WO2008067222A1 - Modulateurs hétérocycliques de tgr5 - Google Patents

Modulateurs hétérocycliques de tgr5 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2008067222A1
WO2008067222A1 PCT/US2007/085267 US2007085267W WO2008067222A1 WO 2008067222 A1 WO2008067222 A1 WO 2008067222A1 US 2007085267 W US2007085267 W US 2007085267W WO 2008067222 A1 WO2008067222 A1 WO 2008067222A1
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group
optionally substituted
hydrogen
cycloalkyl
alkyl
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PCT/US2007/085267
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English (en)
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Anthony B. Pinkerton
Ayman Kabakibi
Timothy C. Gahman
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Kalypsys, Inc.
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Priority to AU2007325315A priority Critical patent/AU2007325315A1/xx
Publication of WO2008067222A1 publication Critical patent/WO2008067222A1/fr

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
    • C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D487/04—Ortho-condensed systems
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/55—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having seven-membered rings, e.g. azelastine, pentylenetetrazole
    • A61K31/551—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having seven-membered rings, e.g. azelastine, pentylenetetrazole having two nitrogen atoms, e.g. dilazep
    • A61K31/5513—1,4-Benzodiazepines, e.g. diazepam or clozapine
    • A61K31/5517—1,4-Benzodiazepines, e.g. diazepam or clozapine condensed with five-membered rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. imidazobenzodiazepines, triazolam
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism

Definitions

  • TGR5 activity in a human or animal subject is also provided for the treatment diseases such as metabolic, cardiovascular, and inflammatory diseases, for example diabetes, obesity, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), psoriasis, ulcerative colitis, allergic diseases, fatty liver, liver fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.
  • diseases such as metabolic, cardiovascular, and inflammatory diseases, for example diabetes, obesity, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), psoriasis, ulcerative colitis, allergic diseases, fatty liver, liver fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, anorexia
  • Obesity is a growing threat to the global health by virtue of its association with a cluster of diseases that include insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, collectively known as the metabolic syndrome or syndrome X. It is well documented that patients with metabolic syndrome have a higher risk for coronary heart disease and stroke [Grundy S. M. et al. Circulation 112:e285-e290, 2005]. The treatment of obesity will require complex solutions, including increased public awareness to diminish food portions, improved food choices and increased physical activity. However, epidemiologic studies have shown that treating diabetes/insulin resistance in these patients can reduce the risk of coronary artery disease.
  • TGR5 modulators described herein might represent such an opportunity.
  • Bile acids are amphipathic molecules which are synthesized in the liver from cholesterol and stored in the gall bladder until secretion to the duodenum and intestine to play an important role in the solubilization and absorption of dietary fat and lipid-soluble vitamins. Approx. 99% of BA are absorbed again by passive diffusion and active transport in the terminal ileum and transported back to the liver via the portal vein (enterohepatic circulation). In the liver, BA decrease their own biosynthesis from cholesterol through the activation of the farnesoid X receptor alpha (FXR ⁇ ) and small heterodimer partner (SHP), leading to the transcriptional repression of cholesterol 7 ⁇ -hydroxylase, the rate-limiting step of BA biosynthesis from cholesterol.
  • FXR ⁇ farnesoid X receptor alpha
  • SHP small heterodimer partner
  • TGR5 aka M- BAR
  • TGR5 is a seven transmembrane Gs-coupled GPCR and stimulation by ligand binding causes activation of adenylyl cyclase which leads to the elevation of intracellular cAMP and subsequent activation of downstream signaling pathways.
  • the human receptor shares 86, 90, 82, and 83% amino acid identity to bovine, rabbit, rat, and mouse receptor, respectively.
  • TGR5 is abundantly expressed in the lung, spleen, small intestine, placenta and mononuclear cells (Kawamata Y. et al, J. Biol. Chem., 278:9435-9440, 2003). Bile acids induced receptor internalization, intracellular cAMP production and activation of exrtacellular signal-regulated kinase in TGR5 -expressing HEK293 and CHO cells.
  • TGR5 was found to be abundantly expressed in monocytes/macrophages from humans and rabbits (Kawamata Y. et al, J. Biol.
  • TGR5 is expressed in intestinal enteroendocrine cell lines from human (NCI-H716) and murine (STC-I, GLUTag) origin, but not in the intestinal epithelial cells (CaCo-2 and HT-29). Stimulation of TGR5 by BA in NCI-H716 cells stimulated cAMP production.
  • GLP-I glucagon- like peptide- 1
  • CCK cholecystokinin
  • RNA interference experiments revealed that reduced expression of TGR5 resulted in reduced secretion of GLP-I.
  • GLP-I has been shown to stimulate insulin release in a glucose dependent manner in humans [Kreymann et al. Lancet 2 (8571) 1300-1304, 1987] and studies in experimental animals demonstrated that this incretin hormone is necessary for normal glucose homeostasis.
  • GLP-I can exert several beneficial effects in diabetes and obesity, including 1) increased glucose disposal, 2) suppression in glucose production, 3) reduced gastric emptying, 4) reduction in food intake and 5) weight loss.
  • mice lacking the D2 gene were resistant to cholic acid-induced weight loss.
  • the most thermogenically important tissues are specifically targeted by this mechanism because they co-express D2 and TGR5.
  • the BA-TGR5-cAMP-D2 signaling pathway is therefore a crucial mechanism for fine-tuning energy homeostasis that can be targeted to improve metabolic control.
  • a small molecule TGR5 modulator could be used for the treatment of obesity, diabetes and a wide range of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases.
  • Novel compounds and pharmaceutical compositions certain of which have been found to modulate TGR5 have been discovered, together with methods of synthesizing and using the compounds including methods for the treatment of TGR5- mediated diseases in a patient by administering the compounds.
  • A is a five- or six-membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl ring
  • X is selected from the group consisting of N(R 9 ), C(R 10 XR 11 ), O and S, and
  • Y is selected from the group consisting of N(R 12 ) and C(R 13 )(R 14 );
  • Q 1 and Q 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of N and C(R 15 );
  • n is an integer from 0 to 2;
  • R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of null, acyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amido, amino, aryl, aryloxy, carbamate, carboxy, cyano, cycloalkyl, halogen, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, hydrogen, hydroxyl, mercaptyl, nitro, perhaloalkoxy, perhaloalkyl, and sulfonamide, any of which may be optionally substituted; or R 1 and R 2 together may form aryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R is selected from the group consisting of aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, acyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C-amido, carboxyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and sulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 10 and R 11 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; or R 10 and R 11 may be taken together to form a cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl ring;
  • R 12 , R 13 , and R 14 are independently selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, acyl, C-amido, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and sulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; and
  • R 15 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, and lower alkyl.
  • Certain compounds disclosed herein may possess useful TGR5 modulating activity, and may be used in the treatment or prophylaxis of a disease or condition in which TGR5 plays an active role.
  • certain embodiments also provide pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more compounds disclosed herein together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, as well as methods of making and using the compounds and compositions.
  • Certain embodiments provide methods for modulating TGR5.
  • Other embodiments provide methods for treating a TGR5 -mediated disorder in a patient in need of such treatment, comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or composition according to the present invention.
  • use of certain compounds disclosed herein for use in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disease or condition ameliorated by the modulation of TGR5.
  • a method of treatment of a TGR5-mediated disease comprises the administration, to a patient in need thereof, of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of structural Formula I:
  • A is a five- or six-membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl ring
  • X is selected from the group consisting of N(R 9 ), C(R 1 ⁇ (R 1 J ), O and S, and;
  • Y is selected from the group consisting of N(R 12 ) and C(R 13 )(R 14 );
  • Q 1 and Q 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of N and C(R 15 ); n is an integer from 0 to 2;
  • R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of null, acyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amido, amino, aryl, aryloxy, carbamate, carboxy, cyano, cycloalkyl, halogen, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, hydrogen, hydroxyl, mercaptyl, nitro, perhaloalkoxy, perhaloalkyl, and sulfonamide, any of which may be optionally substituted; or R 1 and R 2 together may form aryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; R 3 is selected from the group consisting of aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, acyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C-amido, carboxyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and sulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 10 and R 11 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; or R 10 and R 11 may be taken together to form a cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl ring;
  • R 12 , R 13 , and R 14 are independently selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, acyl, C-amido, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and sulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; and
  • R 15 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, and lower alkyl.
  • said compound has structural Formula II:
  • Q 2 is selected from the group consisting of N and C;
  • Q 3 , Q 4 , and Q 5 are independently selected from the group consisting of N and C, any of which may be optionally substituted by a substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, R 1 , and R 2 ;
  • R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of null, acyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amido, amino, aryl, aryloxy, carbamate, carboxy, cyano, cycloalkyl, halogen, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, hydrogen, hydroxyl, mercaptyl, nitro, perhaloalkoxy, perhaloalkyl, and sulfonamide, any of which may be optionally substituted; or R 1 and R 2 together may form aryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , and R 11 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, halogen, and lower perhaloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 12 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, acyl, C-amido, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and sulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted. [015] In yet further embodiments said compound has structural Formula III:
  • R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of null, acyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amido, amino, aryl, aryloxy, carbamate, carboxy, cyano, cycloalkyl, halogen, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, hydrogen, hydroxyl, mercaptyl, nitro, perhaloalkoxy, perhaloalkyl, and sulfonamide, any of which may be optionally substituted; or R 1 and R 2 together may form aryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R is selected from the group consisting of aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl,any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , and R 11 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, halogen, and lower perhaloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 12 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, acyl, C-amido, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and sulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted.
