WO2010023403A1 - Procede de fabrication de fibres de carbone - Google Patents
Procede de fabrication de fibres de carbone Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2010023403A1 WO2010023403A1 PCT/FR2009/051622 FR2009051622W WO2010023403A1 WO 2010023403 A1 WO2010023403 A1 WO 2010023403A1 FR 2009051622 W FR2009051622 W FR 2009051622W WO 2010023403 A1 WO2010023403 A1 WO 2010023403A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- fibers
- pan
- acrylonitrile
- carbon fibers
- glycerol
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
- D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
- D01F9/00—Artificial filaments or the like of other substances; Manufacture thereof; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture of carbon filaments
- D01F9/08—Artificial filaments or the like of other substances; Manufacture thereof; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture of carbon filaments of inorganic material
- D01F9/12—Carbon filaments; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture thereof
- D01F9/14—Carbon filaments; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture thereof by decomposition of organic filaments
- D01F9/20—Carbon filaments; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture thereof by decomposition of organic filaments from polyaddition, polycondensation or polymerisation products
- D01F9/21—Carbon filaments; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture thereof by decomposition of organic filaments from polyaddition, polycondensation or polymerisation products from macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- D01F9/22—Carbon filaments; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture thereof by decomposition of organic filaments from polyaddition, polycondensation or polymerisation products from macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds from polyacrylonitriles
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C253/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid nitriles
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
- D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
- D01F9/00—Artificial filaments or the like of other substances; Manufacture thereof; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture of carbon filaments
- D01F9/08—Artificial filaments or the like of other substances; Manufacture thereof; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture of carbon filaments of inorganic material
- D01F9/12—Carbon filaments; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture thereof
- D01F9/14—Carbon filaments; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture thereof by decomposition of organic filaments
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a process for manufacturing carbon fibers from raw materials of renewable origin, as well as the fibers that can be obtained by this process.
- Carbon fibers are materials made of very fine fibers of 5 to 10 microns in diameter, of which carbon is the main chemical element. Other atoms are usually present such as oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen and less often sulfur. The carbon atoms are linked together and form graphitic type crystals more or less parallel to the axis of the fiber. Several thousand of these fibers are twisted together to form a strand. These strands can be used alone or in the form of fabric.
- Carbon fiber is one of the fastest growing materials today.
- thermosetting materials such as epoxy resins and crosslinked polyester resins, or as improvers for certain thermoplastics such as polyamides, they make it possible to obtain very strong composites with respect to their weight and even often more resistant than steel per unit weight.
- Carbon fibers also find applications in the filtration of high temperature gases, as antistatic agents, as specialty electrodes because of their corrosion resistance, as reinforcement of pressurized gas tanks, especially for the storage of gases. 'hydrogen.
- the origin of carbon fibers dates back to 1958, when they were proposed by Union Carbide.
- the first fibers were of poor quality but rapid improvements were obtained using polyacrylonitrile (PAN) as a precursor.
- PAN polyacrylonitrile
- the fibers are not identical: those obtained from PAN are rather turbostratic, with graphitic planes which have a non-zero angle between them and which are folded randomly.
- the fibers obtained from pitch are graphitic after heat treatment at more than 2200 ° C.
- the fibers obtained from these different precursors therefore also have different properties. Thus, those obtained from PAN generally have a better breaking strength.
- Synthesis of carbon fibers from PAN typically comprises a step of firing the fiber at about 300 ° C, in order to oxidize it slightly, after which the fiber is placed in an inert atmosphere under argon or nitrogen at a temperature of the order of 2000 0 C in an electric oven. After this step, the fiber contains about 95% carbon. Subsequent treatment at a higher level temperature increases its thermal conductivity and its modulus.
- the subject of the present invention is a new process for synthesizing carbon fibers from raw materials of renewable or biobased origin.
- the subject of the invention is a process for manufacturing carbon fibers, comprising: a) the synthesis of acrolein from glycerol of plant origin, b) the ammoxidation of acrolein to obtain acrylonitrile, c) the polymerization of acrylonitrile to homo- or copolymer of acrylonitrile (PAN), d) the transformation of PAN to PAN fibers, e) l partial oxidation of PAN fibers, and f) carbonization of partially oxidized PAN fibers.
- step (a) one or more steps subsequent to step (f) and / or one or more intermediate steps, provided that these steps do not adversely affect the whole process, in particular the yield and / or the quality carbon fibers obtained.
- acrolein is formed from glycerol of plant origin.
- the glycerol used in step (a) is obtained as a by-product of a transesterification of triglycerides of vegetable origin.
