WO2008122114A2 - Système d'échange d'énergie par puits de forage coaxial permettant de stocker et d'extraire du froid du sous-sol - Google Patents

Système d'échange d'énergie par puits de forage coaxial permettant de stocker et d'extraire du froid du sous-sol Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2008122114A2
WO2008122114A2 PCT/CA2008/000626 CA2008000626W WO2008122114A2 WO 2008122114 A2 WO2008122114 A2 WO 2008122114A2 CA 2008000626 W CA2008000626 W CA 2008000626W WO 2008122114 A2 WO2008122114 A2 WO 2008122114A2
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Prior art keywords
borehole
heat exchanger
coaxial
heat
energy
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PCT/CA2008/000626
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English (en)
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WO2008122114A3 (fr
Inventor
James E. Bardsley
Terry G.F. Lay
Original Assignee
Bardsley James E
Lay Terry G F
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Application filed by Bardsley James E, Lay Terry G F filed Critical Bardsley James E
Publication of WO2008122114A2 publication Critical patent/WO2008122114A2/fr
Publication of WO2008122114A3 publication Critical patent/WO2008122114A3/fr

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F5/00—Air-conditioning systems or apparatus not covered by F24F1/00 or F24F3/00, e.g. using solar heat or combined with household units such as an oven or water heater
    • F24F5/0046—Air-conditioning systems or apparatus not covered by F24F1/00 or F24F3/00, e.g. using solar heat or combined with household units such as an oven or water heater using natural energy, e.g. solar energy, energy from the ground
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24T—GEOTHERMAL COLLECTORS; GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS
    • F24T10/00—Geothermal collectors
    • F24T10/30—Geothermal collectors using underground reservoirs for accumulating working fluids or intermediate fluids
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F5/00—Air-conditioning systems or apparatus not covered by F24F1/00 or F24F3/00, e.g. using solar heat or combined with household units such as an oven or water heater
    • F24F5/0046—Air-conditioning systems or apparatus not covered by F24F1/00 or F24F3/00, e.g. using solar heat or combined with household units such as an oven or water heater using natural energy, e.g. solar energy, energy from the ground
    • F24F2005/0057—Air-conditioning systems or apparatus not covered by F24F1/00 or F24F3/00, e.g. using solar heat or combined with household units such as an oven or water heater using natural energy, e.g. solar energy, energy from the ground receiving heat-exchange fluid from a closed circuit in the ground
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B10/00—Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings
    • Y02B10/40—Geothermal heat-pumps
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/10—Geothermal energy

Definitions

  • the invention relates to using a drilled borehole as a coaxial underground heat exchanger to store cold in and extract cold from surrounding bedrock and overbnrrlpn materials.
  • Extracting energy via the HDR process involves creating a closed liquid system comprised of an HDR reservoir and above- ground equipment. This equipment is linked to an injection well, and a possibly production well drilled into hot rock.
  • The. method is made more efficient by employment of hydraulic fracturing to produce fractures to enhance water movement.
  • Heat exchangers at the surface are used to recover the heat from pumped-up water for use in electricity generation or for direct thermal applications.
  • An efficient HDR reservoir is one that can be continuously mined for heated water, presents minor leakage, operates without significant net consumption of water, and has essentially no venting of gaseous or saline fluids to the environment, Which may create acid rain
  • the primary us>agc uT HDR reservoirs has been forecast as generating steam or to vaporize another working fluid to produce electric power.
  • applications that require quantities of thermal energy, which vary in a periodic manner, demand, ⁇ r maximum demand may be, serviced. Tt has been determined that drilling inl ⁇ crystalline rock is difficult and thermal conductivities of hot, hard rocks are typically very low, while their specific heats are high, so that a relatively large amount of heat is available from a unit volume of hot rock.
  • Ground-source heat pumps move or transport heat like air-source heat pumps, but exchange heat wiih the earth rather ihan the atmosphere;.
  • These Oc ⁇ Exuha ⁇ gc systems arc efficient, environmentally sensitive, comfortable and economical. The key feature is that these systems use electricity to move heat, not to generate it by burning fuel or using electric resistance elements.
  • GeoExchangc systems arc generally 2.5 to 4 times more efficient than resistance heating and water heating alone, and produce no combustion or indoor air pollutants. In addition, there is no weather-
  • GHO green house gas
  • GSHP systems There are two main types of GSHP systems: open and closed loop.
  • the open loop system draws water from a well, lake or river or ocean and discharges it back to the source.
  • Closed loop systems use a seated pipe buried in the ground that circulates on antifreeze solution.
  • the pipes can be installed in horizontal or vertical loops.
  • Water and antifreeze solution loop heat pumps used in GSHP applications arc available in sizes from 1.5 to 300 kW (0.5 to 60 tons). The costs range from $800 to $ 1000/ton for the common size ranges. Higher tonnage equipment tends to display tower costs per ton. Costs for the loop are in the range of $1000/ton for horizontal loops and $ 1500- $1700/ton for vertical loops.
