Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D207/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D207/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D207/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D207/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrocarbon radicals, substituted by hetero atoms, attached to ring carbon atoms
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D217/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing isoquinoline or hydrogenated isoquinoline ring systems
  • C07D217/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing isoquinoline or hydrogenated isoquinoline ring systems with radicals, substituted by hetero atoms, attached to carbon atoms of the nitrogen-containing ring
  • C07D217/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing isoquinoline or hydrogenated isoquinoline ring systems with radicals, substituted by hetero atoms, attached to carbon atoms of the nitrogen-containing ring other than aralkyl radicals
  • C07D217/16—Heterocyclic compounds containing isoquinoline or hydrogenated isoquinoline ring systems with radicals, substituted by hetero atoms, attached to carbon atoms of the nitrogen-containing ring other than aralkyl radicals substituted by oxygen atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D241/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings
  • C07D241/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings not condensed with other rings
  • C07D241/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having one or two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D241/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having one or two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with oxygen atoms directly attached to ring carbon atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
  • C07D417/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings
  • C07D417/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
  • C07D417/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing three or more hetero rings

Definitions

• the invention described herein pertains to compounds and compositions for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• Alzheimer's disease is a progressive mental deterioration in a human resulting in loss of memory, confusion and disorientation, as well as, behavioral problems such as anxiety. Alzheimer's disease accounts for the majority of senile dementias and is a leading cause of death in adults (Anderson, R. N., Natl. Vital Stat. Rep. 49.1-87 (2001)). The disclosure of the foregoing is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. In addition, the entirety of the disclosures of each of the publications cited herein are incorporated herein by reference. Currently-used treatments offer a small symptomatic benefit; no treatments to delay or halt the progression of the disease are as yet available.
• Alzheimer's disease is characterized by a distortion of the intracellular neurofibrils and the presence of senile plaques composed of granular or filamentous argentophilic masses with an amyloid protein core, largely due to the accumulation of ⁇ - amyloid protein (A ⁇ ) in the brain.
• a ⁇ accumulation plays a role in the pathogenesis and progression of the disease (Selkoe, D. J., Nature 399: 23-31 (1999)) and is a proteolytic fragment of amyloid precursor protein (APP).
• APP is cleaved initially by ⁇ -secretase (also referred to as memapsin 2) followed by ⁇ -secretase to generate A ⁇ (Lin, X., et al., P roc. Natl. Acad. ScL USA 97:1456-1460 (2000); De Stropper, B., et al., Nature 391:387-390 (1998)).
• ⁇ -secretase also referred to as memapsin 2
• the compounds described herein are useful for treating Alzheimer's disease.
• compounds are described herein for treating Alzheimer's disease.
• pharmaceutical compositions are described herein for treating Alzheimer's disease where the pharmaceutical compositions include one or more of the compounds described herein in a therapeutically effective amount.
• methods for treating Alzheimer's disease in a patient in need of relief are described herein, where the methods include the step of administering a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds and/or one or more pharmaceutical compositions described herein.
• uses of the one or more compounds and/or one or more pharmaceutical compositions described herein in the manufacture of a medicament for treating Alzheimer's disease are described herein. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that the efficacy of the compounds herein described may be due at least in part to their potency in inhibiting the proteolytic activity of the enzyme memapsin 2.
• the compounds described herein may be used alone or in combination with other compounds useful for treating Alzheimer's disease, including those compounds that may operate by the same or different modes of action. It is also to be understood that the compounds described herein may be used in combination with other compounds to improve cognitive properties as well as anxiolytics and antipsychotics to control behavior.
• a, b, and c are each independently selected from optionally substituted alkylene, NR 6 , W, C(W), S(O), S(O) 2 , or a combination thereof, where W is O or S; or a and b, b and c, or a and c are taken together with the attached atoms to form an optionally substituted bicyclic ring; providing that a-b-c does not comprise W-W, or C(W)-W-C(W);
• Q 1 is a divalent carbocycle, heterocycle, unsaturated heterocycle, aryl, or heteroaryl, each of which is optionally substituted;
• X 2 is NR 1 , C(O), S(O), S(O) 2 , NR ⁇ C(O), NR ⁇ S(O), NR ⁇ S(O) 2 , optionally substituted alkylene, or optionally substituted alkylenoxy;
• X 3 is C(O), S(O), S(O) 2 or CHR 1 ;
• R is alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;
• X 1 is optionally substituted alkylene, such as methylene or substituted methylene;
• A is O or NR 1 ; or A is a nitrogen atom, and A and X 1 are taken together to form an optionally substituted heterocycle
• R 1 is independently selected in each instance from hydrogen, alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;
• R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and a prodrug forming group;
• R 5 is alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;
• R 6 is hydrogen, OR 7 , S(O)R 7 , S(O) 2 R 7 , C(O)R 8 , C(O)OR 7 , C(O)NR 9 R 10 , S(O)NR 9 R 10 , S(O) 2 NR 9 R 10 , alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted; R 7 is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;
• R 8 is in each instance independently selected from hydrogen, or selected from the group consisting of, alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;
• R 9 and R 10 are in each instance independently selected from hydrogen, or selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted; or R 9 and R 10 and the attached nitrogen form an optionally substituted heterocycle.