  • R 1 and R 2 are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, halogen, lower alkoxy, lower thioalkyl, cyano, and hydroxyl;
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, halogen, lower alkoxy, lower thioalkyl, cyano, and hydroxyl;
  • R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 10 and R 11 are hydrogen;
  • R 12 is selected from the group consisting of arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heterocycloalkylcarbonyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl,
  • R 1 and R 2 are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and lower alkyl;
  • R 3 is phenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, halogen, lower alkoxy, lower thioalkyl, cyano, and hydroxyl;
  • R 12 is benzoyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, halogen, lower alkoxy, lower thioalkyl, cyano, and hydroxyl.
  • R 3 is 2-methylphenyl
  • said compound has structural Formula IV:
  • R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of null, acyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amido, amino, aryl, aryloxy, carbamate, carboxy, cyano, cycloalkyl, halogen, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, hydrogen, hydroxyl, mercaptyl, nitro, perhaloalkoxy, perhaloalkyl, and sulfonamide, any of which may be optionally substituted; or R 1 and R 2 together may form aryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl,any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , and R 11 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, halogen, and lower perhaloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 12 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, acyl, C-amido, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and sulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted.
  • R 1 and R 2 are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, halogen, lower alkoxy, lower thioalkyl, cyano, and hydroxyl;
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, halogen, lower alkoxy, lower thioalkyl, cyano, and hydroxyl;
  • R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 10 and R 11 are hydrogen;
  • R 12 is selected from the group consisting of arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heterocycloalkylcarbonyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl,
  • R 1 and R 2 are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and lower alkyl;
  • R 3 is phenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, halogen, lower alkoxy, lower thioalkyl, cyano, and hydroxyl;
  • R 12 is benzoyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, halogen, lower alkoxy, lower thioalkyl, cyano, and hydroxyl.
  • R 3 is 2-methylphenyl.
  • said compound has structural Formula V:
  • R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of null, acyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amido, amino, aryl, aryloxy, carbamate, carboxy, cyano, cycloalkyl, halogen, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, hydrogen, hydroxyl, mercaptyl, nitro, perhaloalkoxy, perhaloalkyl, and sulfonamide, any of which may be optionally substituted; or R 1 and R 2 together may form aryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; R 3 is selected from the group consisting of aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl,any of which may be optionally substituted
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , and R 11 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, halogen, and lower perhaloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 12 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, acyl, C-amido, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and sulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted.
  • R 1 and R 2 are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, halogen, lower alkoxy, lower thioalkyl, cyano, and hydroxyl;
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, halogen, lower alkoxy, lower thioalkyl, cyano, and hydroxyl;
  • R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 10 and R 11 are hydrogen;
  • R 12 is selected from the group consisting of arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heterocycloalkylcarbonyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl,
  • R 1 and R 2 are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and lower alkyl;
  • R 3 is phenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, halogen, lower alkoxy, lower thioalkyl, cyano, and hydroxyl;
  • R 12 is benzoyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, halogen, lower alkoxy, lower thioalkyl, cyano, and hydroxyl.
  • R 3 is 2-methylphenyl.
  • said compound is selected from the group consisting of Examples 1 to 13.
  • said disease is a metabolic disease.
  • said disease is selected from the group consisting of inadequate glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, type I diabetes, and type
  • the method further comprises the administration of another therapeutic agent.
  • said agent is selected from the group consisting of insulin, metformin, Glipizide, glyburide, Amaryl, gliclazide, meglitinides, nateglinide, repaglinide, pramlintide, PTP-112, SB-517955, SB-4195052, SB-216763,
  • GSK-823093 PSN-9301, T-6666, SYR-322, SYR-619, Liraglutide, CJC-1134-PC, naliglutide, MK-0431, saxagliptin, GSK23A, pioglitazone, rosiglitazone, AVE2268,
  • GW869682 GSK189075, APD668, PSN-119-1, PSN-821, rosuvastatin, atrovastatin, simvastatin, lovastatin, pravastatin, fluvastatin, cerivastatin, rosuvastatin, pitavastatin, fenofibrate, benzafibrate, clof ⁇ brate, gemfibrozil, Ezetimibe, eflucimibe, CP-529414,
  • said disease is associated with perturbed bile acid metabolism.
  • the method further comprises the administration of another therapeutic agent.
  • said disease is an inflammatory disease.
  • said disease is selected from the group consisting of rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, and inflammatory bowel disease.
  • the method further comprises the administration of another therapeutic agent.
  • said agent is selected from the group consisting of betamethasone dipropionate, betamethasone valerate, clobetasol propionate, prednisone, methyl prednisolone, diflorasone diacetate, halobetasol propionate, amcinonide, dexamethasone, dexosimethasone, fluocinolone acetononide, fluocinonide, halocinonide, clocortalone pivalate, dexosimetasone, flurandrenalide, salicylates, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, etodolac, diclofenac, meclofenamate sodium, naproxen, piroxicam, celecoxib, cyclobenzaprine, baclofen, cyclobenzaprine/lidocaine, baclo
  • said disease is obesity.
  • said method has achieves an effect selected from the group consisting of decreasing body weight and controlling weight gain.
  • the methodfurther comprises the administration of another therapeutic agent.
  • said agent is selected from the group consisting of sibutramine, bromocriptine, Orlistat, rimonabant, Axokine, and bupropion.
  • a method for achieving an effect selected from the group consisting of improving glucose tolerance, decreasing insulin resistance, decreasing body weight, controlling weight gain, modulation of type I diabetes, modulation of type II diabetes, modulation of perturbed bile acid metabolism, modulation of rheumatoid arthritis, modulation of ulcerative colitis, and modulation of inflammatory bowel disease in a patient comprises the administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of structural Formula I: R «
  • A is a five- or six-membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl ring
  • X is selected from the group consisting of N(R 9 ), C(R 10 XR 11 ), O and S, and;
  • Y is selected from the group consisting of N(R 12 ) and C(R 13 )(R 14 );
  • Q 1 and Q 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of N and C(R 15 ); n is an integer from 0 to 2;
  • R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of null, acyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amido, amino, aryl, aryloxy, carbamate, carboxy, cyano, cycloalkyl, halogen, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, hydrogen, hydroxyl, mercaptyl, nitro, perhaloalkoxy, perhaloalkyl, and sulfonamide, any of which may be optionally substituted; or R 1 and R 2 together may form aryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 10 and R 11 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; or R 10 and R 11 may be taken together to form a cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl ring;
  • R 12 , R 13 , and R 14 are independently selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, acyl, C-amido, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and sulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; and
  • R 15 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, and lower alkyl.
  • A is a five- or six-membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl ring
  • X is selected from the group consisting of N(R 9 ), C(R 1 ⁇ (R 1 J ), O and S, and;
  • Y is selected from the group consisting of N(R 12 ) and C(R 13 )(R 14 );
  • Q 1 and Q 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of N and C(R 15 ); n is an integer from 0 to 2;
  • R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of null, acyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amido, amino, aryl, aryloxy, carbamate, carboxy, cyano, cycloalkyl, halogen, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, hydrogen, hydroxyl, mercaptyl, nitro, perhaloalkoxy, perhaloalkyl, and sulfonamide, any of which may be optionally substituted; or R 1 and R 2 together may form aryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R is selected from the group consisting of aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl,any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, acyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C-amido, carboxyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and sulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 10 and R 11 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; or R 10 and R 11 may be taken together to form a cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl ring;
  • R 12 , R 13 , and R 14 are independently selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, acyl, C-amido, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and sulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; and
  • R 15 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, and lower alkyl.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier together with a compound of structural Formula I: R «
  • A is a five- or six-membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl ring
  • X is selected from the group consisting of N(R 9 ), C(R 10 XR 11 ), O and S, and;
  • Y is selected from the group consisting of N(R 12 ) and C(R 13 )(R 14 );
  • Q 1 and Q 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of N and C(R 15 ); n is an integer from 0 to 2;
  • R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of null, acyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amido, amino, aryl, aryloxy, carbamate, carboxy, cyano, cycloalkyl, halogen, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, hydrogen, hydroxyl, mercaptyl, nitro, perhaloalkoxy, perhaloalkyl, and sulfonamide, any of which may be optionally substituted; or R 1 and R 2 together may form aryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 10 and R 11 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; or R 10 and R 11 may be taken together to form a cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl ring;
  • R 12 , R 13 , and R 14 are independently selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, acyl, C-amido, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and sulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; and
  • R 15 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, and lower alkyl.
  • R 15 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, and lower alkyl.
  • Q 2 is selected from the group consisting of N and C;
  • Q 3 , Q 4 , and Q 5 are independently selected from the group consisting of N and C, any of which may be optionally substituted by a substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, R 1 , and R 2 ;
  • R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of null, acyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amido, amino, aryl, aryloxy, carbamate, carboxy, cyano, cycloalkyl, halogen, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, hydrogen, hydroxyl, mercaptyl, nitro, perhaloalkoxy, perhaloalkyl, and sulfonamide, any of which may be optionally substituted; or R 1 and R 2 together may form aryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; R 3 is selected from the group consisting of aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl,any of which may be optionally substituted
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , and R 11 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, halogen, and lower perhaloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 12 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, acyl, C-amido, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and sulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted. [046] In yet further embodiments said compound has structural Formula III:
  • R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of null, acyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amido, amino, aryl, aryloxy, carbamate, carboxy, cyano, cycloalkyl, halogen, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, hydrogen, hydroxyl, mercaptyl, nitro, perhaloalkoxy, perhaloalkyl, and sulfonamide, any of which may be optionally substituted; or R 1 and R 2 together may form aryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , and R 11 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, halogen, and lower perhaloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; and
  • R 12 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, acyl, C-amido, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and sulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted.
