WO2008109482A2 - Method and apparatus for oxy-fuel combustion - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for oxy-fuel combustion Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2008109482A2 WO2008109482A2 PCT/US2008/055589 US2008055589W WO2008109482A2 WO 2008109482 A2 WO2008109482 A2 WO 2008109482A2 US 2008055589 W US2008055589 W US 2008055589W WO 2008109482 A2 WO2008109482 A2 WO 2008109482A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- oxidant gas
- combustible fluid
- combustion zone
- atomizing
- nozzle
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
- F23G7/00—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals
- F23G7/05—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals of waste oils
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23D—BURNERS
- F23D11/00—Burners using a direct spraying action of liquid droplets or vaporised liquid into the combustion space
- F23D11/10—Burners using a direct spraying action of liquid droplets or vaporised liquid into the combustion space the spraying being induced by a gaseous medium, e.g. water vapour
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
- F23N1/00—Regulating fuel supply
- F23N1/02—Regulating fuel supply conjointly with air supply
- F23N1/022—Regulating fuel supply conjointly with air supply using electronic means
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
- F23N5/00—Systems for controlling combustion
- F23N5/02—Systems for controlling combustion using devices responsive to thermal changes or to thermal expansion of a medium
- F23N5/10—Systems for controlling combustion using devices responsive to thermal changes or to thermal expansion of a medium using thermocouples
- F23N5/102—Systems for controlling combustion using devices responsive to thermal changes or to thermal expansion of a medium using thermocouples using electronic means
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
- F23N5/00—Systems for controlling combustion
- F23N5/24—Preventing development of abnormal or undesired conditions, i.e. safety arrangements
- F23N5/242—Preventing development of abnormal or undesired conditions, i.e. safety arrangements using electronic means
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
- F23N2227/00—Ignition or checking
- F23N2227/22—Pilot burners
- F23N2227/24—Pilot burners the pilot burner not burning continuously
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
- Y02E20/34—Indirect CO2mitigation, i.e. by acting on non CO2directly related matters of the process, e.g. pre-heating or heat recovery
Definitions
- the invention comprises a method and apparatus for combusting fluids which are combustible but are difficult to efficiently and cleanly burn using conventional methods.
- biomass carbon is retained in byproducts, such as corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), corn gluten feed from ethanol production, and glycerol from biodiesel production.
- byproducts such as corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), corn gluten feed from ethanol production, and glycerol from biodiesel production.
- Bio oils or pyrolysis liquids are produced from biomass gasification Many of these byproducts require further refinement and/or processing (requiring additional energy and capital expenditures) in order to have any significant market value. [0009] Efforts have been made to extract energy from such byproducts by using them as fuels for melting, heating, or power generation applications. Unfortunately, many low-value byproducts of ethanol, biodiesel and syngas production are very difficult to burn.
- Feedstocks for biofuel production such as soybean oil, corn oil and other vegetable oils, for example, are also a potential source of energy but are also difficult to burn in a stable and clean manner.
- glycerol (a byproduct of biodiesel production) is difficult to burn because it has a high viscosity (1500cp compared with 84cp for olive oil), as well as high flash point (320-380 degrees F) and auto ignition temperatures (710-833 degrees F).
- the viscosity of the crude glycerol byproduct a liquid separated from the biodiesel fuel produced from the transesterification of plant oil, is lower than the viscosity of pure glycerol because it contains residual water and impurities from the biodiesel reaction. Unfortunately, the additional water and impurities further inhibit the combustion process.
- glycerol produces a toxic gas, known as acrolein, if it is burned at temperatures below 1 ,000 degrees F and often produces other undesirable products of combustion (e.g., carbon monoxide and, particulate matter) when burned at temperatures below 1500 degrees F.
- Related art includes U.S. Patent Nos. 6,968,791 and 6,910,432.
- the invention comprises a burner having a discharge end, at least one atomizing nozzle located at the discharge end and at least one oxidant gas port located at the discharge end.
- the burner is preferably adapted to be installed with discharge end being exposed to a combustion zone.
