WO2007135059A1 - Dispositif de contrôle non destructif d'une pièce par analyse de dissipation de rayonnement - Google Patents
Dispositif de contrôle non destructif d'une pièce par analyse de dissipation de rayonnement Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2007135059A1 WO2007135059A1 PCT/EP2007/054762 EP2007054762W WO2007135059A1 WO 2007135059 A1 WO2007135059 A1 WO 2007135059A1 EP 2007054762 W EP2007054762 W EP 2007054762W WO 2007135059 A1 WO2007135059 A1 WO 2007135059A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- control device
- radiation
- microsensors
- computer system
- piece
- Prior art date
Links
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 67
- 238000009659 non-destructive testing Methods 0.000 title abstract description 11
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 claims description 17
- 230000005693 optoelectronics Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000004973 liquid crystal related substance Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000013507 mapping Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000001131 transforming effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000010183 spectrum analysis Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000001066 destructive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 claims description 2
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 11
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 8
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- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 6
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- 238000001931 thermography Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 238000003745 diagnosis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000017525 heat dissipation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 238000012797 qualification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008054 signal transmission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002679 ablation Methods 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N25/00—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means
- G01N25/72—Investigating presence of flaws
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L27/00—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate
- H01L27/14—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation
- H01L27/144—Devices controlled by radiation
- H01L27/146—Imager structures
- H01L27/148—Charge coupled imagers
- H01L27/14893—Charge coupled imagers comprising a photoconductive layer deposited on the CCD structure
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a device for non-destructive testing of a part by radiation dissipation analysis when the part is stressed by mechanical stresses.
- This device comprises measuring means capable of determining a surface radiation field of the part.
- the measuring means are integrated in a flexible support intended to cover an area of the surface of the part to be controlled.
- This device makes it possible to detect the initiation of cracking during the concentration of stress on a surface of a part and the presence of a crack during the propagation of the crack.
- the present invention finds applications for the non-destructive testing (NDT) of aircraft parts, but can be used in all industrial sectors where the integrity control of workpieces is important, such as automobile, railway , shipbuilding or nuclear power.
- NDT non-destructive testing
- the present invention is thus particularly intended to detect cracks that are initiated in parts subjected to strong and cyclic mechanical stresses, the repetition of which leads after a certain time to so-called fatigue cracking and which can lead to the rupture of the part.
- the infrared thermography technique is known to be stimulated to detect defects in aeronautical structures based on the detection of thermal diffusion barriers that constitute cracks.
- This technique consists of rapidly heating the surface of the material to be controlled, for example by means of a flash lamp, and observing the surface radiation field by means of, for example, an infrared camera.
- the presence of a defect or crack is manifested locally on the thermographic images by an abnormally slow return to room temperature in an area of the room.
- FIG. 1 schematically shows a device of this technique.
- the device comprises a laser 16 which locally irradiates an area A of the surface of a test room 4 and an infrared detector 9 which observes a zone B located near the zone A of the temperature rises produced by the heating of the zone A. These elevations are influenced by the local characteristics of zone B and in its vicinity of the inspected material. In particular the presence of a thermal barrier produced by a crack 5 in the room 4 acts on the diffusion of heat within the room by thermal conduction.
- the device comprises a scanning system composed of motorized steerable mirrors 17 for guiding the incident excitation beam 19 and the probe beam 18.
- thermography In a device such as that shown in Figure 1, an operator moves from zone to zone to examine the entire surface of the structure to be controlled. It is therefore necessary to immobilize the structure which is for example a plane on the ground during an inspection, and it must call on qualified personnel to perform these control operations, resulting in a significant cost of maintenance for the airline . Trained and qualified operators are indeed necessary to carry out quality controls and to avoid erroneous interpretations of the thermography obtained.
- this device does not allow to easily control the parts over a relatively large area, because it is necessary that the operator moves from zone to zone the device. To be able to control certain pieces of complex shapes or structures with inaccessible areas, it is sometimes necessary to disassemble the structure. In particular, cracks which are initiated for example in bores or fastening systems can only be detected when they open onto a directly accessible surface. There are currently no control means to control the condition of parts such as aeronautical parts throughout their periods of use, particularly able to perform a global health diagnosis of aeronautical parts during flight from the plane.
