WO2007138112A2 - Composés interagissant avec des canaux ioniques, notamment des canaux ioniques de la famille kv - Google Patents

Composés interagissant avec des canaux ioniques, notamment des canaux ioniques de la famille kv Download PDF

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WO2007138112A2
WO2007138112A2 PCT/EP2007/055408 EP2007055408W WO2007138112A2 WO 2007138112 A2 WO2007138112 A2 WO 2007138112A2 EP 2007055408 W EP2007055408 W EP 2007055408W WO 2007138112 A2 WO2007138112 A2 WO 2007138112A2
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benzyl
carboxamide
alkyl
benzothiazole
benzoxazole
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PCT/EP2007/055408
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WO2007138112A3 (fr
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Petra Blom
Olivier Defert
Titus Kaletta
Dirk Casimir Maria Leysen
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Devgen N.V.
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Publication of WO2007138112A3 publication Critical patent/WO2007138112A3/fr

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D333/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D333/50—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D333/52—Benzo[b]thiophenes; Hydrogenated benzo[b]thiophenes
    • C07D333/54—Benzo[b]thiophenes; Hydrogenated benzo[b]thiophenes with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
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    • C07D215/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinoline or hydrogenated quinoline ring systems
    • C07D215/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinoline or hydrogenated quinoline ring systems having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen atoms or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D215/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinoline or hydrogenated quinoline ring systems having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen atoms or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms, directly attached to the ring carbon atoms
    • C07D215/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinoline or hydrogenated quinoline ring systems having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen atoms or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms, directly attached to the ring carbon atoms having only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, attached to the ring nitrogen atom
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    • C07D215/16—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinoline or hydrogenated quinoline ring systems having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen atoms or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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    • C07D215/16—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinoline or hydrogenated quinoline ring systems having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen atoms or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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    • C07D215/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinoline or hydrogenated quinoline ring systems
    • C07D215/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinoline or hydrogenated quinoline ring systems having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen atoms or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D215/16—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinoline or hydrogenated quinoline ring systems having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen atoms or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D215/20—Oxygen atoms
    • C07D215/22—Oxygen atoms attached in position 2 or 4
    • C07D215/227—Oxygen atoms attached in position 2 or 4 only one oxygen atom which is attached in position 2
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D215/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinoline or hydrogenated quinoline ring systems
    • C07D215/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinoline or hydrogenated quinoline ring systems having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen atoms or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D215/16—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinoline or hydrogenated quinoline ring systems having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen atoms or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D215/48—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen
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    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D241/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings
    • C07D241/36—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D241/38—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atoms
    • C07D241/40—Benzopyrazines
    • C07D241/42—Benzopyrazines with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
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    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D277/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings
    • C07D277/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
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    • C07D277/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D277/62—Benzothiazoles
    • C07D277/68—Benzothiazoles with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached in position 2
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    • C07D277/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings
    • C07D277/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D277/62—Benzothiazoles
    • C07D277/68—Benzothiazoles with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached in position 2
    • C07D277/70—Sulfur atoms
    • C07D277/76—Sulfur atoms attached to a second hetero atom
    • C07D277/80—Sulfur atoms attached to a second hetero atom to a nitrogen atom
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    • C07D307/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D307/77—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D307/78—Benzo [b] furans; Hydrogenated benzo [b] furans
    • C07D307/82—Benzo [b] furans; Hydrogenated benzo [b] furans with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
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    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D307/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D307/77—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D307/78—Benzo [b] furans; Hydrogenated benzo [b] furans
    • C07D307/82—Benzo [b] furans; Hydrogenated benzo [b] furans with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
    • C07D307/84—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D307/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D307/77—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D307/78—Benzo [b] furans; Hydrogenated benzo [b] furans
    • C07D307/82—Benzo [b] furans; Hydrogenated benzo [b] furans with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
    • C07D307/84—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen
    • C07D307/85—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen attached in position 2
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D333/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D333/50—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D333/52—Benzo[b]thiophenes; Hydrogenated benzo[b]thiophenes
    • C07D333/62—Benzo[b]thiophenes; Hydrogenated benzo[b]thiophenes with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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    • C07D333/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D333/50—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D333/52—Benzo[b]thiophenes; Hydrogenated benzo[b]thiophenes
    • C07D333/62—Benzo[b]thiophenes; Hydrogenated benzo[b]thiophenes with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
    • C07D333/68—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen
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    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D405/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
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    • C07D409/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
    • C07D409/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
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    • C07D409/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
    • C07D409/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to compounds that interact with ion channels.
  • the invention relates to compounds that interact with ion channels from the Kv family, and in particular from the Kv4 subfamily.
  • the invention also relates to methods for preparing said compounds, to pharmaceutical compositions that contain said compounds, and to the use of said compounds in methods for treatment of the human and animal body and/or to the use of said compounds in the preparation of such pharmaceutical compositions.
  • the compounds of the invention for example can be used in the prevention and/or treatment of conditions or diseases associated with ion channels, in particular in the prevention and/or treatment of conditions and diseases associated with ion channels of the Kv family, and more in particular in the prevention and/or treatment of conditions and diseases associated with ion channels of the Kv4 family.
  • Kv4 channels as well as their encoding sequences, their biological function/activity and their disease associations have been described in the art, see for example Bahring et al., J.Biol.Chem., Vol. 276, no. 26, 23888-23894 (2001 ); Baldwin et al., Neuron 7: 471-483 (1991 ); Dixon et al., Circ. Res. 79: 659-688 (1996); Dilks et al., J. Neurophysiol. 81 : 1974-1977 (1999); Kuo et al., Cell, Vol. 107, 801-813 (2001 ); Pak et al., Proc. Natl. Acad.
  • Kv4 channels are inter alia involved in membrane depolarisation and repolarisation events, e.g. as part of and/or following neuronal firing and/or as part of the cycle of muscle contraction/relaxation.
  • Kv4 channels are believed to be involved in the native A-type currents that are generated by various types of primary cells (Dilks et al., supra), in particular in muscle and neuronal cells.
  • Kv4.2 and Kv4.3 transcripts have been found in most neurons, and in particular in CNS neurons (see Serodio and Rudy, supra, who discuss the distribution of Kv4 channels in rat brain); as well as in heart muscle (see Dixon et al. and by Serodio et al., both supra, who discuss the abundance and distribution of Kv4 transcripts in the hearts of rat, dog and human).
  • Kv4 channels activate and inactivate at subthreshold potentials, inactivate with time constants that change very little as a function of voltage (even at very negative potentials), and recover very fast from inactivation (see Rudy and Serodio, supra).
  • Kv4 channels are inter alia believed to play an important role in the modulation of the firing rate, action potential initiation, shaping burst pattern and postsynaptic signal integration (Dilks et al., and Bahring et al., supra), and are believed to be associated with the physiological states/disorders that result from such activity (Serodio and Rudy, supra).
  • the Kv4 channels are inter alia believed to play a major role in the calcium- independent A-type currents in the cardiac muscle (the "transient outward current” or “l t0 "), and in particular in the cardiac ventricular muscle, and are thus believed to be involved in early repolarization and hence the overall duration of the action potential and the length of the refractory period (Serodio and Rudy, supra). Because of this, Kv4 channels are believed to be associated with (the susceptibility to) cardiac disorders such as arrhythmia and other types of heart failure (Kuo et al., supra).
  • Kv4.1 also known as mShai
  • Kv4.2 also known as RK5
  • Kv4.3 three mammalian Kv4 genes - referred to as Kv4.1 (also known as mShai ), Kv4.2 (also known as RK5) and Kv4.3, respectively - have been cloned and characterized, i.e. from rat and dog (Dixon et al, Serodio et al., Ohya et al. and Takimoto et al., all supra) and from human (Dilks et al., and Bahring et al., supra; see also for example WO 98/42833 and US-A-6, 395,477).
  • sequences of genes encoding mammalian Kv4 channels are also available from publicly accessible databases such as GenBank/NCBI, e.g. Kv4.1 from mouse (accession number NP_032449 and A38372); Kv4.1 from human (accession number BAA96454, AAF65617 and AF65516); Kv4.2 from mouse (accession number NP_062671 and AAD16972), Kv4.2 from rat (accession number NP 113918); Kv4.2 from human (accession number AAD22053 and CAB56841 ); Kv4.3 from mouse (accession numbers NM_019931 and AF384170), Kv4.3 from rat (accession number U42975) and Kv4.3 from human (accession number XM_052127).
  • GenBank/NCBI e.g. Kv4.1 from mouse (accession number NP_032449 and A38372); Kv4.1 from human (accession number BAA96454, AAF
  • the Kv4 channels in mammals also have a high degree of sequence identity (>70%) with, and thus are considered closely related to, the Shal-like gene product, which encodes a potassium channel in Drosophila melanogaster (see Baldwin et al, supra, and also WO 01/58952).
  • an assay for determining the influence of a compound on Kv channels in which a transgenic line of Caenorhabditis elegans expressing a heterologous Kv channel, such as a human Kv4.3 channel, is used, is described in the International application WO 03/097682 by Applicant.
  • Other assays and techniques for determining the influence of a test compound on ion channels in general, and on a Kv channel in particular, such as FLIPR-techniques and use of oocytes will be clear to the skilled person, and are also mentioned in WO 03/097682.
  • Such assays can be used to determine whether a compound "interacts with" such an ion channel.
  • a compound is considered to "interact with" an ion channel, such as an ion channel of the Kv family and in particular of the Kv4 subfamily, if such a compound acts as an antagonist of said ion channel and/or of the biological function(s) and/or pathways associated with said ion channels, and in particular if such a compound can fully or partially “block” such an ion channel.
  • an ion channel such as an ion channel of the Kv family and in particular of the Kv4 subfamily
  • compounds that interact with ion channels can find use as pharmaceutically active agents, in particular for the prevention and/or treatment of diseases and disorders associated with the ion channels with which the compound interact.
  • compounds that interact with ion channels from the Kv 4 subfamily, and in particular with Kv4.3 ion channels could be used in (the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions for) the prevention and/or treatment of cardiac disorders such as arrhythmia, hypertension-induced heart disorders such as hypertension-induced cardiac hypertrophy (e.g. ventricular hypertrophy), and disorders of the nervous system such as epilepsy, stroke, traumatic brain injury, anxiety, insomnia, spinal cord injury, encephalomyelitis, multiple sclerosis, demyelinating disease, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's syndrome.
  • a major drawback of some of the known compounds involves that the drugs do not work in a selective manner, i.e. they do not select between different ion channels. For instance, many of these compounds also block a potassium channel called the human ether-a-go-go related gene (hERG) potassium channel. Compounds that block this channel with high potency may cause reactions which are fatal. This undesired blockade can cause acquired long QT syndrome, a disorder that puts patients at risk for life-threatening arrhythmias. Cardiac arrhythmias are the leading cause of sudden death in the United States, according to the American Heart Association. The FDA now requires that every drug be assayed for hERG block before it is approved. Even medicines that might be beneficial for the vast majority of patients do not make it to the market - or have been pulled from the market - if they block hERG.