  • GeoExchange heat pumps use mainly R- 22 in the compression cycle and have hermetically-sealed compressors, thus refrigerant leaks are rare.
  • the GHPC also offers the following guidelines to customers choosing a GeoExchange heating and cooling system; ratings and certification, warrantees, sizing, design and installation to promote the proper use of the product
  • CFCs chlorofluorocarbons
  • the main function of a heat exchanger is to transfer thermal energy between two fluids.
  • the two fluids are usually hot or cold water pumped in to the exchanger and cold or hot water pumped out of the exchanger.
  • the pipe is usually constituted by a tube centered in a borehole, positioned in the casing of the boicbole.
  • a major consideration in achieving maximum efficiency in employing these borehole heat exchangers is to provide as large a surface area as possible for potential heat transfer.
  • Thc3e heat exchangers typically comprised long sections of copper coil, with no enclosures surrounding (lie coils and no use of phase change materials. Copper has also become a rather expensive working material. Due to the low thermal conductivity and heat capacity of the earth, energy in near proximity nf these earth coils was rapidly dissipated, when the instantaneous heating demand of a heat pump system was engaged. Consequently, the temperature of the heat transfer fluid would continue to fall, and in a short time period, a second coil would have to be substituted for the exhausted coiJ. This would ultimately lead to malfunction and a required shut-down of the heat pump system. The coils displayed other drawbacks such as costly installation, a large area requirement, a need for custom-designed components and destruction of laws and ihey are only reliable for small receiving unit usage.
  • Energy storage is an enabling technology for use in a variety of energy systems, from residential to commercial and from industrial to agricultural. By contributing to large-scale energy efficiencies; energy storage significantly reduces environmental impacts from energy activities, increases the potential uptake of some renewable energy technologies, increases the potential for sustainable energy development and subsequently contributes to enhanced energy security. Energy storage technologies overcome the temporal mismatch between energy supply and demand, and are especially useful for rencwabJc energy technologies.
  • JEA Experts indicate that in terms of Thermal Energy Storage (TES) (IEA Annex 14, 2004), cooling is a first priority, followed by combined cooling and heating, and lastly heating. Thus, building cooling for human occupancy and process cooling of industrial or commercial products or processes are the main areas of interest in alternative energy production.
  • TES Thermal Energy Storage
  • BTES Borehole Thermal Energy Storage
  • EAS Underground Thermal Energy Storage
  • BTES Borehole Thermal Energy Storage
  • Recent International Energy Agency research has identified an opportunity to improve the thermal efficiency of boreholes tor cold storage. By specifically targeting cooling applications, which are experiencing dramatic growth rates, this technology could be used globally to help electric utilities meet capacity shortages through storage of "free" renewable cooling energy.
  • North America has acutely IcJt the tightening of electricity supply and demand.
  • This proposed technology provides a non-refrigerant, non-ozone depleting, renewable cooling alternative. Cost effective geo-heat transfer is considerably more difficult at low temperatures (below 4° C) for air conditioning.
  • the temperature drop between the wall of the drill hole and the heating medium is comprised of three energy factors.
  • the first factor is caused by the thermal resistance of the water between the wall of the drill hole and the exterior of the pipe. Negligible convection has been found in the water given the pipe and borehole dimensions and operating temperatures currently used. Thus, the heat transfer occurs strictly through conduction. It must be noted that water is a poor thermal conductor whose thermal conductance may be improved if heat recovery is continued until the water freezes in the hole. This factor remains prevalent if heat Is supplied to surrounding rock.
  • the second factor regarding temperature drop is caused by the thermal resistance posed by the pipe wall. Formulae arc available to calculate these values, which decrease with increasing pipe diameter and decreasing wall thickness.
  • the third factor involves the heat transfer resistance between the inside of the pipe wall and the neat transporting medium. This factor mainly depends upon whether laminar or turbulent flow prevails within the heating medium, although pipe dimensions and surface structure arc also notable influences. Noteworthy, is thai low heat transfer resistance could be achieved by increasing the flow rate.
  • Mogensen (1987) sought to avoid these numerous drawbacks by employing a method, which produces more efficient heat transfer. Specifically, Mogensen lowered at least one heat-exchanging element into the drill hole, then expanded the heat-exchanging element in a radial direction, such that this element at least partially contacted the defining surface of the drill hole. The expansion was accomplished by inserting a separate spacer between the pipes or by having the popes form a spring arrangement in relation to each other.
  • ⁇ single conventional U-pipe in a grouted borehole will typically have a thermal resistance that corresponds to a 5-6 0 C temperature difference between the rock and the heat carrier fluid in the U-pipe.
  • a double U-pipe will reduce this loss of temperature quality to 3-4 0 C.
