Classifications

• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H19/00—Coated paper; Coating material
  • D21H19/36—Coatings with pigments
  • D21H19/44—Coatings with pigments characterised by the other ingredients, e.g. the binder or dispersing agent
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
  • D21H17/03—Non-macromolecular organic compounds
  • D21H17/05—Non-macromolecular organic compounds containing elements other than carbon and hydrogen only
  • D21H17/09—Sulfur-containing compounds
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H19/00—Coated paper; Coating material
  • D21H19/36—Coatings with pigments
  • D21H19/44—Coatings with pigments characterised by the other ingredients, e.g. the binder or dispersing agent
  • D21H19/54—Starch
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H19/00—Coated paper; Coating material
  • D21H19/36—Coatings with pigments
  • D21H19/44—Coatings with pigments characterised by the other ingredients, e.g. the binder or dispersing agent
  • D21H19/56—Macromolecular organic compounds or oligomers thereof obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • D21H19/58—Polymers or oligomers of diolefins, aromatic vinyl monomers or unsaturated acids or derivatives thereof
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H21/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties
  • D21H21/14—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties characterised by function or properties in or on the paper
  • D21H21/18—Reinforcing agents
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H21/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties
  • D21H21/14—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties characterised by function or properties in or on the paper
  • D21H21/30—Luminescent or fluorescent substances, e.g. for optical bleaching

Definitions

• This invention relates to paper coating and binding formulations, and more particularly to aqueous polymer dispersions and methods of making and using same for use in paper coating and binding formulations.
• the fibers used to form the paper are impregnated or coated with a binder composition that includes a polymer latex and one or more fillers that provide the desired whiteness or brightness of the paper.
• Fluorescent whitening agents can be based, for example, on sulfonated stilbene derivatives.
• the fluorescent whitening agents are provided with "activators” or “carriers” to provide the desired whitening effects of the fluorescent whitening agents on the paper.
• the Bayer publication Blankophor® P liquid/Blankophor® P 150 liquid Fluorescent Whitening Agents describes the use of polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), carboxylmethylcellulose (CMC) as carriers for use with fluorescent whitening agents. The presence of these carriers or activators, however, increases the viscosity of the coating or binding formulation and also increases the cost of the formulation.
• a paper coating or binding formulation comprises an aqueous polymer dispersion comprising a copolymer obtained by polymerization of an unsaturated monomer and a carbohydrate derived compound having a dextrose equivalent (DE) of about 10 to about 35; and a tetrasulfonate-based fluorescent whitening agent.
• the carbohydrate derived compound can have a molecular weight of about 3000 to about 20,000 and can be selected from the group consisting of dextrins, maltodextrins, and mixtures thereof.
• the copolymer can be a pure acrylic copolymer, a styrene acrylic copolymer, a styrene butadiene copolymer, or a vinyl acrylic copolymer.
• the copolymer can be derived from about 5 to about 45 percent by weight of the carbohydrate derived compound based on the total monomer weight.
• the fluorescent whitening agent is not activated.
• the formulation can be substantially free of polyvinyl alcohol, carboxylmethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone and water-insoluble starches.
• a method of preparing a paper coating or binding formulation includes polymerizing a mixture of an unsaturated monomer and a carbohydrate derived compound having a dextrose equivalent (DE) of about 10 to about 35, in an aqueous medium to produce a copolymer in an aqueous polymer dispersion; and mixing the aqueous polymer dispersion with a tetrasulfonate-based fluorescent whitening agent.
• the carbohydrate derived compound can be selected from the group consisting of dextrins, maltodextrins, and mixtures thereof.
• a method of improving the whitening properties of paper includes providing an aqueous polymer dispersion comprising a copolymer obtained by polymerization of an unsaturated monomer and a carbohydrate derived compound having a dextrose equivalent (DE) of about 10 to about 35; mixing the aqueous polymer dispersion with a tetrasulfonate-based fluorescent whitening agent to produce a paper coating or binding formulation; and applying the formulation as a coating to paper.
• the aqueous polymer dispersion can be provided by polymerizing a mixture of an unsaturated monomer and a carbohydrate derived compound having a dextrose equivalent (DE) of about 10 to about 35, in an aqueous medium to produce the copolymer.
• the carbohydrate derived compound can be selected from the group consisting of dextrins, maltodextrins, and mixtures thereof.