- a control unit is also provided to control operation of the burner.
- the control unit preferably includes a temperature sensor that is adapted to measure temperature inside the combustion zone, a combustible fluid valve that is adapted to regulate flow of a combustible fluid to the atomizing nozzle and an oxidant gas valve that is adapted to regulate flow of an oxidant gas to the at least one oxidant gas nozzle.
- the control unit is also preferably operationally configured to (1 ) prevent the flow of combustible fluid to the atomizing nozzle unless the temperature sensor indicates a temperature in the combustion zone that is no less than a preset minimum temperature and (2) supply the oxidant gas to the at least one oxidant gas nozzle so that the overall oxygen concentration of the oxidant gas is at least 29%.
- the invention comprises preheating a combustion zone to a temperature of at least 1500 degrees F, then atomizing a combustible fluid, having a flash point of no less than 250 degrees F, into a combustion zone.
- An oxidant gas having an oxygen concentration of no less than 29% on a volume basis, is introduced into the combustion zone either immediately prior to or concurrently with the introduction of the combustible fluid.
- the flow rate of the oxidant gas is preferably sufficient to supply at least 90% of a stoichiometric amount of oxygen necessary for complete combustion of the combustible fluid.
- the invention comprises preheating a combustion zone to a temperature of at least 1500 degrees F, then atomizing a combustible fluid, having a heating value of no more than 100,000 BTU/gal, into the combustion zone.
- a combustible fluid having a heating value of no more than 100,000 BTU/gal
- the viscosity of the combustible fluid is reduced from an initial viscosity of greater than 40 cP to a reduced viscosity of no more than 40 cP prior to being atomized.
- An oxidant gas having an oxygen concentration of no less than 29% on a volume basis is preferably introduced into the combustion zone either immediately prior to or concurrently with the introduction of the combustible fluid.
- the flow rate of the oxidant gas is preferably sufficient to supply at least 90% of a stoichiometric amount of oxygen necessary for complete combustion of the combustible fluid.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an exemplary burner system
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing an oxygen supply subsystem
- FIG. 3 is a front view of a burner
- FIG. 4 is a schematic side view showing a typical spray pattern for an air- assisted atomizer spraying crude glycerol;
- Fig. 5 is a flow chart showing one aspect of the method of the present invention.
- Fig. 6 is a graph showing the distance between the burner face and the visible flame of a combustible fluid consisting of 95% glycerol and 5% water as a function of oxygen concentration in the oxidizing gas delivered by the burner;
- Fig. 7 is a table showing selected physical properties of conventional fuels;
- Fig. 8 is a table showing the same physical properties shown in Fig. 7, but for combustible liquids which are not commonly used as fuels.
- the present invention comprises a method and system for burning low-value bio-fuel byproducts and feedstocks as fuel using a combustion device, such as an oxy-fuel burner.
- a combustion device such as an oxy-fuel burner.
- Many such byproducts and feedstocks are combustible but, as note above, most cannot support a stable flame and/or may produce toxic compounds and/or environmental contaminants when burned in a conventional manner.
- materials that are described as being "combustible” should be understood to mean any material that can be chemically combined with oxygen in an exothermic reaction.
- combustion fluids share one or more physical or chemical properties which make clean, sustainable combustion difficult. Examples of such combustible fluids are shown in Fig. 7, along with their respective viscosities, flash points, heating values and heats of vaporization.
- Fig. 8 examples of liquids which are commonly used as fuels (and the same physical property information as show in Fig. 7) are provided in Fig. 8.
- a relatively high initial viscosity i.e., the viscosity of the fluid at ambient temperature without being subjected to any further processing after completion of the bio-fuel process
- they have very high flash points (e.g., above 250 degrees F.) and/or the combination of a relatively low heating value (e.g., no more than 100,000 BTU/gal) and a relatively high heat of vaporization (e.g., no less than 2500 BTU/gal).
- Fig. 1 shows a block diagram of a burner system 10 which would be suitable for implementing the present invention.