• a is C(O), or alkylene or C(O)alkylene, each of which is optionally substituted.
• b is optionally substituted alkylene, O, S(O), S(O) 2 , or NR 6 .
• c is alkylene or C(O)alkylene each of which is optionally substituted, or c is C(O), S(O), S(O) 2 , or NR 6 .
• a is C(O)
• b is NR 6
• c is optionally substituted alkylene
• R 6 is arylalkyl or alkyl.
• a, b, and c are taken together with the attached atoms to form pyrrolidine, oxazolidine, isoxazolidine, pyrazolidine, morpholine, piperidine, piperazine, such as piperazinone and the like, tetrahydroquinoline, tetrahydroisoquinoline, tetrahydroquinazoline, benzopyrazine, homopiperidine, or homopiperazine, each of which is optionally substituted.
• said substituents include one or more substituents selected from substituted benzyl, optionally substituted phenyl, fluoro, fluoroalkyl, and the like.
• a is C(O)
• b is optionally substituted alkylene
• c is NR 6
• R 6 is arylalkyl are described.
• a and b and the attached atoms form an optionally substituted fused bicyclic ring. In another embodiment of formula (I), b and c and the attached atoms form an optionally substituted fused bicyclic ring. In another embodiment of formula (I), a and c and the attached atoms form an optionally substituted bicyclic ring.
• R 11 is hydrogen, or R 11 is alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxyl, thioalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted.
• R 11 is optionally substituted benzyl.
• R 11 is optionally substituted benzyl attached at C-3.
• R 11 is optionally substituted benzyl attached at C-4.
• R 11 is hydrogen, or R 11 is alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxyl, thioalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted.
• R 11 is optionally substituted benzyl.
• R 11 is hydrogen, or R 11 is alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxyl, thioalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted.
• R 11 is optionally substituted benzyl.
• R 11 is hydrogen, or R 11 is alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxyl, thioalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted.
• R 11 is optionally substituted benzyl.
• each of R, X 1 , A, X 2 , Q 1 , X 3 , R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 are as described in each of the embodiments described herein. It is to be understood that additional embodiments of the invention are described herein where for example, R may be independently selected from an embodiment described herein, and X 1 may be independently selected from the same or different embodiment. Those embodiments and each other embodiment that may be indentified by such a selection of any of R, X 1 , A, X 2 , Q 1 , X 3 , R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 are understood to be described herein.
• R 6 (IIIc) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof are described.
• R 6 is H.
• R 6 is H.
• R 6 is H.
• R 11 , a and b are as described in each of the embodiments described herein.
• a is optionally substituted alkylene, or C(O), and b is O, S(O), S(O) 2 , or NR 6 .
• R 6 is optionally substituted benzyl.
• R 6 is optionally substituted benzyl, and R 11 is H.
• R 6 is optionally substituted benzyl, and R 11 is alkyl.
• R 6 is optionally substituted alkyl, and R 11 is H.
• R 6 is optionally substituted alkyl, and R 11 is alkyl.
• R 6 is optionally substituted branched alkyl, and R 1 Ss H.
• R 11 is selected from halo, such as fluoro, and the like, aryloxy, such as phenyloxy, and the like; arylalkyloxy, such as benzyloxy, and the like; arylamino, such as phenylamino, and the like; arylalkylamino, such as benzylamino, and the like; alkoxy, such as methoxy, and the like; alkyl, such as methyl, and the like; alkoxy, such as methoxy, and the like; alkylamino, such as methylamino, dimethyamino, and the like; alkylsulfonyl, such as methylsulfonyl, and the like; aminosulfonyl, such as H 2 N-SO 2 , and the like; and heteroalkyl, such as methoxymethyl, and the like; each of which is optional
• Y 1 represents from 1 to 3 optional substituents independently selected in each instance from the group consisting of hydroxy, halo, alkoxy, C(O)-alkyl, C(O)-aryl, C(O)-alkoxy, C(O)-amino, S(O)-alkyl, S(O) 2 -alkyl, S(O)-aryl, S(O) 2 -aryl, alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, amino, alkylene- amino, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted.
• Y 1 represents from 1 to 3 optional substituents independently selected in each instance from the group consisting of hydroxy, halo, alkoxy, C(O)-alkyl, C(O)-aryl, C(O)-alkoxy, C(O)-amino, S(O)-alkyl, S(O) 2 -alkyl, S(O)-aryl, S(O) 2 -aryl, alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, amino, alkylene- amino, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted.
• Q 1 is 1,3-phenylene, optionally substituted with from 1 to 3 substituents selected from hydroxy, halo, alkoxy, C(O)-alkyl, C(O)-aryl, C(O)-alkoxy, C(O)-amino, S(O)-alkyl, S(O) 2 -alkyl, S(O)-aryl, S(O) 2 -aryl, alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, amino, alkylene- amino, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted.