• the carbohydrate derived compound can be selected from the group consisting of dextrins, maltodextrins, and mixtures thereof.
• the binder can be provided as a coating layer on a paper substrate.
• the paper coating or binding formulations provide improvements in rheology such as runability on coating equipment and low cost while maintaining desirable whitening of the paper.
• FIG. 1 is a graph showing the CIE brightness of paper free sheet samples including and excluding UV light.
• Figure 2 is a graph showing the CIE brightness with UV included minus the CIE brightness with UV excluded of paper free sheet samples.
• Figure 3 is a graph showing the TAPPI brightness of paper free sheet samples.
• Figure 4 is a graph showing the Prufbau Offset for paper free sheet samples.
• Figure 5 is a graph showing the IGT Dry Pick in ft/min for paper free sheet samples.
• Figure 6 is a graph showing the Prufbau Wet Pick of paper free sheet samples.
• Figure 7 is a graph showing the TAPPI brightness of paperboard samples.
• Figure 8 is a graph showing the CIE brightness with UV included minus the CIE brightness with UV excluded of formulations applied to glass with a paper backing.
• paper as used herein includes free sheet, paperboard, cardboard, and the like.
• a paper coating or binding formulation comprises an aqueous polymer dispersion and a tetrasulfonate -based fluorescent whitening agent.
• the aqueous polymer dispersion comprises a copolymer obtained by polymerization of one or more unsaturated monomers and a carbohydrate derived compound.
• the aqueous polymer dispersion includes, as the disperse phase, particles of the copolymer including the carbohydrate derived compound dispersed in an aqueous dispersion medium or aqueous phase.
• the aqueous polymer dispersion can include the copolymer in an amount of 40-75% solids.
• the copolymer can be a pure acrylic copolymer, a styrene acrylic copolymer, a styrene butadiene copolymer, or a vinyl acrylic copolymer.
• Suitable unsaturated monomers for use in forming the copolymer are generally ethylenically unsaturated monomers and include vinylaromatic compounds (e.g. styrene, ⁇ -methylstyrene, o- chlorostyrene, and vinyltoluenes); 1 ,2-butadiene (i.e. butadiene); conjugated dienes (e.g.
• ⁇ , ⁇ -monoethylenically unsaturated mono- and dicarboxylic acids or anhydrides thereof e.g. acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, dimethacrylic acid, ethylacrylic acid, allylacetic acid, vinylacetic acid maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, mesaconic acid, methylenemalonic acid, citraconic acid, maleic anhydride, itaconic anhydride, and methylmalonic anhydride
• esters of ⁇ , ⁇ - monoethylenically unsaturated mono- and dicarboxylic acids having 3 to 6 carbon atoms with alkanols having 1 to 12 carbon atoms e.g.
• vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride vinyl esters of Cl -C 18 mono- or dicarboxylic acids (e.g. vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl n-butyrate, vinyl laurate and vinyl stearate); C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl esters of C3-C6 mono- or dicarboxylic acids, especially of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid or maleic acid, or their derivatives alkoxylated with from 2 to 50 moles of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide or mixtures thereof, or esters of these acids with Cl - Cl 8 alcohols alkoxylated with from 2 to 50 mol of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide or mixtures thereof (e.g.
• hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate, and methylpolyglycol acrylate
• monomers containing glycidyl groups e.g. glycidyl methacrylate.
• Additional monomers that can be used include linear 1 -olefins, branched-chain 1- olefins or cyclic olefins (e.g., ethene, propene, butene, isobutene, pentene, cyclopentene, hexene, and cyclohexene); vinyl and allyl alkyl ethers having 1 to 40 carbon atoms in the alkyl radical, wherein the alkyl radical can possibly carry further substituents such as a hydroxyl group, an amino or dialkylamino group, or one or more alkoxylated groups (e.g.
• allylsulfonic acid methallylsulfonic acid, styrenesulfonate, vinylsulfonic acid, allyloxybenzenesulfonic acid, 2-acrylamido-2- methylpropanesulfonic acid, and their corresponding alkali metal or ammonium salts, sulfopropyl acrylate and sulfopropyl methacrylate); vinylphosphonic acid, dimethyl vinylphosphonate, and other phosphorus monomers; alkylaminoalkyl (meth)acrylates or alkylaminoalkyl(meth)acrylamides or quaternization products thereof (e.g.