  • hERG human ether-a-go-go related gene
  • the present invention relates to compounds of Formula I or II, stereoisomers, tautomers, racemics, prodrugs, metabolites thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof,
  • n is an integer selected from 0, 1 , 2, 3 or 4
  • m is an integer selected from 0, 1 , 2, 3 or 4
  • L 1 is a group selected from alkylene, cycloalkylene or cycloalkylenoxyalkylene, each group being optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from alkyl, aryl, halo, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy,
  • X 1 is selected from -S-, or O
  • X 2 is selected from -CR 4 - or N
  • R 1 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, hydroxyalkyl, nitro, azido, cyano, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkyl, acyl, alkylamino, alkylaminocarbonyl, -SO 2 R 6 , alkylcarbonyloxy, heterocydyl, haloalkyl, alkylcarbonyl, aryloxy, arylcarbonyl, haloalkoxy, alkoxy, alkylthio, carboxyl, acylamino, thioamide, alkyloxycarbonyl, or sulfonamidyl, wherein R 6 is alkyl, alkylamino or cycloalkyl,
  • R 2 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, hydroxyalkyl, nitro, azido, cyano, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkyl, acyl, alkylamino, -SO 2 R 6 , alkylcarbonyloxy, heterocydyl, haloalkyl, alkylcarbonyl, aryloxy, arylcarbonyl, haloalkoxy, alkoxy, alkylthio, acylamino, thioamide, or sulfonamidyl, wherein R 6 is alkyl, alkylamino or cycloalkyl,
  • R 3 is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cyanoalkyl or hydroxyalkyl,
  • the present invention relates to a method for synthesizing a compound having the structural Formula I or II, comprising the step of condensing a compound of Formula XXVII or XXVIII:
  • the compounds of the present invention or ⁇ /-benzyl-1 ,3-benzoxazole-2-carbothioamide, ⁇ /-benzyl- 1 ,3-benzoxazole-2-carboxamide, ⁇ /-(2-phenylethyl)-1 ,3-benzoxazole-2-carboxamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-1 ,3- benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-1 ,3-benzothiazole-2-carboxamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-1 ,3- benzothiazole-2-carbothioamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-4-hydroxy-2-methylquinoline-6-carboxamide, ⁇ /-benzyl- 8-methoxy-6-methyl-2-naphthamide, or ⁇ /-(3-chlorobenzyl)quinoline-6-carboxamide are particularly useful for the preparation of a medicament in the prevention and/or treatment of conditions or diseases associated with ion channels of
  • Non-limiting examples of said conditions or diseases associated with ion channels of the Kv4 family can be selected from the group comprising (i) cardiac disorders including arrhythmias including Brugada Syndrome; hypertension- induced heart disorders including hypertension-induced cardiac hypertrophy; cardiac failure; and (ii) disorders of the nervous system and neurological disorders including epilepsy, stroke, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, anxiety, insomnia, encephalomyelitis, Alzheimer's disease multiple sclerosis, demyelinating disease, and Parkinson's Syndrome.
  • Arrhythmias include (i) atrial Arrhythmias such as but not limited to Atrial fibrillation, Atrial flutter, Premature atrial contraction (PAC), Sick sinus syndrome, Atrioventricular block, Sinus arrhythmia, Sinus tachycardia, Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), and Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome; (ii) Ventricular Arrhythmias such as but not limited to Premature ventricular contraction (PVC), ventricular tachycardia (VT), ventricular fibrillation and bradicardias; (iii) Others such as Brugada Syndrome, Adams-Stokes disease, bundle branch block, HIS bundle block, atrio-ventricular (AV) block, other heart conduction abnormalities, long Q-T syndrome, syncope and bradycardias.
  • atrial Arrhythmias such as but not limited to Atrial fibrillation, Atrial flutter, Premature atrial contraction (PAC), Sick
  • the present invention provides for the use of a compound of the invention, or N- benzyl-1 ,3-benzoxazole-2-carbothioamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-1 ,3-benzoxazole-2-carboxamide, ⁇ /-(2- phenylethyl)-1 ,3-benzoxazole-2-carboxamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-1 ,3-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide, N- benzyl-1 ,3-benzothiazole-2-carboxamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-1 ,3-benzothiazole-2-carbothioamide, ⁇ /-benzyl- 4-hydroxy-2-methylquinoline-6-carboxamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-8-methoxy-6-methyl-2-naphthamide, or N- (3-chlorobenzyl)quinoline-6-carboxamide, for the preparation of a medicament for treating cardiac disorders such as atrial fibrillation, atrial
  • the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to the invention.
  • Said pharmaceutical composition or a pharmaceutical composition comprising ⁇ /-benzyl-1 ,3-benzoxazole-2-carbothioamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-1 ,3-benzoxazole-2- carboxamide, ⁇ /-(2-phenylethyl)-1 ,3-benzoxazole-2-carboxamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-1 ,3-benzothiazole-2- sulfonamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-1 ,3-benzothiazole-2-carboxamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-1 ,3-benzothiazole-2- carbothioamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-4-hydroxy-2-methylquinoline-6-carboxamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-8-methoxy-6- methyl-2-naphthamide, or ⁇ /-(
  • the compounds of the present invention interact with ion channels of the Kv1 subfamily, and especially with Kv1.5 ion channels.
  • the present invention also provides a method of treating cardiac disorders comprising administrating to an individual in need of such treatment a pharmaceutical composition according to the invention or a pharmaceutical composition comprising ⁇ /-benzyl-1 ,3-benzoxazole-2- carbothioamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-1 ,3-benzoxazole-2-carboxamide, ⁇ /-(2-phenylethyl)-1 ,3-benzoxazole-2- carboxamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-1 ,3-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-1 ,3-benzothiazole-2- carboxamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-1 ,3-benzothiazole-2-carbothioamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-4-hydroxy-2- methylquinoline-6-carboxamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-8-methoxy-6-methyl-2-naphthamide, or ⁇ /-(3- chlorobenzyl)quinoline-6-car
  • the present invention relates to compounds of Formula I or Il
  • the present invention provides compounds having one of the structural Formula III, IV, V, Vl, VII or VIII,
  • the present invention provides compounds having one of the structural Formula III, V, or VII, wherein X , X , R , R , R , Z , L , m and n have the same meaning as that defined above.
  • alkyl by itself or as part of another substituent, refers to a straight or branched saturated hydrocarbon group joined by single carbon-carbon bonds having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, for example 1 to 8 carbon atoms, for example 1 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
  • a subscript is used herein following a carbon atom, the subscript refers to the number of carbon atoms that the named group may contain.
  • C 1-4 alkyl means an alkyl of one to four carbon atoms.
  • alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, ferf-butyl, 2-methylbutyl, pentyl iso-amyl and its isomers, hexyl and its isomers, heptyl and its isomers and octyl and its isomers.
  • optionally substituted alkyl refers to an alkyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents (for example 1 to 4 substituents, or 1 to 2 substituents) at any available point of attachment.
  • substituents include halogen, hydroxyl, oxo, nitro, amino, oximes, imines, azido, hydrazino, cyano, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, acyl, alkylamino, alkoxy, thiol, alkylthio, carboxylic acid, acylamino, carbamates, thioamides, urea, sulfonamides and the like.
  • alkyl When the term “alkyl” is used as a suffix following another term, as in “hydroxyalkyl,” this is intended to refer to an alkyl group, as defined above, being substituted with one or two (preferably one) substituent(s) selected from the other, specifically-named group, also as defined herein.
  • Alkoxyalkyl refers to an alkyl group substituted with one to two of OR', wherein R' is alkyl as defined below.
  • aralkyl or “(aryl)alkyl” refers to a substituted alkyl group as defined above wherein at least one of the alkyl substituents is an aryl as defined below, such as benzyl.
  • hydroxyalkyl refers to a -R a -OH group wherein R a is alkylene as defined herein.
  • hydroxyalkyl includes 2-hydroxyethyl, 1-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpropyl, 3,4- dihydroxybutyl, and so forth.
  • cycloalkyl by itself or as part of another substituent, includes all saturated or partially saturated (containing 1 or 2 double bonds) hydrocarbon groups containing 1 , 2 or 3 rings, including monocyclic, bicyclic or polycyclic alkyl groups wherein each cyclic moiety has from 3 to 8 carbon atoms, for example 3 to 7 carbon atoms, for example 3 to 6 carbon atoms, for example 3 to 5 carbon atoms.
  • the further rings of multi-ring cycloalkyls may be fused, bridged and/or joined through one or more spiro atoms.
  • Examples of monocyclic cycloalkyl radicals include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cydohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl and the like.
  • Examples of polycyclic cycloalkyl radicals include decahydronaphthyl, bicyclo [5.4.0] undecyl, adamantyl, and the like.
  • cycloalkyl refers to a cycloalkyl having optionally one or more substituents
  • alkenyl by itself or as part of another substituent, refers to a straight or branched alkyl chain containing at least one unsaturation in the form of a single carbon to carbon double bond and having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, for example 2 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably 2 to 6 carbon atoms, more preferably 2 to 4 carbon atoms.
  • alkenyl groups are ethenyl, 2-propenyl, 2- butenyl, 3-butenyl, 2-pentenyl and its isomers, 2-hexenyl and its isomers, 2-heptenyl and its isomers, 2-octenyl and its isomers, 2,4-pentadienyl and the like.
  • An optionally substituted alkenyl refers to an alkenyl having optionally one or more substituents (for example 1 , 2 or 3 substituents, or 1 to 2 substituents), selected from those defined above for substituted alkyl.
  • alkynyl by itself or as part of another substituent, refers to a straight or branched alkyl chain containing at least one unsaturation in the form of a single carbon to carbon triple bond and having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, for example 2 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably 2 to 6 carbon atoms, more preferably 2 to 4 carbon atoms.
  • alkynyl groups are ethynyl, 2-propynyl, 2-butynyl, 3-butynyl, 2-pentynyl and its isomers, 2-hexynyl and its isomers, 2-heptynyl and its isomers, 2- octynyl and its isomers and the like.
  • alkynyl refers to an alkynyl having optionally one or more substituents (for example 1 , 2, 3 or 4 substituents, or 1 to 2 substituents), selected from those defined above for substituted alkyl.
  • alkyl groups as defined are divalent, i.e., with two single bonds for attachment to two other groups, they are termed "alkylene” groups.
  • alkylene groups includes methylene, ethylene, methylmethylene, trimethylene, propylene, tetramethylene, ethylethylene, 1 ,2- dimethylethylene, pentamethylene and hexamethylene.
  • alkenyl groups as defined above and alkynyl groups as defined above, respectively are divalent radicals having single bonds for attachment to two other groups, they are termed "alkenylene” and "alkynylene” respectively.
  • alkyl groups as defined are trivalent, i.e., with three single bonds for attachment to three other groups, they are termed “alkylyne” or “alkyline” groups.
  • alkylyne include, methine, 1 ,1 ,2-ethyline, and the like.
  • alkenyl groups as defined are trivalent, i.e., with three single bonds for attachment to three other groups, they are termed "alkenylyne” or “alkenyline” groups.
  • aryl refers but is not limited to 5 to 14 carbon-atom homocydic (i.e., hydrocarbon) monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic aromatic rings or ring systems containing 1 to 4 rings which are fused together or linked covalently, typically containing 5 to 8 atoms; at least one of which is aromatic.
  • the aromatic ring may optionally include one to three additional rings (either cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl) fused thereto.
