WO2008034437A1

WO2008034437A1 - Compressed fuel composed of renewable organic residues and/or raw materials and production thereof

Info

Publication number: WO2008034437A1
Application number: PCT/DE2007/001710
Authority: WO
Inventors: Herbert Georg Nopper
Original assignee: Herbert Georg Nopper
Priority date: 2006-09-22
Filing date: 2007-09-21
Publication date: 2008-03-27
Also published as: DE112007002839A5; US20090235578A1; NO20091584L; CA2698608A1; WO2008034437A8; RU2009114886A; EP2158308A1

Abstract

The invention relates to a compressed fuel composed of organic residues and/or raw materials having at least one additive for increasing the calorific value and for decreasing slag formation, which fuel consists of a fuel mixture which contains a) 72 to 83% by weight combustible organic residues and/or raw materials having a moisture of 8 to 20%, b) 15 to 25% by weight natural organic oils and/or fats for increasing the calorific value and c) 2 to 3% by weight sodium perborate for increasing the ash melting point and as oxygen supplier. As organic residues and/or raw materials, use is made of comminuted and naturally aged or artificially aged (by UV irradiation or by the addition of 0.1-0.3% by weight of age-promoting UV additives or UV absorbers) cereal straw of all types, sugar cane, bamboo, cotton plants, jute, sisal, hemp, ramie, rice straw, rice husks, Chinese silver grass, elephant grass, flax, coconut, kenaf, or esparto grass, into which, for improving penetrability, the oil and/or fat fraction with admixed surfactant fraction of 1-5% by weight based on the oil/fat fraction is added. In addition, the fuel mixture can contain 0.4-0.6% by weight of hexamethylenetetramine for supporting ignition and burning acceleration and soot reduction, and also 1.0-1.5 lignin for solidification. This fuel has scarcely any tendency to slag formation, has good burn-up behaviour and a calorific value of 6.8 kWh/kg, wherein the exhaust gas is free of fine dust and contains scarcely any measurable pollutants.

Description

Compressed fuel from renewable organic residues and / or raw materials and process for its production

The invention relates to a compressed fuel from organic residues and / or raw materials with at least one additive for heating value increase and to reduce slag formation and a method for producing such a fuel.

Fuels from compressed renewable organic resources, such as straw as a by-product of cereal or rape plant and other seed plants, but also wood waste, rapeseed cake as a waste product in oil production from oilseed rape u. Ä. Organic raw materials and residues are becoming increasingly important for energy production, in particular thermal energy, in both industrial and private sectors.

From DE 103 34 645 Al a compressed fuel is known, which consists of a mixture of wood in comminuted form and other organic by-products and residues, wherein the wood content in comminuted form between 20 and 80% and the remaining portion of other organic Components of renewable resources without binder. This fuel comes with a process prepared according to which the mixture before pressing on the mixing ratio of wood in crushed form and organic constituents to an input and press humidity between 5% to 40% is set and pressed. However, set in this way input and Pressfeuchte can lead to large variations in the humidity in the Brennetoffgemiseh, although may be irrelevant for the binder-free compression of the mixture itself, but negative, inter alia, on the density and the burning behavior of the fuel body and thus on the calorific value , which should be between 4.8 to 5 kWh / kg, and which causes smoke during combustion.

DE 10 2004 042 659 A1 discloses a shaped fuel body which, according to the method, is produced by mixing an agricultural waste material, a first additive to increase the calorific value and a second additive to reduce formation of slag to form a substance mixture and subsequent shaping of the substance mixture to give a shaped body. In this case, primary waste from the grain harvest is used as agricultural waste and as the first additive residual products from grain processing and as a second additive for reducing slag formation lime.