• ureidoethyl (meth)acrylate acrylamidoglycolic acid, and methacrylamidoglycolate methyl ether
• monomers containing silyl groups e.g. trimethoxysilylpropyl methacrylate.
• the monomers can also include one or more crosslinkers such as N-alkylolamides of ⁇ , ⁇ -monoethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids having 3 to 10 carbon atoms and esters thereof with alcohols having 1 to 4 carbon atoms (e.g. N-methylolacrylamide and N-methylolmethacrylamide); glyoxal based crosslinkers; monomers containing two vinyl radicals; monomers containing two vinylidene radicals; and monomers containing two alkenyl radicals.
• crosslinkers such as N-alkylolamides of ⁇ , ⁇ -monoethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids having 3 to 10 carbon atoms and esters thereof with alcohols having 1 to 4 carbon atoms (e.g. N-methylolacrylamide and N-methylolmethacrylamide); glyoxal based crosslinkers; monomers containing two vinyl radicals; monomers containing two vinylidene radicals; and mono
• Exemplary crosslinking monomers include diesters of dihydric alcohols with ⁇ , ⁇ -monoethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylic acids, of which in turn acrylic acid and methacrylic acid can be employed.
• Examples of such monomers containing two non-conjugated ethylenically unsaturated double bonds are alkylene glycol diacrylates and dimethacrylates, such as ethylene glycol diacrylate, 1,3-butylene glycol diacrylate, 1 ,4-butylene glycol diacrylate and propylene glycol diacrylate, divinylbenzene, vinyl methacrylate, vinyl acrylate, allyl methacrylate, allyl acrylate, diallyl maleate, diallyl fumarate and methylenebisacrylamide.
• the crosslinking monomers include alkylene glycol diacrylates and dimethacrylates, and/or divinylbenzene.
• the crosslinking monomers when used in the copolymer can be present in an amount of from 0.2% to 5% by weight based on the weight of the total monomer and are considered part of the total amount of monomers used in the copolymer.
• molecular weight regulators such as tert- dodecyl mercaptan.
• Such substances are preferably added to the polymerization zone in a mixture with the monomers to be polymerized and are considered part of the total amount of unsaturated monomers used in the copolymer.
• the unsaturated monomers can include styrene, ⁇ - methylstyrene, (meth)acrylic acid, itaconic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, crotonic acid, methyl (meth)acrylate, ethyl (meth)acrylate, n-butyl (meth)acrylate, isobutyl (meth)acrylate, tert-butyl (meth)acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl (meth)acrylate, vinyl acetate, butadiene, (meth)acrylamide, (meth)acrylonitrile, hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate and glycidyl (meth)acrylate.
• the copolymer can be a styrene acrylic copolymer derived from monomers including styrene, (meth)acrylic acid, (meth)acrylic acid esters,
• the styrene acrylic copolymer can include styrene and at least one of (meth)acrylic acid, itaconic acid, methyl (meth)acrylate, ethyl (meth)acrylate, n-butyl (meth)acrylate, isobutyl (meth)acrylate, tert-butyl (meth)acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl (meth)acrylate, (meth)acrylamide, (meth)acrylonitrile, and hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate.
• the styrene acrylic copolymer can include from 39 to 69% by weight of (meth)acrylates, from 30 to 60% by weight of styrene, 0 to 3% by weight of (meth)acrylamide, and 0 to 10% by weight (meth)acrylonitrile.
• the styrene acrylic copolymer can also include from 0 to 5% by weight of one or more crosslinking monomers as described above such as alkylene glycol diacrylates and dimethacrylates.
• the copolymer can be a styrene butadiene copolymer derived from monomers including styrene, butadiene, (meth)acrylamide, (meth)acrylonitrile, itaconic acid and (meth)acrylic acid.
• the styrene butadiene copolymer can include from 40 to 75% by weight of styrene, from 25 to 60% by weight of butadiene, 1 to 10% of itaconic and/or (meth)acrylic acid, 0 to 3% by weight of
• the styrene butadiene copolymer can also include from 0 to 5% by weight of one or more crosslinking monomers as described above such as divinylbenzene.
• the copolymer is derived from the unsaturated monomers in an amount of from greater than about 60 to less than 100 wt%, about 62 to about 95 wt%, about 65 to about 92 wt%, or about 70 to about 85 wt%, based on the total monomer weight (or dry polymer weight in the paper).