  • R 1 and R 2 are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, halogen, lower alkoxy, lower thioalkyl, cyano, and hydroxyl;
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, halogen, lower alkoxy, lower thioalkyl, cyano, and hydroxyl;
  • R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 10 and R 11 are hydrogen;
  • R 12 is selected from the group consisting of arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heterocycloalkylcarbonyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl,
  • R 1 and R 2 are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and lower alkyl;
  • R is phenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, halogen, lower alkoxy, lower thioalkyl, cyano, and hydroxyl;
  • R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 10 and R 11 are hydrogen;
  • R 12 is benzoyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, halogen, lower alkoxy, lower thioalkyl, cyano, and hydroxyl.
  • R 3 is 2-methylphenyl.
  • said compound has structural Formula IV:
  • R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of null, acyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amido, amino, aryl, aryloxy, carbamate, carboxy, cyano, cycloalkyl, halogen, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, hydrogen, hydroxyl, mercaptyl, nitro, perhaloalkoxy, perhaloalkyl, and sulfonamide, any of which may be optionally substituted; or R 1 and R 2 together may form aryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl,any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , and R 11 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, halogen, and lower perhaloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 12 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, acyl, C-amido, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and sulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted.
  • R 1 and R 2 are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, halogen, lower alkoxy, lower thioalkyl, cyano, and hydroxyl;
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, halogen, lower alkoxy, lower thioalkyl, cyano, and hydroxyl;
  • R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 10 and R 11 are hydrogen;
  • R 12 is selected from the group consisting of arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heterocycloalkylcarbonyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl,
  • R 1 and R 2 are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and lower alkyl;
  • R 3 is phenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, halogen, lower alkoxy, lower thioalkyl, cyano, and hydroxyl;
  • R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 10 and R 11 are hydrogen;
  • R 12 is benzoyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, halogen, lower alkoxy, lower thioalkyl, cyano, and hydroxyl.
  • R 3 is 2-methylphenyl.
  • said compound has structural Formula V:
  • R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of null, acyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amido, amino, aryl, aryloxy, carbamate, carboxy, cyano, cycloalkyl, halogen, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, hydrogen, hydroxyl, mercaptyl, nitro, perhaloalkoxy, perhaloalkyl, and sulfonamide, any of which may be optionally substituted; or R 1 and R 2 together may form aryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl,any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , and R 11 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, halogen, and lower perhaloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; and R 12 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, acyl, C-amido, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and sulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted.
  • R 1 and R 2 are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, halogen, lower alkoxy, lower thioalkyl, cyano, and hydroxyl;
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, halogen, lower alkoxy, lower thioalkyl, cyano, and hydroxyl;
  • R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 10 and R 11 are hydrogen;
  • R 12 is selected from the group consisting of arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heterocycloalkylcarbonyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl,
  • R 1 and R 2 are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and lower alkyl;
  • R 3 is phenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, halogen, lower alkoxy, lower thioalkyl, cyano, and hydroxyl;
  • R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 10 and R 11 are hydrogen;
  • R 12 is benzoyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, halogen, lower alkoxy, lower thioalkyl, cyano, and hydroxyl.
  • R 3 is 2-methylphenyl.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier together with a compound selected from the group consisting of Examples 1 to 13. [059] In further embodiments a compound has structural Formula I: R «
  • A is a five- or six-membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl ring
  • X is selected from the group consisting of N(R 9 ), C(R 10 XR 11 ), O and S, and;
  • Y is selected from the group consisting of N(R 12 ) and C(R 13 )(R 14 );
  • Q 1 and Q 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of N and C(R 15 ); n is an integer from 0 to 2;
  • R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of null, acyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amido, amino, aryl, aryloxy, carbamate, carboxy, cyano, cycloalkyl, halogen, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, hydrogen, hydroxyl, mercaptyl, nitro, perhaloalkoxy, perhaloalkyl, and sulfonamide, any of which may be optionally substituted; or R 1 and R 2 together may form aryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 3 is 2-methylphenyl
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and cycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, acyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C-amido, carboxyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and sulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 10 and R 11 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; or R 10 and R 11 may be taken together to form a cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl ring;
  • R 12 , R 13 , and R 14 are independently selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, acyl, C-amido, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and sulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; and
  • R 15 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, and lower alkyl.
  • R 15 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, and lower alkyl.
  • Q 2 is selected from the group consisting of N and C;
  • Q 3 , Q 4 , and Q 5 are independently selected from the group consisting of N and C, any of which may be optionally substituted by a substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, R 1 , and R 2 ;
  • R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of null, acyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amido, amino, aryl, aryloxy, carbamate, carboxy, cyano, cycloalkyl, halogen, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, hydrogen, hydroxyl, mercaptyl, nitro, perhaloalkoxy, perhaloalkyl, and sulfonamide, any of which may be optionally substituted; or R 1 and R 2 together may form aryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 3 is 2-methylphenyl
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and cycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , and R 11 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, halogen, and lower perhaloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; and
  • R 12 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, acyl, C-amido, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and sulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted. [061] In yet further embodiments said compound has structural Formula III:
  • R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of null, acyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amido, amino, aryl, aryloxy, carbamate, carboxy, cyano, cycloalkyl, halogen, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, hydrogen, hydroxyl, mercaptyl, nitro, perhaloalkoxy, perhaloalkyl, and sulfonamide, any of which may be optionally substituted; or R 1 and R 2 together may form aryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 3 is 2-methylphenyl
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and cycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , and R 11 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, halogen, and lower perhaloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 12 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, acyl, C-amido, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and sulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted.
  • R 1 and R 2 are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, halogen, lower alkoxy, lower thioalkyl, cyano, and hydroxyl;
  • R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 10 and R 11 are hydrogen; and
  • R 12 is selected from the group consisting of arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heterocycloalkylcarbonyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, halogen, lower alkoxy, lower thioalkyl, cyano, and hydroxyl.
  • R 1 and R 2 are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and lower alkyl; and R 12 is benzoyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, halogen, lower alkoxy, lower thioalkyl, cyano, and hydroxyl.
  • said compound has structural Formula IV:
  • R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of null, acyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amido, amino, aryl, aryloxy, carbamate, carboxy, cyano, cycloalkyl, halogen, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, hydrogen, hydroxyl, mercaptyl, nitro, perhaloalkoxy, perhaloalkyl, and sulfonamide, any of which may be optionally substituted; or R 1 and R 2 together may form aryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R is 2-methylphenyl
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and cycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , and R 11 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, halogen, and lower perhaloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 12 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, acyl, C-amido, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and sulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted.
  • R 1 and R 2 are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, halogen, lower alkoxy, lower thioalkyl, cyano, and hydroxyl;
  • R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 10 and R 11 are hydrogen; and
  • R 12 is selected from the group consisting of arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heterocycloalkylcarbonyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, halogen, lower alkoxy, lower thioalkyl, cyano, and hydroxyl.
  • R 1 and R 2 are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and lower alkyl; and R 12 is benzoyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, halogen, lower alkoxy, lower thioalkyl, cyano, and hydroxyl.
  • said compound has structural Formula V:
  • R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of null, acyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amido, amino, aryl, aryloxy, carbamate, carboxy, cyano, cycloalkyl, halogen, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, hydrogen, hydroxyl, mercaptyl, nitro, perhaloalkoxy, perhaloalkyl, and sulfonamide, any of which may be optionally substituted; or R 1 and R 2 together may form aryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R is 2-methylphenyl
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and cycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , and R 11 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, halogen, and lower perhaloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; and R 12 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, acyl, C-amido, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and sulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted.
  • R 1 and R 2 are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, halogen, lower alkoxy, lower thioalkyl, cyano, and hydroxyl;
  • R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 10 and R 11 are hydrogen; and
  • R 12 is selected from the group consisting of arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heterocycloalkylcarbonyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, halogen, lower alkoxy, lower thioalkyl, cyano, and hydroxyl.
  • R 1 and R 2 are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and lower alkyl; and R 12 is benzoyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, halogen, lower alkoxy, lower thioalkyl, cyano, and hydroxyl.
  • a compound is selected from the group consisting of Examples 1 to 13.
  • a compound for use as a medicament has structural Formula I:
  • A is a five- or six-membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl ring
  • X is selected from the group consisting of N(R 9 ), C(R 1 ⁇ (R 1 J ), O and S, and;
  • Y is selected from the group consisting of N(R 12 ) and C(R 13 )(R 14 );
  • Q 1 and Q 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of N and C(R 15 ); n is an integer from O to 2;
  • R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of null, acyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amido, amino, aryl, aryloxy, carbamate, carboxy, cyano, cycloalkyl, halogen, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, hydrogen, hydroxyl, mercaptyl, nitro, perhaloalkoxy, perhaloalkyl, and sulfonamide, any of which may be optionally substituted; or R 1 and R 2 together may form aryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl,any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, acyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C-amido, carboxyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and sulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 10 and R 11 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; or R 10 and R 11 may be taken together to form a cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl ring;
  • R 12 , R 13 , and R 14 are independently selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, acyl, C-amido, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and sulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; and
  • R 15 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, and lower alkyl.