• X 2 -Q x -X 3 is selected from the following divalent formulae where Y represents from 1 to 3 optional substituents independently selected in each instance from the group consisting of hydroxy, halo, or alkoxy, C(O)-alkyl, C(O)-aryl, C(O)-alkoxy, C(O)-amino, S(O)-alkyl, S(O) 2 -alkyl, S(O)-aryl, S(O) 2 -aryl, alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, amino, alkylene- amino, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted.
• Y represents from 1 to 3 optional substituents independently selected in each instance from the group consisting of halo, OR 8 , C(O)R 8 , C(O)NR 9 R 10 , C(O)OR 8 , S(O)R 8 , S(O) 2 R 8 , alkyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, NR 9 R 10 , alkylene-NR 9 R 10 , alkylene-OR 8 , aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl and heteroarylalkyl.
• X 1 and X 2 are as defined in each of the foregoing embodiments; and n is 1 or 2.
• Q 1 is optionally substituted divalent phenyl.
• said substituents are selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, imidazlyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, and pyrazinyl, each of which is optionally substituted.
• compounds of any of formulae (I) to (V) are described, wherein Q 1 is optionally substituted divalent phenyl.
• said substituents are selected from tetrahydrofuranyl, bistetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, morpholinyl, piperdinyl, and piperazinyl, each of which is optionally substituted.
• R 1 is as defined herein; and X 2 and X 3 are each C(O).
• R 1 is hydrogen or alkyl.
• X 2 is C(O).
• X 2 is CHOH, CHOCH 3 .
• X 2 is C(O), S(O), S(O) 2 , or optionally substituted alkylene;
• R is optionally substituted arylalkyl
• R is optionally substituted benzyl.
• R 5 is haloalkyl.
• R 5 is fluoroalkyl.
• R 5 is branched alkyl.
• R is isobutyl or neopentyl.
• R is branched fluoroalkyl.
• R 5 is 2-trifluoromethylpropyl.
• R 5 is benzyl, furanylmethyl, thienylmethyl, or pyrazolylmethyl, each of which is optionally substituted.
• R 5 is benzyl or substituted benzyl, where at least one of said substituents is selected from halo, such as fluoro; alkyl, such as methyl, or a combination thereof.
• R 5 is aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is substituted, where at least one of said substituents is selected from fluoro and alkyl.
• compounds of any of formulae (I) to (V), or any of the foregoing embodiments are described, wherein the alkyl is methyl.
• X 1 is CH 2
• A is NR 1
• R 1 is alkyl
• R is optionally substituted heteroaryl
• R is heteroaryl
• A is a nitrogen atom
• a and X 1 are taken together to form an optionally substituted heterocycle
• R is arylalkyl
• A is a nitrogen atom
• a and X 1 are taken together to form an optionally substituted heterocycle.
• A is NH or N-alkyl
• X l -R are taken together to form arylalkyl or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted.
• Y 2 and R a are each independently selected from alkyl or heteroalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted.
• Y 2 and R a are each independently selected from alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, and the like; haloalkyl, such as fluoromethyl, chloromethyl, and the like; alkoxyalkyl, such as methoxymethyl, and the like; and aminoalkyl, such as H 2 N-CH 2 , methylaminomethyl, dimethylaminomethyl, and the like.
• R a is methyl.
• Y 2 is H.
• Y and R a are each independently selected from H, and alkyl and heteroalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted.
• Y 2 and R a are each independently selected from alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, and the like; haloalkyl, such as fluoromethyl, chloromethyl, and the like; alkoxyalkyl, such as methoxymethyl, and the like; and aminoalkyl, such as H 2 N-CH 2 , methylaminomethyl, dimethylaminomethyl, and the like.
• R a is methyl.
• Y 2 is H.
• X is NR 1 , O, or S; and Y 2 and R a are each independently selected from H, and alkyl and heteroalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted.
• Y 2 and R a are each independently selected from alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, and the like; haloalkyl, such as fluoromethyl, chloromethyl, and the like; alkoxyalkyl, such as methoxymethyl, and the like; and aminoalkyl, such as H 2 N-CH 2 , methylaminomethyl, dimethylaminomethyl, and the like.
• X is O or S; and Y 2 and R a are each independently selected from H, and alkyl and heteroalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted.
• Y 2 and R a are each independently selected from alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, and the like; haloalkyl, such as fluoromethyl, chloromethyl, and the like; alkoxyalkyl, such as methoxymethyl, and the like; and aminoalkyl, such as H 2 N-CH 2 , methylaminomethyl, dimethylaminomethyl, and the like.
• Z is CH 2 , NR 1 , O, or S;
• X is NR 1 , O, or S;
• Y 2 and R a are each independently selected from H, and alkyl and heteroalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted.
• Y and R a are each independently selected from alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, and the like; haloalkyl, such as fluoromethyl, chloromethyl, and the like; alkoxyalkyl, such as methoxymethyl, and the like; and aminoalkyl, such as H 2 N-CH 2 , methylaminomethyl, dimethylaminomethyl, and the like.
• Z is CH 2 , NR, O, or S
• X is NR 1 , O, or S
• Y 2 and R a are each independently selected from H, and alkyl and heteroalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted.
• Y 2 and R a are each independently selected from alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, and the like; haloalkyl, such as fluoromethyl, chloromethyl, and the like; alkoxyalkyl, such as methoxymethyl, and the like; and aminoalkyl, such as H 2 N-CH 2 , methylaminomethyl, dimethylaminomethyl, and the like.