• the copolymer is formed from a carbohydrate derived compound.
• the carbohydrate derived compound can have a dextrose equivalent (DE) of about 10 to about 35, about 12.5 to about 25, or about 15 to about 20.
• the DE value can be determined in accordance with the Lane and Eynon test method (International Standard ISO 5377:1981).
• the weight average molecular weight (M w ) of the carbohydrate derived compound can be about 3000 to about 20,000, about 5000 to about 17,000, or about 8000 to about 14,000.
• the carbohydrate derived compound can be soluble in water at room temperature in an amount of greater than about 40%, greater than about 50%, or greater than about 60% by weight, or can even be completely soluble in water at room temperature.
• Solutions of the carbohydrate derived compound in an amount of 50% by weight in water at room temperature can have a viscosity of 100 to 1000 cp, or 200 to 500 cp.
• the carbohydrate derived compound can include dextrins, maltodextrins, or mixtures thereof.
• the dextrins, maltodextrins, or mixtures thereof can have the DE's, molecular weights, water solubilities, and viscosities described above.
• the dextrins and maltodextrins are generally degraded starches whose degradation is effected by heating with or without addition of chemicals, it being possible to recombine degradation fragments under the degradation conditions to form new bonds which were not present in this form in the original starch.
• Roast dextrins such as white and yellow dextrins that are prepared by heating moist-dry starch, usually in the presence of small amounts of acid, are less preferred.
• the carbohydrate derived compound can be prepared as described in Guinther Tegge, Starke und Starkederivate, Behr's Verlag, Hamburg 1984, p. 173 and p. 220# and in EP 441 197.
• the carbohydrate derived compound can be can be prepared from any native starches, such as cereal starches (e.g. corn, wheat, rice or barley), tuber and root starches (e.g. potatoes, tapioca roots or arrowroot) or sago starches.
• the carbohydrate derived compound can also have a bimodal molecular weight distribution and can have a weight average molecular weight as described above.
• the carbohydrate derived compound can have a nonuniformity U (defined as the ratio between the weight average weight M w and the number average molecular weight M n ) that characterizes the molecular weight distribution in the range from 6 to 12, from 7 to 11 or from 8 to 10.
• the proportion by weight of carbohydrate derived compound having a molecular weight of below 1000 can be from 10% to 70% by weight, or 20 to 40% by weight.
• the carbohydrate derived compound in a 40% strength by weight aqueous solution can have a dynamic viscosity ⁇ 40 [Pa-s], determined in accordance with DIN 53 019 at 25°C and a shear gradient of 75 s "1 , of from 0.01 to 0.06, 0.015 to 0.04, or 0.02 to 0.035.
• the carbohydrate derived compound can be chemically modified such as by etherif ⁇ cation or esterif ⁇ cation.
• the chemical modification can also can be carried out in advance on a starting starch before its degradation. Esterif ⁇ cations are possible using both inorganic and organic acids, or anhydrides or chlorides thereof. Phosphated and acetylated degraded starches can also be used.
• the most common method of etherif ⁇ cation is treatment with organohalogen compounds, epoxides or sulfates in aqueous alkaline solution.
• the ethers can be alkyl ethers, hydroxyalkyl ethers, carboxyalkyl ethers and allylethers.
• the copolymer can be derived from greater than 0 to less than about 50 wt%, about 5 to about 45 wt%, about 8 to about 40 wt%, or about 15 to about 35 wt%, of the carbohydrate derived compound based on the total monomer weight (or dry polymer weight in the paper).
• the paper coating or binding formulation includes a tetrasulfonate-based fluorescent whitening agent.
• Suitable tetrasulfonate-based fluorescent whitening agents include Blankophor® P liquid and Blankophor® P 150 liquid from Bayer, which are tetrasulfonated derivatives of 4,4'-diamino-stilbene-2,2'- disulphonic acid, and Leucophor® T-100 from Clariant Paper Chemicals.
• a portion of the tetrasulfonate-based fluorescent whitening agent can be replaced with a hexasulfonate-based fluorescent whitening agent.
• tetrasulfonate-based fluorescent whitening agent can be replaced with a disulfonate-based fluorescent whitening agent.
• disulfonate-based fluorescent whitening agent is known in the art.
• the fluorescent whitening agent is not activated.