This composition of the fuel body consists essentially of straw and residual products of the grain processing, so that similar to the pure straw combustion of the combustion process takes place in four phases, namely 1. the evaporation of moisture, 2. the gasification, in which a combustible gas with a certain Content of carbon, hydrogen, methane and other hydrocarbons is formed, 3. the gas combustion, 4. the burning of the coke residues. In this combustion process is always a sufficient oxygen Secure supply to ensure complete combustion and to prevent that instead of carbon dioxide forms a larger proportion of carbon monoxide, which is released with the flue gas to the atmosphere. The sufficient supply of oxygen is, as known, achieved by a so-called excess air, which is higher than the theoretically required combustion air. Consequently, this excess of air increases the amount of flue gas to be discharged into the atmosphere, which in this combustion process is also associated, inter alia, with small ash particles, particulate matter and alkali salts, which additionally pollute the environment. However, the required excess air also means that these fuels can only be used in combustion plants that ensure additional air surplus.

But the calorific value is not significantly improved with these fuel bodies compared to comparable fuels and should be approximately in the vicinity of wood so at about 5.0 kWh / kg.

Furthermore, the ash of fuels from agricultural raw materials is not without problems due to the mineral components, such as silicates, which are known to have a low melting point. It has been shown that even at temperatures of ≤ 600 ° C, the ash can become sticky, which leads to slag formation and bonding of the grates, which is very disadvantageous especially for smaller boiler. Although the slag formation can be reduced by the proposed additive lime but not permanently prevented.

The object of the present invention is therefore to improve the abovementioned fuels from renewable organic residues and / or raw materials in that the fuel can be used in each furnace, an improved Has burn-through behavior and a higher calorific value with less smoke and which is almost soot-free and emission-free during combustion and has an ash softening point, which permanently prevents slag formation and thus sticking of the grates, and to propose a method of production, which is energy-reduced in a continuous implementation and ensures a consistent quality of the fuel.

This object is achieved according to the invention with a compressed fuel from renewable organic residue and / or raw materials, in which the fuel mixture from - 72 to 83 wt.% Combustible organic residues and / or raw materials having a moisture content of 8 to 20%,

15 to 25% by weight of natural organic oils and / or fats

- for heating value increase and

- 2 to 3 wt.% Sodium perborate to increase the Asσhe- melting point and as an oxygen supplier consists.

It has surprisingly been found that with this fuel composition, a compressed fuel can be produced from organic substances, which has a calorific value of approximately 6.8 kWh / kg, which is considerably higher than the calorific value of fuels, with significantly improved burn through behavior made of pressed straw; Wood; Wood / straw and can even be settled approximately in the range of the calorific value of liquid gas.

With the proportion of natural oils and / or fats, which are known to have a good adhesion behaviors, could be dispensed with additions of native or modified starch and Dust formation during combustion are prevented, so that the derived flue gases are almost free of particulate matter.

As a result of the proportion of sodium perborate, which, as is generally known, continuously releases its oxygen content (approx. 9.9%) during heating, the combustion process is also maintained without an additional excess of air and with a sufficient oxygen content until the fuel bodies are completely burnt. Consequently, these fuels are suitable for all fireplaces where no additional excess air can be guaranteed. Rather, by the continuous and sufficient oxygen content is released during the heating of the sodium perborate, smoldering fires whose flue gas can be loaded with an increased carbon monoxide, completely avoided.

In addition, the sodium perborate passes when heated in oxoborate and is anhydrous, so that the ash softening point can be increased to about 815 ° C to 1098 ⁰ C. At this ash softening point, the ash no longer becomes tacky so that slagging and caking thereof to the grate can be ruled out.

It is advantageous if this mixture contains 0.4 to 0.6% hexamethylenetetramine based on the total mass. Hexamethylenetetramine aids in the ignition of the fuel and significantly promotes combustion burn-up of the fuel and soot reduction.

It is also advantageous if this mixture contains 1.0% to 1.5% lignin based on the total mass. Lignin promotes the Solidification of the compressed fuel and leaves after combustion almost no or only insignificant pollutants in the flue gas or in the ash.

In order to further increase the ash softening point, up to 3% of the mixture, based on the total mass of the fuel mixture, may contain a further powdered additive or a water-soluble additive having a pH ≥ 7 for increasing the ash softening point.

These additives are preferably borax or sodium metasilicate or trinatium octaborate or zinc borate or trisodium phosphate or ammonium sulfates or similar chemical substances capable of raising the ash softening point.

