WO2007130800A1 - Wireless handoffs between multiple networks - Google Patents

Wireless handoffs between multiple networks Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2007130800A1
WO2007130800A1 PCT/US2007/067089 US2007067089W WO2007130800A1 WO 2007130800 A1 WO2007130800 A1 WO 2007130800A1 US 2007067089 W US2007067089 W US 2007067089W WO 2007130800 A1 WO2007130800 A1 WO 2007130800A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
access
access points
list
access terminal
terminal
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2007/067089
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
WO2007130800A9 (en
Inventor
Sanjiv Nanda
Arnaud Meylan
Manoj M. Deshpande
Ranjith Jayaram
Original Assignee
Qualcomm Incorporated
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Qualcomm Incorporated filed Critical Qualcomm Incorporated
Priority to CN2007800125861A priority Critical patent/CN101416548B/zh
Priority to ES07797260.2T priority patent/ES2548758T3/es
Priority to JP2009506794A priority patent/JP5275221B2/ja
Priority to EP07797260.2A priority patent/EP2008478B1/en
Publication of WO2007130800A1 publication Critical patent/WO2007130800A1/en
Publication of WO2007130800A9 publication Critical patent/WO2007130800A9/en
Priority to HK09109788.8A priority patent/HK1131496A1/xx

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W36/00—Hand-off or reselection arrangements
    • H04W36/0005—Control or signalling for completing the hand-off
    • H04W36/0083—Determination of parameters used for hand-off, e.g. generation or modification of neighbour cell lists
    • H04W36/00835—Determination of neighbour cell lists
    • H04W36/008357—Determination of target cell based on access point [AP] properties, e.g. AP service capabilities
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W36/00—Hand-off or reselection arrangements
    • H04W36/08—Reselecting an access point
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W36/00—Hand-off or reselection arrangements
    • H04W36/0005—Control or signalling for completing the hand-off
    • H04W36/0083—Determination of parameters used for hand-off, e.g. generation or modification of neighbour cell lists
    • H04W36/00835—Determination of neighbour cell lists
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W36/00—Hand-off or reselection arrangements
    • H04W36/34—Reselection control
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W36/00—Hand-off or reselection arrangements
    • H04W36/0005—Control or signalling for completing the hand-off
    • H04W36/0011—Control or signalling for completing the hand-off for data sessions of end-to-end connection
    • H04W36/0022—Control or signalling for completing the hand-off for data sessions of end-to-end connection for transferring data sessions between adjacent core network technologies
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W36/00—Hand-off or reselection arrangements
    • H04W36/0005—Control or signalling for completing the hand-off
    • H04W36/0011—Control or signalling for completing the hand-off for data sessions of end-to-end connection
    • H04W36/0022—Control or signalling for completing the hand-off for data sessions of end-to-end connection for transferring data sessions between adjacent core network technologies
    • H04W36/00224—Control or signalling for completing the hand-off for data sessions of end-to-end connection for transferring data sessions between adjacent core network technologies between packet switched [PS] and circuit switched [CS] network technologies, e.g. circuit switched fallback [CSFB]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W36/00—Hand-off or reselection arrangements
    • H04W36/16—Performing reselection for specific purposes
    • H04W36/22—Performing reselection for specific purposes for handling the traffic
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W48/00—Access restriction; Network selection; Access point selection
    • H04W48/20—Selecting an access point

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates generally to telecommunications, and more particularly, to systems and methods to support the handoff of an access terminal from one network to another in a wireless communications system.
  • Wireless access terminals can include multiple communication protocols. Recently, access terminals have become multifunctional devices, frequently providing email, Internet access, as well as traditional cellular communications. Access terminals can be equipped with wide area wireless connectivity utilizing different technologies, such as third generation wireless or cellular systems (3G), Institute for Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) 802.16 (WiMax), and other to-be-defined Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN) technologies. Meanwhile, IEEE 802.11 based Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) connectivity is being installed in access terminals as well. On the horizon, ultra-wideband (UWB) and/or Bluetooth-based Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) local connectivity may also be available in access terminals
  • a laptop computer that may include a WPAN to connect the laptop to a wireless mouse, a wireless keyboard, and the like.