• X is O or S; and Y and R a are each independently selected from H, and alkyl and heteroalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted.
• Y 2 and R a are each independently selected from alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, and the like; haloalkyl, such as fluoromethyl, chloromethyl, and the like; alkoxyalkyl, such as methoxymethyl, and the like; and aminoalkyl, such as H 2 N-CH 2 , methylaminomethyl, dimethylaminomethyl, and the like.
• X is O or S; and Y and R a are each independently selected from H, and alkyl and heteroalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted.
• Y 2 and R a are each independently selected from alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, and the like; haloalkyl, such as fluoromethyl, chloromethyl, and the like; alkoxyalkyl, such as methoxymethyl, and the like; and aminoalkyl, such as H 2 N-CH 2 , methylaminomethyl, dimethylaminomethyl, and the like.
• R 11 is optionally substituted arylalkyl, including benzyl, phenylethyl, and substituted variants thereof, such as benzyl and phenylethyl substituted with electron donating groups, including but not limited to alkoxy, such as methoxy.
• compounds of any of formulae (I) to (V), or any of the foregoing embodiments are described wherein a is C(O) and b is NR 6 .
• a is C(O)
• b is NR 6
• c is optionally substituted C 2 -C 3 alkylene.
• R 6 is optionally substituted arylalkyl, including but not limited to benzyl and substituted variants thereof.
• R 6 is optionally substituted alkyl, including but not limited to iso-buty ⁇ and substituted variants thereof.
• any compound described in any one of the preceding embodiments has the following stereochemical configuration:
• compounds of any of formulae (I) to (V), or any of the foregoing embodiments are described where R is branched alkyl, halosubstituted branched alkyl, benzyl, or halosubstituted benzyl.
• compounds of any of formulae (I) to (V), or any of the foregoing embodiments are described where each of R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 is hydrogen.
• prodrug derivatives of the compounds described herein are included in each of the illustrative embodiments described herein. It is also to be understood that the foregoing compounds represent all isotopes at each locus.
• each hydrogen is independently selected from 1 H, 2 H, or 3 H; each carbon is independently selected from 11 C, 12 C, 13 C, or 14 C; and the like.
• aryl includes monocyclic and polycyclic aromatic carbocyclic and aromatic heterocyclic groups, each of which may be optionally substituted.
• heteroaryl includes aromatic heterocyclic groups, each of which may be optionally substituted.
• Illustrative carbocyclic aromatic groups described herein include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, and the like.
• heterocyclic aromatic groups include, but are not limited to, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, tetrazinyl, quinolinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, triazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, and the like.
• alkylene as used herein includes molecular fragments comprising divalent groups that are formed from a linear or branched chain of carbon atoms. Illustrative examples include methylene, 1,2-ethylene, 1 -methyl- 1,2-ethylene, 1,4-butylene, 2,3-dimethyl- 1,4-butylene, 2-methyl-2-ethyl-l,5-pentylene, and the like.
• heteroalkyl and heteroalkylene as used herein include molecular fragments or radicals comprising monovalent and divalent, respectively, groups that are formed from a linear or branched chain of carbon atoms and heteroatoms, wherein the heteroatoms are selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, such as alkoxyalkyl, alkyleneoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, alkyleneaminoalkyl, alkylthioalkyl, alkylenethioalkyl, alkoxyalkylaminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkoxyalkyl, alkyleneoxyalkylaminoalkyl, and the like.
• heteroalkyl nor heteroalkylene includes oxygen-oxygen fragments. It is also to be understood that neither heteroalkyl nor heteroalkylene includes oxygen-sulfur fragments, unless the sulfur is oxidized as S(O) or S(O)2.
• cycloalkyl refers to a monovalent chain of carbon atoms, a portion of which forms a ring.
• cycloalkenyl refers to a monovalent chain of carbon atoms containing one or more unsaturated bonds, at least a portion of which forms a ring.
• heterocycloalkyl as used herein generally refers to a monovalent chain of carbon atoms and heteroatoms, at least a portion of which forms a ring.
• heterocycloalkenyl as used herein refers to a monovalent chain of carbon atoms and heteroatoms containing one or more unsaturated bonds, a portion of which forms a ring, wherein the heteroatoms are selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur.
• haloalkyl is generally taken to mean an alkyl group wherein one or more hydrogen atoms is replaced with a halogen atom, independently selected in each instance from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
• halogen atom independently selected in each instance from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
• Non-limiting, illustrative examples include, difluoromethly, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 2-chlorobutyl, 2-chloro-2- propyl, trifluoromethyl, bromodifluoromethyl, and the like.
• prodrug generally refers to any compound that when administered to a biological system generates a biologically active compound as a result of one or more spontaneous chemical reaction(s), enzyme-catalyzed chemical reaction(s), and/or metabolic chemical reaction(s), and the like, or a combination thereof.
• the prodrug is typically acted upon by an enzyme (such as esterases, amidases, phosphatases, and the like), simple biological chemistry, or other process in vivo to liberate or regenerate the more pharmacologically active drug. This activation may occur through the action of an endogenous host enzyme or a non-endogenous enzyme that is administered to the host preceding, following, or during administration of the prodrug.