- the burner system 10 includes a burner 12 and a control unit 16, which controls operation of the burner 12.
- the burner 12 includes fuel nozzles 17-20, an atomizing nozzle 21 , a primary oxidant nozzle 22, oxidant staging nozzles 23-26 and tertiary oxidant nozzles 27.
- the atomizing nozzle 21 is located in the center of the discharge end 56 of the burner 12.
- the atomizing nozzle 21 is a gas-assisted atomizing (pneumatic) nozzle.
- Other types of atomizers could, of course, be used, e.g., a pressure atomizing (hydraulic) nozzle or a carrier-gas injection nozzle, provided that the atomizer is suited to atomize the combustible fluid being used.
- the burner 12 is capable of delivering oxidizing gas to the atomized combustible fluid from all three oxidant nozzle sets.
- the primary oxidant nozzle 22 is defined by the annular space between the outer surface of the atomizing nozzle 21 and the inner surface of a concentric pipe 15 into which the atomizing nozzle 21 is inserted.
- the oxidant staging nozzles 23-26 are positioned radially and equidistant from the combustible fluid nozzle and at 90 degree angles from one another to deliver a secondary flow of oxidizing gas.
- the oxidant staging nozzles 23-26 are preferably angled inwardly, to direct the oxidizing gas toward the spray 66.
- the oxidant nozzle is located at an appropriate distance from the combustible fluid nozzle.
- the tertiary oxidant nozzles 27 deliver oxidant gas through an annulus defined by the outer surface of a pipe 31 , which forms a shell around the oxidant gas supply lines 42-44 and fuel supply line 30, and the inner surface of a larger-diameter pipe 33, which is concentric to pipe 31.
- Fuel is supplied to the fuel nozzles 17-20 via a fuel supply line 30 which is connected to a fuel supply 28.
- a combustible fluid supply line 34 supplies the combustible fluid from a combustible fuel supply 32 to the atomizing nozzle 21.
- the gas used to atomize the combustible fluid at the atomizing nozzle 21 is provided via a supply line 38, which is connected to an atomizing gas supply 36.
- a supply line 38 which is connected to an atomizing gas supply 36.
- Other configurations could be used to supply the pressurized gas needed to atomize the combustible fluid, such as by pumping ambient air.
- the oxidant gas is supplied to the oxidant nozzles 22-27 via three separate oxidant supply lines 42, 43, 44.
- the fuel supply line 30, combustible fluid supply line 34, atomizing gas supply line 38 and the three oxidant supply lines 42, 43, 44 each include a valve 50-55, respectively, and a flow meter 60-65, respectively, all of which are connected to the a programmable logic controller (PLC) 48.
- PLC programmable logic controller
- a burner system 10 In commercial applications where less operational flexibility is required, it will be desirable to provide a burner system 10 that is less complex, and therefore, less costly.
- a burner system could be configured to provide flow monitoring and adjustable flow control only on the combustible fluid supply line 34 and a single valve that feeds all three of the oxidant supply lines 42-44 (the fractional flow rate of each supply line could be fixed). All other supply lines 30 and 45 could be configured to provide constant flow rates, which would allow for the use of on/off valves and the omission of flow meters.
- the control unit 16 preferably also includes a temperature sensor 46, which is designed measure the temperature inside the combustion zone 14.
- the control unit 16 also preferably includes a UV sensor 70, which can allow the control unit 16 to shut off any or all of the valves 50-54 if the UV sensor 70 detects that a flame has gone out or is insufficiently bright.
- control unit 16 may also be programmed to provide a "turn down" mode
- the fuel could be any conventional burner fuel, such as natural gas, propane or fuel oil.
- the fuel could be used to ignite the atomized combustible fluid and/or to heat the combustion zone 14 to a temperature at which the combustible fluid can support a stable flame.
- the oxidant gas could comprise oxygen-enriched air.
- Fig. 2 shows an alternative oxidant gas supply subsystem in which oxygen from an oxygen supply 72 (typically 100% oxygen) is mixed with ambient air 58 (from a pump or other pressurized source) at mixing valves 72-74, which supply the oxygen-enriched air to the oxidant nozzles (not shown in Fig. 2) through the oxidant supply lines 42-44, respectively.