  • the laptop computer may include an IEEE 802.1 Ib or 802.1 Ig device to allow the laptop computer to communicate with a WLAN.
  • WLAN has become popular and, for example, is being set up in homes for both personal and business purposes.
  • coffee shops, Internet cafes, libraries and public and private organizations utilize WLANs.
  • WWAN technologies are distinguished by wide area (ubiquitous) coverage and wide area deployment. However, they can suffer from building penetration losses, coverage holes and comparatively, to WLAN and WPAN, limited bandwidth.
  • WLAN and WPAN technologies deliver very high data rates, approaching hundreds of Mbps, but coverage is typically limited to hundreds of feet in the case of WLAN and tens of feet in the case of WPAN.
  • the access terminal includes a processor configured to access a list access points and select one of the access points on the list based on the current traffic state of the access terminal.
  • An aspect of a method of communications on an access terminal includes accessing a list access points, and selecting one of the access points on the list based on the current traffic state of the access terminal.
  • the access terminal includes means for accessing a list access points, and means for selecting one of the access points on the list based on the current traffic state of the access terminal.
  • the computer-readable medium includes a first instruction set for accessing a list access points, and a second instruction set for selecting one of the access points on the list based on the current traffic state of the access terminal.
  • FIG. 1 is a conceptual block diagram illustrating an example of a communications system featuring more than one radio access technology
  • FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an example of an access terminal
  • FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustrating an example of a handoff of an access terminal to an access point
  • FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating another example of a handoff of an access terminal to an access point.
  • FIG. 4 is a functional block diagram illustrating another example of an access terminal.
  • FIG. 1 is a conceptual block diagram of an embodiment of a wireless communications system 100.
  • An access terminal 102 is communication with a WWAN 104.
  • the access terminal 102 may be a wireless telephone, a laptop computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a data transceiver, a pager, a camera, a game console, a modem, or any other suitable wireless communications device.
  • the access terminal 102 may be referred to by those skilled in the art by other names such as a handset, user terminal, user equipment, mobile station, mobile unit, subscriber station, subscriber unit, mobile radio, radio telephone, wireless station, wireless device, wireless communications device, or some other terminology.
  • the various concepts described throughout this disclosure are intended to apply all wireless communication devices regardless of their specific nomenclature.
  • the WWAN 104 includes a Base Station Controller (BSC) 106 supporting a number of base station transceivers, or access points, dispersed throughout the WWAN 104.
  • BSC Base Station Controller
  • a single access point 108 is shown in FIG. 1 for simplicity of explanation.
  • a Mobile Switching Center (MSC) 110 may be used to provide an interface to a Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) 112, or other circuit-switched network.
  • PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
  • the WWAN 104 may employ numerous BSCs each supporting any number of access points to extend the geographic reach of the WWAN 104. When multiple BSCs are employed, the MSC 110 may also be used to coordinate communications between the BSCs.
  • a Home Location Register (HLR) 114 is shown coupled to the MSC 110, but alternatively may be co-located or integrated with the MSC 110.
  • the HLR 114 is a entity that manages access terminals by maintaining a record of subscribers to a service provider. It maintains such information as the subscriber's phone number, authentication data, allowed services, billing information, etc.
  • the HLR 114 is also used to provide subscriber information to foreign networks serving the access terminal 102. By way of example, when the access terminal 102 roams outside its home network, subscriber information located in the HLR 114 may be sent to a Visitor Location Register VLR (not shown) associated with the MSC currently serving the access terminal.
  • VLR Visitor Location Register
  • the MSC 110 shown in FIG. 1 also maintains its own VLR 116 to support roaming access terminals from other networks.
  • One or more WLANs may be dispersed throughout the geographic coverage region of the WWAN 104.
  • a single WLAN 118 is shown in FIG. 1 for simplicity of explanation.
  • the WLAN 118 may be an IEEE 802.11 network, or any other suitable network.
