Classifications

• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
  • F42D—BLASTING
  • F42D1/00—Blasting methods or apparatus, e.g. loading or tamping
  • F42D1/08—Tamping methods; Methods for loading boreholes with explosives; Apparatus therefor
  • F42D1/22—Methods for holding or positioning for blasting cartridges or tamping cartridges
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
  • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
  • F42B3/00—Blasting cartridges, i.e. case and explosive
  • F42B3/087—Flexible or deformable blasting cartridges, e.g. bags or hoses for slurries

Definitions

• the invention relates to an explosive cartridge.
• the invention relates to a method of arranging an explosive cartridge in a blast hole.
• the invention relates to the use of an explosive cartridge for material fragmentation, particularly for any type of rock, rock mass, concrete or comparable material fragmentation.
• Explosive cartridges may be used in many technical fields for any type of rock, rock mass, concrete or comparable material fragmentation.
• US 3,323,455 discloses a container for explosives for use in an expansible explosive cartridge having structurally weak rupturable portions formed by chemical action in situ on the container. These weak rupturable portions help to break the cartridge at predefined positions when tamped inside a borehole.
• WO 2000/79212 discloses a method for setting and igniting a charge of explosives for geological investigations, comprising the following steps: a hole is drilled in the ground which is to be investigated; an explosion chamber is hollowed out, whereby said explosion chamber has an expanded form in relation to the bore hole at the end of said bore hole; an ignition element and an explosive container containing an explosive in a protective blister surrounding the ignition element are lowered down into the explosion chamber; the explosive is pressed out of the explosive container into the explosive chamber and the ignition element is ignited.
• a pump and a small diameter hose are replaced through which a borehole enlarged at the bottom could be completely filled as well.
• US 3,696,703 discloses a water-proof package for water-sensitive bulk- loaded blasting agents comprising an inner and outer plastic tube and mounted between them a liner folded up onto the inner tube in concertina fashion, said tubes being fitted with a constriction to retain the liner within the tubes and with a cap to protect the bottom end of the assembly, wherein the package is attachable to a loading hose for blasting agent and the liner is pushed out through the bottom end of the outer tube by the loading hose or the blasting agent, when charging commences.
• US 4,813,358 discloses an inflatable wand for positioning within an upward oriented, mining borehole and near a lower collar opening thereof wherein the wand provides a conduit for introducing and retaining liquid explosive materials within the borehole.
• the wand includes a flexible tube with longitudinally oriented reinforcing fibers embedded in an elastic composition such as rubber.
• the tube is constructed to permit radial elongation in response to a force arising within the tube and directed radially outward, but to restrain against axial elongation during use. Such radial elongation arises because of back pressure developed by the flowing explosive as it is impeded at a valve outlet at the distal end of the wand. Enlargement of the wand seals the opening of the borehole without destruction of the elastic material on sharp points and edges of the borehole collar.
• an explosive cartridge In order to achieve the object defined above, an explosive cartridge, a method of arranging an explosive cartridge in a blast hole, and the use of an explosive cartridge for material fragmentation according to the independent claims are provided.
• an explosive cartridge for generating an explosion in a blast hole comprising a flexible casing for containing an explosive, and a mechanism for expanding the casing in a first direction and for simultaneously contracting the casing in a second direction which differs from the first direction.
• a method of arranging an explosive cartridge for generating an explosion in a blast hole comprising inserting the explosive cartridge in the blast hole, and expanding a casing of the explosive cartridge in a first direction and simultaneously contracting the casing in a second direction which differs from the first direction.
• an explosive cartridge having the above mentioned features may be used in the field of material fragmentation (particularly for any type of rock, rock mass, concrete or comparable material fragmentation).
• casing may particularly denote the portion of the explosive cartridge which portion has a (for instance continuous) inner surface surrounding the explosive (such as a non-loose explosive sealed by a surrounding flexible casing) entirely.
• the casing may define a sealed space accommodating explosive material, particularly accommodating explosive material of a fixed and defined amount.
• an explosive cartridge or a bullet is provided for use in mining applications or the like, wherein the explosive cartridge can be lowered in a previously formed blast hole and can be installed at the bottom of the borehole, that is to say in a deepest portion, of the blast hole. Due to the necessity to lower the explosive cartridge, the lowest part of the blast hole is not entirely filled with the explosive cartridge in a lateral direction directly after insertion.