• the formulation can be substantially free of an activator used for enhancing the brightening properties of the fluorescent whitening agent.
• activators include polyvinyl alcohol, carboxylmethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone and water-insoluble starches.
• the water-insoluble starches are insoluble in water at 25°C and are generally non- degraded.
• the water-insoluble starches generally have a MW greater than 100,000 (typically 200,000 to 500,000) and a DE of less than 5 (typically around 1).
• the formulation can be substantially free (e.g.
• an activator can be used but in an amount substantially less than the amount typically used in paper formulations. For example, less than 25% or even less than 10% of the amount of activator typically used can be included in the formulation, or less than 0.4 wt% or even less than 0.2 wt% based on the total formulation.
• the weight ratio of the activator to the fluorescent whitening agent is less than 1 :1, less than 0.5:1, less than 0.2: 1 , less than 0.1 : 1 , or even 0:1.
• the paper binding or coating formulation can include fillers, dyes and/or pigments. Fillers can be added to impart certain properties to the paper such as smoothness, whiteness, increased density or weight, decreased porosity, increased opacity, flatness, glossiness, and the like.
• Suitable fillers include calcium carbonate (precipitated or ground), kaolin, clay, talc, diatomaceous earth, mica, barium sulfate, magnesium carbonate, vermiculite, graphite, carbon black, alumina, silicas (fumed or precipitated in powders or dispersions), colloidal silica, silica gel, titanium oxide, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum trihydrate, satine white, magnesium oxide, plastic pigments, white urea resin pigments, and rubber powder.
• dyes and/or pigments can also be included.
• exemplary dyes include basic dyes, acid dyes, anionic direct dyes, cationic direct dyes, anionic pigment dispersions, and cationic pigment dispersions.
• Various organic pigments and inorganic pigments can be used as coloring agents including nontoxic anticorrosive pigments.
• pigments examples include phosphate-type anticorrosive pigments such as zinc phosphate, calcium phosphate, aluminum phosphate, titanium phosphate, silicon phosphate, and ortho-and fused phosphates of these; molybdate-type anticorrosive pigments such as zinc molybdate, calcium molybdate, calcium zinc molybdate, potassium zinc molybdate, potassium zinc phosphomolybdate and potassium calcium phosphomolybdate; and borate-type anticorrosive pigments such as calcium borate, zinc borate, barium borate, barium meta-borate and calcium meta- borate.
• phosphate-type anticorrosive pigments such as zinc phosphate, calcium phosphate, aluminum phosphate, titanium phosphate, silicon phosphate, and ortho-and fused phosphates of these
• molybdate-type anticorrosive pigments such as zinc molybdate, calcium molybdate, calcium zinc molybdate, potassium zinc molybdate, potassium zinc phosphomolybdate
• the paper binding or coating formulation can include a polymer binder that has not been derived from the carbohydrate derived compound.
• the polymer binder can be a pure acrylic copolymer, styrene acrylic copolymer, styrene butadiene copolymer, vinyl acrylic copolymer, or a mixture thereof.
• a styrene acrylic copolymer or a styrene butadiene copolymer could be included.
• the paper binding or coating formulation can include a thickener.
• suitable thickeners include (meth)acrylic acid/alkyl (meth)acrylate copolymers (e.g. Sterocoll® FD thickener and Sterocoll® FS thickener, both of which are commercially available from BASF Corporation), hydroxyethyl cellulose, guar gum, jaguar, carrageenan, xanthan, acetan, konjac mannan, xyloglucan, urethanes and mixtures thereof.
• the thickener can be added to the formulation as an aqueous dispersion or emulsion, or as a solid powder.
• the paper binding or coating formulation can include other additives.
• the additives can be any additive that can be generally included in a paper coating or binding composition.
• Further additives include surfactants, wetting agents, protective colloids, biocides, dispersing agents, thixotropic agents, freeze store stability additives, pH adjusting agents, corrosion inhibitors, ultraviolet light stabilizers, crosslinkers, crosslinking promoters, and lubricants.
• the paper binding or coating composition can include greater than 50% solids, 55 to 75% solids, or 60 to 70% solids.
• the copolymer can be present in an amount of 2 to 12 wt%, 4 to 10 wt%, or 6 to 9 wt% of the solid content.
• the tetrasulfonate fluorescent whitening agent can be present in an amount of greater than 0 to 2 wt% or 0.5 to 1.5 wt% of the solid content.