  • the WLAN 118 includes a number of access points 120 that connect the access terminal 102 to the Internet 122, or other packet-based network, through a Packet Data Interworking Function (PDIF) 124.
  • PDIF Packet Data Interworking Function
  • the access terminal 102 is capable of communicating over the WWAN 104 using 3 G wireless technology. As the access terminal 102 moves into the coverage region of the WLAN 118, it may be handed off to an access point 120 and communicate over the Internet using Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP).
  • VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol
  • An IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) 126 may be used by the access terminal 102 to provide multimedia and voice services controlled by a Session Initiation Protocol (SIP).
  • SIP Session Initiation Protocol
  • SIP Session Initiation Protocol
  • the IMS 126 includes a Media Gateway (MGW) 128.
  • the MGW 128 terminates the encoded voice stream from the PSTN 112 and the voice packets from the Internet 122.
  • a Call Session Control function (CSCF) 130 communicates with a Home Subscriber Server (HSS) 132. Much like the HLR 114 in the WWAN 104, the HSS 132 maintains subscriber information.
  • the CSCF 130 also determines the routing to the access terminal 102 for mobile terminated calls and supports signaling with the access terminal 102 for call setup and supplemental services through SIP.
  • a Media Gateway Control Function (MGCF) 136 communicates with CSCF 130 through SIP to control the MGW 128.
  • the MGCF 136 also provides Signaling System No.
  • the access terminal 102 may use the WWAN 104 to access the PSTN 112 in a conventional fashion. Once the access terminal 102 is connected to the WWAN 104, it may choose to either utilize the circuit switched (CS) services offered by the traditional CS network or utilize the services of the IMS 126 through a registration procedure or both.
  • the CS registration procedure involves the access terminal 102 as well as elements in CS core such as serving MSC 110, VLR 116, and HLR 114.
  • the CS registration information can be conveyed to the VCC AS 134 using protocols such as Wireless Intelligent Network (WIN) or Customized Applications for Mobile Enhanced Logic (CAMEL).
  • WIN Wireless Intelligent Network
  • CAMEL Customized Applications for Mobile Enhanced Logic
  • the IMS registration procedure begins with the access terminal 102 sending a SIP registration request to the packet switched (PS) core functions such as the PDIF 124, PDSN (not shown), or SGSN-GGSN (not shown).
  • PS packet switched
  • the request is forwarded by the PS core to the CSCF 130.
  • the CSCF 130 forwards the registration to the Voice Call Continuity Application Server (VCC AS) 134.
  • VCC AS provides an interface between CS core network and IMS core network.
  • the CSCF 130 also communicates with the HSS 132 to obtain the user's profile and complete the registration procedure.
  • FIG. 2 is a simplified block diagram illustrating an example of an access terminal 102 capable of supporting both WWAN and WLAN communications.
  • the access terminal 102 may include a WWAN transceiver 202 and WLAN transceiver 204.
  • the WWAN transceiver 202 is capable of supporting cellular or 3 G wireless communications with an access point (not shown) employing Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Wideband Code-Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), or any other suitable multiple access scheme.
  • CDMA Code-Division Multiple Access
  • WCDMA Wideband Code-Division Multiple Access
  • OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
  • the WLAN transceiver 204 may be capable of supporting communications with an access point (not shown) using IEEE 802.11, UWB, Bluetooth and/or other related technologies.
  • the access terminal 102 may employ two transceivers 202, 204 as shown in FIG. 2, or alternatively, a single transceiver capable of supporting multiple protocols.
  • the transceivers 202, 204 are shown with separate antennas 206, 208, respectively, but the transceivers 202, 204 could share a single broadband antenna and a fraction of the RF-chain. Those skilled in the art are readily capable of designing the optimal transceiver for any particular application.
  • the access terminal 102 is also shown with a processor 210 coupled to both transceivers 202, 204, however, a separate processor may be used for each transceiver in alternative embodiments of the access terminal 102.
