Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K39/12—Viral antigens
  • A61K39/15—Reoviridae, e.g. calf diarrhea virus
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K39/12—Viral antigens
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
  • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
  • C12N7/00—Viruses; Bacteriophages; Compositions thereof; Preparation or purification thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K2039/51—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising whole cells, viruses or DNA/RNA
  • A61K2039/525—Virus
  • A61K2039/5252—Virus inactivated (killed)
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K2039/55—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by the host/recipient, e.g. newborn with maternal antibodies
  • A61K2039/552—Veterinary vaccine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K2039/555—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by a specific combination antigen/adjuvant
  • A61K2039/55505—Inorganic adjuvants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K2039/555—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by a specific combination antigen/adjuvant
  • A61K2039/55511—Organic adjuvants
  • A61K2039/55577—Saponins; Quil A; QS21; ISCOMS
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
  • C12N2720/00—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA dsRNA viruses
  • C12N2720/00011—Details
  • C12N2720/12011—Reoviridae
  • C12N2720/12111—Orbivirus, e.g. bluetongue virus
  • C12N2720/12134—Use of virus or viral component as vaccine, e.g. live-attenuated or inactivated virus, VLP, viral protein
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
  • C12N2720/00—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA dsRNA viruses
  • C12N2720/00011—Details
  • C12N2720/12011—Reoviridae
  • C12N2720/12111—Orbivirus, e.g. bluetongue virus
  • C12N2720/12161—Methods of inactivation or attenuation
  • C12N2720/12163—Methods of inactivation or attenuation by chemical treatment

Definitions

• the invention relates to a vaccine or immunogenic composition for immunizing ruminants against pathogenic strains or serotypes of Biuetongue Virus (BTV) and a method for making the vaccine and immunizing ruminants with these compositions.
• BTV Biuetongue Virus
• Biuetongue an arthropod-borne viral disease, occurs in cattle, sheep, goats, and wild ruminants, Biuetongue lesions in affected animals resemble infectious bovine virus diarrhea, vesicular stomatitis virus, malignant catarrhal fever, mycotic stomatitis, rinderpest, photosensitization, and foot and mouth disease.
• Biuetongue virus BTV
• BTV Biuetongue virus
• Twenty four serotypes are reported in the literature as causing problems ranging from inapparent infection t o acute fulminating infection.
• BTV chronic, persistent virus shedding cattle have also been recognized.
• BTV there is a marked loss of body condition and marketing of slaughter animals may be delayed.
• wool growth may be impaired by the development of wool breaks which produce a defective or low yielding fleece.
• the marked debility following BTV infections may result in a lowering of resistance to secondary bacteria! or chlamydial infections and other predatory factors.
• the reproductive efficiency of infected animals is also adversely affected.
• bluetongue viruses can be twice inactivated using the methods described herein, and these twice inactivated viruses may be used in the preparation of vaccine and immunogenic compositions for immunizing ruminants against various strains and pathogenic serotypes of BTV.
• particular combinations of adjuvants and excipients are effective for use in the compositions of the invention to elicit an effective immune response in the ruminants administered the compositions.
• one aspect of the invention provides a composition for eliciting an immune response against Bluetongue virus (BTV) in an animal, the composition comprising an immunogemcally effective amount of at least one strain of a twice inactivated Bluetongue virus and a biologically acceptable adjuvant.
• BTV Bluetongue virus
• the twice inactivated BTV used in the compositions is inactivated a first time with an inactivating agent at a concentration of about 10 mWI and inactivated a second time with an inactivating agent at a concentration of about 5 mlvl.
• the inactivating agent used to treat the BTV for use in the compositions is binary ethyleneimine (BEI).
• the composition comprises a strain of BTV that is serotype 4.
• the composition is a vaccine composition or an immunogenic composition.
• the animal to be treated with the composition is a ruminant selected from the group consisting of sheep, lambs, goats, cattle and deer. In one embodiment, the animal to be treated with the composition is a sheep or lamb.
• the biologically acceptable adjuvant to be used with the composition is selected from the group consisting of one or more of aluminum hydroxide, saponin, SL-CD 1 Carbopol and SP-OiI.
• the biologically acceptable adjuvant to be used with the composition comprises a mixture of aluminum hydroxide and saponin.
• the aluminum hydroxide is present at a concentration of between about 1 % and about 10%. In one embodiment, the aluminum hydroxide is present at a concentration of between about 2% and about 5%. In one embodiment, the aluminum hydroxide is present at a concentration of about 3%.
• the immune response elicited with the compositions of the invention protects an animal against infection with, or reduces the severity of at least one symptom associated with an infection by a pathogenic strain of BSuetongue virus.