• prodrug use is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,627,165; and Pathalk et al., Stereosel. Biocatal., 775-797, (2000). It is appreciated that the prodrug is advantageously converted to the original drug as soon as the goal, such as targeted delivery, safety, stability, and the like is achieved, followed by the subsequent rapid elimination of the released remains of the group forming the prodrug.
• Prodrugs may be prepared from the compounds described herein by attaching groups that ultimately cleave in vivo to one or more functional groups present on the compound, such as -OH-, -SH, -CO 2 H, -NR 2 .
• Illustrative prodrugs include but are not limited to carboxylate esters where the group is alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, acyloxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl as well as esters of hydroxyl, thiol and amines where the group attached is an acyl group, an alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, phosphate or sulfate.
• Further illustrative prodrugs contain a chemical moiety, such as an amide or phosphorus group functioning to increase solubility and/or stability of the compounds described herein.
• Further illustrative prodrugs for amino groups include, but are not limited to, (C 3 -C 2 o)alkanoyl; halo- (C 3 -C 20 )alkanoyl; (C 3 -C 20 )alkenoyl; (C 4 -C 7 )cycloalkanoyl; (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl(C 2 -C 16 )alkanoyl; optionally substituted aroyl, such as unsubstituted aroyl or aroyl substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, trifluoromethanesulphonyloxy, (Ci-C 3 )alkyl and (Ci-C 3 )alkoxy, each of which is optional
• the groups illustrated are exemplary, not exhaustive, and may be prepared by conventional processes. It is understood that the prodrugs themselves may not possess therapeutically effective biological activity in the amount administered, but instead undergo one or more spontaneous chemical reaction(s), enzyme-catalyzed chemical reaction(s), and/or metabolic chemical reaction(s), and the like, or a combination thereof after administration in vivo to produce the compound described herein that is biologically active or is a precursor of the biologically active compound. However, it is appreciated that in some cases, the prodrug is biologically active. It is also appreciated that prodrugs may often serves to improve drug efficacy or safety through improved oral bioavailability, pharmacodynamic half-life, and the like.
• Prodrugs also refer to derivatives of the compounds described herein that include groups that simply mask undesirable drug properties or improve drug delivery.
• one or more compounds described herein may exhibit an undesirable property that is advantageously blocked or minimized may become pharmacological, pharmaceutical, or pharmacokinetic barriers in clinical drug application, such as low oral drug absorption, lack of site specificity, chemical instability, toxicity, and poor patient acceptance (bad taste, odor, pain at injection site, and the like), and others.
• a prodrug, or other strategy using reversible derivatives can be useful in the optimization of the clinical application of a drug.
• optional substituted includes a wide variety of groups that replace one or more hydrogens on a carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur atom, including monovalent and divalent groups.
• optional substitution of carbon includes, but is not limited to, halo, hydroxy, alkyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, aryl, arylalkyl, acyl, acyloxy, and the like.
• optional substitution of aryl carbon includes, but is not limited to, halo, amino, hydroxy, alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, arylalkyl, arylalkyloxy, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxyalkenyl, alkylene dioxy, aminoalkyl, where the amino group may also be substituted with one or two alkyl groups, arylalkyl groups, and/or acylgroups, nitro, acyl and derivatives thereof such as oximes, hydrazones, and the like, cyano, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylamino, and the like.
• optional substitution of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur includes, but is not limited to, alkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, acyl, and the like, as well as protecting groups, such as alkyl, ether, ester, and acyl protecting groups, and pro-drug groups.
• protecting groups such as alkyl, ether, ester, and acyl protecting groups, and pro-drug groups.
• Illustrative protecting groups contemplated herein are described in Greene & Wuts "Greene's protective groups in organic synthesis," 4th Ed., John Wiley & Sons, (NY, 2006). It is further understood that each of the foregoing optional substituents may themselves be additionally optionally substituted, such as with halo, hydroxy, alkyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, and the like.
• references to therapeutically acceptable salts include acid addition salts.
• Illustrative acid addition salts include but are not limited to, those formed from acids which form non-toxic salts.
• Illustrative examples include the acetate, aspartate, benzoate, besylate, bicarbonate/carbonate, bisulphate/sulphate, borate, camsylate, citrate, edisylate, esylate, formate, fumarate, gluceptate, gluconate, glucuronate, hexafluorophosphate, hibenzate, hydrochloride/chloride, hydrobromide/bromide, hydroiodide/iodide, isethionate, lactate, malate, maleate, malonate, mesylate, methylsulphate, naphthylate, 2-napsylate, nicotinate, nitrate, orotate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, phosphate/hydrogen phosphate/d
• references to therapeutically acceptable salts include base salts.
• Illustrative base salts include but are not limited to, those formed from bases which form non-toxic salts.
• Illustrative examples include the aluminium, arginine, benzathine, calcium, choline, diethylamine, diolamine, glycine, lysine, magnesium, meglumine, olamine, potassium, sodium, tromethamine and zinc salts.
• such salts may be hemisalts.