  • Non-limiting examples of aryl comprise phenyl, biphenylyl, biphenylenyl, 5- or 6-tetralinyl, 1-, 2-, 3-, A-, 5-, 6-, 7- or 8-azulenyl, 1- or 2-naphthyl, 1-, 2- or 3-indenyl, 1-, 2- or 9-anthryl, 1- 2-, 3-, 4- or 5- acenaphtylenyl, 3-, 4- or 5-acenaphtenyl, 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- or 10-phenanthryl, 1- or 2-pentalenyl, 1 , 2-, 3- or 4-fluorenyl, 4- or 5-indanyl, 5-, 6-, 7- or 8-tetrahydronaphthyl, 1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl, 1 ,4- dihydronaphthyl, dibenzo[a,d]cylcoheptenyl, 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-
  • the aryl ring can optionally be substituted by one or more substituents.
  • An "optionally substituted aryl” refers to an aryl having optionally one or more substituents (for example 1 , 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents, or 1 , 2 or 3 substituents) at any available point of attachment. Non-limiting examples of such substituents are selected from halogen, hydroxyl, oxo, nitro, amino, azido, hydrazino,
  • aryloxy denotes a group -O-aryl, wherein aryl is as defined above.
  • heteroaryl refers but is not limited to 5 to 12 carbon-atom aromatic rings or ring systems containing 1 , 2 or 3 rings which are fused together or linked covalently, typically containing 5 to 8 atoms; at least one of which is aromatic in which one or more carbon atoms in one or more of these rings can be replaced by oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur atoms where the nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized and the nitrogen heteroatoms may optionally be quaternized.
  • Such rings may be fused to an aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl or heterocydyl ring.
  • an “optionally substituted heteroaryl” refers to a heteroaryl having optionally one or more substituents (for example 1 , 2, 3 or 4 substituents, or 1 , 2 or 3 substituents), selected from those defined above for substituted aryl.
  • heteroaryl can be 2- or 3-furyl, 2- or 3-thienyl (thiophen-2- or -3-yl), 1-, 2- or 3-pyrrolyl, 1-, 2-, 4- or 5-imidazolyl, 1-, 3-, 4- or 5-pyrazolyl, 3-, 4- or 5-isoxazolyl, 2-, 4- or 5- oxazolyl, 3-, 4- or 5-isothiazolyl, 2-, 4- or 5-thiazolyl, 1 ,2,3-triazol-1-, -2-, -4- or -5-yl, 1 ,2,4-triazol-1-, -3-, -4- or -5-yl, 1 ,2,3-oxadiazol-4- or -5-yl, 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3- or -5-yl, 1 ,2,5-oxadiazolyl, 1 ,3,4- oxadiazolyl, 1 ,2,3-thiadiazol-4- or -5-yl, 1 ,2,5-
  • heterocyclyl or “heterocyclo” as used herein by itself or as part of another group refer to non-aromatic, fully saturated or partially unsaturated cyclic groups (for example, 3 to 13 member monocyclic, 7 to 17 member bicyclic, or 10 to 20 member tricyclic ring systems, or containing a total of 3 to 10 ring atoms) which have at least one heteroatom in at least one carbon atom- containing ring.
  • Each ring of the heterocyclic group containing a heteroatom may have 1 , 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen atoms, oxygen atoms and/or sulfur atoms, where the nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized and the nitrogen heteroatoms may optionally be quaternized.
  • the heterocyclic group may be attached at any heteroatom or carbon atom of the ring or ring system, where valence allows.
  • the rings of multi-ring heterocycles may be fused, bridged and/or joined through one or more spiro atoms.
  • an “optionally substituted heterocyclyl” refers to a heterocyclic having optionally one or more substituents (for example 1 , 2, 3 or 4 substituents, or 1 to 2 substituents), selected from those defined above for substituted aryl.
  • exemplary heterocyclic groups include piperidinyl, azetidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, isoxazolinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, piperidyl, succinimidyl, 3H- indolyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, chromenyl, isochromanyl, xanthenyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, 1-pyrrolinyl, 2- pyrrolinyl, 3-pyrrolinyl, pyrrolidinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, 4aH-carbazoly
  • aralkyl by itself or as part of another substituent refers to a group having as alkyl moiety the aforementioned alkyl attached to one of the aforementioned aryl rings.
  • aralkyl radicals include benzyl, phenethyl, dibenzylmethyl, methylphenylmethyl, 3- (2-naphthyl)-butyl, and the like.
  • cycloalkylalkyl by itself or as part of another substituent refers to a group having one of the aforementioned cycloalkyl groups attached to one of the aforementioned alkyl chains.
  • examples of such cycloalkylalkyl radicals include cyclopropylmethyl, cydobutylmethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, 1-cydopentylethyl, 1-cydohexylethyl, 2-cyclopentylethyl, 2- cyclohexylethyl, cyclobutylpropyl, cyclopentyl propyl, 3-cyclopentyl butyl, cyclohexylbutyl and the like.
  • heterocyclyl-alkyl by itself or as part of another substituents refers to a group having one of the aforementioned heterocyclyl group attached to one of the aforementioned alkyl group, i.e., to a group -R b -R c wherein R b is alkylene or alkylene substituted by alkyl group and R c is a heterocyclyl group.
  • acyl by itself or as part of another substituent refers to an alkanoyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms or a phenylalkanoyl group whose alkanoyl moiety has 1 to 4 carbon atoms, i.e.; a carbonyl group linked to a radical such as, but not limited to, alkyl, aryl, more particularly, the group -COR 11 , wherein R 11 can be selected from alkyl, aryl, substituted alkyl, or substituted aryl, as defined herein.
  • the term acyl therefore encompasses the group alkylcarbonyl (-COR 11 ), wherein R 11 is alkyl.
  • Said acyl can be exemplified by acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, valeryl and pivaloyl, benzoyl, phenylacetyl, phenylpropionyl and phenylbutytyl.
  • alkylamino by itself or as part of another substituent refers to a group consisting of an amino groups attached to one or two independently selected and optionally substituted alkyl groups, cycloalkyl groups, aralkyl or cycloalkylalkyl groups i.e., -N(R 6 )(R 7 ) wherein R 6 and R 7 are each independently selected from hydrogen, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, cycloalkylalkyl or alkyl.
  • Non-limiting examples of alkylamino groups include methylamino (NHCH 3 ), ethylamino (NHCH 2 CH 3 ), n- propylamino, isopropylamino, n-butylamino, isobutylamino, sec-butylamino, ferf-butylamino, n- hexylamino, and the like.
  • amino refers to the group -NH 2 .
  • aminoalkyl refers to the group -R b -NR d R e wherein R b is alkylene or substituted alkylene, R d is hydrogen or alkyl or substituted alkyl as defined herein, and R e is hydrogen or alkyl as defined herein, wherein the substituents are the same as that described above for substituted alkyl.
  • cyanoalkyl refers to the group -R b -CN wherein R b is alkylene or substituted alkylene as defined herein, wherein the substituents are the same as that described above for substituted alkyl.
  • carboxyl refers to the group -CO 2 H.
  • a carboxyalkyl is an alkyl group as defined above having at least one substituent that is -CO 2 H.
  • alkoxy by itself or as part of another substituent refers to a group consisting of an oxygen atom attached to one straight or branched alkyl group, cycloalkyl group, aralkyl or cycloalkylalkyl group, each group optionally substituted by one or more substituents, wherein the substituents are the same as that described above for substituted alkyl.
  • suitable alkoxy group include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, iso-butoxy, sec- butoxy, ferf-butoxy, hexanoxy and the like.
  • alkylthio by itself or as part of another substituent refers to a group consisting of a sulfur atom attached to one alkyl group, cycloalkyl group, aralkyl or cycloalkylalkyl group, each optionally substituted by one or more substituents, wherein the substituents are the same as that described above for substituted alkyl.
  • alkylthio groups include methylthio (SCH 3 ), ethylthio (SCH 2 CH 3 ), n-propylthio, isopropylthio, n-butylthio, isobutylthio, sec-butylthio, tert- butylthio, n-hexylthio, and the like.
  • acylamino by itself or as part of another substituent refers to a group consisting of an amino group attached to one or two independently selected acyl groups as described before.
  • acyl groups of a dicarboxylic acid are attached to the amino group these represent imides such as phtalimides, maleimides and the like, and are encompassed in the meaning of the term acylamino.
  • imides such as phtalimides, maleimides and the like, and are encompassed in the meaning of the term acylamino.
  • halo or "halogen” as a group or part of a group is generic for fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo.
  • haloalkyl alone or in combination, refers to an alkyl radical having the meaning as defined above wherein one or more hydrogens are replaced with a halogen as defined above.
  • Non- limiting examples of such haloalkyl radicals include chloromethyl, 1-bromoethyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, 1 ,1 ,1-trifluoroethyl and the like.
  • haloaryl alone or in combination, refers to an aryl radical having the meaning as defined above wherein one or more hydrogens are replaced with a halogen as defined above.
  • haloalkoxy alone or in combination refers to a group of Formula -O-alkyl wherein the alkyl group is substituted by 1 , 2 or 3 halogen atoms.
  • haloalkoxy includes -OCF 3 and -OCHF 2 .
  • sulfonamidyl alone or in combination refers to a group of Formula -SO 2 -NR d R e wherein R d is hydrogen or alkyl or substituted alkyl as defined herein, and R e is hydrogen or alkyl as defined herein, wherein the substituents are the same as that described above for substituted alkyl.
  • the terms "optionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl” or “alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl, optionally substituted” or "a group selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl, each group being optionally substituted” means that each group is optionally substituted i.e. "optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl or optionally substituted alkynyl", wherein the substituents are the same as that described above for substituted alkyl.
  • substituted is meant to indicate that one or more hydrogens on the atom indicated in the expression using “substituted” is replaced with a selection from the indicated group, provided that the indicated atom's normal valency is not exceeded, and that the substitution results in a chemically stable compound, i.e. a compound that is sufficiently robust to survive isolation to a useful degree of purity from a reaction mixture, and formulation into a therapeutic agent.
  • the term "compounds of the invention” or a similar term is meant to include the compounds of general Formula I or Il and any subgroup thereof, their derivatives, /V-oxides, salts, solvates, hydrates, stereoisomeric forms, racemic mixtures, tautomeric forms, optical isomers, analogues, pro-drugs, esters and metabolites, as well as their quaternized nitrogen analogues.
  • the /V-oxide forms of said compounds are meant to comprise compounds wherein one or several nitrogen atoms are oxidized to the so-called N-oxide.
  • a compound means one compound or more than one compound.
  • Asterisks (*) are used herein to indicate the point at which a mono-, bi- or trivalent radical depicted is connected to the structure to which it relates and of which the radical forms part.
  • pro-drug means the pharmacologically acceptable derivatives such as esters, amides and phosphates, such that the resulting in vivo biotransformation product of the derivative is the active drug.
  • the reference by Goodman and Gilman (The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th Ed, McGraw-Hill, Int. Ed. 1992, "Biotransformation of Drugs", p 13-15) describing pro-drugs generally is hereby incorporated.
  • Pro-drugs of the compounds of the invention can be prepared by modifying functional groups present in said component in such a way that the modifications are cleaved, either in routine manipulation or in vivo, to the parent component.
  • pro-drugs are described for instance in WO 99/33795, WO 99/33815, WO 99/33793 and WO 99/33792 all incorporated herein by reference. Pro-drugs are characterized by increased bio-availability and are readily metabolized into the active inhibitors in vivo.