• a second aspect of the invention provides a method for enhancing the immune response in an animal to Biuetongue virus, or for preventing or reducing at least one symptom associated with the disease, the method comprising the step of administering a single or multiple doses of the composition of the invention, as described above.
• the methods for enhancing the immune response in an animal to Bluetongue virus, or for preventing or reducing at least one symptom associated with the disease are useful in achieving such effect in a ruminant selected from the group consisting of sheep, lambs, goats, cattle and deer.
• the ruminant is a sheep or lamb.
• the methods for enhancing the immune response in an animal to Bluetongue virus, or for preventing or reducing at least one symptom associated with the disease provide for the step of administering the compositions by parenteral administration.
• the parenteral administration step may be achieved by intramuscular injection.
• the methods for enhancing the immune response in an animal to Bluetongue virus, or for preventing or reducing at least one symptom associated with the disease provide for the step of administering the compositions by oral administration, which may be achieved by hand delivery or mass application.
• a third aspect of the invention provides a method of preventing or ameliorating an outbreak of Bluetongue virus, which comprises the step of administering to an animal a composition of the invention. In one embodiment, the method of preventing or ameliorating an outbreak of Bluetongue virus
• Bluetongue virus provides for treating an anima! that is a ruminant selected from the group consisting of sheep, lambs, goats, cattle and deer.
• the ruminant is a sheep or a iamb.
• the method of preventing or ameliorating an outbreak of Bluetongue virus provides for the step of administering the compositions of the invention by parenteral administration.
• the parenteral administration step may be achieved by intramuscular injection.
• the method of preventing or ameliorating an outbreak of Bluetongue virus provides for the step of administering the compositions of the invention by oral administration.
• the oral administration step may be achieved by hand delivery or mass application.
• a fourth aspect of the invention provides a method of producing inactivated whole Bluetongue virus (BTV), the method comprising the steps of: a) treating the BTV with an inactivating agent using a 1 :10 ratio of inactivating agent to BTV; b) homogenizing the inactivating agent/BTV mixture of step a) for at least 15 minutes; c) decanting the mixture of step b) into a sterile container and agitating the mixture for about 24 hours; d) treating the BTV a second time with an inactivating agent using a 1 :20 ratio of inactivating agent to BTV; e) homogenizing the inactivating agent/BTV mixture of step d) for at least 15 minutes; f) decanting the mixture of step e) into a sterile container and agitating the mixture for about 48 hours; and g) neutralizing the inactivating agent to adjust the final pH to about 7.2; wherein the method results in inactivation of the BTV while maintaining the immunogenicity of the B
• the method for preparing twice-inactivated BTV 1 as described above provides for the use of binary ethyfeneimine (BEi) as an inactivating agent.
• BEi binary ethyfeneimine
• the final concentration of inactivating agent in step a), as noted above is about 10 mM.
• the final concentration of inactivating agent in step d), as noted above is about 5 mM.
• the method described above for preparing twice inactivated whole BTV utilizes a Bluetongue virus that is serotype 4.
• a fifth aspect of the invention provides for use of at least one twice inactivated strain of BTV for the preparation of a medicament for immunizing ruminants against various strains and serotypes of BTV.
• the at least one twice inactivated strain of BTV for use in preparation of the medicament is serotype 4.
• adjuvant means a composition comprised of one or more substances that enhances the immunogenicity of an antigen in a composition, typically a vaccine composition.
• An adjuvant can serve as a tissue depot that slowly releases the antigen and also as a lymphoid system activator that non ⁇ specifically enhances the immune response (Hood, et a/., immunology, Second Ed. , Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings, 1984. p. 384), Often, a primary vaccination with an antigen alone, in the absence of an adjuvant, will fail to elicit a humoral or ceilular immune response.
• Adjuvants include, but are not limited to, complete Freund's adjuvant, incomplete Freund's adjuvant, mineral gels such as aluminum hydroxide, surface active substances such as iysolecithin, pluronic polyols, polyanions, peptides, oil or hydrocarbon emulsions, keyhoie limpet hemocyanins, and potentially useful human adjuvants such as N-acetyl ⁇ muramy!-L4hreonyl-D-isog!utamine (thr-MDP), N-acetyl- nor-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine, N-acetylmuramyl ⁇ L-a!any!-D-isoglutaminyl-L- a!anine-2-(1 '-2'-dipalmitoyI-sn--glycero-3-hydroxyphosphoryloxy)-ethylamine, BCG
• the adjuvant is biologically acceptable.
• the composition is administered with a combination of two adjuvants, aluminum hydroxide and saponin.
• Adjuvants employed in the compositions described herein are typically "biologically acceptable adjuvants" and, thus, may be used in combination with an inactivated BTV, such that the resulting compositions may be administered in vivo without concomitant toxicity to an animal.