  • A is a five- or six-membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl ring
  • X is selected from the group consisting of N(R 9 ), C(R 1 ⁇ (R 1 J ), O and S, and;
  • Y is selected from the group consisting of N(R 12 ) and C(R 13 )(R 14 );
  • Q 1 and Q 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of N and C(R 15 ); n is an integer from 0 to 2;
  • R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of null, acyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amido, amino, aryl, aryloxy, carbamate, carboxy, cyano, cycloalkyl, halogen, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, hydrogen, hydroxyl, mercaptyl, nitro, perhaloalkoxy, perhaloalkyl, and sulfonamide, any of which may be optionally substituted; or R 1 and R 2 together may form aryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R is selected from the group consisting of aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl,any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, acyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C-amido, carboxyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and sulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 10 and R 11 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; or R 10 and R 11 may be taken together to form a cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl ring;
  • R 12 , R 13 , and R 14 are independently selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, acyl, C-amido, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and sulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; and
  • R 15 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, and lower alkyl.
  • acyl refers to a carbonyl attached to an alkenyl, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, or any other moiety were the atom attached to the carbonyl is carbon.
  • An “acetyl” group refers to a -C(O)CH 3 group.
  • An “alkylcarbonyl” or “alkanoyl” group refers to an alkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group. Examples of such groups include methylcarbonyl and ethylcarbonyl. Examples of acyl groups include formyl, alkanoyl and aroyl.
  • alkenyl refers to a straight-chain or branched-chain hydrocarbon radical having one or more double bonds and containing from 2 to 20 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, said alkenyl will comprise from 2 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • alkoxy refers to an alkyl ether radical, wherein the term alkyl is as defined below.
  • suitable alkyl ether radicals include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, iso- butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, and the like.
  • alkyl refers to a straight-chain or branched-chain alkyl radical containing from 1 to 20 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, said alkyl will comprise from 1 to 10 carbon atoms. In further embodiments, said alkyl will comprise from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Alkyl groups may be optionally substituted as defined herein.
  • alkyl radicals include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, iso-amyl, hexyl, octyl, noyl and the like.
  • alkylene refers to a saturated aliphatic group derived from a straight or branched chain saturated hydrocarbon attached at two or more positions, such as methylene (- CH 2 -). Unless otherwise specified, the term “alkyl” may include “alkylene” groups.
  • alkylamino refers to an alkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an amino group. Suitable alkylamino groups may be mono- or dialkylated, forming groups such as, for example, N-methylamino, N-ethylamino, N,N-dimethylamino, N,N-ethylmethylamino and the like.
  • alkylidene refers to an alkenyl group in which one carbon atom of the carbon-carbon double bond belongs to the moiety to which the alkenyl group is attached.
  • alkylthio refers to an alkyl thioether (R-S-) radical wherein the term alkyl is as defined above and wherein the sulfur may be singly or doubly oxidized.
  • suitable alkyl thioether radicals include methylthio, ethylthio, n-propylthio, isopropylthio, n-butylthio, iso- butylthio, sec-butylthio, tert-butylthio, methanesulfonyl, ethanesulfmyl, and the like.
  • alkynyl refers to a straight-chain or branched chain hydrocarbon radical having one or more triple bonds and containing from 2 to 20 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, said alkynyl comprises from 2 to 6 carbon atoms. In further embodiments, said alkynyl comprises from 2 to 4 carbon atoms.
  • alkynylene refers to a carbon-carbon triple bond attached at two positions such as ethynylene (-C:::C-, -C ⁇ C-).
  • alkynyl radicals include ethynyl, propynyl, hydroxypropynyl, butyn-1-yl, butyn-2-yl, pentyn-1- yl, 3-methylbutyn-l-yl, hexyn-2-yl, and the like.
  • alkynyl may include "alkynylene” groups.
  • acylamino as used herein, alone or in combination, embraces an acyl group attached to the parent moiety through an amino group.
  • An example of an “acylamino” group is acetylamino (CHsC(O)NH-).
  • R and R are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, acyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocycloalkyl, any of which may themselves be optionally substituted. Additionally, R and R' may combine to form heterocycloalkyl, either of which may be optionally substituted.
  • aryl as used herein, alone or in combination, means a carbocyclic aromatic system containing one, two or three rings wherein such polycyclic ring systems are fused together.
  • aryl embraces aromatic groups such as phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, and phenanthryl.
  • arylalkenyl or “aralkenyl,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an aryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkenyl group.
  • arylalkoxy or “aralkoxy,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an aryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkoxy group.
  • arylalkyl or “aralkyl,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an aryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group.
  • arylalkynyl or “aralkynyl,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an aryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkynyl group.
  • arylalkanoyl or “aralkanoyl” or “aroyl,”as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an acyl radical derived from an aryl-substituted alkanecarboxylic acid such as benzoyl, napthoyl, phenylacetyl, 3-phenylpropionyl
  • hydrocinnamoyl 4-phenylbutyryl, (2-naphthyl)acetyl, 4-chlorohydrocinnamoyl, and the like.
  • aryloxy refers to an aryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an oxy.
  • carbamate refers to an ester of carbamic acid (-NHCOO-) which may be attached to the parent molecular moiety from either the nitrogen or acid end, and which may be optionally substituted as defined herein.
  • N-carbamyl as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a
  • carbonyl when alone includes formyl [-C(O)H] and in combination is a -C(O)- group.
  • carboxyl or “carboxy,” as used herein, refers to -C(O)OH or the corresponding “carboxylate” anion, such as is in a carboxylic acid salt.
  • O-carboxy group refers to a RC(O)O- group, where R is as defined herein.
  • C-carboxy group refers to a -C(O)OR groups where R is as defined herein.
  • cycloalkyl or, alternatively, “carbocycle,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a saturated or partially saturated monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic alkyl group wherein each cyclic moiety contains from 3 to 12 carbon atom ring members and which may optionally be a benzo fused ring system which is optionally substituted as defined herein.
  • said cycloalkyl will comprise from 5 to 7 carbon atoms.
  • cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, tetrahydronapthyl, indanyl, octahydronaphthyl, 2,3-dihydro-lH-indenyl, adamantyl and the like.
  • Bicyclic and tricyclic as used herein are intended to include both fused ring systems, such as decahydronaphthalene, octahydronaphthalene as well as the multicyclic (multicentered) saturated or partially unsaturated type.
  • the latter type of isomer is exemplified in general by, bicyclo[l,l,l]pentane, camphor, adamantane, and bicyclo[3,2,l]octane.
  • ester refers to a carboxy group bridging two moieties linked at carbon atoms.
  • ether refers to an oxy group bridging two moieties linked at carbon atoms.
  • halo or halogen
  • haloalkoxy refers to a haloalkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom.
  • haloalkyl refers to an alkyl radical having the meaning as defined above wherein one or more hydrogens are replaced with a halogen. Specifically embraced are monohaloalkyl, dihaloalkyl and polyhaloalkyl radicals.
  • a monohaloalkyl radical for one example, may have an iodo, bromo, chloro or fluoro atom within the radical.
  • Dihalo and polyhaloalkyl radicals may have two or more of the same halo atoms or a combination of different halo radicals.
  • haloalkyl radicals include fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, chloromethyl, dichloromethyl, trichloromethyl, pentafluoroethyl, heptafluoropropyl, difluorochloromethyl, dichlorofluoromethyl, difluoroethyl, difluoropropyl, dichloroethyl and dichloropropyl.
  • "Haloalkylene" refers to a haloalkyl group attached at two or more positions.
  • heteroalkyl refers to a stable straight or branched chain, or cyclic hydrocarbon radical, or combinations thereof, fully saturated or containing from 1 to 3 degrees of unsaturation, consisting of the stated number of carbon atoms and from one to three heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S, and wherein the nitrogen and sulfur atoms may optionally be oxidized and the nitrogen heteroatom may optionally be quaternized.
  • the heteroatom(s) O, N and S may be placed at any interior position of the heteroalkyl group. Up to two heteroatoms may be consecutive, such as, for example, -CH 2 -NH- OCH 3 .
  • heteroaryl refers to a 3 to 7 membered unsaturated heteromonocyclic ring, or a fused monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic ring system in which at least one of the fused rings is aromatic, which contains at least one atom selected from the group consisting of O, S, and N.
  • said heteroaryl will comprise from 5 to 7 carbon atoms.
  • heterocyclic rings are fused with aryl rings, wherein heteroaryl rings are fused with other heteroaryl rings, wherein heteroaryl rings are fused with heterocycloalkyl rings, or wherein heteroaryl rings are fused with cycloalkyl rings.
  • heteroaryl groups include pyrrolyl, pyrrolinyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazolyl, pyranyl, furyl, thienyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, isothiazolyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, indolizinyl, benzimidazolyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, indazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzodioxolyl, benzopyranyl, benzoxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzofuryl, benzothienyl, chromonyl,
  • Exemplary tricyclic heterocyclic groups include carbazolyl, benzidolyl, phenanthrolinyl, dibenzofuranyl, acridinyl, phenanthridinyl, xanthenyl and the like.
  • heterocycloalkyl and, interchangeably, “heterocycle,” as used herein, alone or in combination, each refer to a saturated, partially unsaturated, or fully unsaturated monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic heterocyclic group containing at least one heteroatom as a ring member, wherein each said heteroatom may be independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur
  • said hetercycloalkyl will comprise from 1 to 4 heteroatoms as ring members.
  • said hetercycloalkyl will comprise from 1 to 2 heteroatoms as ring members.
  • said hetercycloalkyl will comprise from 3 to 8 ring members in each ring.
  • said hetercycloalkyl will comprise from 3 to 7 ring members in each ring. In yet further embodiments, said hetercycloalkyl will comprise from 5 to 6 ring members in each ring.