• Illustrative hemisalts of acids and bases include but are not limited to, those formed from, for example, hemisulphate and hemicalcium salts. The following illustrative examples of the compounds are described.
• the following illustrative examples of the compounds are described
• R is H or alkyl; and R , 11 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl. In another embodiment, R . 11 is hydrogen, alkyl, arylalkyl
• R 11 is H, alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, heteroalkyl, or heteroaryl.
• the compounds may be prepared using conventional synthetic processes, and/or processes as described herein.
• compounds described herein can be prepared by the process shown in the following scheme. a) n-Bu 2 BOTf, i-Pr 2 NEt, CH 2 Cl 2 , -78 0 C to RT; b) LiOH-H 2 O, H 2 O 2 , THF/H 2 0, O 0 C; c) DPPA, Et 3 N, toluene, 8O 0 C, RT; d) IN aq. LiOH, EtOH, 85 0 C.
• the compounds described herein can be prepared by the process shown in one of the following schemes ( a) EDC, HOBt, DIPEA, DMF-CH 2 Cl 2 ).
• compounds described herein can be prepared from an intermediate compound prepared by the process shown in the following scheme.
• d e a) Dess-Martin, NaHCO3; b) tert-butylsulfinamide, Ti(OEt) 4 ; c) 4-pentenyl magnesium bromide, DCM, O 0 C; d) 6N HCl(aq), MeOH, 4O 0 C; e) R 4 -LG; f) allyl acetate, Grubbs' cat.
• compounds described herein can be prepared by the process shown in the following scheme.
• Example 1 a) n-Bu 2 BOTf, i-Pr 2 NEt, CH 2 Cl 2 , -78 0 C to RT; b) LiOH-H 2 O, H 2 O 2 , THF/H 2 0, O 0 C; c) DPPA, Et 3 N, toluene, 8O 0 C, RT; d) IN aq. LiOH, EtOH, 85 0 C; e) EDC, HOBt, i-Pr 2 Net, DMF-CH 2 Cl 2 RT.
• the amine 2 was synthesized from N-Boc-L- 1,2,3,4- tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxaldehyde 4 based upon a reported procedure (WO 2005/016876 and Ghosh, A. K.; Hussain, K. A.; Fidanze, S. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 6080-6082). Described herein is the use of (S)-4-benzyl-2-oxazolidinone in place of the previously described use of (S)-(-)-4-isopropyl-2-oxazolidinone.
• the starting materials or intermediate compounds may contain additional functional groups. It is appreciated that protecting groups for such functional groups may be required in one or more of the steps in the schemes shown above. Illustrative examples of protecting groups appear in Greene's Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 4th Edition, Peter G. M. Wuts and Theodora W. Greene, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2006.
• a method of treating a patient in need of relief from Alzheimer's disease comprising the step of administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising the compound of any one of the preceding embodiments is described.
• treatment is meant to include prevention, amelioration, alleviation, or elimination of one or more symptoms of Alzheimer's disease, including but not limited to cognitive dysfunction, memory dysfunction, and behavioral disturbances.
• the compounds described herein can be prepared and administered in a wide variety of oral, parenteral, and topical dosage forms. See generally, Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, (21 st ed., 2005).
• the compounds described herein can be administered by injection (e.g. intravenously, intramuscularly, intracutaneously, subcutaneously, intraduodenally, or intraperitoneally).
• the compounds described herein can be administered by inhalation, for example, intranasally.
• the compounds described herein can be administered transdermally. It is also envisioned that multiple routes of administration (e.g., intramuscular, oral, transdermal) can be used to administer the compounds described herein.
• compositions comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient and one or more compounds of the invention are described.
• the pharmaceutical compositions containing one or more of the compounds described herein may be in a form suitable for oral use, for example, as tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oily suspensions, dispersible powders or granules, emulsions, hard or soft capsules, or syrups or elixirs.
• Compositions intended for oral use may be prepared according to any method known to the art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions and such compositions may contain one or more agents selected from the group consisting of sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preserving agents in order to provide pharmaceutically elegant and palatable preparation.
• Formulations for oral use include tablets which contain the active ingredient in admixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
• excipients may be, for example, inert diluents, such as calcium carbonate, sodium chloride, lactose, calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, for example, maize starch, or alginic acid; binding agents, for example, starch, gelatin or acacia, and lubricating agents, for example, magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc.
• the tablets may be uncoated or they may be coated by known techniques to delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period.
• a time delay material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate may be employed.
• Formulations for oral use may also be presented as hard gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil medium, for example, peanut oil, liquid paraffin, or olive oil.
• an inert solid diluent for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, or kaolin
• water or an oil medium for example, peanut oil, liquid paraffin, or olive oil.
• Aqueous suspensions can include pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as suspending agents, e.g., sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia; dispersing or wetting agents such as naturally occurring phosphatide, e.g., lecithin, or condensation products of an alkylene oxide with fatty acids, e.g., polyoxyethylene stearate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with long chain aliphatic alcohols, e.g, heptadecaethylene-oxycetanol, or condensation products of ethylene exide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and a hexitol, e.g., polyoxyethylene sorbitol monoleate or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, e.g., polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate.