• two adjuvants are used to elicit the preferred immune response to BTV.
• a mixture of a metabolizable oil such as one or more unsaturated terpene hydrocarbon(s) may be considered for use, for example squalene or squalane, and a polyoxyethylene- polypropylene block copolymer such as Pluronic®.
• an inactivated strain of BTV or molecule derived therefrom is "antigenic” when it is capable of specifically interacting with an antigen recognition molecule of the immune system, such as an immunoglobulin (antibody) or T cell antigen receptor.
• an antigenic molecule is a polypeptide, or variant thereof, which contains an "epitope" of at least about five and typically at least about 10 amino acids.
• An antigenic portion of a polypeptide, also called herein the "epitope,” can be that portion that is immunodominant for antibody or T cell receptor recognition, or it can be a portion used to generate an antibody to the molecule by conjugating the antigenic portion to a carrier polypeptide for immunization.
• a molecule that is antigenic need not be itself immunogenic, i.e., capable of eliciting an immune response without a carrier.
• patent law eg., they allow for the inclusion of additional ingredients or steps that do not detract from the novel or basic characteristics of the invention /a, they exclude additional unrecited ingredients or steps that detract from novel or basic characteristics of the invention, and they exclude ingredients or steps of the prior art, such as documents in the art that are cited herein or are incorporated by reference herein, especially as it is a goal of this document to define embodiments that are patentable, eg,, novel, nonobvious, inventive, over the prior art, eg., over documents cited herein or incorporated by reference herein.
• the terms "consists of and “consisting of have the meaning ascribed to them in U.S. patent law; namely, that these terms are closed ended.
• an “immune response" to a vaccine or immunogenic composition is the development in a subject of a humoral and/or a cell-mediated immune response to molecules present in the antigen or vaccine composition of interest.
• a “humoral immune response” is an antibody-mediated immune response and involves the generation of antibodies with affinity for the antigen/vaccine of the invention, while a “cell-mediated immune response” is one mediated by T- iymphocytes and/or other white blood cells.
• a “cell-mediated immune response” is elicited by the presentation of antigenic epitopes in association with Class I or Class Il molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC).
• MHC major histocompatibility complex
• CTLs have specificity for peptide antigens that are presented in association with proteins encoded by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and expressed on the surfaces of cells. CTLs help induce and promote the intracellular destruction of intracellular microbes, or the lysis of cells infected with such microbes.
• MHC major histocompatibility complex
• Another aspect of cellular immunity involves an antigen-specific response by helper T-cells. Helper T-cells act to help stimulate the function, and focus the activity of, nonspecific effector celts against cells displaying peptide antigens in association with MHC molecules on their surface.
• a “cell- mediated immune response” also refers to the production of cytokines, chemokines and other such molecules produced by activated T-cells and/or other white blood cells, including those derived from CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells.
• the ability of a particular antigen or composition to stimulate a cell-mediated immunological response may be determined by a number of assays, such as by lymphoproliferation ⁇ lymphocyte activation) assays, CTL cytotoxic cell assays, by assaying for T-lymphocytes specific for the antigen in a sensitized subject, or by measurement of cytokine production by T celis in response to restimulation with antigen.
• assays are well known in the art.
• the "immunogenica ⁇ y effective amount” is the amount of whole inactivated BTV that wili elicit an immune response in an animal. This amount will depend upon the species, breed, age, size, health status of the recipient animal and will be influenced by the previous exposure of the animal to one or more strain of BTV whether that one or more strain is a virulent strain or an avirulent strain.
• an "immunogenically effective amount" of whole inactivated BTV, when employed in combination with one or more suitable adjuvants is that amount of BTV that is sufficient to enhance the immunogenicity of the BTV and thus provides for protective immunity against challenge with a pathogenic or virulent BTV strain or serotype.
• immunogenic refers to the ability of an antigen or a vaccine to elicit an immune response, either humoral or ceil mediated, or both.
• immunogenic means that the BTV is capable of eliciting a humoral and/or cellular immune response.
• An immunogenic strain is also antigenic.
• An immunogenic composition is a composition that elicits a humoral and/or cellular immune response when administered to an animal.
• immunogenic composition relates to any pharmaceutical composition containing an antigen, eg. a microorganism, which composition can be used to eiicit an immune response in a mamma!.
• the immune response can include a T cell response, a B cell response, or both a T ceil and B ceil response.
• the composition may serve to sensitize the mammal by the presentation of antigen in association with MHC molecules at the ceil surface.
• antigen-specific T- lymphocytes or antibodies can be generated to allow for the future protection of an immunized host.