  • "Heterocycloalkyl” and “heterocycle” are intended to include sulfones, sulfoxides, N-oxides of tertiary nitrogen ring members, and carbocyclic fused and benzo fused ring systems; additionally, both terms also include systems where a heterocycle ring is fused to an aryl group, as defined herein, or an additional heterocycle group.
  • heterocycle groups include aziridinyl, azetidinyl, 1,3- benzodioxolyl, dihydroisoindolyl, dihydroisoquinolinyl, dihydrocinnolinyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, dihydro[ 1 ,3]oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridinyl, benzothiazolyl, dihydroindolyl, dihy-dropyridinyl, 1,3-dioxanyl, 1 ,4-dioxanyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl, isoindolinyl, morpholinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydropyridinyl, piperidinyl, thiomorpholinyl, and the like.
  • the heterocycle groups may be optionally substituted unless specifically prohibited.
  • hydrazinyl as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to two amino groups joined by a single bond, i.e., -N-N-.
  • hydroxyalkyl refers to a hydroxy group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group.
  • isocyanato refers to a -NCO group.
  • isothiocyanato refers to a -NCS group.
  • linear chain of atoms refers to the longest straight chain of atoms independently selected from carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
  • lower means containing from 1 to and including 6 carbon atoms.
  • lower aryl as used herein, alone or in combination, means phenyl or naphthyl, which may be optionally substituted as provided.
  • lower heteroaryl as used herein, alone or in combination, means either 1) monocyclic heteroaryl comprising five or six ring members, of which between one and four said members may be heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of
  • lower cycloalkyl means a monocyclic cycloalkyl having between three and six ring members. Lower cycloalkyls may be unsaturated. Examples of lower cycloalkyl include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl.
  • lower heterocycloalkyl as used herein, alone or in combination, means a monocyclic heterocycloalkyl having between three and six ring members, of which between one and four may be heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of
  • lower heterocycloalkyls examples include pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, and morpholinyl. Lower heterocycloalkyls may be unsaturated.
  • R and R are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, and lower heteroalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted. Additionally, the R and R' of a lower amino group may combine to form a five- or six-membered heterocycloalkyl, either of which may be optionally substituted.
  • nitro refers to -NO 2 .
  • perhaloalkoxy refers to an alkoxy group where all of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by halogen atoms.
  • perhaloalkyl refers to an alkyl group where all of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by halogen atoms.
  • sulfonate refers the -SO 3 H group and its anion as the sulfonic acid is used in salt formation.
  • thia and thio refer to a -S- group or an ether wherein the oxygen is replaced with sulfur.
  • the oxidized derivatives of the thio group namely sulfmyl and sulfonyl, are included in the definition of thia and thio.
  • thiol as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an -SH group.
  • N-thiocarbamyl refers to an ROC(S)NR'- group, with R and
  • O-thiocarbamyl refers to a -OC(S)NRR' , group with R and
  • thiocyanato refers to a -CNS group.
  • trihalomethanesulfonamido refers to a XsCS(O) 2 NR- group with X is a halogen and R as defined herein.
  • trihalomethanesulfonyl refers to a XsCS(O) 2 - group where X is a halogen.
  • trimethoxy refers to a X3CO- group where X is a halogen.
  • trimethysilyl as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a silicone group substituted at its three free valences with groups as listed herein under the definition of substituted amino. Examples include trimethysilyl, tert- butyldimethylsilyl, triphenylsilyl and the like.
  • any definition herein may be used in combination with any other definition to describe a composite structural group.
  • the trailing element of any such definition is that which attaches to the parent moiety.
  • the composite group alkylamido would represent an alkyl group attached to the parent molecule through an amido group
  • the term alkoxyalkyl would represent an alkoxy group attached to the parent molecule through an alkyl group.
  • the term "optionally substituted” means the anteceding group may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • the substituents of an "optionally substituted” group may include, without limitation, one or more substituents independently selected from the following groups or a particular designated set of groups, alone or in combination: lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, lower alkanoyl, lower heteroalkyl, lower heterocycloalkyl, lower haloalkyl, lower haloalkenyl, lower haloalkynyl, lower perhaloalkyl, lower perhaloalkoxy, lower cycloalkyl, phenyl, aryl, aryloxy, lower alkoxy, lower haloalkoxy, oxo, lower acyloxy, carbonyl, carboxyl, lower alkylcarbonyl, lower carboxyester, lower carboxamido, cyano, hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, amino, lower alkylcarbonyl
  • Two substituents may be joined together to form a fused five-, six-, or seven-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring consisting of zero to three heteroatoms, for example forming methylenedioxy or ethylenedioxy.
  • An optionally substituted group may be unsubstituted (e.g., -CH 2 CH 3 ), fully substituted (e.g., -CF 2 CF 3 ), monosubstituted (e.g., -CH 2 CH 2 F) or substituted at a level anywhere in-between fully substituted and monosubstituted (e.g., -CH 2 CF 3 ).
  • R or the term R' refers to a moiety selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted.
  • aryl, heterocycle, R, etc. occur more than one time in a formula or generic structure, its definition at each occurrence is independent of the definition at every other occurrence.
  • certain groups may be attached to a parent molecule or may occupy a position in a chain of elements from either end as written.
  • an unsymmetrical group such as -C(O)N(R)- may be attached to the parent moiety at either the carbon or the nitrogen.
  • Asymmetric centers exist in the compounds disclosed herein. These centers are designated by the symbols “R” or “S,” depending on the configuration of substituents around the chiral carbon atom. It should be understood that the invention encompasses all stereochemical isomeric forms, including diastereomeric, enantiomeric, and epimeric forms,as well as d-isomers and 1 -isomers, and mixtures thereof.
  • Individual stereoisomers of compounds can be prepared synthetically from commercially available starting materials which contain chiral centers or by preparation of mixtures of enantiomeric products followed by separation such as conversion to a mixture of diastereomers followed by separation or recrystallization, chromatographic techniques, direct separation of enantiomers on chiral chromatographic columns, or any other appropriate method known in the art.
  • Starting compounds of particular stereochemistry are either commercially available or can be made and resolved by techniques known in the art.
  • the compounds disclosed herein may exist as geometric isomers.
  • the present invention includes all cis, trans, syn, anti,
  • compounds may exist as tautomers; all tautomeric isomers are provided by this invention. Additionally, the compounds disclosed herein can exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like. In general, the solvated forms are considered equivalent to the unsolvated forms.
  • bond refers to a covalent linkage between two atoms, or two moieties when the atoms joined by the bond are considered to be part of larger substructure.
  • a bond may be single, double, or triple unless otherwise specified.
  • a dashed line between two atoms in a drawing of a molecule indicates that an additional bond may be present or absent at that position.
  • disease as used herein is intended to be generally synonymous, and is used interchangeably with, the terms “disorder” and “condition” (as in medical condition), in that all reflect an abnormal condition of the human or animal body or of one of its parts that impairs normal functioning, is typically manifested by distinguishing signs and symptoms, and causes the human or animal to have a reduced duration or quality of life.
  • combination therapy means the administration of two or more therapeutic agents to treat a therapeutic condition or disorder described in the present disclosure. Such administration encompasses co-administration of these therapeutic agents in a substantially simultaneous manner, such as in a single capsule having a fixed ratio of active ingredients or in multiple, separate capsules for each active ingredient. In addition, such administration also encompasses use of each type of therapeutic agent in a sequential manner. In either case, the treatment regimen will provide beneficial effects of the drug combination in treating the conditions or disorders described herein.
  • TGR5 modulator is used herein to refer to a compound that exhibits an EC50 with respect to TGR5 activity of no more than about 100 ⁇ M and more typically not more than about 50 ⁇ M, as measured in the cAMP production assay and glucagon- like peptide- 1 (GLP-I) secretion assays described generally hereinbelow.
  • EC50 is that concentration of modulator which either activates or reduces the activity of an enzyme (e.g., (TGR5)) to half-maximal level. Certain compounds disclosed herein have been discovered to exhibit modulatory activity against TGR5.
  • compounds will exhibit an EC50 with respect to TGR5 of no more than about 10 ⁇ M; in further embodiments, compounds will exhibit an EC 50 with respect to TGR5 of no more than about 5 ⁇ M; in yet further embodiments, compounds will exhibit an EC 50 with respect to TGR5 of not more than about 1 ⁇ M; in yet further embodiments, compounds will exhibit an EC50 with respect to TGR5 of not more than about 200 nM, as measured in the TGR5 assay described herein.
  • the phrase "therapeutically effective" is intended to qualify the amount of active ingredients used in the treatment of a disease or disorder. This amount will achieve the goal of reducing or eliminating the said disease or disorder.
  • terapéuticaally acceptable refers to those compounds (or salts, prodrugs, tautomers, zwitterionic forms, etc.) which are suitable for use in contact with the tissues of patients without undue toxicity, irritation, and allergic response, are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, and are effective for their intended use.
  • patient means all mammals including humans. Examples of patients include humans, cows, dogs, cats, goats, sheep, pigs, and rabbits. Preferably, the patient is a human.
  • prodrug refers to a compound that is made more active in vivo. Certain compounds disclosed herein may also exist as prodrugs, as described in Hydrolysis in Drug and Prodrug Metabolism : Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Enzymology (Testa, Bernard and Mayer, Joachim M. Wiley- VHC A, Zurich, Switzerland 2003). Prodrugs of the compounds described herein are structurally modified forms of the compound that readily undergo chemical changes under physiological conditions to provide the compound. Additionally, prodrugs can be converted to the compound by chemical or biochemical methods in an ex vivo environment. For example, prodrugs can be slowly converted to a compound when placed in a transdermal patch reservoir with a suitable enzyme or chemical reagent.