The used organic residues and / or raw materials are preferably cereal straw of all kinds, sugar cane, bamboo, cotton perennials, jute, sisal, hemp, ramie, rice straw, rice husks, miscanthus, elephant grass, flax, coconut, kenaf or alfagras. With these types of residues and raw materials, in connection with the proposed composition of the compressed fuel, approximately the same calorific values could be achieved, but also dense and compressed fuels with good meterability could be produced.

The mixture content of the organic residues and / or raw materials can also consist of 50-58% by weight of organic residues and / or raw materials and 22-25% by weight of rapeseed cake. This proportion of mixture advantageously influences the economic production of the proposed fuel, the calorific value being at the same time distinguished by the remaining high-energy residual oil content in the rapeseed cake, which differs depending on the method used for obtaining oil from oilseed rape. can be high, cost can be further increased. In addition, at the same time economical and environmentally friendly disposal of rape cake, if it can not be used as animal feed due to its high protein content.

But the mixture content of natural organic oils and / or fats in this fuel from 13 to 21 wt.% Natural organic oils and / or fats and 2-4 wt.% Fuselöl exist.

Advantageously, in this case, the fusel oils are homologs of ethyl alcohol or higher alcohols, such as amyl alcohol. Since, as known, fusel oils reduce the viscosity of oils and fats, the penetration of organic raw materials can be promoted with a mixture of oil and / or fat / fusel oil. Consequently, the cost of the fuel due to the lower cost fuselage oils can be made more economical without the combustion process or the calorific value of the fuel is impaired or the Rauσhgas is additionally burdened with pollutants.

A fuel in general, in particular fuels used in open hearths, such as in the chimney, may contain the mixture for compressing the fuel also based on the amount of oil 1.5 to 3 wt.% An odor improver.

The odor improver is preferably an oil-soluble essential oil, such as spruce needle, clove or citrus or desert fragrance oil. These odor improvers are miscible in oil and showed in a proportion of 1.5 to 3 wt.% Based on the amount of oil no negative influence on the combustion of the fuels and the exhaust gas to be discharged.

It is also advantageous if the mixture, based on the mass of the total mixture, contains 1.5 to 3% by weight of an air-entraining agent.

This air entraining agent is preferably a powdered sodium lauryl sulfate or sodium dodecyl sulfate or a sodium lauryl sulfate or sodium dodecyl sulfate dissolved in water and having a pH of ≥ 7.

Air-entraining agents with a pH> 7 are not toxic but biodegradable and, on the one hand, additionally increase the oxygen content in the fuel, which favors incineration, and on the other hand contain masked surfactants which improve the penetration of the organic residual and / or raw materials ,

The organic residual and / or raw materials used are naturally naturally aged and suitably seasoned neuro raw materials or old raw materials, such as, for example, gray straw.

These raw materials include the chemical and partially aggressive substances such as silicate, chlorine, potassium and others. Containing organic residues and / or raw materials and having a corrosive effect on the boiler system and flue gas pipes or affect the combustion process or the ash, partially degraded by weathering.

The organic residual and / or raw materials used can also be artificially and application-relieved residual and / or raw materials for breaking down the chemical and partially aggressive substances. For artificial aging, based on the mass of the organic residue and / or raw material fraction, the organic residue and / or raw material contains 0.1 to 0.3% by weight of a UV absorber having a preferred pH ≥ 7 or an UV promoting the aging Added additive with a preferred pH ≥ 7 or the organic residues and / or raw materials are alternatively pretreated with UV rays. Thus, the duration of the aging process can be limited to a very short time and waived on storage areas for long-term aging by weathering and the production process of the fuels are carried out more economically.

In order to achieve improved penetration of the organic residual and / or raw materials, it is advantageous if the mixture of organic residual and / or raw materials with the metered oil and / or fat content or the ready-mixed fuel mixture is subjected to a vacuum impregnation. In this way, the stored gas (air) is removed from the pores of the organic residual and / or raw materials and thus substantially increases the absorption capacity of the residual and / or raw materials for the oil and / or fat. As a result, the compression process and the combustion process are significantly promoted and the compressed fuels are given higher density and stability.

To improve the penetration has proved to be particularly advantageous if the fuel mixture based on the oil and / or fat content contains an addition of 1-5 wt.% Surfactants having a pH ≥ 7.