• a cartridge-internal mechanism may be activated which expands an outer lower portion of the explosive cartridge so that the lower portion of the activated cartridge fills a larger or even the entire lateral space at the deepest portion of the blast hole.
• an extension of the explosive cartridge in lowering (or length) direction is reduced by contracting the explosive cartridge when expanding the cartridge in the other direction, so that the density of explosive contained within the cartridge is not reduced by the lateral extension. This may make it possible to efficiently install the explosive cartridge in a blast hole, and to enable an efficient force transmission in a subsequent detonation.
• embodiments of the invention may make it possible that essentially the entire cross-section of a bore hole is filled with the cartridge. Therefore, material crushing in the deepest portion of the blast hole during a detonation may be promoted.
• a lateral expansion of the cartridge may be triggered in a controlled manner. Therefore, it may be ensured that the cartridge fills essentially the entire cross-section of the blast hole, particularly in a deepest portion of a blast hole, that is to say in a blind hole of the blast hole.
• This functionally combined length contraction and lateral expansion of the cartridge may be performed before the actual detonation, in other words when preparing or installing the cartridge for an efficient subsequent detonation.
• the available cross- section of the bore hole may be essentially completely be used to be filled with the cartridge. This may improve the force transmission between explosive and surrounding rock material during the detonation.
• An explosive cartridge according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention may be used in single or multiple hole and single or multiple row blasting. For instance, in a rectangular drill hole pattern with a certain distance of the holes from the next free face (burden) and with a certain distance between the holes (side spacing) a number of blast holes may be drilled in the ground. A number of blast holes (for instance one hundred) may then be filled with explosive cartridges. Using the cartridges, the ignition of the holes maybe carried out sequentially and/or simultaneously.
• the explosive force may be improved or optimized and the specific explosives energy input into the blasted material maybe increased.
• the functional coupling or combination of the radial expansion and the longitudinal contraction may enable to obtain these and other advantages.
• An outer casing of the explosive cartridge may be manufactured of a mechanically flexible material so as to allow the expansion and simultaneous contraction to be carried out without being destroyed.
• this purpose requires a certain flexibility which allows a sufficiently large expansion/contraction of at least a part of the casing without being damaged.
• this purpose may require a flexibility which is not too pronounced, so as to hold the components contained within the casing without a significant deformation of the casing.
• polyethylene with a thickness of 0.5 mm may be appropriate for these purposes.
• An alternative material for the casing may be a rubber-type material.
• the thickness of a material of the casing may vary in a vertical direction, so that a high flexibility may be obtained in the deepest portion of the bore hole and a larger rigidity may be obtained at an upper portion of the cartridge in the bore hole.
• plastics or other materials having a varying, that is to say spatially dependent rigidity may be used.
• a polyethylene foil may be used for the casing having a thickness of 1 mm in an upper portion of the cartridge, and 0.5 mm in the deepest portion of the cartridge.
• a highly efficient expansion cartridge may be provided.
• Such an expansion cartridge may comprise an explosive cartridge covered by a flexible plastic material. Triggered by a chemical reaction or by compressed air or a mechanical mechanism, the length of the cartridge may be reduced, and at the same time an expansion of the explosive cartridge in a radial direction may be carried out.
• an expansion cartridge according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention does not use an isolated lateral swelling or expansion of the cartridge triggered by a chemical reaction, which would result in a reduction of the density of the explosive charge.
• embodiments of the invention combine such an expansion of the cartridge in a lateral direction with a contraction of the cartridge in a length direction, thereby providing a two-dimensional solution for maintaining a high density of the explosive charge.
• a system for manufacture of an explosive charge with a reduced length and a simultaneous expansion in a radial direction may be provided.
• blast holes For blasting in the field of surface mining and quarry, vertical or inclined blast holes may be drilled in the rock mass typically parallel to a wall to be broken. These blast holes can be subdrilled to a certain extent of for instance 1/3 of the burden (the burden may be the distance between the bore hole and the wall to be broken).
• the deepest portion of the blast hole is in many cases filled with water and/or with muddy water.
• a properly fitting loading of the deepest portion of the blast hole and a reliable sinking of the explosive cartridges to the deepest portion of the blast hole is important for achieving a proper blasting result with regard to a reliable breaking of the lowest portion of a wall to be broken.