- a conventional transesterification reaction uses a linear mono-C 1 -C 10 alcohol, such as methanol or ethanol, or a C 3 -C 6 cyclic mono-alcohol, which is reacted with triglycerides to obtain alkyl esters of C1-C10 alcohols and glycerol.
- Triglycerides are compounds of formula: R-CO-O-CH 2 CH (OCO-R 2) -CH 2 -O-CO-R 3, wherein R 1 to R 3 denote linear or branched, saturated or (poly) unsaturated, C 10 -C 30, for example C 12 -C 18, alkyl groups, which are an important constituent of vegetable oils and fats such as palm oil; flax seed oil, peanut oil, coconut oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil or rapeseed oil. The latter is notably transesterified in the manufacture of biodiesel recommended as fuel in substitution of fossil fuels.
- the glycerol used according to the invention can therefore be a by-product in the manufacture of biodiesel from vegetable oil. As an indication, about 1 ton of glycerol is obtained from 10 tons of triglycerides of fatty acids.
- the transesterification step is generally carried out at a temperature of 20 to 150 ° C., preferably 25 to 100 ° C., more preferably 25 to 80 ° C., for example for a period of 4 to 8 hours, in the presence of acidic or basic catalysts, preferably in the presence of a basic catalyst such as sodium or potassium methoxide, in a solvent such as methanol, in a stirred reactor (in particular under high shear) or in a fixed or fluidized bed.
- the transesterification can be carried out in the presence of supercritical methanol at high temperature and pressure.
- all reagents are dehydrated to avoid saponification of triglycerides and allow easier separation of glycerol.
- step (a) of the process according to the invention the glycerol is dehydrated to acrolein in the liquid phase or in the gas phase.
- the dehydration of glycerol to acrolein is carried out at 250-350 ° C. and 1 to 5 bars, in the presence of molecular oxygen and advantageously of an acidic solid catalyst, as described in application WO 2006/087083, preferably in the presence of a strong acid-type catalyst having a Hammett Ho acid number between -9 and -18 as described in WO 2006/087084.
- the dehydration of glycerol can be carried out as described in application US 2008/119663, by heating at a temperature ranging from 250 to 400 ° C., preferably from 260 to 300 ° C.
- the pressure is adjusted, for example between 1 and 50 bar, so as to maintain the reaction medium in the liquid state.
- Potassium or sodium (hydrogen) sulfates can be used to accelerate the reaction. It is thus possible to use a homogeneous acidic catalyst such as sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, toluene sulphonic acid or methanesulphonic acid or to a heterogeneous catalyst such as a zeolite of the HZSM-5 or MCM- type. 22, metal oxides, such as aluminum oxide, coated with an inorganic acid such as phosphoric acid, or an ion exchange resin. Alternatively, it is possible to use biocatalysts such as lipases or esterases.
- glycerol can be dehydrated to acrolein simultaneously with its formation from triglycerides, in the presence of a dehydration catalyst as described above, as taught in US 2008/0119663.
- the transesterification and dehydration steps be conducted separately, in order to optimize the yield of acrolein.
- the glycerol is advantageously extracted from the transesterification reaction medium by distillation, membrane separation or phase separation. It may optionally be subsequently purified to remove the soaps, salts and bases it contains in small quantities, before being converted into acrolein.
- step (a) of the process according to the invention is then subjected, in step (b), to amoxidation to obtain acrylonitrile, according to the following reaction scheme:
- CH 2 CH-CHO + NH 3 + 0.5 O 2
- CH 2 CH-CN + 2H 2 O
- This ammoxidation step is well known to those skilled in the art and can in particular be carried out at 200-450 ° C. by passing a mixture of acrolein, ammonia, air and inert gas over a catalyst consisting of one or more oxygenated salts of arsenic and less electronegative elements.
- a process of this type is described in application FR 1 410 967. Alternatively, it may be carried out as described in DE-I 070 170, using a molybdenum-based catalyst at a temperature of 250 ° to 350 ° C.
- the acrylonitrile thus obtained is polymerized in step (c) of the process according to the invention.
- the acrylonitrile may be homopolymerized or, according to a preferred embodiment of the invention, copolymerized with at least one other monomer, preferably an acrylic monomer, that is to say an acid monomer (meth). ) acrylic or alkyl ester of (meth) acrylic acid, such as methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate or acrylic acid.
- this comonomer allows a better control of the thermal effects in the subsequent stage (e) (Gupta, AK et al., JMS-Rev Macromol Chem Chem C31, 1991).
- This comonomer can itself be of renewable origin.
- acrylic acid can be obtained from glycerol and methyl methacrylate can incorporate by its synthesis of acetone and methanol of renewable origin.