• An "immunogenic composition” may contain a live, attenuated, or killed/inactivated vaccine comprising a whole microorganism or an immunogenic portion derived therefrom that induces either a cell-mediated (T cell) immune response or an antibody-mediated ⁇ B cell) immune response, or both, and may protect the animal from one or more symptoms associated with infection by the microorganism, or may protect the animal from death due to the infection with the microorganism.
• T cell cell
• ⁇ B cell antibody-mediated ⁇ B cell
• Inactivated refers to the non-infectious nature of the microorganisms to be used in a vaccine or immunogenic composition of the invention.
• those skilled in the art are aware of such materials that may be used to render a microorganism non-infectious for vaccine purposes, for example, BEI.
• BEI a microorganism non-infectious for vaccine purposes
• particular methods have also been developed to render the Bluetongue virus non-infectious, but these methods have also been developed with particular emphasis on retaining the immunogenicity of the vaccine preparation, while at the same time resulting in complete inactivation of the virus preparation.
• isolated means that the referenced material is removed from its native environment.
• an isolated biological material can be free of some or all cellular components, i.e., components of the cells in which the native material occurs naturally (e.g., cytoplasmic or membrane component).
• a material is isolated if it is present in a cell extract or supernatant.
• An isolated protein may be associated with other proteins or nucleic acids, or both, with which it associates in the cell, or with cellular membranes if it is a membrane-associated protein.
• An isolated organelle, cell, or tissue is removed from the anatomical site in which it is found in an organism.
• An isolated material may be, but need not be, purified.
• parenteral administration means administration by some other means than through the gastrointestinal tract, particularly to the introduction of substances into an organism by intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intramedullary injection, but also to other non-oral and non-nasal routes of administration such as intraperitoneal injection or topical application.
• pathogenic refers to the ability of any agent of infection, such as a bacterium or a virus, to cause disease.
• pathogenic refers to the ability of a Bluetongue virus (BTV), to cause a disease in ruminants, particularly sheep or lambs.
• BTV Bluetongue virus
• a "non-pathogenic" microorganism refers to a microorganism that lacks the characteristics noted above for the "pathogenic" strains of BTV.
• BTV Bluetongue virus
• pharmaceutically acceptable carrier means a carrier approved by a regulatory agency of a Federal, a state government, or other regulatory agency, or listed in the U.S.
• carrier refers to a diluent, adjuvant, exdpjent, or vehicle with which the pharmaceutical composition is administered.
• Such pharmaceutical carriers can be sterile liquids, such as water and oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil and the like. Water is a preferred carrier when the pharmaceutical composition is administered intravenously. Saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions can also be employed as liquid carriers, particularly for injectable solutions.
• Suitable pharmaceutical excipients include starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol, propylene, glycol, water, ethanol and the like.
• the composition if desired, can also contain minor amounts of wetting or emulsifying agents, or pH buffering agents. These compositions can take the form of solutions, suspensions, emulsion, tablets, pills, capsules, powders, sustained release formulations and the like.
• the composition can be formulated as a suppository, with traditional binders and carriers such as triglycerides.
• Oral formulation can include standard carriers such as pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharine, cellulose, magnesium carbonate, etc. Examples of suitable pharmaceutical carriers are described in "Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences' 1 by E. W. Martin, The formulation should suit the mode of administration.
• protecting refers to shielding eg. a mammal, in particular, a ruminant, for example, a sheep, a iamb, a goat or a cow, from infection or a disease, by inducing an immune response to a particular pathogen, eg. Bluetongue virus.
• a mammal in particular, a ruminant, for example, a sheep, a iamb, a goat or a cow
• pathogen eg. Bluetongue virus
• purified refers to material that has been isolated under conditions that reduce or eliminate the presence of unrelated materials, i.e. , contaminants, including native materials from which the material is obtained.
• a purified bacteria or protein is typically substantially free of host cell or culture components, including tissue culture or egg proteins, non-specific pathogens, and the like.
• substantially free is used operationally, in the context of analytical testing of the material.
• purified material substantially free of contaminants is at least 50% pure; more typically at least 90% pure, and more typically still at least 99% pure. Purity can be evaluated by chromatography, gel electrophoresis, immunoassay, composition analysis, biological assay, and other methods known in the art.
• Saponins are steroid or triterpene glycosides widely distributed in the plant and marine animal kingdoms. Saponins are noted for forming colloidal solutions in water which foam on shaking, and for precipitating cholesterol. When saponins are near cell membranes they create pore-like structures in the membrane which cause the membrane to burst.
• Saponins are known as adjuvants in vaccines for systemic administration.
• the adjuvant and hemolytic activity of individual saponins has been extensively studied in the art (Lacaille-Dubois and Wagner, supra).
• Qui! A derived from the bark of the South American tree Quillaja Saponaria Moiina
• fractions thereof are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,057,540 and "Saponins as vaccine adjuvants", Kensil, C.