  • a coaxial pipe or tube will have an optimal thermal efficiency and cut the difference to 1-2 0 C, since it allows the fluid to have direct contact with the entire borehole wall.
  • the requirement for small ⁇ Ts in cooling applications for UTES (underground thermal energy storage) systems is a prerequisite for direct cooling without heat pumps or chillers, and this is what made cooling with borehole storage uneconomical in the past.
  • the coaxial borehole is a much more thermally efficient borehole heat exchanger than a conventional U-tube borehole.
  • the coaxial borehole system has the ability to operate at small temperature differences ( ⁇ T), which is directly i elated to borehole thermal resistance (R b ).
  • IIcat exchanger efficiency is a function of contact area and the turbulent flow in the system. The larger the contact area and the more turbulent the flow, the more readily the approach temperature for the heat exchanger is achievable and the smaller the ⁇ T required, to meet the delivered temperature.
  • the boundary conditions for Borehole Thermal Energy Storage are few, with the major condition being the temperature requirements.
  • the system can be employed anywhere including in u ⁇ consolidated (loose) rock formations or soils (overburden) through the use of a stiff liner to stabilize the wall of the concentric borehole.
  • the coaxial BTES is the only system than can take advantage of the low temperature difference values (0.5C to 8C degrees).
  • 30ft sedimentary rocks are excluded. Crystalline rocks are the most desirable geological materials. Therefore, geologically suitable locations for coaxial boreholes include much of the eastern and western coasts of Canada and the United States. The interior plains or large sedimentary basins in Canada and the United States are generally excluded from development of the coaxial borehole designs. Similar geologic regimes around the globe are also suitable for deployment of the coaxial borehole technology.
  • Cooling Applications were previously classified into the general areas of building air conditioning and process cooling. Within building air conditioning, further segregation is based upon building function and size. Within process cooling, a further distinction is made between high- temperalure and tow-temperature cooling, and by size of cooling load.
  • An appropriate opportunity for applying a cool storage system to meet a cooling load exists when: (a) a cool storage system is technically feasible for a given site, (b) a cool storage system would reduce electricity costs through demand and/or energy use charges significantly enough to pay for itself, (c) the economic benefit of the cool storage system would go to the party making the investment in installing the cool storage system, and (d) the appropriate representative of the investing parry is aware that cool storage is potentially a worthwhile investment.
  • the applicability of cool storage for process cooling is more related to the specific process.
  • the owner of the process equipment is nearly always the same party that pays for the energy consumed, however questions of reliability and maintainability arc more important in process cooling, where failure may mean loss of production.
  • the extra cooling backup capacity of the storage system may be a significant benefit.
  • US Pat. No. 5,738,16-1 (Hildcbrand), issued in 1998, discloses a system for energy exchange between the earth and an energy exchanger.
  • the device effects energy exchange between earth soil and an energy exchanger.
  • the device is comprised of a soil exchanger and supply and return flow conduits for connecting the soil exchanger with the energy exchanger.
  • the soil heat exchanger includes a thermo-insulated supply pipe arranged in a bore well drilled in the ground, with a pump provided at the end of the flow duct, and a shroud pipe surrounding the flow duct and the pump.
  • the system also includes lateral inlet openings and a return flow pipe.
  • a section of the shroud functions as a thermo-pipe and the system can reach a depth of 800 meters.
  • a thermopile is designated as a thermal insulated section formed with a correspondingly greater wall thickness.
  • Patent No. JP2000027177 (Sakai and Mikota), issued in 2000, describes forming an artificial aquifer underground to prevent groundwater flow designed with continuous walls reaching an impermeable layer forming an aquifer and an underground warni layer and an underground cold layer at the aquifer.
  • groundwater pumped-up through a hot water well is utilized as a thermal source and when cooled is returned to the well.
  • grourutwater pumped-up through a cold well is utilized as a cooling source for facilities, then when warmed it is also reinjected.
  • Patent No. CN 1542357 (Ma), issued in 2004. relates a groundwater energy-storage system in which, return air from an air-conditioned room is twice cooled or heated in Me first return air heat exchanger with cool or heat from the energy storing underground water system and the secondary return air heat exchanger with cool or heat from the refrigerators. Fresh air from outdoors is also mixed with return air in the fresh air heat exchanger before being fed into the system.
  • Patent No. JP2005233527 (Endo and Mari). issued in 2005, describes groundwater being used as a source of cold heat in summer and hot heat in winter to an underground space near the groundwater source.
  • the method is designed to save power by installing an air-conditioner and heat exchanger in an underground space to accept grovndwater via piping, such that the groundwater is used as a cold source in the summer and as a heat source in the winter.
  • Patent No. CN 1074018 (Xing), issued in 1993, describes heating water to 40-60C using solar energy or a heat exchanger, then pumping the water to an underground stratum using a reversible submersible pump.