Advantageously, the admixed surfactants are from the group of ampholytic or amphoteric surfactants, wherein preferably ampholytic or amphoteric surfactants are used, which have as a basis a fatty acid from coconut oil or palm oil or jatropha oil.

It has surprisingly been found that with surfactants, the surface tension of the residual and / or raw materials can be reduced so much that organic residues are highly penetrable, so that when adding surfactants to an additional vacuum impregnation of the raw material-oil mixture or the fuel mixture can be dispensed with. Consequently, the manufacturing process of the fuel can be made much more economical.

In addition, surfactants with a pH ≥ 7 are in the alkaline range and are therefore not dangerous goods, in particular ampholytic or amphoteric surfactants containing a fatty acid of coconut oil, palm oil or jatropha oil are readily biodegradable and the combustion of the Fuel and do not affect the exhaust gases.

Burning tests have also shown that with a fuel mixture containing surfactants, it is also possible to achieve a calorific value of approximately 6.8 kWh / kg and greater, whereby the fuels likewise achieve good dust-free throughput behavior and smoke-free combustion showed. Rather, experimental measurements have even shown that hardly measurable pollutants were detectable in the exhaust gas during the combustion of these fuels.

It is also advantageous if the fuel mixture is preferably compressed at a pressure of between 200 and 250 bar to give moldings. With this pressing pressure was a high Dosability of the substances as well as a high density and stability achieved.

It is also advantageous if all the additives used are in the alkaline range (pH value ≥ 7) and are not toxic but biodegradable. This ensures that the fuel contains no corrosive components that can lead to corrosion during combustion and the ash of the fuel can be easily disposed of environmentally friendly.

According to the invention, the compressed fuel is produced from organic residual and / or raw materials by a process according to which

- the organic residues and / or raw materials are cleaned and comminuted by themselves or in a mixture with a moisture of 8 to 20% of foreign bodies, dust and waste,

- The shredded residual and / or raw materials are dedusted via an exhaust air filter and metered into a mixing and metering device in a predetermined percentage ratio to the proportions of the other substances to be admixed,

- The added to the mixing and metering proportion of

Residual and / or raw materials of the oil and / or fat content at a temperature of> 60 ° and the liquid portions of the air entrainers and / or fusel oils and / or ash melting point-increasing substances in aqueous solution alone or mixed with the oil and / or or fat can be added and

- Then the powdered and / or granular portions of the sodium perborate and / or hexamethylenetetramine and / or lignin and / or ash melting point-increasing substances and / or air entraining agents in powder form are metered in for themselves or a premixed charge and - That then the fuel components are mixed in the mixing and metering to form a homogeneous fuel mixture and the homogeneous fuel mixture metered a pelleting press is fed, where it is preferably pressed with a pressure of 200 to 250 bar to fuel bodies.

This process allows the fuel to be continuously produced from a fuel mixture having a consistent composition of the fuel substances as well as a controlled constant humidity and being free of non-combustible constituents.

With the added oil and / or fat content at a temperature of> 60 ⁰ C, the oil and / or fat content has a viscosity which ensures a good adhesion to the organic residue and / or rust. Rather, with the compression of the fuel mixture at a preferred pressure of 200 to 250 bar, the fuel is compressed with a very high density and stability, which among other things also contributes to the burn-through behavior is consistent until complete combustion of the fuel body.

The liquid and dissolved in water substances may optionally already premixed either for themselves or with each other, but also the powdered or granular substances may also be optionally added by itself or with each other premixed the residual and / or raw material content. It is only crucial that first the liquid or dissolved in water and then the powdered or granular substances are added. According to an advantageous embodiment of the method, the shredded and dedusted residues and / or raw materials are stored in a metered silo and dosed fed to the mixing and metering unit. Thus, the process for a long time even continue to operate without interference, if not excluded disturbances in the treatment of residual and / or raw materials or air transport of the crushed raw materials to the exhaust filter or in the delivery of raw materials occur.

