10匹を用いた。抱水クロナール(44.8mg/100gB.W.)を用いて全身麻酔下にて腹部の毛を剃り,70%アルコールで消毒後,開腹して総胆管を剖出し5-0絹糸にて2箇所結紮した後,閉復した。抗rh-GGT中和抗体(AGT-1,AGT-3(0.1mg/200g/day))は,結紮前2日前から実験期間中(2週間)毎日腹腔内に投与した。なお,抗rh-GGT中和抗体AGT-1及びAGT-3は,株式会社エーシーバイオテクノロジーズ社製のものを用いた。BDLラットは,通常1ヶ月で死亡する。しかし,AGT-3を投与したBDLラットは,死亡しないことが明らかとなった。一方,AGT-1を投与したBDLラットは,2週間で死亡することが明らかとなった。
実験開始2週間後に,ラットの大腿骨遠位骨幹部のCT撮影及び骨密度測定を行った。図6にその結果を示した。図6A~図6Cは,ラットの大腿骨遠位骨患部のμCT像を示す。図6Aは,胆管結札を行っていないコントロールのラット(Sham ope)の結果を示す。図6Bは,胆管結紮を行ったラット(BDL)の結果を示す。図6Cは,胆管結札を行い,抗rh-GGT中和抗体(AGT-3)を投与したラット(BDL&AGT-3)の結果を示す。図6Dは,骨密度の結果を示す。
実験開始2週間後に,断頭により堵殺し血液を採取した。採取した血液を10分間遠心分離機(2.5×103RPM)にかけ,血清を採取し,総ビリルビン,AST(,ALT,γGTP(GGT),ALPを測定した。
堵殺後に肝臓,大腿骨,上顎骨を摘出し,PLP固定液に1日間浸漬した。肝臓はその後通法に従って,パラフィン切片を作成し,ヘマトキシリン・エオジン染色,TNF-α免疫染色,アザン・マロリー(Azan-Mallory)染色を施した。染色後,光学顕微鏡にてそれぞれの組織学的特徴変化を観察した。その結果を図8(ヘマトキシリン・エオジン染色(HE染色),TNF-α免疫染色),及び図9(アザン・マロリー染色)に示した。
Claims (8)
- 抗γ-グルタミルトランスペプチダーゼ(GGT)抗体を有効成分として含有する肝線維症治療剤又は予防剤であって,
前記抗GGT抗体は,
破骨細胞形成阻害作用を有する抗体である,
肝線維症治療剤又は予防剤。 - 前記抗GGT抗体は,
AGT-3である,
請求項1に記載の肝線維症治療剤又は予防剤。 - 抗GGT抗体を有効成分として含有する肝硬変治療剤又は予防剤であって,
前記抗GGT抗体は,
破骨細胞形成阻害作用を有する抗体である,
肝硬変治療剤又は予防剤。 - 前記抗GGT抗体は,
AGT-3である,
請求項3に記載の肝硬変治療剤又は予防剤。 - 抗GGT抗体を有効成分として含有する慢性肝炎の治療剤又は予防剤であって,
前記抗GGT抗体は,
破骨細胞形成阻害作用を有する抗体である,
慢性肝炎の治療剤又は予防剤。 - 前記抗GGT抗体は,
AGT-3である,
請求項5に記載の慢性肝炎の治療剤又は予防剤。 - 抗GGT抗体を有効成分として含有する肝線維症又は肝硬変誘発性TNF-α発現抑制剤であって,
前記抗GGT抗体は,
破骨細胞形成阻害作用を有する抗体である,
肝線維症誘発性TNF-α発現抑制剤又は肝硬変誘発性TNF-α発現抑制剤。 - 前記抗GGT抗体は,
AGT-3である,
請求項7に記載の肝線維症誘発性TNF-α発現抑制剤又は肝硬変誘発性TNF-α発現抑制剤。
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2009
- 2009-11-17 WO PCT/JP2009/006146 patent/WO2010058550A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2009-11-17 JP JP2010539137A patent/JPWO2010058550A1/ja active Pending
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Y. ISHIZUKA ET AL.: "Treatment With Anti-y- Glutamyl Transpeptidease Antibody Attenuates Osteolysis in Collagen-Induced Arthritis Mice", JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH, vol. 22, no. 12, 2007, pages 1933 - 1942 * |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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WO2020185069A1 (en) | 2019-03-08 | 2020-09-17 | Linxis B.V. | Internalizing binding molecules targeting receptors involved in cell proliferation or cell differentiation |
EP4378485A2 (en) | 2019-03-08 | 2024-06-05 | LinXis B.V. | Internalizing binding molecules targeting receptors involved in cell proliferation or cell differentiation |
WO2022060223A1 (en) | 2020-09-16 | 2022-03-24 | Linxis B.V. | Internalizing binding molecules |
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