  • the processor 210 may be implemented with one or more general purpose and/or specific application processors. Software programs residing in non- volatile memory 212 may be used by the general purpose processor(s) to control and manage access to the WWAN and WLAN, as well as provide other communication and processing functions.
  • the processor 210 may also support various user interface devices, such as a keypad 214 and display 216. The manner in which the processor 208 is implemented will depend on the particular application and the design constraints imposed on the overall system. Those skilled in the art will recognize the interchangeability of hardware, firmware, and software configurations under these circumstances, and how best to implement the described functionality for each particular application.
  • the processor 210 may be configured to maintain certain databases in the non- volatile memory 212, or elsewhere, to provide for seamless transition between the WWAN and the WLAN.
  • the processor 210 may create and maintain a database with a list of access points that have previously provided service to the access terminal 102.
  • This database referred to as a "Visited AP List,” may include historical information relating to the quality of service provided by each access point in the past.
  • this database is stored in network and both the access terminal 102 and the network coordinate to manage this database. Such coordination may include a procedure for the network to populate the database initially or update the database based on the knowledge of the access point entries added by the access terminal. Also, the network can use the information reported by the access terminal to learn and update its knowledge of the topology of available access points that potentially belong to another access network.
  • the access point may be placed on the Visited AP List.
  • the processor 210 associates with the access point by setting up a wireless connection. Once a wireless connection is established, the processor 210 then attempts to establish a network connection to the Internet and complete SIP registration to support VoIP. The success, or failure, of the processor 210 to establish a wireless and network connection, and complete SIP registration, may be recorded in the Visited AP List.
  • the processor 210 may also record in the Visited AP List a number of quality metrics relating to the various traffic states of the access terminal 102.
  • the processor 210 may add access points to the Visited AP List by their MAC ID (unique identifier of the access point). For each access point entry, the processor 210 may include any information that may be useful to assist it in a handoff between the WWAN and the WLAN, or an inter-access point handoff within the WLAN 118. This information may be updated by the processor 210 every time it associates with an access point.
  • MAC ID unique identifier of the access point
  • access point entries include a MAC ID, a SSID (system name), a MDID (MAC address of authenticating entity), a Domain ID (common gateway for inter-access point voice call handoff), a Network Domain (IP address of the DNS server or IP address of DHCP server and related DHCP parameters), a time stamp, an indication as to whether the last attempt by the access terminal to associate with the access point was successful, the number of failed attempts to associate with the access point, a weighted ratio of successful associations with the access point with the most recent successes given more weight, an indication as to whether the last attempt to establish a network connection through the access point was successful (successful assignment of an IP address from a DHCP server), the number of failed attempts to establish a network connection through the access point, a weighted ratio of successful network connections through the access point with recent successes given more weight, an indication as to whether the last SIP registration was successful, the number of failed SIP registration attempts, the VoIP setup latency through the access point, the quality of the voice call in terms of
  • the access terminal 102 When the access terminal 102 performs the inter AP handoff, the access terminal 102 performs 802.11 authentication and association. Additionally, when required by the access network, the terminal may perform 802.11i/802.1X or WPA authentication. However, when the access network supports pre-authentication, complete 802. IX authentication may not be required and thus the handoff latency may be reduced. The access terminal 102 can store this information regarding which access points do and do not belong to the same authentication domain in the Visited AP list to determine the suitable candidate for handoff. After the access authentication, the access terminal 102 uses DHCP to acquire IP address.
  • the access terminal 102 When there is change in IP address after the inter- AP handoff, the access terminal 102 needs to either reestablish or update the VPN with PDIF using IKEv2 or MOBIKE procedure.
  • This VPN establishment procedure further introduces delay in handoff procedure. Such delay may not be tolerable for real time applications such as VoIP, video telephony, etc.
  • not all inter- AP handoff may result in change in IP address assigned to the access terminal. In particular when the access points reside on the same subnet are served by the same DHCP server, the access terminal will be able to hold on to its IP address. When there is no change in the IP address of the access terminal, the access terminal does not have to perform time-consuming procedure of either VPN establishment or VPN update.