• the aqueous suspensions can also contain one or more preservatives, e.g., ethyl-or-n-propyl-p-hydroxy benzoate, one or more coloring agents, one or more flavoring agents and one or more sweetening agents, such as sucrose, saccharin or sodium or calcium cyclamate.
• preservatives e.g., ethyl-or-n-propyl-p-hydroxy benzoate
• coloring agents e.g., ethyl-or-n-propyl-p-hydroxy benzoate
• flavoring agents e.g., ethyl-or-n-propyl-p-hydroxy benzoate
• sweetening agents such as sucrose, saccharin or sodium or calcium cyclamate.
• Oily suspensions may be formulated by suspending the active ingredient in a vegetable oil, for example, arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil, or coconut oil, or in a mineral oil such as liquid paraffin.
• the oily suspensions may contain a thickening agent, for example, beeswax, hard paraffin, or cetyl alcohol.
• Sweetening agents such as those set forth above, and flavoring agents may be added to provide a palatable oral preparation. These compositions may be preserved by the addition of an antioxidant such as ascorbic acid.
• Dispersible powders and granules suitable for preparation of an aqueous suspension by the addition of water provide the active ingredient in admixture with a dispersing or wetting agent, suspending agent and one or more preservatives. Suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents are exemplified by those already mentioned above. Additional excipients, for example, sweetening, flavoring and coloring agents, may also be present.
• the pharmaceutical compositions of the compounds described herein may also be in the form of oil-in- water emulsions.
• the oily phase may be a vegetable oil, for example, olive oil or arachis oils, or a mineral oil, for example, liquid paraffin or mixtures of these.
• Suitable emulsifying agents may be naturally-occurring gums, for example, gum acacia or gum tragacanth; naturally-occurring phosphatides, for example, soybean lecithin; and esters including partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, for example, sorbitan mono-oleate, and condensation products of the said partial esters with ethylene oxide, for example, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate.
• the emulsions may also contain sweetening and flavoring agents.
• Syrups and elixirs may be formulated with sweetening agents, for example glycerol, sorbitol, or sucrose. Such formulations may also contain a demulcent, a preservative, and flavoring and coloring agents.
• the pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of a sterile injectable aqueous or oleagenous suspension. This suspension may be formulated according to the known art using those suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents which have been mentioned above.
• the sterile injectable preparation may be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent.
• Suitable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, 1,3-butanediol, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
• sterile fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
• any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides.
• Fatty acids such as oleic acid also find use in the preparation of injectibles.
• the compounds described herein may contain one or more chiral centers, or may otherwise be capable of existing as multiple stereoisomers.
• the scope of the present invention includes pure stereoisomers as well as mixtures of stereoisomers, such as enantiomers, diastereomers, and enantiomerically or diastereomerically enriched mixtures.
• the compounds described herein may be capable of existing as geometric isomers.
• the scope of the present invention includes pure geometric isomers or mixtures of geometric isomers.
• compounds described herein are useful in methods for decreasing memapsin 2 activity, decreasing hydrolysis of a ⁇ -secretase site of a memapsin 2 substrate, and/or decreasing the accumulation of ⁇ -amyloid protein relative to the amount of memapsin 2 activity, hydrolysis of a ⁇ -secretase site, and accumulation of ⁇ -amyloid protein, respectively, in the absence of the ⁇ -secretase inhibitor.
• re/t-butyl-3-oxopiperazine-l-carboxylate 300 mg, 1.49 mmol was dissolved in anhydrous DMF (5.00 rnL) and the solution was cooled to 0 0 C.
• Sodium hydride (60% in mineral oil - 120 mg, 3.00 mmol) was added to the solution which was stirred at 0 0 C for 5 min and allowed to warm to room temperature for 2 h.
• l-iodo-2-methylpropane (0.35 mL, 3 mmol) was added to the solution and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 h. The reaction was cooled to 0 0 C and quenched with cold water.
• Step 2 (SJ-Tert-butyl-2-((lS,2S)-2-(dibenzylamino)-l-hydroxy-3- phenylpropyl)-4-isobutyl-3-oxopiperazine-l-carboxylate.
• Tert-butyl-4-isobutyl-3- oxopiperazine-1-carboxylate (155 mg, 0.6 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous THF (3 mL) and the solution was cooled to -78 0 C.
• LHMDS 1.0 M in THF - 1.21 mL, 1.21 mmol
• Step 3 - f l S r J-tert-butyl-2-((l l S r ,2 l S r )-2-(dibenzylamino)-l-hydroxy-3-phenylpropyl)- 4-isobutyl-3-oxopiperazine-l-carboxylate (98.8 mg, 0.17 mmol) was dissolved in absolute ethanol (10 mL). Pearlman's catalyst (20 % w/w, 35 mg) and glacial acetic acid (0.02 mL, 0.34 mmol) were added to the solution and the mixture was stirred under a hydrogen stream at 1 atm for 12 h. The solution was filtered through a pad of celite and the solvent was removed under vacuum.