  • L 1 is a group selected from C-
  • X 1 is selected from -S-, or O
  • X 2 is selected from -CR 4 - or N, preferably when X 1 is S, X 2 is CR 4 or N, and when X 1 is O, X 2 is CR 4 ,
  • R 1 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, hydroxyC-
  • R 6 is C 1-4 alkyl, C-
  • R 2 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, hydroxyC- ⁇ _ 4 alkyl, nitro, azido, cyano, C 1-4 alkyl, C 5 . 14 aryl, C 5 . 12 heteroaryl, C 3 .
  • R 3 is selected from hydrogen, C 1-4 alkyl, C 5 . 14 aryl, C 5 . 14 aralkyl, cyanoC- ⁇ _ 4 alkyl or hydroxyC- ⁇ _ 4 alky,
  • the present invention provides compounds having one of the following structural Formula IX, X, Xl, XIII, XVII, or XXIII, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , L 1 , n and m have the same meaning as that defined hereinabove. More preferably, the present invention provides compounds having one of the following structural Formula IX, Xl, XIII, XVII, or XXIII, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , L 1 , n and m have the same meaning as that defined hereinabove.
  • L 1 is a group selected from alkylene, cycloalkylene or cycloalkylenoxyalkylene, each group being optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from alkyl, aryl, halo, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy
  • R 1 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, hydroxyalkyl, nitro, cyano, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkyl, acyl, alkylamino, alkylaminocarbonyl, -SO 2 R 6 , alkylcarbonyloxy, haloalkyl, alkylcarbonyl, aryloxy, arylcarbonyl, haloalkoxy, alkoxy, alkylthio, carboxyl, acylamino, thioamide, alkyloxycarbonyl, or sulfonamidyl, wherein R 6 is alkyl, alkylamin
  • R 2 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, hydroxyalkyl, nitro, cyano, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkyl, acyl, alkylamino, -SO 2 R 6 , alkylcarbonyloxy, haloalkyl, alkylcarbonyl, aryloxy, arylcarbonyl, haloalkoxy, alkoxy, alkylthio, acylamino, thioamide, or sulfonamidyl, wherein R 6 is alkyl, alkylamino or cycloalkyl,
  • R 3 is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cyanoalkyl or hydroxyalkyl,
  • R 4 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, amino, alkyl, thienyl or * ⁇ .
  • the present invention provides at least one compound of formula Xl,
  • R 4 is halogen, for example chloro, bromo or fluoro, more preferably chloro or bromo, yet more preferably chloro, n is an integer selected from 0, 1 , 2, or 3, m is an integer selected from 0, 1 , 2, or 3,
  • L 1 is a group selected from alkylene, cycloalkylene or cycloalkylenoxyalkylene, each group being optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from alkyl, aryl, halo, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy
  • R 1 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, hydroxyalkyl, nitro, azido, cyano, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkyl, acyl, alkylamino, alkylaminocarbonyl, -SO 2 R 6 , alkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclyl, haloalkyl, alkylcarbonyl, aryloxy, arylcarbonyl, haloalkoxy, alkoxy, alkylthio, carboxyl, acylamino, thioamide, alkyloxycarbonyl, or sulfonamidyl, wherein R 6
  • R 3 is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cyanoalkyl or hydroxyalkyl, preferably R 3 is selected from hydrogen, or alkyl.
  • the present invention provides at least one compound having the following structural Formula IX, XVII, or XXIII,
  • n is an integer selected from 0, 1 , 2, or 3, preferably n is 0, 1 or 2
  • m is an integer selected from 0, 1 , 2, or 3, preferably, m is 0, 1 or 2
  • L 1 is a group selected from alkylene, cycloalkylene or cydoalkylenoxyalkylene, each group being optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from alkyl, aryl, halo, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy
  • R 1 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, hydroxyalkyl, nitro, azido, cyano, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkyl, acyl, alkylamino, alkylaminocarbonyl, -SO 2 R 6 , alkylcarbonyloxy, heterocydyl, haloalkyl, alkylcarbonyl, aryloxy, arylcarbonyl, haloalkoxy, alkoxy, alkylthio, carboxyl, acylamino, thioamide, alkyloxycarbonyl, or sulfonamidyl,
  • R 3 is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cyanoalkyl or hydroxyalkyl, preferably R 3 is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, aralkyl or hydroxyalkyl, yet more preferably hydrogen or alkyl, yet more preferably hydrogen,
  • R 4 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, amino, alkyl, thienyl or * ⁇ , preferably, R 4 is hydrogen or alkyl, more preferably hydrogen or methyl, yet more preferably methyl.
  • the present invention provides compounds as described above, wherein n is selected from 0, 1 , 2 or 3, R 1 is selected from hydrogen, F, Cl, Br, -CH 3 , ferf-butyl, -
  • the present invention provides compounds as described above, wherein L 1 is a group selected from -CH 2 -, -(CH 2 ) 2 -, -(CH 2 ) 3 -, -CH(CH 2 OH)-, -CH(CH 2 -O-CH 3 )-, -
  • L 1 is a group selected from -CH 2 -, -(CH 2 ) 2 -, - (CH 2 ) 3 -, -CH(CH 2 OH)-, -CH(CH 2 -O-CH 3 )-, -C(CH 2 -CH 3 ) 2 -, -C(CH 3 )(CH 2 -CH 3 )-, -CH(CH 3 )-, - C(CHa) 2 -, -CH(CH 2 -CH 3 )-, -CH(CO 2 H)-, -CH(CO 2 CH 3 )-, -(CH 2 ) 2 -O-CH 2 -, -CH(,CH 2 -N(CH 3 ) 2 )-, r o— -
  • the present invention provides compounds as described above, wherein m is selected from O, 1 , 2 or 3, R 2 is selected from hydrogen, F, Cl, Br, -CH 3 , ferf-butyl, -
  • the present invention provides compounds as described above, wherein R 3 is selected from hydrogen, CH 3 -, -CH 2 -CH 3 , -(CH 2 ) 2 -CH 3 , -(CH 2 ) 2 -CN, -CH 2 -CN, -CH 2 -OH, -(CH 2 ) 2 -OH, -(CH 2 ) 3 -OH, phenyl, or benzyl, and wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 4 , L 1 , n and m have the same meaning as that defined above.
  • the present invention provides compounds as described above, wherein R 4 is selected from hydrogen, Cl, Br, F, -NH 2 , CH 3 -, -CH 2 -CH 3 , -(CH 2 ) 2 -CH 3 , thienyl or
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , L 1 , n and m have the same meaning as that defined above.
  • the present invention also relates to methods for the preparation of the compounds according to the present invention, using for example structurally related compounds.
  • the compounds of the present invention can be prepared using the non-limiting methods described hereunder and in the examples.
  • the method comprises the step of condensing a compound having Formula XXVII or XXVIII: XXVII XXVI I I with a compound of Formula XXIX:
  • the condensation can be performed via the formation of the acyl chloride or thionyl chloride of the compound of Formula XXVII or XXVIII and then by the coupling of said chloride with a compound of Formula XXIX.
  • the condensation can be performed by using a suitable coupling agent, in a suitable solvent, in the presence of suitable base.
  • the condensation can be performed by using a suitable coupling agent, in a suitable solvent, in the presence of suitable base.
  • the suitable coupling agent can be selected from the group comprising dicyclo-hexylcarbodiimide, hydroxybenzotriazole, o-benzotriazol-1-yl- N,N,N',N4-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate and the like and mixture thereof.
  • the suitable solvent can be selected from the group comprising dichloromethane, dimethylformamide and the like or mixture thereof.
  • suitable base comprise potassium carbonate, diisopropylethylamine, triethylamine, triisopropylamine and the like.
  • the condensation can be realized via formation of the corresponding acyl chloride and then coupling with the desired amine.
  • a suitable coupling agent such as hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBT), o- benzotriazol-1-yl-N,N,N',N-4-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (TBTLJ) and the like at a suitable molar ratio, for example between 1 :1 to 1 :3 relative to the acid derivative; in a suitable solvent or solvent mixture, such as dichloromethane (DCM) or dimethylformamide (DMF) and the like; at a suitable temperature, usually between O 0 C and the boiling point of the solvent used; for a suitable period of time, usually between 0.25 hr and 48 hrs; in the presence of a suitable base, for example an organic base such as potassium carbonate (K 2 CO 3 ), diisopropylethylamine (DIEA), triethylamine (
  • K 2 CO 3 potassium carbonate
  • the compounds of the present invention may then be isolated from the reaction mixture and may optionally be further purified, using techniques known per se, such as evaporation of the solvent, washing, trituration, recrystallisation from a suitable solvent or solvent mixture, and chromatographic techniques, such as column chromatography -for example using silica gel or C18 as solid phase- or preparative thin layer chromatography.
  • stereoisomer as used herein, defines all possible compounds made up of the same atoms bonded by the same sequence of bonds but having different three-dimensional structures which are not interchangeable, which the compounds of the present invention may possess. It will be clear to the skilled person that some of the compounds of the invention may contain one or more asymmetric carbon atoms that serve as a chiral center, which may lead to different optical forms (e.g. enantiomers or diastereoisomers). Unless otherwise mentioned or indicated, the chemical designation of a compound herein encompasses all such optical forms in all possible configurations as well as the mixture of all possible stereochemical ⁇ isomeric forms, which said compound may possess.
  • Said mixture may contain all diastereomers and/or enantiomers of the basic molecular structure of said compound.
  • All stereochemical ⁇ isomeric forms of the compounds of the invention either in pure form or in a mixture with each other are intended to fall within the scope of the present invention. More generally, from the above, it will be clear to the skilled person that some of the compounds of the invention may exist in the form of different isomers and/or tautomers, including but not limited to geometrical isomers, conformational isomers, and stereochemical isomers (i.e. enantiomers and diastereoisomers) and isomers that correspond to the presence of the same substituents on different positions of the rings present in the compounds of the invention. All such possible isomers, tautomers and mixtures thereof are included within the scope of the invention.
  • Suitable protective groups as well as methods and conditions for inserting them and removing them, will be clear to the skilled person and are generally described in the standard handbooks of organic chemistry, such as Greene and Wuts, "Protective groups in organic synthesis", 3 rd Edition, Wiley and Sons, 1999, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. It will also be clear to the skilled person that compounds of the invention in which one or more functional groups have been protected with suitable functional groups can find use as intermediates in the production and/or synthesis of the compounds of the invention, and as such form a further aspect of the invention.
  • the present invention further encompasses compounds obtainable by the methods according to the invention. It was surprisingly found that the compounds of the invention interact with ion channels as shown in the examples below, in particular with ion channels from the Kv family, more in particular with ion channels from the Kv4 subfamily, and especially with Kv4.3 channels.
  • the compounds of the invention act as antagonists of said ion channel(s) and/or of the biological function(s) and/or pathways associated with these channels, and in particular that the compounds of the invention can fully or partially “block” said channels.
  • the compounds of the invention interact with ion channels from an animal, preferably a vertebrate animal, more preferably a warm-blooded animal, even more preferably a mammal, and most preferably a human being.
  • the compounds of the invention act as antagonists of said ion channels and/or of the biological functions or pathways associated therewith.
  • the compounds of the invention block said ion channels.
  • the compounds of the invention act as antagonists of ion channels from the Kv family and/or of the biological functions or pathways associated therewith. Also, preferably, the compounds of the invention block ion channels from the Kv family.
  • compounds of Formula I or Il above that are particularly active against Kv4.3 ion channels and Kv1.5 ions channels and exhibit an IC 50 value of less than 100 ⁇ M, preferably less than 50 ⁇ M, more preferably less than 10 ⁇ M, preferably less than 5 ⁇ M, even more preferably less than 1 preferably less than 0.1 ⁇ M, and in particular less than 10 nM, less than 1 nM, as determined by a suitable assay, such as the assay used in the Examples below.