  • the heated water may be pumped-up for industrial heating applications.
  • Cold water may be pumped-up in summer as a resource for air-conditioning.
  • Potent JP10274444 (Kuroiwa), issued in 1998, describes a. method of storing a large amount of intermittent, natural energy for long-term usage.
  • the energy is supplied continuously as a heat source for hot water supplies and in air-conditioning applications and for refrigeration/cold storage.
  • the system employs an underground heat exchanger, a high temperature heat source heat accumulating body and a low-temperature heat source heat reservoir, and a heat medium circulation line for connecting the underground heat exchanger and the heat source heat reservoirs with an improved heat conductive material around the underground heat exchanger.
  • the heat reservoir continuously exchanges heat with the ground and intermittently exchanges heat with the heat exchanger, thus forming high temperature thermal storage from Spring to Autumn and low temperature thermal storage from Autumn to Spring.
  • Patent No. JP2005048972 (Saeki), issued in 2005, describes an underground heat utilising air-conditioning system, which can recover the heat collecting and heat releasing capabilities of an underground heat exchanger.
  • the method couples an underground heat exchanger and a heat pump with the space to be air-conditioned and reveracs the operation to cooling/heating by coupling the heat pump and heat exchanger with the atmosphere.
  • coaxial collectors mostly comprised of two pipes in a borehole for the purpose of withdrawing heat and passing it through a heat exchanger and in some cases a heat pump, for various surface applications.
  • Patent JP I 1 182942 (Uchikawa), issued in 1999, describes a heat transfer pipe for ground heat exchange with a heat medium.
  • the heat medium passes from ground surface through two adjoining pipes and returns via two other adjoining pipes.
  • the pipes are enclosed by a borehole.
  • Patent US6,450,247 (Raff), issued in 2002, describes a well drilled deep into the ground and encased and sealed at the bottom to prevent water loss and to provide heat storage. Heat conduction occurs through the casing m contact with the surrounding earth. A pipe attached to a pump at its end is placed in the well to draw cold water from the well into a heat exchanger, where it absorbs heat and cools the air to cool 21 domicile. Exchanged water is returned to the well. Heat accumulated during summer cooling months is dissipated through heat pipes in winter.
  • Parent .IP2002013828 (Sakai), issued in 2002, describes using an underground heat exchanger designed to improve thermal conductivity compared to conventional coaxial systems. It consists of an inner cylinder and outer cylinder for support and provision of a casing function. The finned outer cylinder is installed in a hole excavated in the ground. A heating medium is caused to pass through a space between the outer and inner cylinders downwards and then through the inner cylinder upwards. Heat exchange occurs between the heat medium and the ground, while the lower end of the outer cylinder is closed.
  • Patent JP2003307353 (Suzawa), issued in 2003, discloses a device for storing underground heat and utilizing heat on the earths surface. It consists of an inner cylinder that is coaxially inserted and fitted inside an outer cylinder. The lower end of the outer cylinder is closed to form a heat exchanger with passage between die two tubes. ⁇ n outside borehole is drilled into deep rotk and the heat exchanger is inserted into the vertical hole. Silica sand is placed between the vertical hole and the heat exchanger. The upper end of the inner cylinder is connected to an inlet or outlet of the heat application.
  • Patent No. JPl 1 142076 (Inada), issued in 1999, discloses simultaneous storage of cold heat and heat in one underground heat storage region by forming a cavity suiruu ⁇ dcd by a wall face in underground base rock and partitioning the cavity into two sections by a heat shielding partition wall.
  • a heat shiclding.c ⁇ ver prevents thermal diffusion from the cavity to the longitudinal hole.
  • This disclosure is not particularly reliable at prohibiting energy losses and it would be difficult to maintain cold at the consistent levels achieved by the new coaxial borehole design.
  • Patent No. US6450247 (Raff), issued in 2002, describes an air conditioning system utilizing earth cooling employing a well drilled deep into ihc ground and filled with water. The w ⁇ il is cased and sealed to prevent loss of water.
  • a pipe p'accd in the well draws cold water from within the well into a heat exchanger, where it cools the air, which in turn cools a domicile. Water that has released cold is returned to the well. Heat that is accumulated during summer months is dissipated during winter months. Heat pipes extending outwards from the top of the well contain a substance to absorb heat that evaporates at the end in the well and condenses to release heat at the opposite end. This device requires heat pipes, a heat exchanger above ground and a heat absorbing substance to provide cold water, which greatly increases the expense and complexity of the system as compared to the new invention.