  • Prodrugs are often useful because, in some situations, they may be easier to administer than the compound, or parent drug. They may, for instance, be bioavailable by oral administration whereas the parent drug is not. The prodrug may also have improved solubility in pharmaceutical compositions over the parent drug.
  • a wide variety of prodrug derivatives are known in the art, such as those that rely on hydrolytic cleavage or oxidative activation of the prodrug.
  • An example, without limitation, of a prodrug would be a compound which is administered as an ester (the "prodrug"), but then is metabolically hydrolyzed to the carboxylic acid, the active entity. Additional examples include peptidyl derivatives of a compound.
  • the compounds disclosed herein can exist as therapeutically acceptable salts.
  • the present invention includes compounds listed above in the form of salts, including acid addition salts. Suitable salts include those formed with both organic and inorganic acids. Such acid addition salts will normally be pharmaceutically acceptable. However, salts of non-pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be of utility in the preparation and purification of the compound in question. Basic addition salts may also be formed and be pharmaceutically acceptable.
  • Pharmaceutical Salts Properties, Selection, and Use (Stahl, P. Heinrich. Wiley- VCHA, Zurich, Switzerland, 2002).
  • terapéuticaally acceptable salt represents salts or zwitterionic forms of the compounds disclosed herein which are water or oil-soluble or dispersible and therapeutically acceptable as defined herein.
  • the salts can be prepared during the final isolation and purification of the compounds or separately by reacting the appropriate compound in the form of the free base with a suitable acid.
  • Representative acid addition salts include acetate, adipate, alginate, L-ascorbate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate (besylate), bisulfate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, digluconate, formate, fumarate, gentisate, glutarate, glycerophosphate, glycolate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hippurate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethansulfonate (isethionate), lactate, maleate, malonate, DL-mandelate, mesitylenesulfonate, methanesulfonate, naphthylenesulfonate, nicotinate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, oxalate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenyl
  • basic groups in the compounds disclosed herein can be quaternized with methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides, and iodides; dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, and diamyl sulfates; decyl, lauryl, myristyl, and steryl chlorides, bromides, and iodides; and benzyl and phenethyl bromides.
  • acids which can be employed to form therapeutically acceptable addition salts include inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, and phosphoric, and organic acids such as oxalic, maleic, succinic, and citric. Salts can also be formed by coordination of the compounds with an alkali metal or alkaline earth ion.
  • the present invention contemplates sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium salts of the compounds disclosed herein, and the like.
  • Basic addition salts can be prepared during the final isolation and purification of the compounds by reacting a carboxy group with a suitable base such as the hydroxide, carbonate, or bicarbonate of a metal cation or with ammonia or an organic primary, secondary, or tertiary amine.
  • a suitable base such as the hydroxide, carbonate, or bicarbonate of a metal cation or with ammonia or an organic primary, secondary, or tertiary amine.
  • the cations of therapeutically acceptable salts include lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and aluminum, as well as nontoxic quaternary amine cations such as ammonium, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, diethylamine, ethylamine, tributylamine, pyridine, N,N-dimethylaniline, N- methylpiperidine, N-methylmorpholine, dicyclohexylamine, procaine, dibenzylamine, NN-dibenzylphenethylamine, 1-ephenamine, and NN-dibenzylethylenediamine.
  • nontoxic quaternary amine cations such as ammonium, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, diethylamine, eth
  • compositions which comprise one or more of certain compounds disclosed herein, or one or more pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, prodrugs, amides, or solvates thereof, together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers thereof and optionally one or more other therapeutic ingredients.
  • the carrier(s) must be "acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof. Proper formulation is dependent upon the route of administration chosen.
  • compositions disclosed herein may be manufactured in any manner known in the art, e.g. , by means of conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee-making, levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping or compression processes.
  • the formulations include those suitable for oral, parenteral (including subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular, intravenous, intraarticular, and intramedullary), intraperitoneal, transmucosal, transdermal, rectal and topical (including dermal, buccal, sublingual and intraocular) administration although the most suitable route may depend upon for example the condition and disorder of the recipient.
  • the formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. Typically, these methods include the step of bringing into association a compound of the subject invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, amide, prodrug or solvate thereof ("active ingredient”) with the carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients.
  • active ingredient a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, amide, prodrug or solvate thereof
  • the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both and then, if necessary, shaping the product into the desired formulation.
  • Formulations of the compounds disclosed herein suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient; as a powder or granules; as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous liquid or a non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in- water liquid emulsion or a water-in-oil liquid emulsion.
  • the active ingredient may also be presented as a bolus, electuary or paste.
  • Pharmaceutical preparations which can be used orally include tablets, push-fit capsules made of gelatin, as well as soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin and a plasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol.
  • Tablets may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients.
  • Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active ingredient in a free- flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with binders, inert diluents, or lubricating, surface active or dispersing agents. Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent. The tablets may optionally be coated or scored and may be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein. All formulations for oral administration should be in dosages suitable for such administration.
  • the push- fit capsules can contain the active ingredients in admixture with filler such as lactose, binders such as starches, and/or lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate and, optionally, stabilizers.
  • the active compounds may be dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils, liquid paraffin, or liquid polyethylene glycols.
  • suitable liquids such as fatty oils, liquid paraffin, or liquid polyethylene glycols.
  • stabilizers may be added.
  • Dragee cores are provided with suitable coatings.
  • concentrated sugar solutions may be used, which may optionally contain gum arabic, talc, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, carbopol gel, polyethylene glycol, and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions, and suitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures.
  • Dyestuffs or pigments may be added to the tablets or dragee coatings for identification or to characterize different combinations of active compound doses.
  • the compounds may be formulated for parenteral administration by injection, e.g., by bolus injection or continuous infusion. Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or in multi-dose containers, with an added preservative.
  • the compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents.
  • the formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example sealed ampoules and vials, and may be stored in powder form or in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example, saline or sterile pyrogen- free water, immediately prior to use.
  • sterile liquid carrier for example, saline or sterile pyrogen- free water
  • Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets of the kind previously described.
  • Formulations for parenteral administration include aqueous and nonaqueous (oily) sterile injection solutions of the active compounds which may contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents.
  • Suitable lipophilic solvents or vehicles include fatty oils such as sesame oil, or synthetic fatty acid esters, such as ethyl oleate or triglycerides, or liposomes.
  • Aqueous injection suspensions may contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol, or dextran.
  • the suspension may also contain suitable stabilizers or agents which increase the solubility of the compounds to allow for the preparation of highly concentrated solutions.
  • the compounds may also be formulated as a depot preparation. Such long acting formulations may be administered by implantation (for example subcutaneously or intramuscularly) or by intramuscular injection.
  • the compounds may be formulated with suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (for example as an emulsion in an acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble derivatives, for example, as a sparingly soluble salt.
  • compositions may take the form of tablets, lozenges, pastilles, or gels formulated in conventional manner.
  • Such compositions may comprise the active ingredient in a flavored basis such as sucrose and acacia or tragacanth.
  • the compounds may also be formulated in rectal compositions such as suppositories or retention enemas, e.g., containing conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, or other glycerides.
  • Certain compounds disclosed herein may be administered topically, that is by non-systemic administration. This includes the application of a compound disclosed herein externally to the epidermis or the buccal cavity and the instillation of such a compound into the ear, eye and nose, such that the compound does not significantly enter the blood stream.
  • systemic administration refers to oral, intravenous, intraperitoneal and intramuscular administration.
  • Formulations suitable for topical administration include liquid or semi- liquid preparations suitable for penetration through the skin to the site of inflammation such as gels, liniments, lotions, creams, ointments or pastes, and drops suitable for administration to the eye, ear or nose.
  • the active ingredient for topical administration may comprise, for example, from 0.001% to 10% w/w (by weight) of the formulation. In certain embodiments, the active ingredient may comprise as much as 10% w/w. In other embodiments, it may comprise less than 5% w/w. In certain embodiments, the active ingredient may comprise from 2% w/w to 5% w/w. In other embodiments, it may comprise from 0.1% to 1% w/w of the formulation.
  • compounds may be conveniently delivered from an insufflator, nebulizer pressurized packs or other convenient means of delivering an aerosol spray.
  • Pressurized packs may comprise a suitable propellant such as dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas.
  • the dosage unit may be determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount.
  • the compounds according to the invention may take the form of a dry powder composition, for example a powder mix of the compound and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch.
  • the powder composition may be presented in unit dosage form, in for example, capsules, cartridges, gelatin or blister packs from which the powder may be administered with the aid of an inhalator or insufflator.
  • Preferred unit dosage formulations are those containing an effective dose, as herein below recited, or an appropriate fraction thereof, of the active ingredient.
  • the formulations described above may include other agents conventional in the art having regard to the type of formulation in question, for example those suitable for oral administration may include flavoring agents.
  • Compounds may be administered orally or via injection at a dose of from 0.1 to 500 mg/kg per day. The dose range for adult humans is generally from 5 mg to 2 g/day. Tablets or other forms of presentation provided in discrete units may conveniently contain an amount of one or more compounds which is effective at such dosage or as a multiple of the same, for instance, units containing 5 mg to 500 mg, usually around 10 mg to 200 mg.
  • the amount of active ingredient that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration.
  • the compounds can be administered in various modes, e.g. orally, topically, or by injection.
  • the precise amount of compound administered to a patient will be the responsibility of the attendant physician.