- This configuration allows a different oxygen concentrations to be delivered to each of the oxidant supply lines 42-44.
- the oxidant gas could optionally be preheated prior to being supplied to the oxidant nozzles 22-27 '.
- Oxidant preheating is only a preferred embodiment if waste process heat or a similarly economical source of energy is readily available. This configuration would enable the oxidant to have an oxygen concentration in the range of 21% (100% flow of ambient air 58) to 100% (100% flow of oxygen 40). As will be explained in greater detail herein, it is preferable that the overall oxygen concentration in the oxidant gas supplied to the burner through oxidant nozzles 22-27 be no less than 29% by volume and, more preferably, no less than 50% oxygen by volume.
- the combustible fluid consists of a liquid byproduct having a viscosity of 40 cP or less at ambient temperature
- the combustible fluid is preferably processed prior to being atomized in order to facilitate atomization by the atomizing nozzle 21.
- a reduction in viscosity may be the only necessary pre-atomization processing step.
- any suitable method could be used to reduce the viscosity of the combustible fluid, such as raising the temperature of the combustible fluid, adding a solvent (including water), adding a diluent, or by adding a bio-fuel or petroleum based fuel to the combustible fluid. If the combustible fluid is heated prior to atomization, it is preferable that the atomizing gas is also provided at no less than the same temperature, in order to prevent the atomizing gas from cooling the combustible fluid when the atomizing gas and combustible fluid are combined.
- the solid byproduct is preferably combined with a carrier gas or liquid (e.g., natural gas, propane, steam, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, ambient air, oil, alcohol, petroleum based fuel or water).
- a carrier gas or liquid e.g., natural gas, propane, steam, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, ambient air, oil, alcohol, petroleum based fuel or water.
- the average particle size of the solid byproduct is preferably reduced (e.g., by grinding or crushing) prior to atomization or dispersion of the combustible fluid.
- the predetermined minimum temperature is at least 1500 degrees F.
- a predetermined minimum temperature is preferred.
- the combustion zone 14 is preferably pre-heated (step 210) by burning a conventional fuel (such a natural gas, fuel oil or propane) prior to starting the flow of combustible fluid to the atomizing nozzle 21.
- a conventional fuel such as a natural gas, fuel oil or propane
- the control unit 16 opens valve 51 , which starts the flow of combustible fluid (step 216) to the atomizing nozzle 21.
- control unit is preferably programmed to stop the flow of combustible fluid (step 220) to the atomizing nozzle 21 by closing valve 51.
- oxidant gas will preferably flow through at least some of the oxidant gas nozzles 22-27 during the pre-heat step 210 in order to support complete combustion of the conventional fuel.
- the flow of oxidant gas to the oxidant gas nozzles 22-27 will be adjusted as necessary to provide to supply at least 90% of the stoichiometric amount of oxygen required for complete combustion of the combustible fluid and the conventional fuel.
- the flow of conventional fuel can be terminated and the flow of oxidant gas can be reduced (to terminate the portion of the flow of oxidant gas necessary to support combustion of the conventional fuel).
- one or more burners for use with combustible fluid could be used in a combustion zone in which other burners, burning conventional fuels, are located.
- firing of the combustible fluid burners could be delayed until the combustion zone is heated to the predetermined minimum temperature by the conventional fuel burners.
- an ignition source may be needed to ignite the combustible fluid delayed flame.
- Improved performance can be achieved through use of the tertiary oxidant nozzles 27 in combination with the primary oxidant nozzle 22 and the oxidant staging nozzles 24-26.
- Use of a set of oxidant nozzles at a location that is at a greater radial distance from the atomizing nozzle 21 than the oxidant staging nozzles 23-26 is especially desirable when burning combustible fluids having relatively high viscosity.
- the atomizing gas is preferably supplied to the atomizing nozzle 21 at a relatively high pressure and/or flow rate. As shown in Fig.