• saponins which have been used in systemic vaccination studies include those derived from other plant species such as Gypsophiia and Saponaria (Bomford et al., Vaccine, 10(9):572-577, 1992). Saponins are also known to have been used in mucosally applied vaccine studies, which have met with variable success in the induction of immune responses. Quil-A saponin has previously been shown to have no effect on the induction of an immune response when antigen is administered intranasally (Gizurarson et al. 1994Vaccine Research 3, 23- 29), while other authors have used this adjuvant with success (Maharaj et al., Can. J. Microbiol, 1986, 32(5):414-20.
• Chenopodium quinoa saponins have been used in both intranasal and intragastric vaccines (Estrada et al., Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect, Dis., 1998, 21 (3):225-36).
• SL-CD refers to a sulpholipo-cyclodextrin that falls within the family of cyclodextrin adjuvants described in U.S. patent numbers 6,610,310 and 6,165,995.
• SL-CD is formulated in a mixture with a metaboiizable oi! such as one or more unsaturated terpene hydrocarbons, for example, squaiane and preferably with a non-ionic surfactant, such as poiyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate.
• SP-OiI refers to an adjuvant that is an oil emulsion comprising: 1% to 3% vol/vol of polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymer; 2% to 6% vol/vol of squaiane; 0.1% to 0.5% vol/vol of poiyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate; and a buffered salt solution.
• ruminant refers to any variety of hoofed, even footed, and usually horned mammals that characteristically have their stomachs divided into four sections, including cows, sheep, giraffes, goats and deer.
• treatment refers to any one or more of the following: (i) the prevention of infection or reinfection, as in a traditional vaccine, (ii) the reduction in the severity of, or, in the elimination of symptoms, and (iii) the substantial or complete elimination of the pathogen or disorder in question.
• treatment may be effected prophylactically (prior to infection) or therapeutically (following infection).
• prophylactic treatment is the preferred mode.
• compositions and methods are provided which treat, including prophylactically and/or therapeutically immunize, a host animal against a viral infection.
• the methods of the present invention are useful for conferring prophylactic and/or therapeutic immunity to a mammal, preferably a ruminant, such as a sheep, Iamb, cow or goat.
• a mammal preferably a ruminant, such as a sheep, Iamb, cow or goat.
• the methods of the present invention can also be practiced on mammals for biomedical research applications.
• the term "twice inactivated” refers to the use of particular methods as described in the present invention, for rendering the BTV non-infectious, while retaining the immunogenicity of the virus preparation.
• the BTV of the present invention is twice inactivated by using two rounds of incubation of BTV with BEl, wherein the first step of inactivation is accomplished by incubating the BTV with BEI at a concentration of 10 rnM for 24 hours, and whereby the second round of inactivation is accomplished by incubating the BTV with BEl at a concentration of 5 mM for 48 hours.
• vaccine or “vaccine composition”, which are used interchangeably, refer to pharmaceutical compositions comprising at least one immunogenic composition that induces an immune response in an animal.
• a vaccine or vaccine composition may protect the animal from disease or possible death due to an infection, and may or may not include one or more additional components that enhance the immunological activity of the active component.
• a vaccine or vaccine composition may additionally comprise further components typical to pharmaceutical compositions.
• a vaccine or vaccine composition may additionally comprise further components typical to vaccines or vaccine compositions, including, for example, an adjuvant or an smmunomodulator.
• the immunogenically active component of a vaccine may comprise complete live organisms in either their original form, or as attenuated organisms in a modified live vaccine, or organisms inactivated by appropriate methods in a killed or inactivated vaccine, or subunit vaccines comprising one or more immunogenic components of the virus, or genetically engineered, mutated or cloned vaccines prepared by methods known to those skilled in the art.
• a vaccine or vaccine composition may comprise one or simultaneously more than one of the elements described above.
• the present invention relates to compositions and methods for immunizing an animal, in particular a ruminant, such as a sheep, or lamb, or cow against a Biuetongue virus (BTV) infection, or for reducing the severity of at least one symptom of the disease.
• the composition comprises at least one twice inactivated strain of BTV and a biologically acceptable adjuvant.
• a combination of at least two biologically acceptable adjuvants is utilized.
• the methods provide for immunizing a ruminant against a pathogenic BTV and for protecting the animal against such infection.
• the methods of the present invention provide for the use of a vaccine or immunogenic composition comprising at least one whole and twice inactivated strain of BTV for immunizing a ruminant against infection with BTV.
• the methods of the present invention provide for the use of a vaccine or immunogenic composition comprising serotype 4 of BTV for immunizing a ruminant against infection with BTV.
• the Biuetongue virus to be used in the compositions and methods of the invention may be obtained from any known depository, which retains stocks of the various serotypes of BTV, such as the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC).