  • the specific dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diets, time of administration, route of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, the precise disorder being treated, and the severity of the indication or condition being treated.
  • the route of administration may vary depending on the condition and its severity.
  • the compounds described herein may be administered in combination with another therapeutic agent.
  • another therapeutic agent such as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, or prodrug thereof.
  • the therapeutic effectiveness of one of the compounds described herein may be enhanced by administration of an adjuvant (i.e., by itself the adjuvant may only have minimal therapeutic benefit, but in combination with another therapeutic agent, the overall therapeutic benefit to the patient is enhanced).
  • the benefit of experienced by a patient may be increased by administering one of the compounds described herein with another therapeutic agent (which also includes a therapeutic regimen) that also has therapeutic benefit.
  • another therapeutic agent which also includes a therapeutic regimen
  • increased therapeutic benefit may result by also providing the patient with another therapeutic agent for diabetes.
  • the overall benefit experienced by the patient may simply be additive of the two therapeutic agents or the patient may experience a synergistic benefit.
  • combination therapies include use of certain compounds of the invention with agents found in the following pharmacotherapeutic classifications as indicated below. These lists should not be construed to be closed, but should instead serve as illustrative examples common to the relevant therapeutic area at present.
  • combination regimens may include a variety of routes of administration and should include oral, intravenous, intraocular, subcutaneous, dermal, and inhaled topical.
  • compounds according to the present invention may be administered with an agent selected from the group comprising: insulin, insulin derivatives and mimetics, insulin secretagogues, insulin sensitizers, biguanide agents, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, insulinotropic sulfonylurea receptor ligands, meglitinides, protein tyrosine phosphatase-lB (PTP-IB) inhibitors, GSK3 (glycogen synthase kinase-3) inhibitors , GLP-I (glucagon like peptide- 1), GLP-I analogs, DPPIV (dipeptidyl peptidase IV) inhibitors, RXR ligands, sodium- dependent glucose co-transporter (SGLT2) inhibitors, glycogen phosphorylase A inhibitors, an AGE breaker, PPAR modulators, non-glitazone type PPAR ⁇ agonist, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, cholesterol
  • compounds according to the present invention may be administered with an agent selected from the group comprising: insulin, metformin, Glipizide, glyburide, Amaryl, gliclazide, meglitinides, nateglinide, repaglinide, amylin mimetics (for example, pramlintide), PTP-112, SB- 517955, SB-4195052, SB-216763, NN-57-05441, NN-57-05445, GW-0791, AGN- 19 4 20 4, T-1095, BAY R3401, acarbose, miglitol, voglibose, Exendin-4, DPP728, LAF237, vildagliptin , BMS477118, PT-100, GSK-823093, PSN-9301, T-6666, SYR- 322, SYR-619, Liraglutide, CJC- 1134-PC, naliglutide, CJC- 1134-PC,
  • compounds according to the present invention may be administered with an agent selected from the group comprising: cholescystokinin-A (CCK-A) agonists, serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (for example sibutramine), dopamine agonists (for example, bromocriptine and like) sympathomimetic agents, ⁇ 3 adrenergic receptor agonists, leptin, leptin analogues, leptin receptor agonists, galanin antagonists, lipase inhibitors (for example Orlistat), Neuropeptide-Y antagonists, glucocorticoid receptor agonists or antagonists, cannabinoid 1 receptor antagonists (for example, rimonabant and like), ciliary neurotropic factors (CNTF, for example Axokine), human agouti-related proteins (AGRP), ghrelin receptor antagonists, histamine 3 receptor antagonists, appetite suppressants (for example,
  • CCK-A cholesc
  • compounds according to the present invention may be administered with an agent selected from the group comprising: corticosteroids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, muscle relaxants and combinations thereof with other agents, anaesthetics and combinations thereof with other agents, expectorants and combinations thereof with other agents, antidepressants, anticonvulsants and combinations thereof; antihypertensives, opioids, topical cannabinoids, and other agents, such as capsaicin.
  • an agent selected from the group comprising: corticosteroids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, muscle relaxants and combinations thereof with other agents, anaesthetics and combinations thereof with other agents, expectorants and combinations thereof with other agents, antidepressants, anticonvulsants and combinations thereof; antihypertensives, opioids, topical cannabinoids, and other agents, such as capsaicin.
  • compounds according to the present invention may be administered with an agent selected from the group comprising: betamethasone dipropionate (augmented and nonaugemnted), betamethasone valerate, clobetasol propionate, prednisone, methyl prednisolone, diflorasone diacetate, halobetasol propionate, amcinonide, dexamethasone, dexosimethasone, fluocinolone acetononide, fluocinonide, halocinonide, clocortalone pivalate, dexosimetasone, flurandrenalide, salicylates, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, etodolac, diclofenac, meclofenamate sodium, naproxen, piroxicam, celecoxib, cyclobenzaprine, baclofen, cyclobenzaprine/lidocaine, ba
  • the multiple therapeutic agents may be administered in any order or even simultaneously. If simultaneously, the multiple therapeutic agents may be provided in a single, unified form, or in multiple forms (by way of example only, either as a single pill or as two separate pills). One of the therapeutic agents may be given in multiple doses, or both may be given as multiple doses. If not simultaneous, the timing between the multiple doses may be any duration of time ranging from a few minutes to four weeks.
  • certain embodiments provide methods for treating TGR5 -mediated disorders in a human or animal subject in need of such treatment comprising administering to said subject an amount of a compound disclosed herein effective to reduce or prevent said disorder in the subject, in combination with at least one additional agent for the treatment of said disorder that is known in the art.
  • certain embodiments provide therapeutic compositions comprising at least one compound disclosed herein in combination with one or more additional agents for the treatment of TGR5 -mediated disorders.
  • diabetes type I and type II
  • conditions associated with diabetic diseases which include, but are not limited to, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, inadequate glucose tolerance, impaired glucose metabolism, diabetic nephropathy, glomerulosclerosis, diabetic neuropathy, erectile dysfunction, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, chronic microvascular complications, peripheral vascular disease, cataracts, stroke, foot ulcerations, renal failure, kidney disease, ketosis, metabolic acidosis, and related disorders, obesity, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, allergic diseases, fatty liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, liver fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, anorexia nervosa, bulimia vervosa, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, chronic o
  • the disease is obesity and the effects to be achieved in a human or animal patient include decreasing body weight and controlling weight gain.
  • the disease is associated with perturbed bile acid metabolism, including, but not limited to gall bladder stones, cholecystitis, cholangitis, choledocholithiasis, jaundice, and obstetric cholestasis and the itch associated with it.
  • perturbed bile acid metabolism including, but not limited to gall bladder stones, cholecystitis, cholangitis, choledocholithiasis, jaundice, and obstetric cholestasis and the itch associated with it.
  • the disease is a hyperproliferative condition of the human or animal body, including, but not limited to restenosis, inflammation, immune disorders, cardiac hypertrophy, atherosclerosis, pain, migraine, angiogenesis-related conditions or disorders, proliferation induced after medical conditions, including but not limited to surgery, angioplasty, or other conditions.
  • the compositions of the present invention are useful as anti-inflammatory agents with the additional benefit of having significantly less harmful side effects.
  • compositions are useful to treat arthritis, including but not limited to rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthropathies, gouty arthritis, osteoarthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, juvenile arthritis, acute rheumatic arthritis, enteropathic arthritis, neuropathic arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and pyogenic arthritis.
  • the compositions may also be used in the treatment of pulmonary inflammation, such as that associated with viral infections and cystic fibrosis.
  • the invention further extends to the particular inflammatory disease rheumatoid arthritis.
  • inflammatory diseases which may be prevented or treated include, without limitation: asthma, allergies, respiratory distress syndrome or acute or chronic pancreatitis.
  • respiratory system diseases may be prevented or treated including but not limited to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary fibrosis, ulcerative colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, peptic ulceration, gastritis, psoriasis, and skin inflammation.
  • the disease to be treated by the methods of the present invention may be an ophthalmologic disorder.
  • Ophthalmologic diseases and other diseases in which angiogenesis plays a role in pathogenesis may be treated or prevented and include, without limitation, dry eye (including Sjogren's syndrome), macular degeneration, closed and wide angle glaucoma, retinal ganglion degeneration, occular ischemia, retinitis, retinopathies, uveitis, ocular photophobia, and of inflammation and pain associated with acute injury to the eye tissue.
  • the compositions can be used to treat glaucomatous retinopathy and/or diabetic retinopathy.
  • the disease to be treated by the methods of the present invention may be an autoimmune disease.
  • Autoimmune diseases which may be prevented or treated include, but are not limited to: rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, inflammatory pain, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, periodontal disease, temporomandibular joint disease, multiple sclerosis, diabetes, glomerulonephritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, chronic thyroiditis, Grave's disease, hemolytic anemia, autoimmune gastritis, autoimmune neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, chronic active hepatitis, myasthenia gravis, atopic dermatitis, graft vs.
  • Inflammatory diseases which may be prevented or treated include, but are not limited to: asthma, allergies, respiratory distress syndrome or acute or chronic pancreatitis.
  • the invention further extends to the particular autoimmune disease rheumatoid arthritis.
  • Metabolic diseases which may be treated or prevented include, without limitation, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.
  • the compositions of the subject invention can be used to treat insulin resistance and other metabolic disorders such as atherosclerosis that are typically associated with an exaggerated inflammatory signaling.