  • the access terminal will thus record the information whether the handoff between a pair of access points results in change of IP address or not. Moreover, the access terminal will group all the access points that retain the IP address assignment together. Such groups can be optionally identified by arbitrary group identifier or other unique attributes such as IP address of the DHCP server to simplify implementation.
  • the processor 210 may also be configured to maintain one or more provisioned databases in the non- volatile memory 212.
  • access terminal 102 may be provisioned with information that allows the processor to quickly associate with a preferred access point, or seamlessly handoff a call from the WWAN to a preferred access point.
  • PRL Preferred Roaming List
  • the access terminal 102 may store a list of preferred access points, along with the MAC addresses, channel, and security credentials for each.
  • a typical application may include a company that issues access terminals to its employees with company access points provisioned in the access terminal.
  • Another application may include a user with a WLAN in his home. In this application, the user may manually provision in the access terminal the access points located in his home.
  • the processor 210 may also be configured to maintain a database containing a list of access points that should be avoided.
  • This list may include, by way of example, rogue access points.
  • a rogue access point is an access point that is placed in the vicinity of an access network by a malicious individual in an attempt to disturb the service offered by the access network provider. Typically, these rogue access points will not provide WAN connectivity.
  • the list may also include access points that have repeatedly failed to provide acceptable service in the past. An access point on the list may be unable to provide acceptable service because of disturbances in the wireless channel, poor network connectivity, the inability to quickly handoff the access terminal to another access point, or for any other reason that would result in low quality service.
  • Some access points may use local policies such as MAC address filtering or IP address filtering to prevent some access terminals from using them, in which case those access points may be listed.
  • the list may also include access points where the access terminal failed to get an IP address.
  • the list may also include access points where the access terminal failed to authenticate and set up a secure link even though the appropriate credentials were available.
  • Some access points in the list may feature a poor implementation that makes them unsuitable for a given type of service (VoIP).
  • the processor 210 may maintain a database in volatile memory (not shown), or elsewhere, containing a list of candidate access points for handing off the access terminal 102.
  • the processor 210 periodically scans the WLAN for access points using a passive or active scan.
  • the processor 210 adds each access point discovered during the scan to the Candidate AP List.
  • Accompanying each access point entry is a MAC ID, a SSID, a MDID, a Domain ID, a Network Domain, and a time stamp.
  • the processor 210 may also include the number of active or passive scans in which the access point was missed (i.e., missing probe response or beacons).
  • the access point may be deleted from the Candidate AP List if there are too many missed scans or missed beacons.
  • the information from the Visited AP List may be used to control certain quality variables for each access point in the Candidate AP List. More specifically, the information in the Visited AP List may be used to control an "association variable" that indicates the likelihood of success that the access terminal will be able to associate with the access point. The information in the Visited AP List may also be used to control a "network variable” and a "SIP registration variable” that respectively indicate the likelihood of success that the access terminal will be able to establish a network connection and complete SIP registration through the access point.
  • Each access point in the Candidate AP List may also include a handoff flag for each traffic state.
  • the handoff flag may be enabled or disabled based on the quality variables and the information in the Visited AP List.
  • the Candidate AP List may include a idle handoff flag for each access point.
  • the idle handoff flag may be enabled if the association, network and SIP registration variables are above certain thresholds. These thresholds may be set conservatively (i.e., low) because idle handoffs may be attempted even if the likelihood of success is low.
  • a data session handoff flag may also be included for each access point on the Candidate AP List. More aggressive thresholds (i.e., higher) may be required to enable the data session handoff flag for the association and network variables. However, a data session handoff may be attempted even if the likelihood of successfully completing SIP registration is low. Therefore, the threshold for the SIP registration variable can remain conservative.
  • the Candidate AP List may also include a voice call handoff flag for each access point. Enablement of the voice call handoff flags may require aggressive thresholds for the association, network and SIP registration variables. In addition, historical information from the Visited AP List relating to the voice call quality and VoIP setup latency should also be considered when determining whether to enable the voice call handoff flag.