- the present invention aims to provide a device adapted to such a control that monitors the state of fatigue of a part that characterizes the conformity of the structures with respect to the specifications of the various stages of the life of the aircraft.
- the problems to be solved for such a device are: to have a non-destructive control means adapted to be easily fixed on the surface of the parts to be controlled while remaining negligible in weight and space and requiring only a small amount of electric power for its operation, see even self-power. to have a means of control adapted to be permanently installed on the parts to be controlled during their use to carry out a predictive maintenance by detecting the anomalies as much as possible, thus making it possible to carry out less expensive repairs and to guarantee a maximum safety of the parts, to have a means of control that allows automatic control management and to provide a complete diagnosis of the health of parts to minimize the work of the operator to reduce the cost of maintenance.
- the invention relates to a device for real-time non-destructive testing of a part by heat radiation dissipation analysis, X-rays or gamma rays emitted by the surface of the part when it is stressed by mechanical stresses
- the device comprises measurement means able to determine a surface radiation field of the part, said measuring means being integrated in a support intended to cover a surface of said part.
- said support is a flexible support in order to fit the shape of the part.
- Said measuring means have a sensitivity adapted to determine a radiation intensity elevation field caused by defects present in the room.
- the measuring means comprise an array of radiation microsensors organized in a column-row matrix.
- each microsensor comprises a cell capable of transforming the radiation received into electric charges, said cell being coupled to an electric charge transfer device for collecting the electrical charges.
- the detection and measurement means comprise a thermosensitive liquid crystal membrane, and an optoelectronic microsensor array superimposed on said thermosensitive liquid crystal membrane.
- the network of optoelectronic microsensors is organized in columns column matrix.
- Each optoelectronic microsensor comprises a photosensitive cell for transforming optical signals sent by the membrane into electrical signals, said cell being coupled to a charge transfer device for collecting the electrical signals.
- the control device further comprises an interface electronics connecting said measurement and detection means to a recording memory, said electronics and said memory are integrated in said flexible medium in such a way that advantageously to realize a monolithic control device.
- the control device comprises a computer system such as a microprocessor system for automatically determining a surface radiation energy level elevation field of the room.
- said control device comprises transmitting means for sending electrical signals recorded in the recording memory to said calculator system. using a wired, wireless, radio or infrared link.
- said computer system is integrated in said flexible medium and is connected between said interface and said recording memory.
- the computer system comprises a memory containing at least one cartographic representation of the reference surface radiation field of the part or parts, computing means converting the electrical signals received by said calculating system into a field of view. radiation, and means for analyzing said radiation field with respect to the reference radiation field.
- the analysis means comprise differential analysis means for determining a differential radiation field between the reference radiation field and the measured radiation field.
- said differential analysis means comprise means for generating a state signal S characteristic of the fact that said differential radiation field exceeds a threshold value.
- the analysis means comprise spectral analysis means for determining information relating to the defects present in the part.
- the state signal S and the information are either transmitted by said computer system to alarm means or are recorded in said recording memory connected to said computer system, then transmitted to alarm means using a wired link. , wireless, radio or infrared.
- the alarm means comprise, for example, display means and light or sound indicators.
- said microsensors are directly integrated in a coating layer intended to cover a surface of the part to be controlled.
- FIG. 1 a schematic representation of a thermography device according to the prior art
- FIG. 2 a schematic representation of a sectional view of a device according to an embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 3 a schematic representation of a sectional view of a device according to another embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 4 a schematic representation of a partial section view of the top of the control device
- FIG. 5 a schematic representation of the control device of FIG. 4 in the operational position of transmission of electrical signals to a system remote control computer
- Figure 6 a schematic view of a network of control devices disposed on the surface of the structures of a ground plane in positi transmission of signals recorded during the flight of the aircraft.
- Figures 2 and 3 show two embodiments of a non-destructive control device 1 in real time of a room by radiation dissipation analysis when it is solicited by mechanical stresses. It comprises measuring means able to determine a surface radiation field of the part, said means are integrated in a flexible support 2.
- This flexible support 2 is for example made of a plastic material, for fixing the control device 1 on the surface of the piece to be controlled by matching the shape of the piece.
- the flexible support of the control device 1 is fixed on the surface of the structure to be controlled by means of an adhesive material.
- this device is made in a limited dimension adapted to be fixed on a critical area of the room where cracks are likely to appear.