It is also advantageous if naturally-aged organic residual and / or raw materials are used for carrying out the process, for example gray wheat straw. These residual and / or raw materials contain, as already stated, only small amounts of chemical and partially aggressive substances, such as. Silicate, chlorine, potassium and the like a. so that the corrosive effect on the incinerator and negative effects on the combustion process and flue gas evolution by these chemicals are significantly reduced.

According to a particularly preferred embodiment of the method, the comminuted organic residual and / or raw materials are treated after dedusting with a UV radiation, then dwell for the aging period in a silo or alternatively that the crushed organic residues and / or raw materials after Dedusting with an aging-promoting UV additive or UV absorber of 0.1 -0.3 wt.% Based on the mass of the residual and / or raw material are added and then dwell for the aging in a silo. This gives the possibility that the residual and / or raw materials can age artificially in a very short time, so that can be dispensed with a long-term aging by weathering and thus no additional storage space for the weathering of organic residual and / or raw materials is necessary. But this also ensures that without an additional control of the aging state is always a uniformly aged raw material for the production of the fuel mixture is available. Consequently, quality fluctuations of the fuel can be excluded.

Preferably, the dosing silo provided for in the process sequence for the residual and / or raw materials is used for the artificial aging period, in which the dosing silo is designed with a storage capacity which allows a continuous process execution while maintaining the aging time.

According to a further particularly advantageous embodiment of the method, the oil and / or fat content is fed with the mixed portion of 1-5 wt.% Surfactants based on the oil and / or fat content of the mixing and metering device.

In this way, the surface tension of the organic residual and / or raw materials is reduced and the penetrability of the residual and / or raw materials significantly improved and is already with the addition of the oil and / or fat content to the residual and / or raw materials one. An examination of the compressed fuel body has shown that after the compression of the fuel mixture, the oil and / or fat content in the fuel mixture was completely homogeneously bound. Due to the homogeneous distribution of the substances in the fuel mixture, a uniform burnout of the compressed fuels can be ensured. However, a similar effect is also achieved if, instead of the surfactants, the comminuted residual and / or raw materials are vacuum-impregnated with the added oil and / or fat content or the homogenously mixed fuel mixture is vacuum-impregnated prior to pelleting.

It is also advantageous if, in carrying out the method, the air transport of the comminuted residual and / or raw material to the exhaust air filter is carried out with a heated air for moisture equalization. This ensures that the organic residual and / or raw materials added to the mixing and metering unit and shredded always have an approximately constant moisture content.

According to a further advantageous embodiment of the method, in order to maintain the percentage composition of the fuel mixtures, the metering units of the oils and / or fats, the liquid and the powdery or granular substances to the mixing and metering unit depend on the metered mass of the remaining and / or raw materials for the mixing and metering device volumetrically or gravimetrically controlled. This ensures that with fluctuating dosing masses of the residual and / or raw materials always the predetermined percentage proportions of the substances for the fuel mixture are guaranteed.

In the following, some possible compositions of the fuel mixture for the production according to the invention of a compressed fuel according to the invention are illustrated by way of examples. Fuel mixture (1) consists of a recipe of

75% wheat straw with a moisture content of approx. 12%, pretreated with UV radiation for artificial aging,

20.5% palm oil,

3% sodium perporate,

1.5% surfactants from the group of ampholytic or amphoteric surfactants with a pH ≥ 7.

For the production of this fuel mixture a shredded UV-irradiated wheat straw is used, which was thus artificially aged. After aging, the ≥ 60 ⁰ C heated palm oil component with mixed surfactants and the sodium perborate content is added.

Fuel mixture (2) consists of a recipe of

77.8% bagasse equal to extracted sugar cane,

17.4% soybean oil,

2% sodium perborate,

0.5% hexamethylenetetramine as ignition aid,

2.1% surfactants from the group ampholytic or amphoteric

Surfactants with a pH ≥ 7 and 0.2% of an aging-promoting UV additive with a pH

≥ 7 or a UV absorber with a pH ≥ 7.