• the cartridges When employing gelatinous explosive with a slightly higher density for loading the deepest portion of the blast hole, the cartridges reliably sink to the deepest portion of the blast hole. However, in such a situation, the deepest portion of the blast hole is only insufficiently used with regard to the blast hole cross-section.
• Forming slits in the explosive cartridges does not solve this problem entirely:
• a lateral expansion of the cartridge may occur, so that it will be prevented that the entire bore hole cross section is filled by the cartridge.
• Each increase of the loading density results in an improved blasting quality and enables to select a larger burden, that is to say a larger distance between the bore hole and the wall to be broken by the explosion.
• increasing the burden has a large economical importance for blasting, since this may result in a significantly increased amount of rock per blast hole.
• an increase of the burden may in principle depend (for example with a square function) from an increase of the drill pattern, and thus with a larger amount of rock per blast hole.
• an initiation charge (booster charge) is first inserted into the deepest portion of the bore hole with a detonator fixed thereto.
• This booster charge for instance TNT, i.e. Trinitrotoluene, or PETN, i.e. Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate
• TNT Trinitrotoluene
• PETN i.e. Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate
• the inserted explosive material When subsequently loading loose explosive charge, the inserted explosive material may be mixed in a strong manner with the mud in the water in the deepest portion of the blast hole. This may result in the fact that between the pumped or inserted explosive and the booster charge in the deepest portion of the bore hole, only an insufficient contact is obtained. This may result in a non-successful ignition and/or to a bad initiation of the inserted main explosive.
• a further circumstance which may be observed when pumping the explosive in the blast hole is the fact that strong currents of the water and the explosive may be formed in the deepest portion of the bore hole.
• the booster which has been previously inserted in the blast hole may be pressed out of the deepest portion of the blast hole when pumping the explosive in the blast hole.
• the booster may buoy upwards several metres during the pumping. This upwardly buoying of booster charges inserted into the bore hole may also be the origin for many insufficient blast results, yielding a bad fragmentation result in the lowest portion of the bottom of the wall to be broken.
• an exemplary embodiment of the invention provides a system for manufacture of a bottom charge to be positioned in a deepest portion of a blast hole.
• a corresponding cartridge may therefore fill essentially the entire cross-section of the blast hole.
• a loading system for introducing an explosive charge in a bottom portion of a blast hole may include at least a part of the following components:
• a cartridge comprising an explosive material (for instance an emulsion explosive and/or a gelatinous explosive and/or a gel explosive and/or a single component explosive, for instance Nitropenta (Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate), TNT (Trinitrotoluene), Hexogen (Cyclotrimethylene trinitramine), etc.), preferably having a diameter of up to at the most essentially 2/3 of a diameter of the blast hole and/or of a density of larger than 1.4 g/cm 3 .
• an explosive material for instance an emulsion explosive and/or a gelatinous explosive and/or a gel explosive and/or a single component explosive, for instance Nitropenta (Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate), TNT (Trinitrotoluene), Hexogen (Cyclotrimethylene trinitramine), etc.
• an explosive material for instance an emulsion explosive and/or a gelatinous explosive and/or a gel explosive and
• the length of the explosive cartridge may be more than 500 mm, for example essentially 1000 mm.
• An enclosure of the cartridge may comprise an unbreakable elastic material, for instance made of a plastics.
• a bore hole charging system may be provided comprising an explosive cartridge embedded in a flexible plastic cover with a mechanism (for example provided with a chemical reaction system or a compressed air system or a mechanical device) for reducing the length of the explosive cartridge while simultaneously expanding the explosive cartridge in radial direction.
• a mechanism for example provided with a chemical reaction system or a compressed air system or a mechanical device
• the expansion of the explosive cartridge to the diameter of the blast hole may be effected by a mechanical device or by a reaction initiated by a chemical process or using compressed air.
• the activation of the expansion mechanism after the insertion of the cartridge in the deepest portion of the blast hole may occur by a mechanism to be activated from outside of or from an upper end of the bore hole (for instance using an igniter wire or a string, using a timing mechanism, by means of a delayed mechanical activation of a contraction spring, or by means of a delayed activated chemical reaction process).
• a mechanism to be activated from outside of or from an upper end of the bore hole for instance using an igniter wire or a string, using a timing mechanism, by means of a delayed mechanical activation of a contraction spring, or by means of a delayed activated chemical reaction process.
• embodiments of the invention may also perform a contraction of the explosive cartridge in longitudinal direction by a compressed fluid (like air).