• ATCC American Type Culture Collection
• the ATCC maintains several different strains of BTV, which are listed in their catalogue with the following designated accession numbers: VR-187 (serotype 10), VR-872 (serotype 11), VR-873 (serotype 13), VR-875 (serotype 17), VR-983 (serotype 2), VFM 231 (serotype 10), VR-1231AF (serotype 10) and VR-1231CAF (murine serotype 10).
• serotype 4 has been described by Mertens et al.
• Inactivated virus vaccines or immunogenic compositions may be prepared by treating the BTV with inactivating agents such as formalin or hydrophobic solvents, acids, etc., by irradiation with ultraviolet light or X-rays, by heating, etc. Inactivation is conducted in a manner understood in the art. For example, in chemica! inactivation, a suitable virus sample or serum sample containing the virus is treated for a sufficient length of time with a sufficient amount or concentration of inactivating agent at a sufficiently high (or low, depending on the inactivating agent) temperature or pH to inactivate the virus, inactivation by heating is conducted at a temperature and for a length of time sufficient to inactivate the virus.
• inactivating agents such as formalin or hydrophobic solvents, acids, etc.
• Inactivation by irradiation is conducted using a wavelength of light or other energy source for a length of time sufficient to inactivate the virus.
• the virus is considered inactivated if it is unable to infect a cell susceptible to infection.
• binary ethyieneimine (BEI) is the means used for inactivation.
• methods for producing the twice inactivated form of at least one whole BTV comprises the steps of: a) treating the BTV with an inactivating agent using a 1 :10 ratio of inactivating agent to BTV; b) homogenizing the inactivating agent/BTV mixture of step a) for at least
• the method for preparing twice inactivated BTV provides for the use of binary ethyieneimine (BEI) as an inactivating agent.
• BEI binary ethyieneimine
• the final concentration of inactivating agent in step a), as noted above, is about 10 mM. In one embodiment, the final concentration of inactivating agent in step d), as noted above, is about 5 mM.
• the method described above for preparing twice inactivated whole BTV utilizes a Bluetongue virus that is serotype 4.
• the immunogen ⁇ cally effective amount or the immunogenic amount that inoculates the ruminant can be easily determined or readily titrated by routine testing.
• An effective amount is one in which a sufficient immunological response to the vaccine is attained to protect the animal exposed to the virus.
• the animal is protected to an extent in which one to ali of the adverse physiological symptoms or effects of the viral disease are significantly reduced, ameiiorated or totally prevented.
• the vaccine or immunogenic composition can be administered in a single dose or in repeated doses. Methods are known in the art for determining or titrating suitable dosages of active antigenic agent based on the weight of the animal, concentration of the antigen and other typical factors.
• the vaccine or immunogenic composition is administered to a ruminant not yet exposed to the virus.
• the vaccine containing the whole and twice inactivated virus or other antigenic forms thereof can conveniently be administered intranasally, transdermal ⁇ (i.e., applied on or at the skin surface for systemic absorption), parenteraily, etc.
• the parenteral route of administration includes, but is not limited to, intramuscular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intradermal (i.e., injected or otherwise placed under the skin) routes and the like. Since the intramuscular and intradermal routes of inoculation have been successful in other studies using viral infectious DNA clones (E. E.
• the present vaccine When administered as a liquid, the present vaccine may be prepared in the form of an aqueous solution, syrup, an elixir, a tincture and the Sike. Such formulations are known in the art and are typically prepared by dissolution of the antigen and other typical additives in the appropriate carrier or solvent systems. Suitable "physiologically acceptable" carriers or solvents include, but are not limited to, water, saline, ethanol, ethylene glycol, glycerol, etc. Typical additives are, for example, certified dyes, flavors, sweeteners and antimicrobial preservatives such as thimerosa! (sodium ethylmercurithiosalicylate).
• Such solutions may be stabilized, for example, by addition of partially hydrolyzed gelatin, sorbitol or cell culture medium, and may be buffered by conventional methods using reagents known in the art, such as sodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, a mixture thereof, and the like.
• Liquid formulations also may include suspensions and emulsions that contain suspending or emulsifying agents in combination with other standard co-form ulants. These types of liquid formulations may be prepared by conventional methods. Suspensions, for example, may be prepared using a colloid mil!. Emulsions, for example, may be prepared using a homogenizer.
• Parenteral formulations designed for injection into body fluid systems, require proper isotonicity and pH buffering to the corresponding ieveis of porcine body fluids. lsotonicity can be appropriately adjusted with sodium chloride and other salts as needed. Suitable solvents, such as ethanol or propylene glycol, can be used to increase the solubility of the ingredients in the formulation and the stability of the liquid preparation. Further additives that can be employed in the present vaccine include, but are not limited to, dextrose, conventional antioxidants and conventional chelating agents such as ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). Parenteral dosage forms must also be sterilized prior to use.