Crushed bagasse is used to produce this fuel mixture, which is mixed with the proportion of the aging-promoting UV additive or the UV absorber and thus artificially aged. After aging, the bagasse of ≥ 60 ⁰ C is heated soybean oil content with the blended surfactants and the proportion Natriumperboratanteil added. Fuel mixture (3) consists of a recipe of

49.75% hemp fiber,

25% rape cake after oil extraction,

20.9% sunflower oil,

2% sodium perborate,

1.2% lignin in powder form

1.0% surfactants from the group ampholytic or amphoteric

Surfactants with a pH ≥ 7 and 0.15% of an aging-promoting UV additive with a pH

≥ 7 or a UV absorber with a pH ≥ 7.

For the production of this fuel mixture comminuted hemp fibers are used, which is mixed with the proportion of the aging-promoting UV additive or the UV absorber and thus artificially aged. After aging, the hemp fibers of ≥ 6O ⁰ C is heated sunflower oil content blended with surfactants and the proportion Natriumperboratanteil and then added the lignin in powder form.

Fuel mixture (4) consists of a recipe of

75.75% rice straw,

12.9% crab oil and / or tall oil, 2% sodium perborate, 4% fusel oil 1.8% zinc borate 3.3% surfactants from the group ampholytic or amphoteric

Surfactants with a pH ≥ 7 and

0.25% of an aging-promoting UV additive having a pH ≥ 7 or a UV absorber having a pH ≥ 7. Comminuted rice straw is used to produce this fuel mixture, which is mixed with the proportion of aging-promoting UV additive or UV absorber and thus artificially aged. After aging of ≥ 60 ⁰ C is heated tube rapeseed oil fraction with mixed-in surfactants content and fusel oil content and the Natriumperboratanteil and zinc borate content added.

Fuel mixture (5) consists of a recipe of

71.6% miscanthus,

20.9% olive oil,

3% sodium perborate with an addition of trisodium octaborate (polybor), 4.2% surfactants from the group ampholytic or amphoteric

Surfactants with a pH ≥ 7 and 0.3% of an aging-promoting UV additive with a pH value

≥ 7 or a UV absorber with a pH ≥ 7.

Comminuted miscanthus is used to produce this fuel mixture, which is mixed with the proportion of the aging-promoting UV additive or the UV absorber and thus artificially aged. After aging, the ≥ 60 ⁰ C heated olive oil content with the mixed surfactant proportion and the sodium perborate content is added.

Fuel mixture (6) consists of a recipe

80.4% gray rye straw, 11% linseed oil,

2.5% sodium perborate with a total mass addition of 2% of a mixture consisting of about 0.6% Borax, about 0.6% trisodium phosphate and 0.8% ammonium sulfate,

2.8% surfactants from the group of ampholytic or amphoteric surfactants with a pH ≥ 7,

1.2% odor improver and

2.1% air entraining agent.

To produce this fuel mixture aged and pulverized gray rye straw will, of course used, said ≥ 60 ⁰ C heated linseed oil content mixed therein in part with Tensidean- and the Natriumperboratanteil with the mixture of borax, trisodium phosphate and the proportion of Geruchsverbesserers is added.

The addition of odor improver and / or air entrainment agent may of course be included in any fuel mixture designed according to the inventive teaching and is not bound to the use of naturally aged residual and / or raw materials.

It should be noted that the addition of an odor improver with a percentage of between 1.5% to 3%, the respective oil and / or fat content in the fuel mixture decreases in percentage by the added amount of the odor improver, whereas when adding an air entraining agent with a percentage Proportion between 1.5% to 3% preferably the respective proportion of organic residues and / or the raw materials as a percentage reduced by the added amount of the air entraining agent.

In addition, each listed fuel mixture 2 to 6 but also other selected fuel mixtures can be produced by a technological process in which the organic see residues and / or raw materials were aged by UV radiation, such as running in fuel mixture 1.

In these cases, the use of aging-promoting UV additives or UV absorbers can be dispensed with, and the percentage of organic residues and / or raw materials increases by the percentage of aging-promoting UV additives or UV absorbers.

Of course, in the example of fuel 1 instead of the pretreated wheat straw with UV radiation, an aging-promoting UV additive with a pH ≥ 7 or a UV absorber with a pH ≥ 7 can be used, in this case decreases the wheat straw content by the percentage of the UV additive or UV absorber.