• a small hole may be provided in which an electrical, or a non-electrical or an electronic detonator may be inserted. After charging of one, two or more such expansion cartridges in the deepest portion of a blast hole, a main mass of explosive charge may be deposited onto this bottom charge.
• Embodiments of the invention may allow to fill a bore hole in an improved manner, may allow to design the burden of the blast holes to the limit of the surrounding rock and may further ensure that the drilled bore hole volume is filled substantially entirely with explosive material. Thus, a ratio between a used portion of the bore hole and of the bore hole of almost 100% may be obtained.
• Embodiments of the invention may contribute to design a drill pattern for blast work with an efficiency which may be increased by 20 to 30 % ,or more.
• Implementing embodiments of the invention may enable to increase the filling degree of the blast holes when charging cartridged explosives from approximately 80% to essentially 100%.
• the expansion of the cartridge may be achieved by a corresponding shortening of the length of the cartridge, thereby engaging the walls of the bore hole by the laterally expanded cartridge and by simultaneously maintaining a high density of the explosive material.
• the flexible casing may comprise a plastic, particularly polyethylene, or may comprise a rubber-type material.
• plastic or non-plastic materials may be used if such a material allows the expansion in a radial and the compression in a longitudinal direction without being destroyed.
• the flexible casing may comprise a flexible portion and a rigid portion.
• the flexible portion may be located adjacent to a bottom of the casing and may be adapted to be positioned in a deepest part of the blast hole.
• the flexible portion may have a smaller thickness than the rigid portion.
• the flexible portion may be made of a material being more flexible than a material of which the rigid portion is made.
• the elasticity requirements may be met.
• the term "flexible” may particularly denote a portion of the casing having a value of the modules of elasticity which is smaller than a value of the modules of elasticity of a "rigid" portion of the casing.
• the mechanism may be adapted in such a manner that the first direction is essentially perpendicular to the second direction.
• a lateral expansion may be functionally combined with a longitudinal compression, the longitudinal axis being perpendicular to the lateral direction.
• the mechanism may comprise at least one of the group consisting of a mechanical pull mechanism, a mechanical push mechanism, a spring mechanism, a pneumatically activatable mechanism, a chemically activatable mechanism, a magnetically activatable mechanism, and an electrically activatable mechanism.
• Mechanical, spring-based, pneumatic and chemically activatable embodiments are illustrated in the figures explained below.
• a magnetically activatable mechanism may comprise, for instance, a permanent magnet and an electromagnet, wherein activation of the electromagnet by applying an appropriate current may generate a magnetic force which generates a repulsive force acting on the permanent magnet, forcing the permanent magnet to be moved in a downward direction.
• the contraction in a longitudinal direction may be initiated by such a magnetic trigger.
• electric forces may be used to initiate the longitudinal compression, for instance using a capacitor.
• the plates of the capacitor may be charged with electric charges of the same polarity, thereby forcing a lower capacitor plate to go downward under the influence of an electric force, resulting in a compression in the longitudinal direction.
• the combined contraction-expansion mechanism may be activated from a remote position.
• a human operator standing outside of the bore hole may operate the mechanism of the explosive cartridge even in an operation state in which the explosive cartridge is inserted into a blast hole.
• This may allow to trigger the mechanism in a wired or wireless manner.
• a wired triggering may include the transmission of a control signal via a wire, or a direct activation energy.
• a wireless transmission may include the transmission of electromagnetic waves as a trigger signal for initiating the activation.
• the term "remotely” may particularly denote the fact that the mechanism can be activated by a user being positioned far away from the cartridge, since the mechanism does not make it necessary for the user to directly touch or contact the cartridge.
• the mechanism may be activatable by a priming wire (an ignition wire), a string, a time switch, a delayed chemical reaction, and a delayed spring mechanism. Also a remote control may be used to trigger the activation from a remote position.
• a lowering unit may be provided and may be adapted for lowering the explosive cartridge into the blast hole. This may be performed using strings or the like.
• An explosive material may be contained in the casing.
• TNT or any other explosive material which may cause a detonation may be contained in the casing.
• An explosive charge accommodated in the cartridge may also comprises one of or a mixture of nitroglyceral, gun cotton, ammonium nitrate, cellulose and barium sulphate.