• EDTA ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid
• Adjuvants The twice inactivated Bluetongue virus may be delivered with an adjuvant.
• the vaccine is a whole and twice kitled/inactivated BTV, which is administered with an adjuvant.
• An adjuvant is a substance that increases the immunological response of the animal to the vaccine.
• the adjuvant may be administered at the same time and at the same site as the vaccine, or at a different time, for example, as a booster.
• Adjuvants also may advantageously be administered to the ruminant in a manner or at a site different from the manner or site in which the vaccine is administered.
• Suitable adjuvants include, but are not limited to, aluminum hydroxide (alum), Alhydrogei® (Brenntag Biosector, Frederikssund, Denmark), immunostimulating complexes (ISCOMS), non-ionic block polymers or copolymers, cytokines (like IL-1 , lL-2, 1L-7, IFN- ⁇ , IFN- ⁇ , IFN- ⁇ , etc.), saponins (including Quillaia A, or QuN A ((Brenntag Biosector, Frederikssund, Denmark), monophosphoryl lipid A (MLA), muramyl dipeptides (MDP) and the like.
• alum aluminum hydroxide
• Alhydrogei® Borenntag Biosector, Frederikssund, Denmark
• ISCOMS immunostimulating complexes
• non-ionic block polymers or copolymers include, but are not limited to, cytokines (like IL-1 , l
• Suitable adjuvants include, for example, aluminum potassium sulfate, heat-labile or heat-stable enterotoxin isolated from Escherichia coli, cholera toxin or the B subunit thereof, diphtheria toxin, tetanus toxin, pertussis toxin, Freund's incomplete or complete adjuvant, etc.
• Toxin-based adjuvants such as diphtheria toxin, tetanus toxin and pertussis toxin may be inactivated prior to use, for example, by treatment with formaldehyde.
• the vaccine composition is delivered with a combination of at least two adjuvants.
• the vaccine composition is delivered with a combination of both aluminum hydroxide (Alhydrogei®) and saponin (Qui! A). Assays for Measuring Immune Responses
• the functional outcome of vaccinating a ruminant against BTV can be assessed by suitable assays that monitor induction of cellular or humoral immunity or T ce!l activity.
• assays are known to one skilled in the art, but may include measurement of cytolytic T cell activity using for example, a chromium release assay.
• T cell proliferative assays may be used as an indication of immune reactivity or lack thereof.
• in vivo studies can be done to assess the level of protection in a mammal vaccinated against a pathogen using the methods of the present invention. Typical in vivo assays may involve vaccinating an animal with an antigen, such as the virus described herein.
• the animals After waiting for a time sufficient for induction of an antibody or T cell response to occur, generally from about one to two weeks after injection, the animals will be challenged with the antigen, such as either a virus, and amelioration of one or more symptoms associated with the viral infection, or survival of the animals is monitored.
• a successful vaccination regimen against BTV wilt result in significant decrease in one or more symptoms associated with the viral infection, or a decrease in viremia, or a decrease in the number or severity of lesions associated with a viral infection, or survival when compared to the non-vaccinated controls. Serum may also be collected to monitor levels of antibodies generated in response to the vaccine injections, as measured by methods known to those skilled in the art.
• the manufacturing process is carried out in conditions of sterility, following the instructions of the Standard Manufacturing Method described below.
• the correct operation condition of the air filtration installations and laminar flow cabinets is verified, and it is confirmed that the materials used in the process have been duly sterilized in autoclave or by filtration, or disinfected according to the established methods.
• Aseptic operations are conducted following established sterile manipulation techniques.
• BHK-21 cells working cell stock or WCS
• the VVCS cryotubes are thawed by means of rapid thawing to +37°C and then it is inoculated in a culture flask containing culture medium (MEM-Glasgow + irradiated bovine calf serum).
• the culture flask is incubated at +37+1 0 C. After at least 5 hours from the moment of inoculation, the medium is removed from the flask and new culture medium of the same composition is added, previously brought to a temperature of +37+1 0 C.
• the culture is observed periodically, and its evolution (confluence) and cell morphology are recorded
• Subcultures are carried out by means of trypsinization of the culture with a solution of freshly prepared trypsin; a cell suspension count is done by vital staining
• the culture medium is adjusted to pH 7.2 ⁇ 0.2 at the start of the culture operation in roller flasks.
• the cell suspension is delivered to the section where antigens are manufactured.