  • the compounds of Formula I or Il above that are particularly active against Kv4.3 ion channels and Kv1.5 ions channels and wherein the percentage inhibition measured after application of the compound and relative to the blank is equal or above 10%, preferably above 15%, more preferably above 20%, yet more preferably above 30%, yet more preferably above 50% as determined by a suitable assay, such as the assay used in the Examples below.
  • the compounds of the invention act as antagonists of ion channels from the Kv4 subfamily and/or of the biological functions or pathways associated therewith. Also, preferably, the compounds of the invention block ion channels from the Kv4 sub family.
  • the compounds of the invention act as antagonists of the Kv4.3 ion channel and/or of the biological functions or pathways associated therewith. Also, most preferably, the compounds of the invention block the Kv4.3 ion channel.
  • the compounds of the invention which block the Kv4.3 ion channels also block ion channels of the Kv1 subfamily, especially the Kv1.5 ion channel.
  • Whether a compound of the invention interacts with an ion channel can be determined using a suitable technique or assay, such as the assays described in the examples.
  • the compounds of the invention or ⁇ /-benzyl-1 ,3-benzoxazole-2-carbothioamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-1 ,3- benzoxazole-2-carboxamide, ⁇ /-(2-phenylethyl)-1 ,3-benzoxazole-2-carboxamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-1 ,3- benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-1 ,3-benzothiazole-2-carboxamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-1 ,3- benzothiazole-2-carbothioamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-4-hydroxy-2-methylquinoline-6-carboxamide, ⁇ /-benzyl- 8-methoxy-6-methyl-2-naphthamide, or ⁇ /-(3-chlorobenzyl)quinoline-6-carboxamide can therefore generally be used (1 ) as antagonists of ion channels and/or of the biological functions or pathways associated therewith,
  • the compounds of the invention that interact with ion channels from the Kv family can be used (1 ) as antagonists of ion channels from the Kv family and/or of the biological functions or pathways associated therewith, i.e. in an in vitro, in vivo or therapeutic setting; (2) as blockers of ion channels from the Kv family, i.e. in an in vitro, in vivo or therapeutic setting; and/or (3) as pharmaceutically active agents, in particular in (the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions for) the prevention and/or treatment of conditions or diseases associated with ion channels from the Kv family.
  • the compounds of the invention that interact with ion channels from the Kv4 subfamily can be used (1 ) as antagonists of ion channels from the Kv4 subfamily and/or of the biological functions or pathways associated therewith, i.e. in an in vitro, in vivo or therapeutic setting; (2) as blockers of ion channels from the Kv4 subfamily, i.e. in an in vitro, in vivo or therapeutic setting; and/or (3) as pharmaceutically active agents, in particular in (the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions for) the prevention and/or treatment of conditions or diseases associated with ion channels from the Kv4 sub family.
  • the compounds of the invention that interact with the Kv4.3 ion channels from the Kv4 subfamily can in particular be used (1 ) as antagonists of the Kv4.3 ion channel and/or of the biological functions or pathways associated therewith, i.e. in an in vitro, in vivo or therapeutic setting; (2) as blockers of the Kv4.3 ion channel, i.e. in an in vitro, in vivo or therapeutic setting; and/or (3) as pharmaceutically active agents, in particular in (the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions for) the prevention and/or treatment of conditions or diseases associated with the Kv4.3 ion channel.
  • the compounds of the invention that interact with ion channels from the Kv1 subfamily can be used (1 ) as antagonists of ion channels from the Kv1 subfamily and/or of the biological functions or pathways associated therewith, i.e. in an in vitro, in vivo or therapeutic setting; (2) as blockers of ion channels from the Kv1 subfamily, i.e. in an in vitro, in vivo or therapeutic setting; and/or (3) as pharmaceutically active agents, in particular in (the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions for) the prevention and/or treatment of conditions or diseases associated with ion channels from the Kv1 sub family.
  • the compounds of the invention that interact with the Kv 1.5 ion channels from the Kv1 subfamily can in particular be used (1 ) as antagonists of the Kv1.5 ion channel and/or of the biological functions or pathways associated therewith, i.e. in an in vitro, in vivo or therapeutic setting; (2) as blockers of the Kv1.5 ion channel, i.e. in an in vitro, in vivo or therapeutic setting; and/or (3) as pharmaceutically active agents, in particular in (the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions for) the prevention and/or treatment of conditions or diseases associated with the Kv1.5 ion channel.
  • the present invention provides a compound of Formula I or Il for use as a medicament. Furthermore, the present invention provides a compound of Formula I or Il , or N- benzyl-1 ,3-benzoxazole-2-carbothioamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-1 ,3-benzoxazole-2-carboxamide, ⁇ /-(2- phenylethyl)-1 ,3-benzoxazole-2-carboxamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-1 ,3-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide, N- benzyl-1 ,3-benzothiazole-2-carboxamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-1 ,3-benzothiazole-2-carbothioamide, ⁇ /-benzyl- 4-hydroxy-2-methylquinoline-6-carboxamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-8-methoxy-6-methyl-2-naphthamide, or N- (S-chlorobenzyOquinoline-G-carbox
  • the present invention provides a compound of Formula I or Il , or ⁇ /-benzyl-1 ,3-benzoxazole-2- carbothioamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-1 ,3-benzoxazole-2-carboxamide, ⁇ /-(2-phenylethyl)-1 ,3-benzoxazole-2- carboxamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-1 ,3-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-1 ,3-benzothiazole-2- carboxamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-1 ,3-benzothiazole-2-carbothioamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-4-hydroxy-2- methylquinoline-6-carboxamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-8-methoxy-6-methyl-2-naphthamide, or ⁇ /-(3- chlorobenzyl)quinoline-6-carboxamide, for use as a blocker of an ion-channel of the Kv4
  • the present invention provides a compound of Formula I or Il , or N- benzyl-1 ,3-benzoxazole-2-carbothioamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-1 ,3-benzoxazole-2-carboxamide, ⁇ /-(2- phenylethyl)-1 ,3-benzoxazole-2-carboxamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-1 ,3-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide, N- benzyl-1 ,3-benzothiazole-2-carboxamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-1 ,3-benzothiazole-2-carbothioamide, ⁇ /-benzyl- 4-hydroxy-2-methylquinoline-6-carboxamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-8-methoxy-6-methyl-2-naphthamide, or N- (3-chlorobenzyl)quinoline-6-carboxamide, for use as a blocker of an ion-channel of the Kv4.3 family of i
  • the present invention provides a compound of Formula I or Il , or N- benzyl-1 ,3-benzoxazole-2-carbothioamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-1 ,3-benzoxazole-2-carboxamide, ⁇ /-(2- phenylethyl)-1 ,3-benzoxazole-2-carboxamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-1 ,3-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide, N- benzyl-1 ,3-benzothiazole-2-carboxamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-1 ,3-benzothiazole-2-carbothioamide, ⁇ /-benzyl- 4-hydroxy-2-methylquinoline-6-carboxamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-8-methoxy-6-methyl-2-naphthamide, or N- (3-chlorobenzyl)quinoline-6-carboxamide, for use as a blocker of an ion channel of the Kv1 family of ion channels
  • the present invention provides a compound of Formula I or Il , or N- benzyl-1 ,3-benzoxazole-2-carbothioamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-1 ,3-benzoxazole-2-carboxamide, ⁇ /-(2- phenylethyl)-1 ,3-benzoxazole-2-carboxamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-1 ,3-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide, N- benzyl-1 ,3-benzothiazole-2-carboxamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-1 ,3-benzothiazole-2-carbothioamide, ⁇ /-benzyl- 4-hydroxy-2-methylquinoline-6-carboxamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-8-methoxy-6-methyl-2-naphthamide, or N- (S-chlorobenzylJquinoline-G-carboxamide, for use as a blocker of an ion channel of the Kv1.5 family of
  • the present invention further provides for the use of a compound according to the invention , or N- benzyl-1 ,3-benzoxazole-2-carbothioamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-1 ,3-benzoxazole-2-carboxamide, ⁇ /-(2- phenylethyl)-1 ,3-benzoxazole-2-carboxamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-1 ,3-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide, N- benzyl-1 ,3-benzothiazole-2-carboxamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-1 ,3-benzothiazole-2-carbothioamide, ⁇ /-benzyl- 4-hydroxy-2-methylquinoline-6-carboxamide, ⁇ /-benzyl-8-methoxy-6-methyl-2-naphthamide, or N- (3-chlorobenzyl)quinoline-6-carboxamide, for the preparation of a medicament in the prevention and/or treatment of conditions or diseases associated with
  • conditions and diseases associated with the Kv4.3 ion channel include (i) cardiac disorders including arrhythmias including Brugada Syndrome; hypertension-induced heart disorders including hypertension-induced cardiac hypertrophy; cardiac failure; and (ii) disorders of the nervous system and neurological disorders including epilepsy, stroke, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, anxiety, insomnia, encephalomyelitis, Alzheimer's disease multiple sclerosis, demyelinating disease, and Parkinson's Syndrome.
  • Arrhythmias include (i) atrial Arrhythmias such as but not limited to Atrial fibrillation, Atrial flutter, Premature atrial contraction (PAC), Sick sinus syndrome, Atrioventricular block, Sinus arrhythmia, Sinus tachycardia, Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), and Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome; (ii) Ventricular Arrhythmias such as but not limited to Premature ventricular contraction (PVC), ventricular tachycardia (VT), ventricular fibrillation and bradicardias; (iii) Others such as Brugada Syndrome, Adams-Stokes disease, bundle branch block, HIS bundle block, atrio-ventricular (AV) block, other heart conduction abnormalities, long Q-T syndrome, syncope and bradycardias; and the compounds of the invention that interact with Kv4.3 ion channels can be used in the prevention and/or treatment of such conditions and diseases.
  • Similar conditions and diseases are associated with the Kv1.5 ion channel and can be used in prevention and/or treatment of such conditions and diseases.
  • class III anti-arrhythmic drugs exert their effects by a blockade of cardiac potassium channels, resulting in a prolongation of repolarization and refractoriness.
  • l(Kur) the ultra-rapid delayed rectifier current was identified in human atrial but not ventricular tissue. Consequently, it contributes to the repolarisation of the action potential in the atrium only.
  • the Kv1.5 protein is supposed to be a critical cardiac voltage- gated potassium channel to form the l(Kur). Compounds inhibiting Kv1.5 would delay repolarisation of the action potential in the atrium and consequently prolong the atrial refractory period.
  • the present invention also relates to the use of the compounds that interact with Kv1.5 ion channels for prevention and/or treatment of the conditions and diseases given above and related with Kv4.3 ion channel associated diseases.
  • Preferred compounds for use in treating these conditions or diseases are compounds that show activity for both the Kv4.3 and the Kv1.5 ion channel.
  • the compounds are suitable for the treatment and/or prevention of various disorders: (i) cardiac disorders including arrhythmias including Brugada Syndrome; hypertension-induced heart disorders including hypertension- induced cardiac hypertrophy; cardiac failure; and (ii) disorders of the nervous system and neurological disorders including epilepsy, stroke, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, anxiety, insomnia, encephalomyelitis, Alzheimer's disease multiple sclerosis, demyelinating disease, and Parkinson's Syndrome.