  • Various metrics may be used to determine the voice quality of each call through an access point including, by way of example, delay, jitter, frame loss and dropped calls.
  • the handoff of a voice call to an access point should be attempted only when the access point has demonstrated a history of providing acceptable voice quality.
  • An inter-access point voice call handoff flag may also be included for each access point. Enablement of the inter-access voice call handoff flag should require aggressive thresholds for the association, network, and SIP registration variable, good voice quality and low VoIP setup latency. In addition, a handoff should be attempted only where the voice call can be continued using the same IP address. The Domain ID in the Candidate AP List may be consulted to ensure this condition is met before enabling this flag.
  • the candidate AP list may also include an indication as to whether QoS is enabled, the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) of the probe response or beacon of the access point the duration with RSSI above a given threshold, the beacon interval of the access point, the time synchronization function (TSF) offset, and any other information that might be useful to the processor 210 for providing seamless transitions to access points.
  • RSSI received signal strength indicator
  • TSF time synchronization function
  • the processor 210 may also maintain a database in volatile memory (not shown), or elsewhere, a "WWAN Candidate List.”
  • the WWAN Candidate List is created by the processor 210 from periodic scans for access points in the WWAN. The list may also be refreshed by observing the RSSI of any frame received from that access point.
  • the WWAN Candidate List includes a predetermined number of candidate access points having the strongest pilot signals.
  • Various handoff procedures may be implemented by the processor 210. In at least one embodiment, the processor 210 may perform a reactive or proactive handoff from the WWAN to the WLAN.
  • a reactive handoff occurs when the processor 210 determines that a serving access point in the WWAN has poor signal quality or is providing poor data service, which might be the case if the access terminal is moving away from the serving access point. If this occurs, the processor 210 selects the access point with the strongest RSSI in the Candidate AP List with an enabled handoff flag indicating that the access point can support the current traffic state of the access terminal 102 (i.e., idle, data session, voice call).
  • a proactive handoff involves the handoff of the access terminal 102 to the WLAN access point having the highest RSSI in the Candidate AP List with an enabled handoff flag for the current traffic state of the access terminal 102, provided the RSSI is above a threshold for a sustained period of time. If multiple access points in the WLAN have comparable RSSIs and the appropriate handoff flag enabled, the processor 210 may handoff the access terminal 102 to an access point with QoS enabled and a lesser load. In the idle state, the processor 210 may also initiate a proactive handoff if camping on the WLAN is the preferred mode of operation.
  • a proactive handoff may also be user initiated.
  • a user on an access terminal 102 served by the WWAN may initiate a handoff to a WLAN access point by making a keypad entry. This might occur, for example, when a user enters his home or a hotspot equipped with a WLAN.
  • the processor 210 may perform an inter-access point handoff, or handoff the access terminal 102 to the WWAN.
  • the processor 210 may perform a reactive or proactive inter-access point handoff, but only a reactive handoff to an access point in the WWAN.
  • a proactive inter-access point handoff may be performed in each traffic state.
  • the processor 210 may periodically search for an access point in the Candidate AP List that can support an inter-access point handoff for a voice call (i.e., an enabled inter-access point voice call handoff flag) and has a RSSI that (1) exceeds the RSSI of the serving access point by some threshold, and (2) has enough resources left to support an additional voice call. If the processor 210 is able to locate an access point in the Candidate AP List that satisfies this criteria, it hands off the access terminal 102 to that access point. If the processor 210 finds multiple access points in the Candidate AP List that satisfy this criteria, the processor 210 then selects an access point with QoS enabled for handoff of the access terminal 102.
  • a proactive inter-access point handoff may be performed by the processor 210 by periodically searching the Candidate AP List for an access point that can support the current traffic state (i.e., an enabled idle or data session handoff flag), and has a RSSI that (1) exceeds the RSSI of the serving access point by some threshold, and (2) is sufficient to support the current traffic state.. If the processor 210 is able to locate an access point in the Candidate AP List that satisfies this criteria, it hands off the access terminal 102 to this access point. If the processor 210 find multiple access points in the Candidate AP List that satisfy this criteria, the processor 210 then selects an access point with QoS enable for handoff of the access terminal 102.