- the device can be placed on critical areas considered for example at the level of the fasteners, at the assembly elements of the panels and areas of high stress concentration.
- the type of radiation dissipated by the part can be infrared, X-ray or gamma rays.
- control device 1 is adapted to receive a surface layer 8 which may for example be a layer of paint which is superimposed on the control device 1.
- FIG. 2 shows a first embodiment of the measuring means comprising an array of radiation microsensors 3 which are integrated in a flexible support 2 fixed on the surface of a part to be inspected 4.
- Each radiation microsensor 3 is capable of transforming the radiation flux that may be infrared or the X or gamma radiation emitted by the piece 4 into electrical signals by means of a cell that converts the radiation energy into an electrical charge.
- Each cell is coupled to a charge transfer device whose function is to evacuate the electric charge. An electrical signal representative of the radiation energy received by the cell is therefore generated by the load.
- FIG. 3 shows a second embodiment of the measuring means comprising a thermosensitive liquid crystal membrane 7, and an optoelectronic microsensor network 6 superimposed on the thermosensitive liquid crystal membrane 7.
- thermosensitive liquid crystal membrane consists of crystals liquids inserted between two plastic surfaces.
- the structure of these liquid crystals is modified as a function of the thermal energy received, this results in a variation of the spectral composition of the waves reflected by the different planes of the liquid crystals, thus leading to a change of coloration on the surface of the liquid crystal membrane 7.
- each optoelectronic microsensor is capable of transforming the light radiation emitted by the liquid crystal membrane into electric charges by means of a photosensitive cell which converts the light energy into an electrical charge.
- Each cell is coupled to a charge transfer device whose function is to evacuate the electric charge. An electrical signal representative of the light energy received by the photosensitive cell is therefore generated by the load.
- Figure 4 schematically shows a top view of the control device according to the embodiments presented above.
- the device has a substantially rectangular shape, here for example illustrative of a network of 56 radiation or optoelectronic microsensors organized in columns column matrix.
- the control device further comprises an interface electronics 10 connecting the network of microsensors 3, 6 to a recording memory 11.
- the electronics 10 and the memory 11 are also integrated in the flexible support 2 so as to advantageously achieve a monolithic control device.
- the electrical charges collected by the charge transfer devices of each microsensor are transmitted to the interface electronics 10 which comprises, for example, an amplifier for increasing the power of the signal in order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio and also a converter. digital / analog to convert the received analog electrical signals into digital signals.
- the amplified signals are then routed to the recording memory 11.
- the interface electronics 10 is disposed at the end of the microsensor lines in FIG. 4. In another embodiment, the interface electronics 10 may be disposed at the end of the microsensor columns.
- the organization of the microsensors column matrix rows provides a mapping of the radiation field so that a defect of the room can be located on the surface of the room.
- the pitch between microsensors is preferably set at a value smaller than the minimum defect dimensions to be detected so that the discrimination of the position of the defects is possible and so that in case of localized damage of the In the network of microsensors, the microsensors located around the damaged area of the network can always make it possible to monitor the zones as close as possible to the fault likely to appear in the monitored area.
- the mode of transfer of the electrical signals from the microsensors 3, 6 to the interface electronics 10 is a mode of transfer to interline.
- a storage line 23 Above each line of microsensors is arranged a storage line 23. The signals are temporarily stored in this storage line 23. The content of the storage lines is then transferred to the interface electronics 10 in a parallel mode. Then the electrical signals are evacuated in series to a recording memory 11.
- each microsensor is addressed directly to send the electrical signals to the interface electronics 10.
- control device further comprises a computer system 13 for converting the electrical signal into a signal representative of the radiation energy dissipated by the surface of the room and for determining a radiation field of the room.
- the computer system is for example a microprocessor system.
- the device comprises transmission means 12 for sending the electrical signals recorded in the memory of the computer. recording 11 to the computer system 13 using a wireless link, radio or infrared.
- These transmission means comprise for example a transponder integrated in the flexible support which preferably operates at a fixed frequency, said frequency being chosen so that the emission of electrical signals representative of the dissipation of the energy of the surface radiation of the part does not interfere with the transmission of other data by devices other than the control device 1.
- the transmission means 12 for sending the electrical signals stored in the memory 11 to the computer system 13 may also be a wire link.