The use of an aging-promoting UV additive or a UV absorber is dependent on the geographical location of the production of the fuels or of the raw materials used and is to decide when starting the production of fuels from case to case.

Instead of the shown in the examples artificial aging by UV irradiation or by UV-promoting UV additives or UV absorbers can be used by weathering naturally aged residual and / or raw materials. In these cases, the residual and / or raw material content increases by the proportion of the UV additive or UV absorber.

The above-described compositions of the fuel mixtures are exemplary compositions and can therefore be changed depending on the nature of the organic residual and / or raw materials within the limits of the percentage be. The percentage composition of the fuel mixture and the choice of additives or their combination, with the exception of odor improvers, depends on the nature and characteristics of the organic residues and / or raw materials and possibly the properties of already treated organic residues to be added as a waste product from other processes. dependent.

Claims

claims

1. compressed fuel from organic residues and / or raw materials with at least one additive for heating value increase and to reduce slag formation, characterized in that the fuel mixture of

From 72 to 83% by weight of combustible organic residues and / or raw materials having a moisture content of 8 to 20%,

- 15 to 25 wt.% Of natural organic oils and / or fats for heating value increase and

- 2 to 3 wt.% Sodium perborate to increase the ash melting point and as oxygen supplier exists.

2. compressed fuel according to claim 1, characterized in that the Brennstoffgemiseh based on the total mass 0.4 to 0.6 hexamethylene tetramine.

3. compressed fuel according to any one of claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the fuel mixture based on the total mass 1.0 to 1.5% lignin.

4. compressed fuel according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the Brennetoffgemiseh based on the total mass up to 3% contains a further powdered additive or a dissolved in water additive having a pH ≥ 7 to increase the ash softening point.

5. compressed fuel according to claim 4, characterized in that the additive is borax or sodium metasilicate or Trinatriumoctaborat or zinc borate or trisodium phosphate or ammonium sulfate.

6. compressed fuel according to claim 1 to 5, characterized in that the organic residues and / or raw materials straw of all kinds, sugar cane, bamboo, cotton perennials, jute, sisal, hemp, ramie, rice straw, rice husks, miscanthus, elephant grass, flax, coconut , Kenaf or Alfagras are.

7. compressed fuel according to claim 1 to 6, characterized in that the fuel mixture content of the organic residues and / or raw materials 50-58 wt.% Organic residues and / or raw materials and

22 - 25 wt.% Rapeseed cake contains.

8. compressed fuel according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the fuel mixture share of natural organic oils and / or fats 3 - 21 wt.% Of natural organic oils and / or fats and 2 - 4 wt.% Fuselöl contains.

9. compressed fuel according to claim 9, characterized in that the fusel oil homologues of ethyl alcohol or higher alcohols, such as amyl alcohol.

10. compressed fuel according to one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the fuel mixture based on the oil content of 1.5 to 3 wt.% Contains an odor improver.

11. compressed fuel according to claim 10, characterized in that the odor is an oil-soluble essential oil.

12. compressed fuel according to claim 11, characterized in that the essential oil is a spruce needle or clove or citrus or forest fragrance oil.

13. compressed fuel, according to one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that the fuel mixture, based on the total mass of the fuel mixture 1.5 to 3 wt.% Contains an air entraining agent.

14. compressed fuel according to claim 13, characterized in that the air entraining agent is a powdered sodium lauryl sulfate or sodium dodecyl sulfate or a dissolved in water sodium lauryl sulfate or sodium dodecyl sulfate with a PH value ≥ 7.

15. compressed fuel according to one of claims 1 to 14, characterized in that the organic residues and / or raw materials are naturally aged and suitably deposited Neurohstoffe or Altrohstoffe, such as gray straw.

16. compressed fuel according to one of claims 1 to 14, characterized in that the organic residual and / or raw materials are aged artificially appropriate.

17. compressed fuel according to claim 16, characterized in that for the artificial aging of organic residual and / or raw materials, a UV absorber or a UV-promoting additive aging of 0.1 to 0.3 wt.% Based on the mass the organic residual and / or raw materials are added.

18. compressed fuel according to claim 16, characterized in that for artificial aging, the organic residual and / or raw materials used are pretreated with a UV irradiation.