• Other polymeric binders can be present in an amount of 0 to 5 wt%, 0 to 3 wt% or 0 to 1 wt% of the solid content.
• a thickener can be present in an amount of 0 to 5 wt%, greater than 0 to 3 wt% or greater than 0 to 1 wt% of the solid content.
• the fillers, pigments and or/dyes can be present in an amount of 82 to 95 wt% or 85 to 90 wt% of the solid content.
• Other additives can be present in an amount of 0 to 5 wt%, 0 to 3 wt% or 0 to 1 wt% of the solid content.
• the aqueous polymer dispersions can be prepared by polymerizing the unsaturated monomers using free-radical aqueous emulsion polymerization in the presence of the carbohydrate derived compound. Suitable methods are described in U.S. Patent No. 6,080,813, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
• the emulsion polymerization temperature is generally from 30 to 95°C or from 75 to 90 0 C.
• the polymerization medium can include water alone or a mixture of water and water- miscible liquids, such as methanol. In some embodiments, water is used alone.
• the emulsion polymerization can be carried out either as a batch process or in the form of a feed process, including a step or gradient procedure.
• a feed process is used in which part of the polymerization batch is heated to the polymerization temperature and partially polymerized, and the remainder of the polymerization batch is subsequently fed to the polymerization zone continuously, in steps or with superposition of a concentration gradient, usually via a plurality of spatially separate feed streams, of which one or more contain the monomers in pure or emulsified form, while maintaining the polymerization.
• the initially introduced mixture and/or the monomer feed stream can contain small amounts of emulsif ⁇ ers, generally less than 0.5% by weight, based on the total amount of monomers to be polymerized.
• the monomers can be frequently fed to the polymerization zone after pre-emulsif ⁇ cation with these assistant emulsif ⁇ ers.
• the feed process can be designed by initially introducing all of the carbohydrate derived compound to be used in dissolved form in an aqueous mixture. This means that the aqueous solution produced on partial hydrolysis of the starting starch can, after the hydrolysis has been terminated to form the carbohydrate derived compound, for example by neutralization of the catalytic acid and cooling, be further used directly for the aqueous emulsion polymerization. Prior isolation of the carbohydrate derived compound, for example by spray drying, is unnecessary but can also be used.
• the free-radical emulsion polymerization can be carried out in the presence of a free-radical polymerization initiator.
• the free-radical polymerization initiators that can be used in the process are all those which are capable of initiating a free-radical aqueous emulsion polymerization including alkali metal peroxydisulfates and H 2 O 2 , or azo compounds.
• Combined systems can also be used comprising at least one organic reducing agent and at least one peroxide and/or hydroperoxide, e.g., tert-butyl hydroperoxide and the sodium metal salt of hydroxymethanesulfmic acid or hydrogen peroxide and ascorbic acid.
• Combined systems can also be used additionally containing a small amount of a metal compound which is soluble in the polymerization medium and whose metallic component can exist in more than one oxidation state, e.g., ascorbic acid/iron(II) sulfate/hydrogen peroxide, where ascorbic acid can be replaced by the sodium metal salt of hydroxymethanesulfmic acid, sodium sulfite, sodium hydrogen sulfite or sodium metal bisulfite and hydrogen peroxide can be replaced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide or alkali metal peroxydisulfates and/or ammonium peroxydisulfates.
• the carbohydrate derived compound can also be used as the reducing component.
• the amount of free-radical initiator systems employed is from 0.1 to 2% by weight, based on the total amount of the monomers to be polymerized.
• the initiators are ammonium and/or alkali metal peroxydisulfates (e.g. sodium peroxydisulfates), alone or as a constituent of combined systems.
• the manner in which the free-radical initiator system is added to the polymerization reactor during the free-radical aqueous emulsion polymerization is not critical. It can either all be introduced into the polymerization reactor at the beginning, or added continuously or stepwise as it is consumed during the free-radical aqueous emulsion polymerization. In detail, this depends in a manner known to an average person skilled in the art both from the chemical nature of the initiator system and on the polymerization temperature. In some embodiments, some is introduced at the beginning and the remainder is added to the polymerization zone as it is consumed. It is also possible to carry out the free-radical aqueous emulsion polymerization under superatmospheric or reduced pressure.