• the inocuium (passage 2 antigen) is prepared according to the foilowing method:
• the working seed virus (WSV) is stored frozen at -70+10 0 C. From the WSV, 2 passages are done in order to obtain the inoculum. On the first passage a potency control is conducted, and on the second one sterility and potency controis are done after the freezing operation.
• Passage 1 antigen Pre-inocuium
• the culture medium is removed and substituted with infection medium (suspension of WSV in MEM- Glasgow).
• the culture is incubated at +37 ⁇ 1°C.
• CPE cytopathic effect
• Passage 1 antigen is diluted in MEM-G!asgow.
• the culture medium of necessary growth flasks with BHK-21 cells at 2-3 days' culture is removed and substituted with the prepared virus suspension, and then placed in an incubator at +37 ⁇ 1°C.
• the flasks are placed in agitation in order to facilitate cell monolayer detachment, and then frozen at -70 ⁇ 10°C,
• MEM-Glasgow, BHK-21 cell suspension from the culture flasks and irradiated bovine calf serum are mixed and homogenized in a sterile container, under agitation.
• the culture medium is removed from each flask and substituted with the infection medium; MEM-Glasgow + passage 2 antigen (inoculum).
• MEM-Glasgow + passage 2 antigen inoculum.
• the infected flasks are then incubated under rotation movement at +37+1 0 C.
• CPE CPE
• the flasks are placed in agitation in order to facilitate celi monolayer detachment, cultures are collected and homogenized, and the pH is verified, if necessary, adjusting with hydrochloric acid is done to obtain a pH of 7.2+0.2, and the collected final antigen (passage 3) is then inactivated.
• Passage 1 antigen Samples are taken of passage 1 antigen for a potency control by the Quality Control Department.
• Passage 2 antigen Samples are taken of passage 2 antigen for potency and sterility controls by the Quality Control Department.
• Passage 3 antigen Samples are taken of passage 3 antigen for potency, sterility and identity controls by the Quality Control Department.
• the process of inactivation of the final antigen lasts for a total of 72 hours, and the concentration of BEI used is 15 mM.
• Final antigen is inactivated by adding BEI 0.1 M at a proportion of 100 ml per liter of antigen being inactivated (final concentration 10 mM).
• the mixture is homogenized for at least 15 minutes and the pH is verified. After the homogenization process, the mixture is decanted into a sterile container where it is kept in agitation, at 37 ⁇ 1°C, for 24 hours.
• a second inactivation of the final antigen is carried out by means of adding BEI 0.1 M at a proportion of 50 ml per liter of antigen being inactivated (final concentration 5 mM). After the second addition of BEI, the process is repeated under the same conditions as described above for the first addition, but maintaining the mixture in agitation for 48 hours.
• the titer of the antigen previous to inactivation and the dilution factor that represent the additions of BEI in the inactivation process and of sodium thiosuiphate in the neutralization process are taken into account.
• 100 ml of a solution of BEI 0.1 M are added to the first inactivation, and an additional 55 ml to the second inactivation. This way, 1000 ml of final antigen become 1155 ml of inactivated antigen.
• 5 ml of a solution of 1M sodium thiosuiphate is added per liter of inactivated antigen. This way, the 1 155 ml of inactivated antigen become 1161 ml of inactivated and neutralized antigen.
• EXAMPLE 2 ADJUVANT SELECTION ACCORDING TO THE EFFECT ON VIREMIA REDUCTION AFTER CHALLENGE
• Animals vaccinated with batches A-3, B-3 and C-3 were challenged (5 animais of each group) at 7-8 weeks after re-vaccination. Two non-vaccinated controls were also challenged.
• EXAiWPLE 3 ANTIGEN CONCENTRATION EFFECT ON ViREMIA REDUCTION
• Animals were vaccinated by the subcutaneous route (2 mL) and revaccinated 3 weeks iater.
• Animals vaccinated with batches A-1 , A-2 and A-3 were challenged (5 animals of each group) at 5-6 weeks after re-vaccination. Two non-vaccinated controls were also challenged.
• BTV Bluetongue virus
• RT-PCR reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
• BTVi antigen Complete culture, total inactivation process 72h (10 mM BEI x 24h + 5 mM BEI x 48 h) ANTIBODY RESPONSE AFTER VACCINATION Table 13. *ELISA serological results
• Lambs vaccinated with batches K1 , K2, K7 and K8 were challenged at 24 days after re-vaccination. A group of 5 non-vaccinated controls were included.
• BTV Bluetongue virus
• RT-PCR real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
• the only vaccine able to prevent viremia was batch K2 formulated with 1 x 10 7 TCID 50 /dose and Alhydrogel and Quil-A as adjuvant. Viremia was detectable in only 1 out of 5 animals vaccinated with batch K1 formulated with the same adjuvant but with a lower antigen concentration (3 x 10 6 TC!D 50 /dose).

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