- Methyl acrylate is preferred for use in the present invention because it is very close in polarity to acrylonitrile.
- the (co) polymerization of acrylonitrile can be carried out in a conventional manner, by radical solution polymerization, using a solvent of the dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) or dimethylformamide (DMF) type, optionally in the presence of an activator such as azobisisobutyronitrile. (AIBN) or an azocarboxylic acid ester, as described in US patent application 2004/068069.
- an activator such as azobisisobutyronitrile. (AIBN) or an azocarboxylic acid ester, as described in US patent application 2004/068069.
- the (co) polymerization of The acrylonitrile can be carried out in aqueous dispersion in the presence of sodium thiocyanate, zinc chloride or sodium perchlorate, for example.
- Useful polymerization methods are described in particular in "Polymerization of acrylic fibers", Encyclopedia of Polymer Science, Vol. 1, pp. 334-338, 1985.
- This PAN is then put into the form of fibers in step (d) of the process according to the invention.
- This step can be implemented in several ways.
- the PAN is mixed with at least one plasticizer such as an alkyl carbonate, in particular ethylene carbonate (ester of ethylene glycol and of carbonic acid), it is heated to 110-160 ° C. C to soften it and injected through a fine die, so that it falls into a bath, consisting for example of water, where it coagulates and solidifies in the form of fibers.
- a plasticizer such as an alkyl carbonate, in particular ethylene carbonate (ester of ethylene glycol and of carbonic acid)
- the PAN is dissolved in a solvent (DMSO, DMF, DMA or aqueous solution of inorganic salts) and is injected by a fine die into a receiving chamber or drying oven where, after evaporation of the solvent, the polymer forms a solid fiber.
- a solvent DMSO, DMF, DMA or aqueous solution of inorganic salts
- the fibers thus obtained are washed and stretched until the desired fiber diameter is obtained. Stretching also makes it possible to align the molecular species, which will facilitate later, during the carbonization, a correct formation of the carbon-carbon bonds and will ensure the fiber a great strength.
- step (e) of the process according to the invention constitutes step (e) of the process according to the invention.
- This operation is carried out by heating at 200-300 ° C. for a few tens of minutes the PAN fibers in the presence of air.
- the fiber changes its atomic arrangement and polar surface functions are created; it goes from a plastic state to a thermally stable infusible state.
- the actual carbonization which constitutes step (f) of the process according to the invention, is carried out by heating the fibers resulting from step (e) to a temperature of between 1200 and 1500 ° C. C in an oven swept with an inert gas and maintained at a pressure above atmospheric pressure, to prevent air from entering the oven.
- Carbonization During carbonization, most atoms, with the exception of carbon, are expelled as water vapor for oxygen and hydrogen, ammonia and hydrogen cyanide for nitrogen atoms, gaseous nitrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide from polar functions of surface. The expulsion of these atoms allows the carbon to organize in microcrystalline form by creating strong bonds. Carbonization can optionally be carried out in two stages, at two different temperatures, for better control of the entire process. The first carbonization step can thus be carried out at 400-800 ° C., the fiber possibly being elongated during this step.
- the fibers may also be subjected to a sizing treatment to protect them during transport, weaving or winding.
- This treatment consists in applying to the fibers a coating chosen to be compatible with the adhesion agents used in the manufacture of composites and which may for example be selected from epoxy resins, polyesters or polyurethanes.
- the subject of the present invention is also the carbon fibers that can be obtained according to the process described above.
- These carbon fibers are characterized in that they comprise a not insignificant amount of carbon of renewable origin or origin bio or of contemporary origin, that is to say of 14 C.
- all carbon samples taken from living organisms, and in particular the plant material used in the first step of the process according to the invention are a mixture of three isotopes: 12 C, 13 C and 14 C in a 14 C / 12 ratio C maintained constant by continuous exchange of carbon with the environment and which is equal to 1.2 x 10 ⁇ 12 .
- 14 C is radioactive and its concentration decreases over time, its half-life is 5730 years, so the 14 C content is estimated to have been constant since the extraction of the plant material 'fiber making and even until the end of their use.
- the carbon fibers according to the invention have an isotopic ratio of their 14 C content to their 12 C content which is greater than ICT 12 , where C 14 represents the isotope with 6 protons and 8 neutrons. whereas C 12 represents the stable isotope with 6 protons and 6 neutrons but which is at most equal to 1.2 x 10 ⁇ 12 .
- a fiber Carbon containing 100% carbon of renewable origin contains not more than 1.2 x 10 "12 14 C.