  • Patent No. JF2005003272 (Sasaki), issued in 2005, describes a rock underground storage space, such as an underground quarry site, linked to the surface by digging a horizontal or vertical well in the peripheral rock. Heat transfer U-shapcd pipes are connected in wells or parallel in the well to accumulated cold heal in Il it luck. ⁇ licaL pump arid heal exchanger arc maintained in Lhc storage space. The spatial temperature of the underground storage space is controlled by the rock and heat pump. This device exhibits higher installation and operational costs by employing a heat pump, and U-shaped tubes, which are also less efficient than a coaxial borehole system, and this approach does not take advantage of storage duration to provide cold energy at peak demand times.
  • Patent JP200fi084097 (Hamahiro), i ⁇ rnrd in 7006. discloses a device composed of a U-tube type storage pipe and air circulating pipe installed in the water storage pipe buried in the ground to at least 5 meters. This device uses a less efficient U-tube system and due to the minimal depth of exposure is less efficient than deeply placed borehole energy exchangers.
  • Patent CN 1546926 (Gao), issued in 20U6, describes a method lor using one underground heat exchanger system to produce alternate heating and cooling.
  • the heat exchanger is comprised of an outer pipe and a spiral core pipe in the outer pipe.
  • the heat exchange media enters the underground from die ⁇ uicr pipe and flows out from the inner pipe during cooling. Heat exchange efficiency is upgraded.
  • This disclosure exhibits the extra cost of two pipes as a heat exchanger in a borehole compared to the new coaxial borehole design and there is no element of storage to better meet the cooling demand of peak periods.
  • the invention is less costly to install and operate and is more efficient than this approach due to employing the borehole as the heat exchange medium. None of the prior inventions mentioned have explain their consideration of energy transfer surfaces and the influence on thermal efficiencies, which is the basis of cost-effective cold energy storage
  • the invention pertains to a coaxial heat exchanger including casing inio bedrock and an inlet pipe that passes through the center of a borehole cap.
  • a pipe centered in the borehole and attached to the inside of the borehole cap has grooves along its length and extends to near the bottom of the borehole.
  • An outlet pipe perforates the side of the borehole near the top of the borehole and is aUuulitd l ⁇ ilie b ⁇ rehyle close Iu lhc borehole cap.
  • the main object of the invention is to improve the thermal efficiency of borehole heat exchanger systems through reduction of borehole thermal resistance (R b ) by permitting water to have direct contact with the entire borehole wall.
  • a second object of the invention is to achieve reduction in pumping energy by the use of larger contact areas, which decreases the flow rates for the same amount of energy transferred.
  • a third object of the invention is to achieve a reduclio ⁇ in energy charging time. This is accomplished by providing for the even distribution of warm water through distribution holes along the length of the coaxial heat exchanger. This approach changes the shape of the thermal plume from a teardrop shape along a portion of the heat exchanger, commonly found with conventional botcholii heal exchangers, t ⁇ ⁇ c that is more uniform along the entire length of the coaxial borehole heat exchanger.
  • ⁇ fourth object of the invention i3 to employ a thermal response test (TRTl to determine thermal conductivity of the bedrock by employing major subsurface parameters such as; ground and/or groundwater temperatures, bedrock structure, groundwater flow and groundwater levels.
  • TRTl thermal response test
  • the current technology underlying the invention is an application of seasonal Underground Thermal Energy Storage (UTES) technology, storing renewable cold energy from s ⁇ rfar.p water, lake, river or ocean water, or cooling tower water for air conditioning.
  • the coaxial energy storage system utilizes a new coaxial borehole heat exchanger design that dramatically reduces the required ⁇ iT-e of the borehole field and enables cold storage for direct cooling, (i.e. without the use of heat pumps or chillers). Drilling costs of the borehole portion of energy storage systems may be reduced by 2/3 rd ⁇ c with the use of the coaxial energy storage and cold transfer system.
  • the invention is the breakthrough in borehole design required for cooling applications-
  • This new coaxial borehole system offers three significant advantages as it (J ) rednres the borehole thermal resistance, (2) increases the effective thermal transfer surface area, resulting in increased thermal flow rates over current designs, and (3) produces higher volumetric flow rates, resulting in higher thermal transfer rates with minimum pumping losses.
  • J rednres the borehole thermal resistance
  • (2) increases the effective thermal transfer surface area, resulting in increased thermal flow rates over current designs
  • (3) produces higher volumetric flow rates, resulting in higher thermal transfer rates with minimum pumping losses.
  • Collectively, the overall design increases borehole efficiency by 300 %.
  • the adoption of this technology will directly reduce greenhouse gas emissions from energy use and air polluting emissions from refrigerants.
  • the technology ⁇ primary focus is reducing energy consumption and its associated greenhouse gas emissions.
  • the improved system could also be considered an enabling technology for application of other renewable energy sources such as cold harvested from lakes and ambient air.
  • TRT Thermal Response Test
  • Coaxial BTES Icdm ⁇ l ⁇ gy provides an economic opportunity to better match energy supply and demand and will enable use of renewable energy for cooling.
  • renewable cooling energy available from lakes, rivers, seawater, and winter air can significantly reduce the cost of utilities.