  • the processor 210 selects an access point with QoS enable for handoff of the access terminal 102.
  • a reactive handoff may result in an inter-access point handoff, or a handoff of the access terminal 102 to the WWAN.
  • the processor 210 handoffs the access terminal 102 to the WWAN if it can find an access point in the WWAN Candidate List with a pilot signal strength that exceeds a certain threshold.
  • the processor 210 If the processor 210 is unable to find a suitable access point in the WWAN, then it will attempt an inter-access point handoff to a WLAN access point in the Candidate AP List that can support an inter-access point handoff of a voice call (i.e., an enabled inter-access point voice call handoff flag) and has a RSSI sufficient to support a voice call with acceptable quality. Again, if the processor 210 finds multiple access points that satisfy this criteria, the processor 210 then selects an access point with QoS enabled for handoff of the access terminal 102.
  • a voice call i.e., an enabled inter-access point voice call handoff flag
  • a reactive handoff may be initiated by the processor 210 if the RSSI of the serving access point falls below a certain threshold. If this condition exists, the processor 210 then initiates a handoff to the WWAN if it can find an access point in the WWAN Candidate List with a pilot signal strength that exceeds a certain threshold. If the processor 210 is unable to find a suitable access point in the WWAN, then it will attempt an inter-access point handoff to the access point in the Candidate AP List with the highest RSSI that can support the current traffic state (i.e., an enabled idle or data session handoff flag). Again, if the processor 210 finds multiple access points that satisfy this criteria, the processor 210 then selects an access point with QoS enable for handoff of the access terminal 102.
  • the user can initiate a handoff between the WWAN and WLAN or an inter-access point handoff in each traffic state.
  • the available access points in the Candidate AP List or WWAN Candidate List can be presented to the user on the display 216 of the access terminal.
  • the user can then make one or more entries on the keypad 214 to select an access point for handoff.
  • FIG. 3 is a simplified flow diagram illustrating the handoff of the access terminal to an access point in the WLAN.
  • the handoff may be an inter-access point handoff, or alternatively, a handoff from an access point in the WWAN.
  • the access terminal is operating in one of several traffic states (i.e., voice call, data session, idle mode) in step 302.
  • the processor in the access terminal searches through the Candidate AP List for a target access point.
  • the search for a target access point may be in support of a reactive or proactive handoff and the criteria used to select the target access point may be based on the current traffic state of the access terminal.
  • the processor attempts to hand off the access terminal to the target in step 306.
  • the success, or failure, of the handoff is recorded by the processor in the Visited AP List in step 308.
  • the processor also records in the Visited AP List various quality metrics for the target access point based on the current traffic state of the access terminal.
  • the access terminal continues to operate through the target access point in its current traffic state in step 302.
  • the processor performs an active or passive scan for access points.
  • the scan may be periodic or triggered.
  • the periodic scan interval may vary depending on the current traffic state of the access terminal and the contents of the Candidate AP List.
  • the results of the scan are filtered by the Visited AP List in step 312. More specifically, the association, network, and SIP registration variables may be computed by the processor from the Visited AP List for each access point discovered during the scan. The variables, along with other quality metrics recorded in the Visited AP List, may be used to set the traffic state handoff flags for each access point. In step 314, the access points are added to the Candidate AP List. The variables, flags, and other information computed from the Visited AP List, may also be added to the Candidate AP List for each access point entry. Once the Candidate AP List is updated, the access terminal continues to operate in its current traffic state in step 302.
  • FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating another example of a process for selecting an access point.
  • the access terminal accesses a list access points.
  • the list may be maintained in a database in the access terminal or elsewhere.
  • the access terminal selects one of the access points on the list based on the current traffic state of the access terminal.
  • the selection of the access point may include a periodic scan having an interval that depends on the current traffic state of the access terminal.