- oxidant gas is also desirable for the oxidant gas to be provided at a flow rate that provides at least 90% of the stoichiometric amount of oxygen required for complete combustion (convert all of the fuel molecules to carbon dioxide) of the combustible fluid (for example , 3.5 molecules of oxygen are required to completely combust/oxidize one molecule of glycerol).
- the oxygen concentration for the oxidant gas is preferably no less than 29% and, more preferably, no less than 50% by volume.
- some available oxygen may be supplied to the combustion zone 14 by the atomizing gas, as well as outside air leakage into the combustion zone 14. In most applications, however, the amount of available oxygen supplied by these sources will be inconsequential, and therefore, will not have a significant effect on the preferred oxygen concentration in the oxidant gas.
- FIG. 6 is graph showing the distance between the burner face and the visible flame of a combustible fluid consisting of 95% glycerol and 5% water as a function of oxygen concentration in the oxidizing gas delivered by the burner. Other than changes in oxygen concentration to the oxidant nozzles, all other test conditions were held constant. At 100% oxygen, 28% of the gas flow was directed to the primary oxidant gas nozzle 22 and 72% to the oxidant staging nozzles 24.
- oxygen enrichment i.e., oxygen concentration
- the precise level of oxygen enrichment (i.e., oxygen concentration) required to facilitate clean, stable combustion will, of course, vary depending upon the combustible fluid, e.g. phase, water content, impurities, compositional variability of the byproduct, etc..
- Test data shown in Table A illustrates the benefit of providing significant oxidant gas flow through the tertiary oxidant nozzles 27 in addition to the primary oxidant nozzle 22 and the oxidant staging nozzles 24.
- the data shown in Table A was gathered from tests run on a combustible fluid consisting of a mixture of 95% glycerol and 5% water. The flow rate of the combustible fluid corresponded to a 3 million Btu/hour combustion rate. Stoichiometric amounts of oxygen for combustible fluid combustion were provided in the oxidizing gas. The overall oxygen concentration in the oxidizing gas was 53.7% for all three tests.
- Table B shows data for similar test conditions as those shown in Table A, but with a combustible fluid consisting of a mixture of 90% glycerol and 10% water, a flow rate corresponding to a 3.5 million Btu/hour combustion rate, and an overall oxygen concentration in the oxidizing gas introduced of 62.2%.
- Table C (below) illustrates that acceptable combustion characteristics can be achieved with relatively high oxygen concentrations, even if little or none of the oxidant gas flows through the tertiary oxidant nozzles 27.
- Table C was gathered from tests run on a combustible fluid consisting of a mixture of 95% glycerol and 5% water. The flow rate of the combustible fluid corresponded to a 3 million Btu/hour combustion rate. Stoichiometric amounts of oxygen for combustible fluid combustion were provided in the oxidizing gas.
- Table D shows data for similar test conditions as the data shown in
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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EP08743634A EP2115360A4 (de) | 2007-03-02 | 2008-03-02 | Verfahren und vorrichtung für sauerstoff-brennstoffverbrennung |
US12/529,401 US8845323B2 (en) | 2007-03-02 | 2008-03-02 | Method and apparatus for oxy-fuel combustion |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US90448207P | 2007-03-02 | 2007-03-02 | |
US60/904,482 | 2007-03-02 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2008109482A2 true WO2008109482A2 (en) | 2008-09-12 |
WO2008109482A3 WO2008109482A3 (en) | 2008-12-11 |
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ID=39739042
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/US2008/055589 WO2008109482A2 (en) | 2007-03-02 | 2008-03-02 | Method and apparatus for oxy-fuel combustion |
Country Status (3)
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US (1) | US8845323B2 (de) |
EP (1) | EP2115360A4 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2008109482A2 (de) |
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EP2115360A4 (de) | 2010-09-15 |
US8845323B2 (en) | 2014-09-30 |
EP2115360A2 (de) | 2009-11-11 |
WO2008109482A3 (en) | 2008-12-11 |
US20100086886A1 (en) | 2010-04-08 |
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