19. compressed fuel according to any one of claims 1 to 18, characterized in that the comminuted and dedusted residual and / or raw material content was vacuum-impregnated with metered oil and / or fat content or the finished mixed fuel mixture was subjected to vacuum impregnation prior to pelleting.

20. compressed fuel according to one of claims 1 to 18, characterized in that the fuel mixture based on the oil content contains an addition of 1 - 5 wt.% Surfactants having a pH ≥ 7.

21. compressed fuel according to claim 20, characterized in that the admixed surfactants from the Group of ampholytic or amphoteric surfactants are.

22. compressed fuel according to claim 21, characterized in that as ampholytic or amphoteric surfactants is preferably a fatty acid base of coconut oil or palm oil or jatropha oil.

23. compressed fuel according to one of claims 1 to

22, characterized in that the added oil and / or fat content has a temperature ≥ 60 ⁰ C.

24. compressed fuel according to one of claims 1 to

23, characterized in that the fuel is preferably pressed with a pressing pressure between 200 to 250 bar to fuel bodies.

25. compressed fuel according to one of claims 1 to 20, characterized in that all additives are in the alkaline range (pH ≥ 7), are non-toxic and biodegradable.

26. A method for producing a compressed fuel from organic residues and raw materials according to one of claims 1 to 23, characterized in that

- the organic residues and raw materials are cleaned and comminuted by themselves or in a mixture with a moisture of 8 to 20% of foreign bodies, dust and waste,

- dedusted the shredded residual and raw materials via an exhaust air filter and a mixing and dosing metered in a predetermined percentage ratio to the proportions of the other substances to be mixed,

- The proportion of residual and raw materials added to the mixing and metering device of the oil and / or fat content at a temperature of ≥ 60 ° and the liquid portions of the air entrainers and / or fuselages and / or the ash melting point increasing substances in aqueous solution by itself or mixed with the oil and fat content

- Then the powdered and / or granular portions of the sodium perborate and / or hexamethylene tetramine and / or lignin and / or ash melting point-increasing substances and / or air entraining agents in powder form are metered in for themselves or a premixed charge and

- That then the fuel components are mixed in the mixing and metering device to form a homogeneous fuel mixture and the homogeneous fuel mixture metered a pelleting press is supplied, where it is preferably pressed with a pressure of 200 to 250 bar to fuel bodies.

27. The method according to claim 26, characterized in that the comminuted and dedusted remainder and / or raw materials stored in a dosing silo and metered the mixing and dosing unit are supplied.

28. The method according to any one of claims 26 to 27, characterized in that for the production of the fuel naturally aged organic residual and / or raw materials are used.

29. The method according to any one of claims 26 to 27, characterized in that the comminuted organic residual and / or raw materials are irradiated after dedusting with a UV irradiation and then dwell for the duration of aging in a silo or alternatively, that the shredded organic residual and / or raw materials are dedusted after dedusting with an aging-promoting UV additive or a UV absorber of 0.1-0.3% by weight based on the mass of the residual and / or raw material and then stay in a silo for the aging period.

30. The method according to any one of claims 26 to 29, characterized in that for the artificial aging period, the metering silo is used and the metering silo is designed with a storage capacity that allows a continuous process execution while maintaining the aging time.

31. The method according to any one of claims 26 to 28, characterized in that the oil and / or fat content with a mixed portion of 1-5 wt.% Surfactants based on the oil and / or fat content of the mixing and metering device is supplied ,

32. The method according to any one of claims 26 to 28, characterized in that the comminuted residual and / or raw materials are vacuum-impregnated with the added oil and / or fat content or the homogeneously mixed fuel mixture is vacuum-impregnated prior to pelleting.

33. The method according to any one of claims 26 to 32, characterized in that the air transport of the shredded residual and / or raw material is carried out to the exhaust filter with a heated air to Feuchteausgleiσh.

34. The method according to any one of claims 26 to 33, characterized in that to maintain the percentage composition of the fuel mixtures, the metering units of the liquid and the powdered or granular substances to the mixing and metering unit depending on the metered mass of the residual and / or raw materials for mixing and metering volumetrically or gravimetrically controlled.