  • the access terminal accesses a second list containing information regarding access points that have previously served the access terminal.
  • the access terminal updates the information related to the selected one of the access points.
  • the updated information may relate to whether the access terminal is able to associate with the selected one of the access points, the quality of service provided by the selected one of the access points, or other information.
  • the quality of service may include delay, jitter, packet loss rate, time taken to associate with the selected one of the access points, dropped frames, or other quality indicators.
  • the selection of the access point in step 404 may be based on indicators derived from information in a second list regarding access points that have previously served the access terminal.
  • the indicators may indicate whether each access point is a handoff candidate for each traffic state.
  • the information from which the indicators are derived may relate to the quality of service provided to the access terminal by access points that have previously served the access terminal, access points that belong to the same subnet served by the same dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP), access points that belong to the same authentication domain, etc.
  • DHCP dynamic host configuration protocol
  • the selection of the access point may also be based on real time measurements of the access points.
  • the real time measurements include received power from the access points, loading on the access points, and interference on the channel of each of the access points.
  • the selection of the access point may also be based on a second list of access points that the access terminal is prohibited from associating with.
  • the selection of the access point may further be based on a list of preferred access points.
  • the access terminal is handed off to the selected access point.
  • the handoff of the access point may be between two access points in the same network or different networks.
  • the access terminal will search for access points in the WLAN before searching for access points in the cellular network when the access terminal is in a data session.
  • the access terminal will search for access points in the cellular network before searching for access points in the WLAN when the access terminal is in a voice call.
  • FIG. 5 is a functional block diagram of an access terminal.
  • the access terminal 102 includes a module 502 for accessing a list access points. The list may be maintained in a database in the access terminal or elsewhere.
  • the access terminal 102 also includes a module 504 for selecting one of the access points on the list based on the current traffic state of the access terminal. The selection of the access point may include a periodic scan having an interval that depends on the current traffic state of the access terminal.
  • the access terminal 102 includes a module 506 for accessing a second list containing information regarding access points that have previously served the access terminal.
  • the access terminal 102 also includes a module 508 for updating the information related to the selected one of the access points.
  • the updated information may relate to whether the access terminal is able to associate with the selected one of the access points, the quality of service provided by the selected one of the access points, or other information.
  • the quality of service may include delay, jitter, packet loss rate, time taken to associate with the selected one of the access points, dropped frames, or other quality indicators.
  • the module 504 may select an access point based on indicators derived from information in a second list regarding access points that have previously served the access terminal.
  • the indicators may indicate whether each access point is a handoff candidate for each traffic state.
  • the information from which the indicators are derived may relate to the quality of service provided to the access terminal by access points that have previously served the access terminal, access points that belong to the same subnet served by the same dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP), access points that belong to the same authentication domain, etc.
  • DHCP dynamic host configuration protocol
  • the selection of the access point by the module 504 may also be based on real time measurements of the access points.
  • the real time measurements include received power from the access points, loading on the access points, and interference on the channel of each of the access points.
  • the selection of the access point by the module 504 may also be based on a second list of access points that the access terminal is prohibited from associating with.
  • the selection of the access point by the module 504 may further be based on a list of preferred access points.
  • the access terminal 102 includes a module 510 for handing off to the selected access point.
  • the handoff of the access point may be between two access points in the same network or different networks.
  • the access terminal will search for access points in the WLAN before searching for access points in the cellular network when the access terminal is in a data session.
  • the access terminal will search for access points in the cellular network before searching for access points in the WLAN when the access terminal is in a voice call.
  • DSP digital signal processor
  • ASIC application specific integrated circuit
  • FPGA field programmable gate array
  • a general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine.
  • a processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing components, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.
  • a software module may reside in RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art.
  • a storage medium may be coupled to the processor such that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor.

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JP2009506794A JP5275221B2 (ja) 2006-04-20 2007-04-20 複数のネットワーク間の無線ハンドオフ
EP07797260.2A EP2008478B1 (en) 2006-04-20 2007-04-20 Wireless handoffs between multiple networks
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