- the 14 C content of carbon fibers can be measured according to well-known techniques for dating archaeological remains, ancient woods, bones, peat or even shells. It can for example be measured according to the following techniques:
- this method consists of counting "beta” particles from the decay of 14 C.
- the beta radiation from a sample of known mass (known carbon number) is measured for a certain time. .
- This "radioactivity” is proportional to the number of 14 C atoms, which can be determined.
- the 14 C present in the sample emits beta radiation, which in contact with the scintillating liquid (scintillator) give rise to photons. These photons have different energies
- the analysis relates either to the CO2 previously produced by the carbon sample in an appropriate absorbent solution, or on benzene after prior conversion of the carbon sample to benzene.
- mass spectrometry the sample is reduced to graphite or CO2 gas, then analyzed in a mass spectrometer. This technique uses an accelerator and a mass spectrometer to separate 14 C ions and 12 C and thus determine the ratio of the two isotopes.
- the present invention therefore also relates to carbon fibers having an isotopic ratio of their 14 C content to their 12 C content which is greater than 2 x
- 10 '11 for example greater than 5 x 10' 11 and better at 10 ⁇ 12 , and at most equal to 1.2 x 10 ⁇ 12 .
- the carbon fibers according to the invention can be used in all the applications where they are usually used, in particular for the reinforcement of composite materials, in particular in the manufacture of parts of aircraft or spacecraft, of equipment sports (tennis rackets and golf clubs) and wind turbines; in high temperature gas filtration; as antistatic agents; as specialty electrodes; or as reinforcement of pressurized gas tanks, especially for the storage of hydrogen.
- the present invention therefore also relates to these uses of the carbon fibers described above.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Textile Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Fibers (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Artificial Filaments (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| KR1020117006781A KR20110044922A (ko) | 2008-08-25 | 2009-08-24 | 탄소 섬유의 제조 방법 |
| CN200980132923XA CN102131969A (zh) | 2008-08-25 | 2009-08-24 | 制造碳纤维的方法 |
| JP2011524435A JP2012500910A (ja) | 2008-08-25 | 2009-08-24 | 炭素繊維の製造方法 |
| BRPI0916918A BRPI0916918A2 (pt) | 2008-08-25 | 2009-08-24 | processo de reprodução de fibras de carbono |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0855703 | 2008-08-25 | ||
| FR0855703A FR2935148B1 (fr) | 2008-08-25 | 2008-08-25 | Procede de fabrication de fibres de carbone. |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2010023403A1 true WO2010023403A1 (fr) | 2010-03-04 |
Family
ID=40627300
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/FR2009/051622 Ceased WO2010023403A1 (fr) | 2008-08-25 | 2009-08-24 | Procede de fabrication de fibres de carbone |
Country Status (11)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20100047153A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP2159309B1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP2012500910A (fr) |
| KR (1) | KR20110044922A (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN102131969A (fr) |
| AT (1) | ATE512239T1 (fr) |
| BR (1) | BRPI0916918A2 (fr) |
| ES (1) | ES2367095T3 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2935148B1 (fr) |
| PL (1) | PL2159309T3 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2010023403A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US9802862B2 (en) * | 2008-11-27 | 2017-10-31 | Kolja Kuse | CO2 emission-free construction material made of CO2 |
| FR2950333B1 (fr) | 2009-09-23 | 2011-11-04 | Arkema France | Procede de fonctionnalisation de nanotubes |
| US20110104041A1 (en) * | 2009-10-30 | 2011-05-05 | Goodrich Corporation | Methods and systems for hcn removal |
| CN102996257A (zh) * | 2011-09-13 | 2013-03-27 | 金涌 | 一种粉煤直燃的整体联合循环发电系统 |
| US9284191B2 (en) * | 2013-03-15 | 2016-03-15 | Mcalister Technologies, Llc | Carbon-based manufacturing of fiber and graphene materials |
| DE202016006700U1 (de) * | 2016-11-01 | 2017-04-26 | Kolja Kuse | Carbonfaser |