  • cardiac disorders including arrhythmias including Brugada Syndrome
  • hypertension-induced heart disorders including hypertension- induced cardiac hypertrophy
  • cardiac failure and
  • disorders of the nervous system and neurological disorders including epilepsy, stroke, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, anxiety, insomnia, encephalomyelitis, Alzheimer's disease multiple sclerosis, demyelinating disease, and Parkinson's Syndrome.
  • Arrhythmias include (i) atrial Arrhythmias such as but not limited to Atrial fibrillation, Atrial flutter, Premature atrial contraction (PAC), Sick sinus syndrome, Atrioventricular block, Sinus arrhythmia, Sinus tachycardia, Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), and Wolff- Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome; (ii) Ventricular Arrhythmias such as but not limited to Premature ventricular contraction (PVC), ventricular tachycardia (VT), ventricular fibrillation and bradicardias; (iii) Others such as Brugada Syndrome, Adams-Stokes disease, bundle branch block, HIS bundle block, atrio-ventricular (AV) block, other heart conduction abnormalities, long Q-T syndrome, syncope and bradycardias.
  • atrial Arrhythmias such as but not limited to Atrial fibrillation, Atrial flutter, Premature atrial contraction (PAC), Sick sinus syndrome
  • the compounds may be employed for the termination of existing atrial fibrillation or flutters for the recovery of the sinus rhythm (cardio version). Moreover, the substances may reduce the susceptibility to the formation of new fibrillation events (maintenance of the sinus rhythm, prophylaxis).
  • the compounds according to the invention can also be used as heart rate control agents, angina pectoris including relief of Prinzmetal's symptoms, vasospastic symptoms and variant symptoms; gastrointestinal disorders including reflux, esophagitis, functional dyspepsia, motility disorders (including constipation and diarrhea), and irritable bowel syndrome, disorders of vascular and visceral smooth muscle including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, adult respiratory distress syndrome, peripheral vascular disease (including intermittent claudication), venous insufficiency, impotence, cerebral and coronary spasm and Raynaud's disease, inflammatory and immunological disease including inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, graft rejection, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis and atherosclerosis, cell poliferative disorders including restenosis and cancer (including leukemia), disorders of the auditory system, disorders of the visual system including macular degeneration and cataracts, diabetes including diabetic retinopathy, diabetic
  • inhibitors of the K1 subfamily of voltage-gated K+ channels compounds according to the present invention are useful to treat a variety of disorders including resistance by transplantation of organs or tissue, graft-versus-host diseases brought about by medulla ossium transplantation, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, hashimoto's thyroiditis, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, type I diabetes uveitis, juvenile-onset or recent-onset diabetes mellitus, posterior uveitis, allergic encephalomyelitis, glomerulonephritis, infectious diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms, inflammatory and hyperproliferative skin diseases, psoriasis, atopical dermatitis, contact dermatitis, eczematous dermatitises, seborrhoeis dermatitis, Lichen planus, Pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid, Epidermolysis bull
  • the compounds of the present invention are antiarrhythmic agents which are useful in the prevention and treatment (including partial alleviation or cure) of arrhythmias.
  • compounds within the scope of the present invention are particularly useful in the selective prevention and treatment of supraventricular arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation, Brugada syndrome and atrial flutter.
  • Whether a compound of the invention interacts with an ion channel such as with an ion channel of the Kv family, for example an ion channel of the Kv4 or Kv1 subfamily, such as the Kv4.3 or the Kv1.5 ion channel, respectively, can be determined using a suitable technique or assay, such as the assays and techniques referred to herein or other suitable assays or techniques known in the art.
  • the compounds of the invention may be used as a free acid or base, and/or in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable acid-addition and/or base-addition salt (e.g. obtained with non-toxic organic or inorganic acid or base), in the form of a hydrate, solvate and/or complex, and/or in the form or a pro-drug or pre-drug, such as an ester.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable acid-addition and/or base-addition salt e.g. obtained with non-toxic organic or inorganic acid or base
  • solvate includes any combination which may be formed by a compound of this invention with a suitable inorganic solvent (e.g. hydrates) or organic solvent, such as but not limited to alcohols, ketones, esters and the like.
  • suitable inorganic solvent e.g. hydrates
  • organic solvent such as but not limited to alcohols, ketones, esters and the like.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds according to the invention include the conventional non-toxic salts or the quaternary ammonium salts which are formed, e.g., from inorganic or organic acids or bases.
  • acid addition salts include acetate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, citrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, fumarate, glucoheptanoate, glycerophosphate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, lactate, maleate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalene-sulfonate, nicotinate, oxalate, palmoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, succinate, tartrate, thiocyanate, tos, to
  • Base salts include ammonium salts, alkali metal salts such as sodium and potassium salts, alkaline earth metal salts such as calcium and magnesium salts, salts with organic bases such as dicyclohexylamine salts, N-methyl-D-glucamine, and salts with amino acids such a sarginine, lysine, and so forth.
  • the basic nitrogen-containing groups may be quaternized with such agents as lower alkyl halides, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chloride, bromides and iodides; dialkyl sulfates like dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl; and diamyl sulfates, long chain halides such as decyl, lauryl, myristyl and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides, aralkyl halides like benzyl and phenethyl-bromides and others.
  • Other pharmaceutically acceptable salts include the sulfate salt ethanolate and sulfate salts.
  • the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and a therapeutic amount of a compound according to the invention.
  • terapéuticaally effective amount means that amount of active compound or component or pharmaceutical agent that elicits the biological or medicinal response in a tissue, system, animal or human that is being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician, which includes alleviation of the symptoms of the disease being treated.
  • the pharmaceutical composition can be prepared in a manner known per se to one of skill in the art. For this purpose, at least one compound having Formula I or Il one or more solid or liquid pharmaceutical excipients and, if desired, in combination with other pharmaceutical active compounds, are brought into a suitable administration form or dosage form which can then be used as a pharmaceutical in human medicine or veterinary medicine.
  • the compounds of the inventions may be formulated as a pharmaceutical preparation comprising at least one compound of the invention and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient and/or adjuvant, and optionally one or more further pharmaceutically active compounds.
  • a formulation may be in a form suitable for oral administration, for parenteral administration (such as by intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous injection or intravenous infusion), for topical administration, for administration by inhalation, by a skin patch, by an implant, by a suppository, etc.
  • Such suitable administration forms which may be solid, semi-solid or liquid, depending on the manner of administration - as well as methods and carriers, diluents and excipients for use in the preparation thereof, will be clear to the skilled person; reference is again made to for instance US- A-6,372,778, US-A-6, 369,086, US-A-6, 369,087 and US-A-6,372,733, as well as to the standard handbooks, such as the latest edition of Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences.
  • Such preparations include tablets, pills, powders, lozenges, sachets, cachets, elixirs, suspensions, emulsions, solutions, syrups, aerosols, ointments, creams, lotions, soft and hard gelatin capsules, suppositories, sterile injectable solutions and sterile packaged powders (which are usually reconstituted prior to use) for administration as a bolus and/or for continuous administration, which may be formulated with carriers, excipients, and diluents that are suitable per se for such formulations, such as lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, starches, gum acacia, calcium phosphate, alginates, tragacanth, gelatin, calcium silicate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol, cellulose, (sterile) water, methylcellulose, methyl- and propylhydroxybenz
  • the formulations can optionally contain other pharmaceutically active substances (which may or may not lead to a synergistic effect with the compounds of the invention) and other substances that are commonly used in pharmaceutical formulations, such as lubricating agents, wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, dispersing agents, desintegrants, bulking agents, fillers, preserving agents, sweetening agents, flavoring agents, flow regulators, release agents, and the like.
  • the compositions may also be formulated so as to provide rapid, sustained or delayed release of the active compound(s) contained therein, for example using liposomes or hydrophilic polymeric matrices based on natural gels or synthetic polymers.
  • cyclodextrins are o, ⁇ - or ⁇ -cyclodextrins (CDs) or ethers and mixed ethers thereof wherein one or more of the hydroxyl groups of the anhydroglucose units of the cyclodextrin are substituted with alkyl, particularly methyl, ethyl or isopropyl, e.g.
  • ⁇ -CD randomly methylated ⁇ -CD
  • hydroxyalkyl particularly hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl or hydroxybutyl
  • carboxyalkyl particularly carboxymethyl or carboxyethyl
  • alkylcarbonyl particularly acetyl
  • alkoxycarbonylalkyl or carboxyalkoxyalkyl particularly carboxymethoxypropyl or carboxyethoxypropyl
  • alkylcarbonyloxyalkyl particularly 2-acetyloxypropyl.
  • complexants and/or solubilizers are ⁇ -CD, randomly methylated ⁇ -CD, 2,6-dimethyl- ⁇ -CD, 2-hydroxyethyl- ⁇ -CD, 2- hydroxyethyl- ⁇ -CD, 2-hydroxypropyl- ⁇ -CD and (2-carboxymethoxy)propyl- ⁇ -CD, and in particular 2-hydroxypropyl- ⁇ -CD (2-HP- ⁇ -CD).
  • mixed ether denotes cyclodextrin derivatives wherein at least two cyclodextrin hydroxyl groups are etherified with different groups such as, for example, hydroxypropyl and hydroxyethyl.
  • the present invention encompasses a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of a compound according to the invention with a pharmaceutically acceptable cyclodextrin.
  • the present invention also encompasses cyclodextrin complexes consisting of a compound according to the invention and a cyclodextrin.
  • compositions may be formulated in a pharmaceutical formulation comprising a therapeutically effective amount of particles consisting of a solid dispersion of the compounds of the invention and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable water-soluble polymers.
  • a solid dispersion defines a system in a solid state (as opposed to a liquid or gaseous state) comprising at least two components, wherein one component is dispersed more or less evenly throughout the other component or components.
  • a solid solution When said dispersion of the components is such that the system is chemically and physically uniform or homogenous throughout or consists of one phase as defined in thermodynamics, such a solid dispersion is referred to as "a solid solution".
  • Solid solutions are preferred physical systems because the components therein are usually readily bioavailable to the organisms to which they are administered.
  • the term "a solid dispersion” also comprises dispersions that are less homogenous throughout than solid solutions. Such dispersions are not chemically and physically uniform throughout or comprise more than one phase.
  • the water-soluble polymer is conveniently a polymer that has an apparent viscosity of 1 to 100 mPa.s when dissolved in a 2 % aqueous solution at 2O 0 C solution.
  • Preferred water-soluble polymers are hydroxypropyl methylcelluloses or HPMC.
  • HPMC having a methoxy degree of substitution from about 0.8 to about 2.5 and a hydroxypropyl molar substitution from about 0.05 to about 3.0 are generally water soluble.
  • Methoxy degree of substitution refers to the average number of methyl ether groups present per anhydroglucose unit of the cellulose molecule.
  • Hydroxy-propyl molar substitution refers to the average number of moles of propylene oxide which have reacted with each anhydroglucose unit of the cellulose molecule.
  • Suitable surface modifiers can preferably be selected from known organic and inorganic pharmaceutical excipients. Such excipients include various polymers, low molecular weight oligomers, natural products and surfactants. Preferred surface modifiers include nonionic and anionic surfactants. Yet another interesting way of formulating the compounds according to the invention involves a pharmaceutical composition whereby the compounds are incorporated in hydrophilic polymers and applying this mixture as a coat film over many small beads, thus yielding a composition with good bio-availability which can conveniently be manufactured and which is suitable for preparing pharmaceutical dosage forms for oral administration.