  • the development of the coaxial borehole is the conversion efficiency breakthrough allowing for the economical implementation of cold thermal storage systems, and more cost effective heat storage applications as well. This is considered a major advancement over the existing geoexchange products in the marketplace.
  • This technology can initially be considered as an advanced form of geoexchangc system and a product that can replace conventional HVAC systems.
  • the coaxial borehole approach is a much more thermally efficient borehole heat exchanger than a conventional U-tube borehole. Therefore, further savings with respect to drilling costs are achieved by the simple fact that fewer boreholes are required. More specifically, the cost savings for BTES cooling is based upon the ability of the system to operate at small temperature differences ( ⁇ T), which is directly related to borehole thermal resistance (R h ).
  • the invention can store cold energy and operate at temperatures ranging from approximately 0 5 "C to R 0 C. (AT nf 7.5 0 C), which i ⁇ ? an ideal range for 'direct 1 (i.e. no heat pump) cooling.
  • a conventional U-tube system would have to store and operate at temperature ranges below freezing to accomplish the same task, due to higher borehole thermal resistances (R h ). Therefore, to provide the same level of cooling, conventional U-tube type BTES designs require heat pumps and antifreeze protected ground loops, whereas the new BTES approach eliminates the need for heat pumps and antifreeze.
  • the coaxial system's R b ( ⁇ 0.005 K/ (W/m) (Cruickshanks et al., 2006) is much lower than the U-tube ⁇ h (0.2 K/ CWhn) (HellstrOm ct al., J 988) allowing it to handle even peak cooling loads.
  • the Earth Energy Designer (EED) modeling software an industry standard, employed for illustrative purposes to conduct sensitivity analyses, has shown that thermal efficiency can decrease or increase the amount of drilling required.
  • EED accepts measured R b values or it can calculate Rt values based on standard installation practices.
  • the calculated R b values of 0.2 K/(W/m) for the U- tube system and 0.02 KV(VvVm) for the concentric system were used. Since the in-silu (measured) R h value of 0.005 K/(W/m) is an order of magnitude less than the calculated value, EED tends to penalize the concentric system in terms of drilling length required.
  • the new BTES cooling system would require significantly less total drilling length as compared to a U-iube type system.
  • the analysis showed that a U-tube BTES system comprising 1(52 BU x 150 m deep X B in spacing would take at least 10 yean to achieve suitable cooling temperatures, whereas a concentric BTES system of the same depth and BH spacing achieves the same cooling temperatures in less than 3 years. Note that these timeframej are strictly illustrative examples. There would also be a need for manv more boreholes, with the U-tube approach, as merely drilling deeper would actually cause cooling capacity to deteriorate due to the effect of the geothermal gradient (i.e.
  • the radiogenic heat flow in Megurna bedrock is very low (1.6 ⁇ W/m 3 ) and will not adversely add io neat gain in the cold store.
  • the high value of 15°C/km is used in calculations for the cold store, instead of the lower value of 13 °C/km.
  • all of the information provided here is predicated on the use of conservative data and assumptions, from average storage temperature availability, using the depth of the cold source from prior research, and even including the thermal performance of the boreholes.
  • TRT Thermal Response Test
  • the major improvements attributable to the invention include; increased efficiency of cold energy transfer and storage, savings in materials, construction and operational costs, and optimization of ihe energy transfer process for borehole energy exchange. This is achieved by the novel approach of employing the borehole as the heat exchanger, thus requiring no individual heat exchanger above ground with affixed pipes.
  • the invention requires no heating pipes and no heat pump.
  • the energy exchanger referred to herein will be constructed for dissipation of energy (i.e. or cooling purposes). However, the energy exchanger may also be used for producing heat when attached to a fan coil, such that the installation can be used for heating.
  • the borehole heat exchanger system comprises; an inlet pipe (1 ) from the application to the 90 degree angle fitting (2) a borehole casing cap (3) to which the inlet pipe (1) and fitting (2) are attached, and which caps the borehole (4), a steel casing (5) which fits inside the borehole (4) and tightly abuts the borehole casing cap (3), a central tube (6) fabricated of steel, or other suitable material, with designed steel mesh (7) on the outer surface, industrial bentonite filler (8) infilling the borehole (1), spacers (9) between the borehole (4) and ventral tube ( 6), heat exchange surfaces (10) as part of the borehole surface (4) and central tube surface (6), welded nipple attachment (1 1) between borehole steel casing (5) and outlet pipe (12).
  • the 50 to 75mm inlet pipe (1) connects to a right angled fitting (2) on the inlet end, while the fitting (2) connects to a nipple projecting from the borehole casing cap (3).
  • the fitting (2) permits heated inlet water to enter the borehole (4) through the borehole casing cap (3) and into the central pipe (6).