- the electrical signal received by the computer system 13 is converted into a signal representative of the energy of the radiation dissipated by the surface of the room by means of calculation in which is integrated a suitable theoretical model connecting the energy to the electric charge.
- These calculating means generate maps of the radiation field which can be a mapping of the amplitude and the phase, and a mapping in spectral representation. These data representative of the energy dissipated by the part are then sent to analysis means.
- the analysis means comprise differential analysis means for performing a comparative study in amplitude between the radiation field measured by the microsensor array and the reference radiation field.
- these differential analysis means make it possible to establish a mapping of an elevation field of surface radiation energy level of the part.
- the computer system comprises a memory in which is stored a database of reference radiation field reference maps of the room. These reference maps constitute a predefined comparison model with respect to the behavior of the area covered by the control device.
- These maps reference can be predetermined on a reference part.
- reference piece is meant a part judged to have no defect, for example a part at the end of its production line and having passed all the qualification steps. They can also be predetermined by modeling.
- the analysis means make a comparison in amplitude between the reference radiation field and the radiation field measured by the microsensors, if the differential value determined between the reference field and the measured field exceeds a threshold value, a signal d state S is generated by the analysis means.
- the analysis means comprise spectral analysis means which determine a measured radiation field spectral representation to determine information relating to the defects present in the part.
- the spectral analysis makes it possible to determine the nature of the defect and its dimension.
- the control device is for example programmed to be activated when the aircraft is no longer on the ground and then performs measurements at regular time intervals, for example every 5 minutes during a specified period so as to make measurements as a function of time.
- the control device allows a mapping of the monitored area as a function of time to establish the evolution of the radiation field emitted by the room.
- the measurements as a function of time make it possible, in particular, to perform an analysis of the temporal evolution of the energy level contrast from which the depth of the defect which gave rise to this contrast can be identified.
- the status signal as well as all the information relating to faults such as the nature of the faults, the size of the faults and the location of the faults are transmitted by the computer system to alarm means 14 which comprise, for example, a display screen. display 22 to display the information and lights and / or audible indicators 20 to warn the maintenance operator.
- FIG. 6 represents a schematic view of a network of control devices 1 disposed on the surface of the structures of an aircraft 15.
- the aircraft is on the ground and the control device network 1 is in the signal transmission position recorded during the flight of the aircraft to a computer system 13 which is connected to alarm means 14 which here comprise for example a computer with a display screen 22 and sound indicators 20.
- the computer system sends the radiation energy level elevation field of the inspected part to the display means in the form of an image codified by colors thus allowing the operator to quickly locate radiation energy level elevation zones that may reveal the presence of defects.
- the transmission of electrical signals stored in the memory 11 to the computer system can be programmed so that it is performed automatically at the end of a flight of the aircraft, for example. This transmission can also be activated manually by the maintenance operator by interrogating the control device during the inspection of the aircraft.
- the computer system 13 is integrated directly into the flexible support 2 and connected between the interface electronics 10 and the recording memory 11.
- the computer system 13 directly receives electrical signals from the interface electronics 10 and sends to the recording memory 11 only the status signal and the fault information.
- the operator discharges the status signal and the information stored in the memory of the control device to alarm means 14 using a wired link, wireless, radio or infrared .
- All components integrated in the flexible support are made from a microfabrication technology on a hard substrate transposed here on a flexible substrate such as a plastic substrate. However the temperature used during the microfrabrication process is likely to destroy the plastic substrate.
- One of the solutions currently proposed consists first of all in making the components on a hard substrate deposited itself on glass.
- the hard substrate is for example silicon, Al 2 O 3 alumina.
- Another protective glass layer is attached to the components by means of a soluble adhesive, the hard substrate is then removed from the stack by means of ablation. of a laser.
- the components are applied to a plastic substrate and attached thereto by means of a permanent adhesive and the protective glass is removed.
- control device is in the form of a thin film having a thickness of the order of 50 ⁇ m, and a surface of 10 ⁇ 10 cm side which integrates microsensor dimension of the order of a hundred micron, with a step of the order of tens of microns.
- the invention has been presented in the framework of the control of aircraft structures, but can be used in all industrial sectors where the integrity of the parts worked is important such as the automobile, the railway, the shipbuilding industry or nuclear.