  • Said beads comprise (a) a central, rounded or spherical core, (b) a coating film of a hydrophilic polymer and an antiretroviral agent and (c) a seal- coating polymer layer.
  • Materials suitable for use as cores in the beads are manifold, provided that said materials are pharmaceutically acceptable and have appropriate dimensions and firmness. Examples of such materials are polymers, inorganic substances, organic substances, and saccharides and derivatives thereof.
  • the above preparations may be prepared in a manner known per se, which usually involves mixing the active substance(s) to be used with the one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, which necessary under aseptic conditions.
  • the pharmaceutical preparations of the invention are preferably in a unit dosage form, and may be suitably packaged, for example in a box, blister, vial, bottle, sachet, ampoule or in any other suitable single-dose or multi-dose holder or container (which may be properly labeled); optionally with one or more leaflets containing product information and/or instructions for use.
  • unit dosages will contain between 1 and 1000 mg, and usually between 5 and 500 mg, of the at least one compound of the invention, e.g. about 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, 300 or 400 mg per unit dosage.
  • the compounds can be administered by a variety of routes including the oral, rectal, transdermal, subcutaneous, intravenous, intrapericardial, intramuscular or intranasal routes, depending mainly on the specific preparation used and the condition to be treated or prevented, and with oral and intravenous administration usually being preferred.
  • the compound of the invention will generally be administered in an effective amount, which, upon suitable administration, is sufficient to achieve the desired therapeutic or prophylactic effect in the individual to which it is administered.
  • an effective amount will usually be between 0.01 to 1000 mg, more often between 0.1 and 500 mg, such as between 0.1 and 250 mg, for example about 0.1 , 1 , 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 150, 200 or 250 mg, per kilogram body weight day of the patient per day, which may be administered as a single daily dose, divided over one or more daily doses, or essentially continuously, e.g. using a drip infusion.
  • the amount(s) to be administered, the route of administration and the further treatment regimen may be determined by the treating clinician, depending on factors such as the age, gender and general condition of the patient and the nature and severity of the disease/symptoms to be treated.
  • the invention relates to a composition and in particular a composition for pharmaceutical use, which contains at least one compound of the invention and at least one suitable carrier (i.e. a carrier suitable for pharmaceutical use).
  • a suitable carrier i.e. a carrier suitable for pharmaceutical use.
  • the invention also relates to the use of a compound of the invention in the preparation of such a composition.
  • said pharmaceutical composition can be administered separately at different times during the course of therapy or concurrently in divided or single combination forms.
  • the present invention is therefore to be understood as embracing all such regimes of simultaneous or alternating treatment and the term "administering" is to be interpreted accordingly.
  • compositions of the present invention can be mixed with suitable additives, such as excipients, stabilizers or inert diluents, and brought by means of the customary methods into the suitable administration forms, such as tablets, coated tablets, hard capsules, aqueous, alcoholic, or oily solutions.
  • suitable inert carriers are gum arabic, magnesia, magnesium carbonate, potassium phosphate, lactose, glucose, or starch, in particular, corn starch.
  • the preparation can be carried out both as dry and as moist granules.
  • suitable oily excipients or solvents are vegetable or animal oils, such as sunflower oil or cod liver oil.
  • Suitable solvents for aqueous or alcoholic solutions are water, ethanol, sugar solutions, or mixtures thereof.
  • Polyethylene glycols and polypropylene glycols are also useful as further auxiliaries for other administration forms.
  • these compositions may contain microcrystalline cellulose, dicalcium phosphate, starch, magnesium stearate and lactose and/or other excipients, binders, extenders, disintegrants, diluents and lubricants known in the art.
  • compositions When administered by nasal aerosol or inhalation, these compositions may be prepared according to techniques well-known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and may be prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons, and/or other solubilizing or dispersing agents known in the art.
  • Suitable pharmaceutical formulations for administration in the form of aerosols or sprays are, for example, solutions, suspensions or emulsions of the compounds of the invention or their physiologically tolerable salts in a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent, such as ethanol or water, or a mixture of such solvents.
  • the formulation can also additionally contain other pharmaceutical auxiliaries such as surfactants, emulsifiers and stabilizers as well as a propellant.
  • the compound according to the invention for subcutaneous or intravenous administration, the compound according to the invention, if desired with the substances customary therefore such as solubilizers, emulsifiers or further auxiliaries are brought into solution, suspension, or emulsion.
  • the compounds of the invention can also be lyophilized and the lyophilizates obtained used, for example, for the production of injection or infusion preparations.
  • Suitable solvents are, for example, water, physiological saline solution or alcohols, e.g. ethanol, propanol, glycerol, in addition also sugar solutions such as glucose or mannitol solutions, or alternatively mixtures of the various solvents mentioned.
  • the injectable solutions or suspensions may be formulated according to known art, using suitable non-toxic, parenterally-acceptable diluents or solvents, such as mannitol, 1 ,3-butanediol, water, Ringer's solution or isotonic sodium chloride solution, or suitable dispersing or wetting and suspending agents, such as sterile, bland, fixed oils, including synthetic mono- or diglycerides, and fatty acids, including oleic acid.
  • suitable non-toxic, parenterally-acceptable diluents or solvents such as mannitol, 1 ,3-butanediol, water, Ringer's solution or isotonic sodium chloride solution, or suitable dispersing or wetting and suspending agents, such as sterile, bland, fixed oils, including synthetic mono- or diglycerides, and fatty acids, including oleic acid.
  • these formulations When rectally administered in the form of suppositories, these formulations may be prepared by mixing the compounds according to the invention with a suitable non-irritating excipient, such as cocoa butter, synthetic glyceride esters or polyethylene glycols, which are solid at ordinary temperatures, but liquefy and/or dissolve in the rectal cavity to release the drug.
  • a suitable non-irritating excipient such as cocoa butter, synthetic glyceride esters or polyethylene glycols, which are solid at ordinary temperatures, but liquefy and/or dissolve in the rectal cavity to release the drug.
  • the compounds according to the invention were found to act as antagonist of ion channels from the Kv family more in particular from the Kv4 subfamily and/or of the biological functions or pathways associated therewith.
  • the compounds according to the invention were also found to act as antagonist of ion channels from the Kv1 subfamily and/or of the biological functions or pathways associated therewith.
  • the compounds of the invention can therefore be used (1 ) as antagonists of ion channels and/or of the biological functions or pathways associated therewith, i.e. in an vitro, in vivo or therapeutic setting; (2) as blockers of ion channels, i.e. in an vitro, in vivo or therapeutic setting; and/or (3) as pharmaceutically active agents, in particular in (the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions for) the prevention and/or treatment of conditions or diseases associated with said ion channels.
  • the compounds according to the invention showed very low activity or no activity with respect to the hERG channel, and are thereby selective.
  • conditions and diseases associated with the Kv4.3 ion channel include cardiac disorders such as arrhythmia, Brugada syndrome, hypertension-induced heart disorders such as hypertension-induced cardiac hypertrophy (e.g. ventricular hypertrophy), and disorders of the nervous system such as epilepsy, stroke, traumatic brain injury, anxiety, insomnia, spinal cord injury, encephalomyelitis, multiple sclerosis, demyelinating disease, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's syndrome.
  • the compounds according to the present invention interact with Kv 4.3 ion channels and can be used in the prevention and/or treatment of such conditions and diseases.
  • conditions and diseases associated with the Kv1.5 ion channel in particular in humans, include the same diseases and disorders as mentioned above as for the Kv4.3 ion channel.
  • the compounds according to the invention that interact with Kv1.5 ion channel are particularly useful in the prevention and/or treatment of atrial tachyarrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation or Brugada syndrome.
  • the present invention also relates to the use of the compounds according to the invention or to a pharmaceutical composition comprising said compounds in the treatment of cardiac disorders such as arrhythmia, Brugada syndrome, hypertension-induced heart disorders such as hypertension-induced cardiac hypertrophy (e.g. ventricular hypertrophy), and disorders of the nervous system such as epilepsy, stroke, traumatic brain injury, anxiety, insomnia, spinal cord injury, encephalomyelitis, multiple sclerosis, demyelinating disease, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's syndrome.
  • the present invention also relates to the use of the compounds according to the invention or to a pharmaceutical composition comprising said compounds in the treatment of cardiac disorders such as arrhythmia.
  • the present invention also relates to the use of the compounds according to the invention or to a pharmaceutical composition comprising said compounds in the treatment of disorders of the nervous system.
  • a method of treating cardiac disorders comprises administering to an individual in need of such treatment a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compounds according to the invention.
  • a method of treating disorders of the nervous system comprises administering to an individual in need of such treatment a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compounds according to the invention.
  • the above compounds and compositions may be of value in the veterinary field, which for the purposes herein not only includes the prevention and/or treatment of diseases in animals, but also -for economically important animals such as cattle, pigs, sheep, chicken, fish, etc.- enhancing the growth and/or weight of the animal and/or the amount and/or the quality of the meat or other products obtained from the animal.
  • the invention relates to a composition for veterinary use that contains at least one compound of the invention and at least one suitable carrier (i.e. a carrier suitable for veterinary use).
  • the invention also relates to the use of a compound of the invention in the preparation of such a composition.
  • the above compounds and compositions may be of value as insecticides.
  • HPLC Waters Alliance 2690 with photodiode array detector Waters 996. Mass spectrometer: Micromass Platform ZMD LC. Ionization: electrospray (polarity: negative and positive).
  • NMR spectra were determined on a Varian Mercury 300 MHz NMR using the indicated solvent as an internal reference. Melting points were determined on a B ⁇ chi B-540 and are non-corrected. All reagents used either were obtained commercially or were prepared in a manner known per se.
  • Protocol A a protocol for preparing Compounds of Formula I or Il may be prepared according to the following protocols and schemes and the knowledge of one skilled in the art. Protocol A:
  • the acid derivative (1.0 eq.) is dissolved in a mixture of DMF and DIEA (3.0 to 5.0 eq.).
  • a solution of TBTU (1.3 eq.) and HOBt (0.3 eq.) in DMF is added and the mixture is stirred at room temperature for 5 to 30 minutes.
  • the amine (1.0 eq.) is added and the reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for a period of 20 min to 24 hours.
  • DMF is removed under reduced pressure.
  • the residue is diluted with EtOAc or DCM and washed with 0.5N HCI, 0.5N NaOH and water/brine or with 1 N NaHCO 3 and water/brine or with 1 N Na 2 CO 3 and water/brine.
  • the organic layer is dried over MgSO 4 and the solvent is removed under reduced pressure.
  • the residue is purified by flash chromatography, semi-prep HPLC or by recrystallization. Protocol C:
  • the amine (1.0 eq.) and DIEA (3.0 to 4.0 eq.) are dissolved in DCM.
  • the sulfonylchloride (1.0 eq.) is dissolved in DCM and added dropwise.
  • the reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes to 2 hours.
  • the solvent is removed under reduced pressure or the reaction mixture is diluted with DCM and washed with 1 N HCI.
  • the aqueous layer is extracted with DCM.
  • the combined organic layers are washed with 1 N NaHCO 3 , dried over MgSO 4 , and solvent removed under reduced pressure.
  • the residue is purified by flash chromatography, semi-prep HPLC or recrystallization.