• the explosive cartridge may have a density of more than 1 g/cr ⁇ 3 , particularly of at least 1,5 g/cm 3 , more particularly of at least 2 g/cm 3 . . With such density values, it may be ensured that the explosive cartridge sinks in water (having a density of 1 g/cm 3 ), or even in muddy water which usually have a density of less than 1,5 g/cm 3 . More generally, the average density of the explosive cartridge may be larger than the density of the surrounding material (usually water and/or muddy water). This may ensure that the explosive cartridge securely sinks to the deepest portion of a blast hole without any external activity. When the explosive cartridge has a density of more than 1,5 g/cm 3 , it may be guaranteed that the cartridge reliably sinks to a deepest portion of the blast hole, even when the blast hole is at least partially filled with water and/or muddy water.
• a bottom portion of the explosive cartridge may comprise a small hole (for instance having a size of 6.9 mm) in which a detonator is inserted. This may allow to start the ignition and the blasting at the lowest portion of the blast hole which allows for an efficient detonation.
• Fig. 1 to Fig. 4 illustrate explosive cartridges according to exemplary embodiments of the invention.
• the explosive cartridge 100 is adapted for initiating, contributing or generating an explosion in a blast hole 101, that is to say in a hole extending along an essential longitudinal (for example vertical) direction 102 in a surrounding rock 103 which is indicated schematically in Fig. 1.
• the explosive cartridge 100 comprises a flexible casing 104 containing an explosive indicated schematically with reference numeral 105.
• the flexible casing 104 comprises a plastic foil made of polyethylene.
• a mechanism for expanding the casing 104 in a first direction 106 and for simultaneously contracting the casing 104 in a second direction 107 which is oriented essentially perpendicular to the first direction 106 is provided.
• the mechanism described is activatable from a remote position, that is to say from a position outside of the blast hole 101.
• a bottom portion of the explosive cartridge 100 comprises a small hole in which a detonator 108 is inserted.
• the activation of the mechanism is performed using a compressed air tube.
• a fixation 109 is shown which allows to fix a compressed air tube which is directed towards the blast hole opening. By taking this measure, an air pressure of 3 bar to 5 bar may be generated.
• a chamber 110 is provided into which the compressed air is injected and which forces an injection cartridge 111 to move in a downward direction 107.
• Reference numeral 111 denotes a double walled injection cartridge which is pressed inside of an expansion cartridge 112. A sliding direction of the injection cartridge 111 is indicated by the reference numeral 107.
• a thread guide or a groove guide is indicated with reference numeral 113.
• the expansion cartridge 112 is filled with a plastified explosive and is surrounded with a resilient, soft or elastic foil 104.
• a diameter of the explosive cartridge 100, d may be in the order of magnitude of 80 mm, whereas a bore hole diameter, D, may be in the order of magnitude of 100 mm.
• a diameter of the explosive cartridge 100, d may be in the order of magnitude of 80 mm
• a bore hole diameter, D may be in the order of magnitude of 100 mm.
• the explosive cartridge 200 differs from the explosive cartridge 100 essentially in that, according to Fig. 2, the activation is initiated via a chemical reaction.
• a fixation 201 for a string for pulling out a cap after expanding the explosive cartridge 200 is provided.
• a chamber 202 is provided which is filled with two or more (solid, liquid or gaseous) components which generate a gas like carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) by a chemical reaction, and move the injection cartridge 111 in a downward direction due to the pressure of the generated gas.
• CO 2 carbon dioxide
• Fig. 3 differs from the embodiment in Fig. 1 essentially with regard to the fact that, according to Fig. 3, the activation is initiated using a mechanical rod.
• a fixation 301 for a mechanical member is provided which is guided to an outer bore hole opening and by means of which the injection cartridge 111 may be turned into the expansion cartridge 105.
• the embodiment of Fig. 4 differs from the embodiment of Fig. 1 essentially in that the activation is performed using a (biased) spring 401. Furthermore, a fixation 402 is provided for fixing two or more strings, one for lowering the explosive cartridge 400 and one for activating the spring 401.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Drilling And Exploitation, And Mining Machines And Methods (AREA)

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Citations (9)

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• 2007
  • 2007-09-27 WO PCT/EP2007/008441 patent/WO2008037483A1/en active Application Filing
  • 2007-09-27 US US12/442,802 patent/US20100107917A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2007-09-27 EP EP07818524A patent/EP2069710B1/de not_active Not-in-force

Patent Citations (9)

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