  • compositions of the present invention are also useful in treating tissue damage in such diseases as vascular diseases, migraine headaches, periarteritis nodosa, thyroiditis, aplastic anemia, Hodgkin's disease, sclerodoma, rheumatic fever, type I diabetes, neuromuscular junction disease including myasthenia gravis, white matter disease including multiple sclerosis, sarcoidosis, nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, Behcet's syndrome, polymyositis, gingivitis, periodontis, hypersensitivity, swelling occurring after injury, ischemias including myocardial ischemia, cardiovascular ischemia, and ischemia secondary to cardiac arrest, and the like.
  • These compositions can also be used to treat allergic rhinitis, respiratory distress syndrome, endotoxin shock syndrome, and atherosclerosis.
  • the disease to be treated by the methods of the present invention may be a cardiovascular condition.
  • said cardiovascular condition is selected from the group consisting of atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, idiopathic cardiomyopathies, heart failure, angiogenesis-related conditions or disorders, and proliferation induced after medical conditions, including, but not limited to restenosis resulting from surgery and angioplasty.
  • certain compounds and formulations disclosed herein may also be useful for veterinary treatment of companion animals, exotic animals and farm animals, including mammals, rodents, and the like. More preferred animals include horses, dogs, and cats.
  • Examples 1-10 can be synthesized using the general synthetic procedure set forth in Scheme I: Pyyrole is reacted with ethylmagnesium bromide followed by an acid chloride 1-1 to give compound 1-2. Compound 1-2 is then alkylated with chloride 1-3 using standard conditions to give Boc protected compound 1-4, which is then deprotected using acid to give compound 1-5. Compound 1-5 is then cyclized to give compound 1-6, which is further reduced to diazepine derivative 1-7. Diazepine derivative 1-7 is then further reacted with an acid chloride, benzyl bromide or isocyanate to give desired compound 1-8. These compounds can exist as mixtures of stereoisomers. These can be separated by a variety of methods, including by HPLC using a column with a chiral stationary phase.
  • Example 11 can be synthesized using the general synthetic procedure set forth in Scheme II: 2,4-Dimethylpyrrole is reacted with ethylmagnesium bromide followed by an acid chloride II- 1 to give compound II-2. Compound II-2 is then alkylated with chloride II-3 using standard conditions to give Boc protected compound II-4, which is then deprotected using acid to give compound II-5. Compound II-5 is then cyclized to give compound II-6, which is further reduced to diazepine derivative II-7. Diazepine derivative II-7 is then further reacted with an acid chloride, benzyl bromide or isocyanate to give desired compound II-8. These compounds can exist as mixtures of stereoisomers. These can be separated by a variety of methods, including by HPLC using a column with a chiral stationary phase. Scheme III
  • Example 12 can be synthesized using the general synthetic procedure set forth in Scheme III: Imidazole is alkylated with chloride IH-I to give functionalized imidazole III-2. The Boc group of III-2 is then removed with acid and reprotected to give benzophenone imine III-3. The imidazole of compound III-3 is then deprotonated with n-butyllithium and reacted with acid chloride III-4 to give compound III-5. The benzophenone group of III-5 is then removed using HCl and compound III-6 is formed by stirring in methanol. Compound III-6 is then further reduced to give diazepine III-7 which is then reacted with an acid chloride to give the desired compound III-8. These compounds can exist as mixtures of stereoisomers. These can be separated by a variety of methods, including by HPLC using a column with a chiral stationary phase. Scheme IV
  • Example 13 can be synthesized using the general synthetic procedure set forth in Scheme IV: Pyrazole is protected with para-methoxybenzyl (PMB) to give compound IV-I .
  • Compound IV-I is then metallated with butyllithium and reacted with an acid chloride IV-2 to give pyrazole IV-3.
  • the PMB group is then removed to give compound IV-4, which is then alkylated with chloride IV-5 to give compound IV-6.
  • the Boc group is then removed with acid and the compound cyclized to give compound IV-7.
  • Compound IV-7 is then reduced to give diazepine IV-8 which is reacted with an acid chloride to give desired compounds IV-9.
  • These compounds can exist as mixtures of stereoisomers. These can be separated by a variety of methods, including by HPLC using a column with a chiral stationary phase.
  • Phenyl(lH-pyrrol-2-yl)methanone Into a 250 ml roundbottom flask was placed a solution of ethylmagnesium bromide (16.7 g, 125.28 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in ether (40 ml). This was followed by the addition of a solution of lH-pyrrole (8.4 g, 125.30 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in ether (40 ml), which was added dropwise with stirring, while the temperature was maintained at reflux. The resulting solution was allowed to react for 0.5 hours while the temperature was maintained at reflux.
  • Example 2 A similar procedure to Example 1 was followed. 3,5-Bis- trifluoromethylphenylcarbonyl chloride (124 mg, 0.45 mmol) was added to a solution of l-o-tolyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrrolo[l,2-a][l,4]diazepine (85 mg, 0.38 mmol) and triethylamine (115 mg, 1.14 mmol) in methylene chloride (5 mL) at room temperature.
  • 3,5-Bis- trifluoromethylphenylcarbonyl chloride 124 mg, 0.45 mmol
  • l-o-tolyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrrolo[l,2-a][l,4]diazepine 85 mg, 0.38 mmol
  • triethylamine 115 mg, 1.14 mmol
  • Example 2 A similar procedure to Example 1 was followed. 3,5- difluorophenylcarbonyl chloride (88 mg, 0.5 mmol) was added to a solution of 1-p- tolyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrrolo[l,2-a][l,4]diazepine (113 mg, 0.5 mmol) and triethylamine (126 mg, 1.25 mmol) in methylene chloride (5 mL) at room temperature.
  • 3,5- difluorophenylcarbonyl chloride 88 mg, 0.5 mmol
  • 1-p- tolyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrrolo[l,2-a][l,4]diazepine 113 mg, 0.5 mmol
  • triethylamine 126 mg, 1.25 mmol
  • reaction was stirred for 1 hr, then applied directly to a silica gel column (0-100% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to give (2-fluorophenyl)(l-o-tolyl-4,5-dihydro-lH-pyrrolo[l,2- a][l,4]diazepin-2(3H)-yl)methanone as a yellow oil.
  • N-(Diphenylmethylene)-3-(lH-imidazol-l-yl)propan-l-amine A mixture of 3-(lH-imidazol-l-yl)propan-l-amine dihydrochloride (15 g, 75.76 mmol, 1.00 equiv) and benzophenone (30 g, 164.84 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in xylene (300 ml) was refluxed 36 hours. The solution was then concentrated by evaporation. This resulted in 17 g (77.6%)of N-(diphenylmethylene)-3-(lH-imidazol-l-yl)propan-l- amine as yellow oil.
  • HEK293 cells stably expressing TGR5 were established by stably transfecting HEK-293 cells with an expression vector (pcDNA 3.1, Invetrogen) inserted with human TGR5 cDNA using Fugene ⁇ (Roche, Indianapolis, IN) according to conventional methods.
  • Cells were grown in DMEM (invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) supplemented with 10% FBS, 1% penicillin/streptomycin under geneticin selection.
  • the presence of TGR5 transcripts in these cells was confirmed using branched DNA (bDNA, Genospectra, Inc., Fremont CA) following the manufacturer's protocol and using specific probes for human TGR5.
  • cAMP production assay was performed in high throughput 1536 well format using LANCE cAMP detection kit (Perkin Elmer Inc., Boston, MA) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Briefly, HEK293-TGR5 cells were harvested using non-enzymatic cell dissociation buffer (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) and suspended in DMEM supplemented with 0.1% FBS at a density of 800,000 cells/ml. Alexa antibody was added to the cell suspension, and 4 ul of the mixture was dispensed in white opaque tissue culture treated Greiner 1536 well plates (USA Scientific, Inc., Ocala, FL).
  • NCI-H716 cells, human enteroendocrine (ATCC# CCL-251) have been shown to express TGR5 (Maruyama T. et al, BBRC 298, 714-719, 2002) and to secrete GLP-I in response to nutrients such as fatty acids and meat hydolysate (Reimer R. et al, Endocrinology 142: 4522-4528).
  • Cells were cultured and maintained in RPMI 1640 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) supplemented with 10% FBS, 1% penicillin/streptomycin and 1% sodium pyruvate.

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Abstract

Cette invention concerne des composés hétérocycliques utilisés en tant que modulateurs de TGR5 ainsi que des méthodes permettant de traiter ou de prévenir des maladies métaboliques, cardiovasculaires et inflammatoires.
PCT/US2007/085267 2006-11-28 2007-11-20 Modulateurs hétérocycliques de tgr5 WO2008067222A1 (fr)

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WO2011140160A1 (fr) 2010-05-06 2011-11-10 Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Composés hétéroaryles bicycliques en tant que modulateurs de gpr119
WO2011157827A1 (fr) 2010-06-18 2011-12-22 Sanofi Dérivés d'azolopyridin-3-one en tant qu'inhibiteurs de lipases et de phospholipases
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WO2009032754A2 (fr) * 2007-08-31 2009-03-12 Kalypsys, Inc. Modulateurs des récepteurs cannabinoïdes à base d' hétérocyclodiazépine pour traiter une maladie
WO2009032754A3 (fr) * 2007-08-31 2009-08-13 Kalypsys Inc Modulateurs des récepteurs cannabinoïdes à base d' hétérocyclodiazépine pour traiter une maladie
WO2009074743A1 (fr) * 2007-09-27 2009-06-18 Ipsen Pharma S.A.S. Derives des pyrazolo-pyrazines comme inhibiteurs de proteines g
WO2011140160A1 (fr) 2010-05-06 2011-11-10 Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Composés hétéroaryles bicycliques en tant que modulateurs de gpr119
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