  • the inlet pipe (1), right angled fitting (2) and nipple projecting from the borehole casing cap (3) may be threaded or welded together, or a combination of threading and welding.
  • the central pipe (5) is welded to the borehole casing cap (3) at the inlet to the central pipe (6) Io prevent leakage of water, which could reduce pressure in the system.
  • the borehole casing (5) is placed within the borehole (4) and the borehole casing (5) thickness is dependent upon the integrity of the overburden and bedrock.
  • the borehole casing (5) extends to within 150mm of the bottom of the borehole (4), thus leaving a space at the bottom of the scaled borehole (4) that permits the inlet water to flow from the central pipe (6) to strike the bottom of the borehole (4) and return upwards along all sides of the central pipe (6) and the total cross sectional area of the borehole casing (5).
  • the steel mesh (7) welded onto the surface of the central steel pipe (6) at pre-determined intervals along and around the length of the pipe creates turbulent flow in the length of the borehole (4) between the central pipe (6) and the borehole casing (5).
  • This increase in turbulent flow throughout the borehole (4) system leads to lowering the resistance to energy transfer, which noticeably increases the efficiency of the coaxial borehole system.
  • the energy exchange from the incoming heated water to the cold borehole surface (10a) and cold central pipe surface (10b) provides the cold energy, which eventually exits the borehole (4) through the exit pipe (12).
  • the exit pipe of dimension 50 to 75 mm is welded or threaded to a nipple that projects from the borehole casing (5) and is the of similar dimension as the outlet pipe ( 12) to permit the outlet pipe ( 12) to be threaded or welded to the projection from borehole casing (5).
  • This connection permits the heat transfer fluid (water) to exit the borehole (4) and borehole casing (S) and flow to the desired application.
  • BCSEA (2005). BCSEA sustainable energy solutions and policies.
  • An example of employing the invention is to provide periodic cooling to an apartment building.
  • Fig.l is a frontal plan view of the coaxial borehoJe design and connecting elements of the heat exchanger system. The diagram indicates that heated water from the source flows down the center of Uic borehole and returns along the sides of the borehole to the outlet and then to the application.
  • Fig. 2 is a plan view (cross-section) of the coaxiaJ borehole design displaying the dimensions of the borehole, borehole casing and central pipe.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un système de transfert permettant des applications de réfrigération et de conditionnement d'air commerciales et industrielles. Du froid est extrait du sous-sol au moyen d'un puits foré dans des roches de recouvrement ou des lits rocheux, habituellement à 150 à 180 mètres de profondeur, utilisé comme échangeur d'énergie coaxiale. De l'eau est acheminée au fond du puits par pompage à travers un tuyau central concentrique, avec retour en surface via l'espace compris entre le tuyau intérieur et le puits. La chaleur est perdue et le froid est gagné par le flux de circulation le long de l'échangeur thermique. La principale innovation dans ce système réside dans la capacité de transfert et de stockage de l'énergie du froid à une plage de températures comprises entre zéro et 8 C pendant une durée prescrite, sans utiliser de réfrigérants, grâce à la faible résistance thermique du puits de cette conception coaxiale. D'autres améliorations comprennent les coûts de forage inférieurs et une installation plus facile.
PCT/CA2008/000626 2007-04-04 2008-04-04 Système d'échange d'énergie par puits de forage coaxial permettant de stocker et d'extraire du froid du sous-sol WO2008122114A2 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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CA002584770A CA2584770A1 (fr) 2007-04-04 2007-04-04 Echangeur coaxial d'energie de puits de forage pour stockage et extraction de l'air froid souterrain
CA2,584.770 2007-04-04

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WO2008122114A2 true WO2008122114A2 (fr) 2008-10-16
WO2008122114A3 WO2008122114A3 (fr) 2008-12-18