| KR102004731B1 (ko) * | 2016-11-23 | 2019-07-29 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 폴리아크릴로니트릴계 섬유의 제조방법 및 이에 이용되는 폴리아크릴로니트릴계 공중합체 |
| JP7585224B2 (ja) * | 2019-03-29 | 2024-11-18 | サイテック インダストリーズ インコーポレイテッド | ポリアクリロニトリル系ポリマーの均一溶液の製造方法 |
| US12053908B2 (en) | 2021-02-01 | 2024-08-06 | Regen Fiber, Llc | Method and system for recycling wind turbine blades |
| DE202022000235U1 (de) * | 2022-01-29 | 2022-02-11 | Britta Waschl | Baumaterialien aus Carbonfasern, die aus CO2 hergestellt werden |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3037582A1 (de) * | 1980-10-04 | 1982-05-19 | Verseidag-Industrietextilien Gmbh, 4150 Krefeld | Verfahren zur herstellung eines aus aktivkohle bestehenden flaechengebildes |
| FR2882052A1 (fr) * | 2005-02-15 | 2006-08-18 | Arkema Sa | Procede de deshydratation du glycerol en acroleine |
| FR2884818A1 (fr) * | 2005-04-25 | 2006-10-27 | Arkema Sa | Procede de preparation d'acide acrylique a partir de glycerol |
| US20070196648A1 (en) * | 2004-03-11 | 2007-08-23 | Makoto Endo | Carbon fiber, process for production thereof, prepregs, and golf club shafts |
Family Cites Families (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE1070170B (de) | 1959-12-03 | The Distillers Company Limited, Edinburgh (Großbritannien) | Verfahren zur Herstellung von ungesättigten Nitrilen | |
| GB709337A (en) | 1950-12-30 | 1954-05-19 | Distillers Co Yeast Ltd | Manufacture of nitriles |
| NL256686A (fr) * | 1959-10-28 | |||
| NL123126C (fr) | 1963-02-19 | |||
| US3976746A (en) * | 1974-06-06 | 1976-08-24 | Hitco | Graphitic fibers having superior composite properties and methods of making same |
| US5804108A (en) * | 1996-10-31 | 1998-09-08 | Wilkinson; Kenneth | Process for the preparation of carbon fiber |
| FR2813319A1 (fr) | 2000-08-29 | 2002-03-01 | Atofina | Procede de fabrication de fibres a base d'acrylonitrile |
| FR2882053B1 (fr) * | 2005-02-15 | 2007-03-23 | Arkema Sa | Procede de deshydratation du glycerol en acrolene |
| DE102006054519A1 (de) * | 2006-11-20 | 2008-05-21 | Evonik Degussa Gmbh | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Fettsäurealkylestern und Acrolein aus Triglyceriden |
| FR2912742B1 (fr) * | 2007-02-16 | 2010-03-05 | Arkema France | Procede de synthese d'acrylonitrile a partir de glycerol |
-
2008
- 2008-08-25 FR FR0855703A patent/FR2935148B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2009
- 2009-08-24 PL PL09168453T patent/PL2159309T3/pl unknown
- 2009-08-24 JP JP2011524435A patent/JP2012500910A/ja not_active Withdrawn
- 2009-08-24 CN CN200980132923XA patent/CN102131969A/zh active Pending
- 2009-08-24 KR KR1020117006781A patent/KR20110044922A/ko not_active Withdrawn
- 2009-08-24 AT AT09168453T patent/ATE512239T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2009-08-24 BR BRPI0916918A patent/BRPI0916918A2/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2009-08-24 WO PCT/FR2009/051622 patent/WO2010023403A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2009-08-24 EP EP09168453A patent/EP2159309B1/fr active Active
- 2009-08-24 US US12/546,128 patent/US20100047153A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2009-08-24 ES ES09168453T patent/ES2367095T3/es active Active
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3037582A1 (de) * | 1980-10-04 | 1982-05-19 | Verseidag-Industrietextilien Gmbh, 4150 Krefeld | Verfahren zur herstellung eines aus aktivkohle bestehenden flaechengebildes |
| US20070196648A1 (en) * | 2004-03-11 | 2007-08-23 | Makoto Endo | Carbon fiber, process for production thereof, prepregs, and golf club shafts |
| FR2882052A1 (fr) * | 2005-02-15 | 2006-08-18 | Arkema Sa | Procede de deshydratation du glycerol en acroleine |
| FR2884818A1 (fr) * | 2005-04-25 | 2006-10-27 | Arkema Sa | Procede de preparation d'acide acrylique a partir de glycerol |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ATE512239T1 (de) | 2011-06-15 |
| ES2367095T3 (es) | 2011-10-28 |
| CN102131969A (zh) | 2011-07-20 |
| KR20110044922A (ko) | 2011-05-02 |
| JP2012500910A (ja) | 2012-01-12 |
| US20100047153A1 (en) | 2010-02-25 |
| EP2159309B1 (fr) | 2011-06-08 |
| EP2159309A1 (fr) | 2010-03-03 |
| BRPI0916918A2 (pt) | 2015-11-24 |
| FR2935148A1 (fr) | 2010-02-26 |
| FR2935148B1 (fr) | 2010-08-27 |
| PL2159309T3 (pl) | 2011-10-31 |
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