• the aqueous polymer dispersions can be prepared with total solids contents of from 10 to 75% by weight, 15 to 65% by weight, or 20 to 60% by weight. The aqueous polymer dispersions can then be concentrated if desired to provide a total solids content of 40-75% by weight.
• the aqueous polymer dispersion can be converted, in a manner known per se, to redispersible polymer powders (e.g., spray drying, roll drying or suction-filter drying). If the aqueous polymer dispersion is to be dried, drying aids can be used with the dispersion.
• the copolymers have a long shelf life and can be redispersed in water for use in the paper coating or binding formulation.
• the aqueous polymer dispersion can be mixed with the tetrasulfonate-based fluorescent whitening agent and optionally other components such as polymeric binders, thickeners, fillers, pigments, dyes, and other additives.
• the order of mixing is not critical although enough water needs to be present in the formulation for the addition of solid components such as certain fillers.
• the coating or binding formulation can be applied to the paper as a coating. If the formulation is provided as a coating, it can be applied using any known method in the art such as roll coating, blade coating, or metered size press.
• the formulation can be provided in an amount of 7-20 g/m 2 per 150 g/m 2 of paper. In some embodiments, the formulation can be applied in an amount of less than 15% by weight or 4 to 12% by weight based on the weight of the coated paper.
• the resulting paper such as paper sheet, paperboard and cardboard comprises a fiber matrix and a binder composition comprising a copolymer obtained by polymerization of an unsaturated monomer and a carbohydrate derived compound and a tetrasulfonate-based fluorescent whitening agent.
• the binder can be provided as a coating layer on a paper substrate.
• the paper substrate that is coated with the formulation can be any paper substrate including, but not limited to paper, paper board and cardboard.
• the formulation can be used with any type of paper coating process such as rotogravure, sheet offset, web offset, and flexographic processes.
• the weight average molecular weight data for the carbohydrate derived compound is determined using gel permeation chromatography (GPC), carried out under the following conditions:
• valve for example VICI 6-way valve
• Prufbau offset test was conducted as follows:
• Inking Unit Requirements - 0.3 mL ml ink per sample, distribution time - 30 seconds, printing form inking time - 30 seconds 2.1.6.1. Only one disc should be used from each inking station, which is cleaned afterwards, so that fresh ink is used for each sample.
• the mounted sample is placed in the track before the printing station, and the printing disc installed.
• the carrier should have the clip to the rear, so that the taped end of the sample is printed first.
• Prufbau wet pick test was conducted as follows: 1. Procedure 1.1. Apparatus/Reagent Requirements
• Steps 1.2.1. Prepare the sample (paper or paperboard) by allowing it to be conditioned for 24 hours under standard TAPPI conditions. The conditioning should be maintained throughout testing. Cut samples to measure approximately 240 mm ⁇ 2 mm by 47 ⁇ 0.5 mm. If the sample is too wide, it may interfere with the run through the apparatus. If the sample is too narrow, it may result in the sample running off sideways, or askew.
• 1.2.2 Place the sample under clip located at the end of the sample carrier and fold sample back 180° so that it lies flat and parallel on the carrier with the side to be tested uppermost. Secure the free end with tape. Do not allow finger prints to contaminate the portion of the sample to be tested. 1.2.3. Turn power and cooling unit on. Place ink distribution roll in contact with the drive rolls. Turn distributor rolls on and allow to run for at least 15 minutes prior to testing to allow temperature control balance.
• Hydrocarb® 90 ground calcium carbonate and 30 parts Hydralux® 91 fine kaolin clay.
• the binder level of the coating formulation was set at 12 parts. Binders evaluated were Styronal® BN 4606 latex binder as a commercial control. The carboxylated styrene- butadiene emulsion polymers containing 58% styrene, 38% butadiene, and 4% acrylic acid were used as laboratory controls (Comparative Examples 1 and 2).
• Examples 1 and 2 Two separate laboratory polymerized binders (Examples 1 and 2) were prepared in the same manner as Comparative Examples 1 and 2 except that the binder copolymers were derived using 30 parts of a maltodextrin compound per 100 parts of monomer (i.e., styrene, butadiene and acrylic acid).
• Blancophor® P a tetrasulfonated derivative of 4,4'-diamino-stilbene-2,2'-disulphonic acid, was used as a fluorescent whitening agent in all formulations.