• Step 4 The mono ⁇ -(R)-pheneth-l-yl amide of 5-(N- methylmethylsulfonamido)-isophthalic acid (Ghosh, A. K.et al, J. Med. Chem. 2007, 50, 2399) (60 mg, 0.16 mmol) and the amine derived from step 3 (64.6 mg, 0.16 mmol) were dissolved in anhydrous CH 2 Cl 2 (3 mL) and the solution was cooled to 0 0 C.
• Step 5 The Boc-protected diamide prepared in Step 4 (70 mg, 0.09 mmol) was dissolved in a 3N solution of HCl in EtOAc (4 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The solvent was removed under vacuum and the crude mixture was dissolved in a 1:1 mixture of THF and saturated NaHCO 3 (2 mL); after stirring for 1 h, the THF was removed and the product was extracted with EtOAc (4 x 2 mL). The organic phase was dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated on the rotovap.
• Step 2 (S)-tert-butyl-2-((lS,2S)-2-(dibenzylamino)-l-hydroxy-3-phenylpropyl)- 4-(4-methoxybenzyl)-3-oxopiperazine-l-carboxylate.
• re/t-butyl-4-(4-methoxybenzyl)-3- oxopiperazine-1-carboxylate 9 (385 mg, 1.2 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous THF (5 mL) and the solution was cooled to -78 0 C.
• Step 3 (S)-tert-butyl-2-((lS,2S)-2-(dibenzylamino)-l-hydroxy-3-phenylpropyl)- 4-(4-methoxybenzyl)-3-oxopiperazine-l-carboxylate (163 mg, 0.25 mmol) was dissolved in absolute ethanol (10 mL). Pearlman's catalyst (20 % w/w, 57 mg) and glacial acetic acid (0.03 mL, 0.50 mmol) were added to the solution and the mixture was stirred under a hydrogen stream at 1 atm for 12 h. The solution was filtered through a pad of celite and the solvent was removed under vacuum. The crude mixture was purified on silica gel using a gradient of DCM to DCM:MeOH (19:1) to afford the amine as an off-white solid (93 mg, 0.198 mmol). Yield: 79%.
• Step 4 the mono N-(R)-pheneth-l-y ⁇ amide of 5-(N- methylmethylsulfonamido)-isophthalic acid (40 mg, 0.11 mmol) and the free amine of step 3 (50 mg, 0.11 mmol) were dissolved in anhydrous CH 2 Cl 2 (3 mL) and the solution was cooled to 0 0 C.
• HOBt-H 2 O 25 mg, 0.16 mmol
• EDCHCl 31 mg, 0.16 mmol
• DIPEA 0.11 mL, 0.64 mmol
• Step 5 GRL-0889AL.
• the Boc-protected diamide of step 4 (27 mg, 0.03 mmol) was dissolved in a 3N solution of HCl in EtOAc (4 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The solvent was removed under vacuum and the crude mixture was dissolved in a 1:1 mixture of THF and saturated NaHCO 3 (2 mL); after stirring for 1 h, the THF was removed and the product was extracted with EtOAc (4 x 2 mL). The organic phase was dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated on the rotovap.
• a substrate peptide H 3 N -ELDLAVEFWHDR-CO 2 (SEQ ID NO: 1) (used for inhibition assay of memapsin 2, memapsin 1, and cathepsin D) was dissolved at 2 mg/mL in DMSO and diluted 1:100 in 0.1 M sodium acetate, pH 4.0 just prior to assay. Inhibitor dissolved in DMSO was diluted into 0.1 M sodium acetate, pH 4.0 (1:100 dilution).
• a 50 ⁇ L aliquot of the inhibitor solution in pH 4 buffer was combined with 150 ⁇ L of 0.1 M sodium acetate containing 100-200 nM of memapsin 1, memapsin 2, or cathepsin D. Following a pre-incubation at 37° C, the proteolytic assay was initated by addition of 50 ⁇ l of the substrate diluted into pH 4 buffer, and incubation continued at 37° C. Aliquots were removed at time intervals, and combined with an equal volume of MALDI-TOF matrix ( ⁇ - acid in acetone, 20 mg/mL) and immediately spotted in duplicate onto a stainless- steel MALDI sample plate.
• MALDI-TOF matrix ⁇ - acid in acetone, 20 mg/mL
• MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry was performed on a PE Biosystems Voyager DE instrument at the Molecular Biology Resource Center on campus. The instrument was operated at 25,000 accelerating volts in positive mode with a 150 ns delay. Ions with a mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) were detected in the range of 650- 2000 atomic mass units. Data were analyzed by the Voyager Data Explorer module to obtain ion intensity data for mass species of substrates and corresponding products in a given mixture. Relative product formation was calculated as the ratio of signal intensity of the product to the sum of signal intensities of both product and the corresponding substrate. Relative product formed per unit time was obtained from non-linear regression analysis of the data representing the initial 15% formation of product using the model:
• Tg2576 Transgenic Mouse model The compounds described herein are injected intraperitoneally into Tg2576 mice (Hsiao, K.; et al., Science 1996, 274, 99) and the plasma is sampled immediately prior to and 3 h post-administration. Treatment with the compounds described herein may result in a reduction of Ab40 in plasma, such as at 3 h after a single administration. Doses range from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg, from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg, from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, from about 1 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg, or from about 1 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg.

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