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- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analyzing Materials Using Thermal Means (AREA)
- Radiation Pyrometers (AREA)
- Analysing Materials By The Use Of Radiation (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US12/301,646 US8173964B2 (en) | 2006-05-24 | 2007-05-16 | Device for non-destructive testing of a component by analyzing generated radiation |
CA002651392A CA2651392A1 (fr) | 2006-05-24 | 2007-05-16 | Dispositif de controle non destructif d'une piece par analyse de dissipation de rayonnement |
BRPI0712211-0A BRPI0712211A2 (pt) | 2006-05-24 | 2007-05-16 | dispositivo de controle não destrutivo de uma peça por análise de dissipação de radiação |
EP07729210A EP2027457A1 (fr) | 2006-05-24 | 2007-05-16 | Dispositif de contrôle non destructif d'une pièce par analyse de dissipation de rayonnement |
CN2007800185580A CN101449153B (zh) | 2006-05-24 | 2007-05-16 | 通过分析辐射耗散来非破坏性地监控部件的设备 |
JP2009511474A JP5187695B2 (ja) | 2006-05-24 | 2007-05-16 | 放射散逸の解析による部品の非破壊検査装置 |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR0651902A FR2901609B1 (fr) | 2006-05-24 | 2006-05-24 | Dispositif de controle non destructif d'une piece par analyse de dissipation de rayonnement |
FR0651902 | 2006-05-24 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2007135059A1 true WO2007135059A1 (fr) | 2007-11-29 |
Family
ID=37607011
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2007/054762 WO2007135059A1 (fr) | 2006-05-24 | 2007-05-16 | Dispositif de contrôle non destructif d'une pièce par analyse de dissipation de rayonnement |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8173964B2 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP2027457A1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP5187695B2 (fr) |
CN (1) | CN101449153B (fr) |
BR (1) | BRPI0712211A2 (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2651392A1 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2901609B1 (fr) |
RU (1) | RU2439545C2 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2007135059A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US8986778B2 (en) * | 2006-07-06 | 2015-03-24 | Siemens Energy, Inc. | Coating method for non-destructive examination of articles of manufacture |
RU2494434C1 (ru) * | 2012-06-07 | 2013-09-27 | Закрытое акционерное общество "ГИАП-ДИСТцентр" | Способ управления промышленной безопасностью и диагностики эксплуатационного состояния промышленного объекта |
RU2502058C1 (ru) * | 2012-08-23 | 2013-12-20 | Сергей Михайлович Мужичек | Способ контроля состояния конструкции летательного аппарата и устройство для его осуществления |
CN110304195A (zh) * | 2019-07-01 | 2019-10-08 | 上海外高桥造船有限公司 | 船体应力的检测方法及系统 |
CN113702441A (zh) * | 2021-09-23 | 2021-11-26 | 合肥维信诺科技有限公司 | 断裂检测装置及断裂检测方法 |
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JPS63157024A (ja) * | 1986-12-22 | 1988-06-30 | Hiroshi Ogawa | 検出素子 |
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2007
- 2007-05-16 BR BRPI0712211-0A patent/BRPI0712211A2/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2007-05-16 CA CA002651392A patent/CA2651392A1/fr not_active Abandoned
- 2007-05-16 CN CN2007800185580A patent/CN101449153B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2007-05-16 RU RU2008151170/28A patent/RU2439545C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2007-05-16 EP EP07729210A patent/EP2027457A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2007-05-16 JP JP2009511474A patent/JP5187695B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2007-05-16 WO PCT/EP2007/054762 patent/WO2007135059A1/fr active Application Filing
- 2007-05-16 US US12/301,646 patent/US8173964B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2027457A1 (fr) | 2009-02-25 |
JP2009537836A (ja) | 2009-10-29 |
CN101449153A (zh) | 2009-06-03 |
FR2901609B1 (fr) | 2009-01-16 |
RU2008151170A (ru) | 2010-06-27 |
CA2651392A1 (fr) | 2007-11-29 |
FR2901609A1 (fr) | 2007-11-30 |
JP5187695B2 (ja) | 2013-04-24 |
BRPI0712211A2 (pt) | 2012-03-13 |
CN101449153B (zh) | 2012-07-11 |
RU2439545C2 (ru) | 2012-01-10 |
US8173964B2 (en) | 2012-05-08 |
US20100011861A1 (en) | 2010-01-21 |
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