• Standard all- synthetic formulations utilizing Sterocoll® FD as a thickener were also compared to formulations utilizing standard activators for the fluorescent whitening agent, including polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) (Elvano® 51-03L24); carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) (Finnf ⁇ x® 10) and a water insoluble starch (Penford® Gum 280).
• PVOH polyvinyl alcohol
• CMC carboxymethylcellulose
• a water insoluble starch Penford® Gum 280.
• the level of Sterocoll® FD was decreased for viscosity considerations; however, binder level adjustments were only made in the conditions where two parts of starch by weight were used as the activator.
• Calsan® 50 a calcium stearate from BASF Corporation, was used as a lubricant. Eleven coating formulations were prepared as shown in Table 1.
• the coating formulations were applied on standard free sheet basestock using a Modern Metal Kraft bench coater.
• the base sheet included no fluorescent whitening agents.
• the coat weight target was 12.5 gsm. All papers were calendered using a supercalender with one nip and 500 pounds per linear inch. The papers were tested for CIE and TAPPI brightness as shown in Figures 1-3.
• the maltodextrin containing binder of Examples 1 and 2 enhances coating brightness. This is particularly evident in comparing the Styronal® BN 4606 latex formulation and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 directly to Examples 1 and 2.
• the improved optical brightener activation of the binder copolymer derived from maltodextrin was evident even in formulations that contained no activators.
• FIG. 4 is a graph showing the Prufbau Offset for paper using the tested compositions and this test was conducted as described above.
• Figure 5 is a graph showing the IGT Dry Pick in ft/min for paper using the tested compositions and these tests were carried out using TAPPI Test 499.
• Figure 6 is a graph showing the Prufbau wet pick of paper using the tested compositions and this test was also conducted as described above.
• the binder copolymers derived from maltodextrin displayed improved offset test results. This improvement was clearly seen in the formulations where no activators were used. In formulations that used an activator such as a water insoluble starch, PVOH or CMC, no appreciable differences in passes to failure were observed.
• IGT dry pick results are provided in Figure 5.
• the average IGT of the Styronal® BN 4606 latex sample, Comparative Example 1 and Comparative Example 2 where no activator was utilized was 183 ft/min while the average IGT of Examples 1 and 2 (using the binder copolymers derived from maltodextrin) without activators was 207 ft/min.
• PVOH or CMC was utilized as the activator
• the Styronal® BN 4606 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 indicated slightly higher but comparable strength compared to the binder copolymer derived from maltodextrin (Examples 1 and 2).
• Prufbau wet pick tests are provided in Figure 6. These results show that the binder copolymer derived from maltodextrin provided lower wet pick resistance versus the Styronal® BN 4606 example and Comparative Examples 1 and 2. It should be noted however, that the examples did not include any crosslinking agents and these are typically included in all-synthetic, wood-free grades, which would have increased the wet pick strength of the binder copolymers derived from maltodextrin.
• a glyoxal type crosslinker could be included in the formulations based on Examples 1 and 2 for use in sheet offset formulations.
• a formulation (Comparative Example 3) was prepared including 60 parts per weight calcium carbonate (HC 90 Omya), 40 parts per weight clay (Hydragloss 90
• Example 3 the formulation from Comparative Example 3 was modified by modifying the Acronal® S728 latex to include 24 parts by weight maltodextrin (per 100 parts monomer weight).
• the amount of polyvinyl alcohol activator was 0.5 parts per weight in Example 3 and 1.0 parts per weight in Example 4, respectively.
• Figure 7 is a graph showing the TAPPI brightness of paperboard using Comparative Example 3, Example 3 and Example 4. As shown in this figure, the brightness values for Examples 3 and 4 with significantly less activator were comparable to the brightness value for Comparative Example 3.
• Comparative Example 4 was prepared using the same formulation as Comparative Example 3 but including Styronal® BN 4606X styrene-butadiene latex as the binder.
• Example 5 was prepared like Comparative Example 4 except that the Styronal® BN 4606X styrene-butadiene latex was modified to include 22 parts by weight maltodextrin (per 100 parts per monomer). In addition, Example 5 did not include polyvinyl alcohol activator.
• Figure 8 is a graph showing the CIE brightness with UV included minus the CIE brightness with UV excluded of Example 5 and Comparative Example 4 when applied to glass with a paper backing. As shown in this figure, the presence of the maltodextrin in Example 5 significantly improves the CIE brightness difference of the composition, even though no activator is included.

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