  • Protocol E A solution of the carbonyl chloride (1.0 eq.) in DCM is added to a solution of the amine (1.0 eq.) and DIEA (1.0 to 4.0 eq.) in DCM. The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes to 3 hours. The reaction mixture is diluted with DCM and washed with water or 0.5N HCI and water or with 0.5N to 1 N HCI, saturated NaHCO 3 , and brine or with 1 N HCI and 2N Na 2 CO 3 . The organic layer is dried over MgSO 4 and the solvent is removed under reduced pressure. The residue is purified by flash chromatography, semi-prep HPLC or recrystallization. Protocol E:
  • the amide (1.0eq.) is dissolved in toluene and Lawesson's reagent (0.55 eq.) is added. The mixture is stirred at 11O 0 C for 1 hour to 3 days. Water is added to the reaction mixture and the aqueous layer is extracted with toluene. The combined organic layers are dried over MgSO4, and solvent removed under reduced pressure. The residue is purified by flash chromatography, semi- preparative HPLC or recrystallization.
  • Protocol G The amide or thioamide (1.0eq.) is dissolved in dry THF and sodium hydride (1.2 eq.) is added. The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes. Methyl iodide (1.5 eq.) or benzyl iodide (1.5 eq.) is added and the reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 25 minutes. The solvent is removed under reduced pressure. The residue is dissolved in DCM and washed with water. The organic layer is dried over MgSO4, and solvent removed under reduced pressure. The residue is purified by flash chromatography, semi-preparative HPLC or recrystallization.
  • the present invention further encompasses compounds as illustrated in Table 1 as well as stereoisomers, tautomers, racemics, prodrugs, metabolites thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof.
  • Example 2 Patch Clamp Assays
  • Electrophysiological measurements were performed as described in WO 2006/058905 under example 3 which is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • Test system and test method for the hERG experiment is performed as described in WO 2006/058905 under example 3 "Test system and test method for the hERG experiment" which is hereby incorporated by reference. Data analysis
  • the compounds showing a selectivity >5 (ratio value) for Kv4.3 vs. hERG are considered as being very selective toward Kv4.3 channels. So in addition to being active on Kv4.3 ions channels at very low concentration, the compounds according to the invention are very selective toward Kv4.3 ions channels when compared to the hERG channel.
  • Table 1 shows the effect on Kv4.3 of a non-limiting number of compounds according to the invention. Unless provided otherwise, the compounds were investigated at one concentration (1 ⁇ M) on the Kv4.3-mediated potassium channel, in a patch clamp assay following a protocol as described in Example 2. The results are shown in Table 1.
  • %inh Kv4.3 means the % inhibition measured after application of the compound and relative to the blank. Results of % inhibition are represented as follows: “+++” means above 50%; “++” means between 50% and 20%; “+” means below 20%. As used herein the term “ND” means no data yet. Unless otherwise specified, the tests were performed at 1 ⁇ M for Kv4.3 % inhibition.
  • Example 3 Patch Clamp Assays using the Kv1.5 ion channel Patch Clamp Assays using the Kv1.5 ion channel may be performed as described in WO 2006/058905 under example 4 which is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • mice Ex-vivo organ studies in rats and guinea pigs may be performed as described in WO 2006/058905 under example 5 which is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • Example 5 In vivo studies in mice
  • mice In vivo studies in mice may be performed as described in WO 2006/058905 under example 6 which is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • AV atrioventricular block
  • Dogs are anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (30 mg/kg, intravenous).
  • the surface lead Il ECG is obtained from the limb electrodes.
  • a heparinized catheter is placed in the left femoral artery to continuously monitor the systemic blood pressure.
  • Electrophysiology of the atrium A standard 6-French quadrupolar electrode catheter (Cordis- Webster) is positioned at the top of the right atrium to electrically pace the sinus nodal area and record the local electrogram, including the spontaneous beating rate (the sinoatrial rate: SAR).
  • a second 6-French quadrupolar electrode catheter is positioned at the inter-atrial septum of the right atrium to electrically induce atrial fibrillation.
  • a third 6-French quadrupolar electrode catheter is positioned in the esophagus to record the left atrial electrogram.
  • a bi-directional steerable monophasic action potential (MAP) recording / pacing combination catheter (EP Technologies Inc., 1675P, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) is positioned at the endocardium of the right ventricle to obtain MAP signals.
  • the interval (in ms) at 90% repolarization is defined as MAP 90 .
  • Inter-atrial conduction time The sinus nodal area is electrically driven in a cycle length of 400, 300 or 200 ms.
  • Atrial effective refractory period The functional refractory period of the atrium is assessed by pacing with 5 beats of basal stimuli in a cycle length of 400, 300 or 200 ms followed by an additional stimulus at various coupling intervals.
  • AF atrial fibrillation
  • a 60 V pacing pulse of 10 ms width and rectangular shape is used for the induction of AF (about 1.5 times of the diastolic threshold voltage).
  • AF is defined as a period of rapid and irregular atrial rhythm resulting in an irregular baseline of the ECG. AF duration is measured after induction.
  • Ventricular MAP duration (MAP 90 ): The heart is electrically paced using a cardiac stimulator with the electrodes of the combination catheter which had been placed in the right ventricle. The MAP 90 is measured during ventricular rhythm and at a pacing cycle length of 1000, 750, 600, 500, 400 or 300 ms.
  • Ventricular effective refractory period The effective refractory period of the right ventricle is assessed by pacing consisting of 5 beats of basal stimuli in a cycle length of 1000, 750, 600, 500, 400 or 300 ms followed by an additional stimulus after various coupling intervals. Starting in late diastole, the coupling interval is shortened consecutively by 5-10 ms until refractoriness occurred.
  • the duration of the terminal repolarization period of the ventricle namely, phase 3 repolarization of the action potential, is estimated using the difference between the MAP 90 and VERP at the same site.
  • Atrial fibrillation is induced by the burst pacing protocol, which is repeated consecutively 10 times at each time point. When the atrial fibrillation is maintained for >30 s, it is terminated electrically. In this case, the duration of atrial fibrillation is calculated as 30 s.
  • AV block was created with radiofrequency ablation and electrodes implanted for atrial tachypacing (ATP, 400 bpm) and EP study (EPS) and ventricular escape pacing (80 bpm) according to standard procedures in the lab.
  • the dogs are given standard pain and antibiotic therapy as needed.
  • the atria are then paced at 400 bpm and the ventricles paced at 80 bpm for 1 week.
  • Quantitative measurements are then obtained, including AF (atrial fibrillation) vulnerability (percentage of sites at which AF can be induced by a single extrastimulus), AF duration (mean duration of AF based on 10 inductions for AF less than 5 minutes, 5 inductions for AF>5 minutes, or minimum of 2 inductions if AF sustained for >20 minutes x 2), AF cycle length, right atrial ERP and conduction velocity determined by epicardial mapping (cycle length of 150 and 300 ms), right ventricular ERPs, QT interval and QRS duration (during ventricular pacing at cycle lengths of 250 and 350-400 ms) and blood pressure.
  • AF atrial fibrillation
  • AF duration mean duration of AF based on 10 inductions for AF less than 5 minutes, 5 inductions for AF>5 minutes, or minimum of 2 inductions if AF sustained for >20 minutes x 2
  • AF cycle length determined by epicardial mapping (cycle length of 150 and 300 ms),
  • Atrial parameters are measured during pacing at the right or left atrial appendages.
  • a basic train of 15 beats are followed by a single extrastimulus during a 1-s pause to observe the response and (for the ventricles) to allow for hemodynamic recovery from tachypacing.
  • AF vulnerability is tested at a basic cycle length (S1S1 interval) of 300 ms, with single premature S2 extrastimuli delivered at each site by setting the coupling interval initially to 200 ms, and then decreasing by 10 ms decrements until AF is induced or failure to capture occurs, indicating that the ERP has been reached.
  • All S1 and S2 stimuli will be 2-ms duration, twice threshold current.
  • the S1 S2 will then be set to 25 ms longer than the ERP, and the same procedure repeated with 5 ms decrements.
  • the ERP is established by the longest S1S2 interval at which capture fails on 2 separate determinations with 5-ms accuracy, and AF inducibility is considered as positive if AF is induced at least once with a single extrastimulus during ERP testing. At least 5 different sites are used for ERP testing/AF inducibility determination in each dog. Induction of AF for AF duration measurements is with a burst of atrial tachypacing at 10-20 Hz, with 10 times threshold stimuli.
  • the compounds are administered intravenously at doses of 0.2, 1 and 5mg/kg over 5 min.
  • the present invention encompasses compounds 1 to 62 and stereoisomers, tautomers, racemics or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne des composés interagissant avec des canaux ioniques. L'invention concerne, notamment,des composés représentés par la formule I ou II, des stéréoisomères, des tautomères, des racémiques, des promédicaments, des métabolites de ceux-ci, ou un sel pharmaceutiquement acceptable et/ou un solvate de celui-ci. Dans cette formule, X1, X2, X3, X4, R1, R2, R3, Z1 , L1, m et n ont la même signification que celle définie dans la revendication 1. L'invention concerne également des procédés de préparation desdits composés, des compositions pharmaceutiques contenant lesdits composés et l'utilisation de ces composés dans des méthodes de traitement du corps humain ou animal.
PCT/EP2007/055408 2006-06-01 2007-06-01 Composés interagissant avec des canaux ioniques, notamment des canaux ioniques de la famille kv WO2007138112A2 (fr)

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EP3558992A4 (fr) * 2016-12-15 2020-12-02 ONO Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Activateur de canaux trek (canaux k+ associés à twik)
JP2022547707A (ja) * 2019-09-12 2022-11-15 ディスアーム セラピューティクス， インコーポレイテッド Ｓａｒｍ１の阻害剤
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Cited By (12)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2578579A1 (fr) * 2010-07-14 2013-04-10 National Institute of Immunology Composés de carboxamide de benzothiophène, compositions et leurs applications
US9290453B2 (en) 2010-12-23 2016-03-22 Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Quinolines and aza-quinolines as CRTH2 receptor modulators
US9469615B2 (en) 2010-12-23 2016-10-18 Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Quinoxalines and AZA-quinoxalines as CRTH2 receptor modulators
US20140094507A1 (en) * 2011-01-20 2014-04-03 The Regents Of The University Of Colorado, A Body Corporate Modulators of tlr3/dsrna complex and uses thereof
US9409880B2 (en) * 2011-01-20 2016-08-09 The Regents Of The University Of Colorado, A Body Corporate Modulators of TLR3/dsRNA complex and uses thereof
EP3558992A4 (fr) * 2016-12-15 2020-12-02 ONO Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Activateur de canaux trek (canaux k+ associés à twik)
US11046683B2 (en) 2016-12-15 2021-06-29 Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Activator of TREK (TWIK RElated K+ channels) channels
US11851428B2 (en) 2016-12-15 2023-12-26 Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Activator of TREK (TWIK RElated K+channels) channels
JP2020510694A (ja) * 2017-02-28 2020-04-09 アコージア セラピューティクス ゲゼルシャフト ミット ベシュレンクテル ハフツング カリウムチャンネル開口薬としての有用な新規化合物
US11034665B2 (en) 2017-02-28 2021-06-15 Acousia Therapeutics Gmbh Compounds useful as potassium channel openers
JP2022547707A (ja) * 2019-09-12 2022-11-15 ディスアーム セラピューティクス， インコーポレイテッド Ｓａｒｍ１の阻害剤
US11884647B2 (en) 2019-10-18 2024-01-30 The Regents Of The University Of California Compounds and methods for targeting pathogenic blood vessels

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