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US8109094B2 (en) 2008-04-30 2012-02-07 Altarock Energy Inc. System and method for aquifer geo-cooling
US8162049B2 (en) 2009-06-12 2012-04-24 University Of Utah Research Foundation Injection-backflow technique for measuring fracture surface area adjacent to a wellbore
US8272437B2 (en) 2008-07-07 2012-09-25 Altarock Energy, Inc. Enhanced geothermal systems and reservoir optimization
US8522872B2 (en) 2009-10-14 2013-09-03 University Of Utah Research Foundation In situ decomposition of carbonyls at high temperature for fixing incomplete and failed well seals
CN103673169A (zh) * 2012-09-25 2014-03-26 台湾珈诚超导能源科技股份有限公司 复管式温度控制装置
US9151125B2 (en) 2009-07-16 2015-10-06 Altarock Energy, Inc. Temporary fluid diversion agents for use in geothermal well applications
CN106386518A (zh) * 2016-11-28 2017-02-15 北京天福昌运制冷设备安装股份有限公司 养殖舍环保供温及通风热交换系统及养殖舍
CN107246819A (zh) * 2017-07-10 2017-10-13 陕西德龙地热开发有限公司 一种中深层地热孔作为冷热源时的冷热转换设备的密封装置与方法
US9874077B2 (en) 2008-04-30 2018-01-23 Altarock Energy Inc. Method and cooling system for electric submersible pumps/motors for use in geothermal wells
CN108507229A (zh) * 2018-04-24 2018-09-07 河源爱华新能源科技有限公司 一种太阳能热泵温控设备以及太阳能热泵温控系统
CN110360770A (zh) * 2018-03-26 2019-10-22 王庆鹏 水地双源加热泵系统
CN110425760A (zh) * 2019-08-27 2019-11-08 安徽省方舟科技开发有限责任公司 一种地热能源井结构及其建造方法
CN114165944A (zh) * 2021-12-13 2022-03-11 山东省煤田地质局第四勘探队 一种基于废弃矿井的清洁冷热源系统
CN115451618A (zh) * 2022-09-06 2022-12-09 河海大学 一种地源热泵的热量控制方法

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WO2013064162A1 (fr) * 2011-11-03 2013-05-10 Bartz Joergen Procédé et installation de production de courant électrique et le cas échéant de chaleur à partir d'énergie géothermique ou de la chaleur de la terre
CN106949648B (zh) * 2017-04-17 2023-04-25 山西泰杰地能干热岩有限公司 地能干热岩换热装置监控系统及其换热监控方法
EP3591298A1 (fr) * 2018-07-03 2020-01-08 E.ON Sverige AB Système de chauffage thermique et son organe de commande
CN110594915B (zh) * 2019-09-17 2024-02-27 安徽建筑大学 一种具有振动强化传热功能的被动式蓄能供能系统

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Cited By (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8109094B2 (en) 2008-04-30 2012-02-07 Altarock Energy Inc. System and method for aquifer geo-cooling
US9874077B2 (en) 2008-04-30 2018-01-23 Altarock Energy Inc. Method and cooling system for electric submersible pumps/motors for use in geothermal wells
US8272437B2 (en) 2008-07-07 2012-09-25 Altarock Energy, Inc. Enhanced geothermal systems and reservoir optimization
US9376885B2 (en) 2008-07-07 2016-06-28 Altarock Energy, Inc. Enhanced geothermal systems and reservoir optimization
US8353345B2 (en) 2008-08-20 2013-01-15 University Of Utah Research Foundation Geothermal well diversion agent formed from in situ decomposition of carbonyls at high temperature
US8091639B2 (en) 2008-08-20 2012-01-10 University Of Utah Research Foundation Geothermal well diversion agent formed from in situ decomposition of carbonyls at high temperature
US8162049B2 (en) 2009-06-12 2012-04-24 University Of Utah Research Foundation Injection-backflow technique for measuring fracture surface area adjacent to a wellbore
US9151125B2 (en) 2009-07-16 2015-10-06 Altarock Energy, Inc. Temporary fluid diversion agents for use in geothermal well applications
US8522872B2 (en) 2009-10-14 2013-09-03 University Of Utah Research Foundation In situ decomposition of carbonyls at high temperature for fixing incomplete and failed well seals
CN103673169A (zh) * 2012-09-25 2014-03-26 台湾珈诚超导能源科技股份有限公司 复管式温度控制装置
CN106386518B (zh) * 2016-11-28 2022-11-15 北京天福昌运制冷设备安装股份有限公司 养殖舍环保供温及通风热交换系统及养殖舍
CN106386518A (zh) * 2016-11-28 2017-02-15 北京天福昌运制冷设备安装股份有限公司 养殖舍环保供温及通风热交换系统及养殖舍
CN107246819A (zh) * 2017-07-10 2017-10-13 陕西德龙地热开发有限公司 一种中深层地热孔作为冷热源时的冷热转换设备的密封装置与方法
CN110360770A (zh) * 2018-03-26 2019-10-22 王庆鹏 水地双源加热泵系统
CN108507229A (zh) * 2018-04-24 2018-09-07 河源爱华新能源科技有限公司 一种太阳能热泵温控设备以及太阳能热泵温控系统
CN110425760A (zh) * 2019-08-27 2019-11-08 安徽省方舟科技开发有限责任公司 一种地热能源井结构及其建造方法
CN114165944A (zh) * 2021-12-13 2022-03-11 山东省煤田地质局第四勘探队 一种基于废弃矿井的清洁冷热源系统
CN114165944B (zh) * 2021-12-13 2023-08-11 山东省煤田地质局第四勘探队 一种基于废弃矿井的清洁冷热源系统
CN115451618A (zh) * 2022-09-06 2022-12-09 河海大学 一种地源热泵的热量控制方法
CN115451618B (zh) * 2022-09-06 2024-05-14 河海大学 一种地源热泵的热量控制方法

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