Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
  • A61K38/04—Peptides having up to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K38/06—Tripeptides
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/14—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abnormal movements, e.g. chorea, dyskinesia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/14—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abnormal movements, e.g. chorea, dyskinesia
  • A61P25/16—Anti-Parkinson drugs
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
  • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
  • A61N5/00—Radiation therapy
  • A61N5/10—X-ray therapy; Gamma-ray therapy; Particle-irradiation therapy
  • A61N2005/1092—Details
  • A61N2005/1098—Enhancing the effect of the particle by an injected agent or implanted device
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
  • A61N5/00—Radiation therapy
  • A61N5/10—X-ray therapy; Gamma-ray therapy; Particle-irradiation therapy

Definitions

• the present invention relates to the use of compounds in the treatment of ischemia and neurodegeneration
• Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington s diseases progress slowly over a number of years, and finally require hospitalization and 24-hour attention, with huge medical costs They may be caused by the deposition of protein aggregates that fail to be degraded, which ultimately leads to cell death in certain areas of the brain There is a need for drugs that effectively treat these diseases
• the 26S proteasome recognizes substrates based on their conjugation to ubiquitin, and is responsible for the majority of cytosolic protein degradation This process is important in the degradation of regulatory factors that control cell division, signal transduction, apoptosis and many other processes vital to multi-cellular organisms Targeting of these regulatory factors for proteasomal degradation is determined by interactions with their ubiquitin conjugases Pharmacological inhibition of proteasomal beta-sub-units arrests cell cycle progression with subsequent apoptosis, and also increases neo-synthesis of proteasomes However the level of proteasomal activity is not normally a rate-limiting step in substrate degradation and for control of cellular pathways Several endogenous modulators of proteasomal biogenesis, e g PI31 and PA28, affect the specificity of proteasomal cleavage but they appear not to alter the rate of proteasomal protein degradation Proteasomal 26S complexes are synthesized and assembled in the cytosol, and both 19S and 2OS sub-com
• ER-stress endoplasmic reticulum
• starvation The level of inhibition is partial and may cause physiological effects, but the mechanisms behind many of these phenomena are unknown
• TPP Il tripeptidyl-peptidase II
• TPP Il is built from a unique 138 kDa sub-unit expressed in multi-cellular organisms from Drosophila to Homo Sapiens Data from Drosophila suggests that the TPP Il complex consists of repeated sub-units forming two twisted strands with a native structure of about 6 MDa
• TPP Il is the only known cytosolic subtilisin-like serine peptidase Bacterial subtilisins are thoroughly studied enzymes, with numerous reports on crystal structure and enzymatic function (Gupta, R Beg, Q K , and Lorenz P , 2002, "Bacterial alkaline proteases molecular approaches and
• the present invention provides a compound for use in the treatment of a neurodegenerative disease or an ischemic condition, wherein said compound is a TPP Il inhibitor
• the term treatment covers the treatment of an established neurodegenerative disease or ischemic condition as well as preventative therapy and the treatment of a pre-neurodegenerative or pre-ischemic condition
• the present invention provides a compound for use in the treatment of a neurodegenerative disease or an ischemic condition, wherein said compound is selected from the following formula (i) or is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:
• a 1 , A 2 and A 3 are amino acid residues having the following definitions according to the standard one-letter abbreviations or names:
• a 1 is G, A, V 1 L, I, P, 2-aminobutyric acid, norvaline or tert-butyl glycine,
• a 2 is G, A, V, L, I, P, F, W, C, S, K, R, 2-aminobutyric acid, norvaline, norleucine, tert-butyl alanine, alpha-methyl leucine, 4,5-dehydro-leucine, allo-isoleucine, alpha- methyl valine, tert-butyl glycine, 2-allylglycine, ornithine or alpha, gamma- diaminobutyric acid,
• a 3 is G, A, V, L, I, P, F, W, D, E, Y, 2-aminobutyric acid, norvaline or tert-butyl glycine,
• R N1 and R N2 are each attached to the N terminus of the peptide, are the same or different, and are each independently
• linkeii may be absent, i.e. a single bond, or CH 2.
• CH 2 CH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 or CH CH,
• R H ⁇ and R N4 are the same or different and are hydrogen or any of the following optionally substituted groups: saturated or unsaturated, branched or unbranched C 1-6 alkyl; saturated or unsaturated, branched or unbranched C 3 ⁇ 12 cycloalkyl; benzyl; phenyl; naphthyl; mono- or bicyclic C 1 - I0 heteroaryl; or nomaromatic C 1- - I0 heterocyclyl;
• R N3 and/or R N4 which may be: hydroxy-; thio-: amino-; carboxylic acid; saturated or unsaturated, branched or unbranched C 1 ⁇ 6 alkyloxy; saturated or unsaturated, branched or unbranched C 3 _ 12 cycloalkyl; N-, O-, or S- acetyl; carboxyiic acid saturated or unsaturated, branched or unbranched C 1 ⁇ 6 alkyl ester; carboxylic acid saturated or unsaturated, branched or unbranched C 3 ⁇ 12 cycloalkyl ester phenyl; mono- or bicyclic Ci -10 heteroaryl; non-aromatic Ci-i 0 heterocyclyl; or halogen;
• R C1 is attached to the C terminus of the tripeptide, and is:
• R C2 , R C3 and R C4 are the same or different, and are hydrogen or any of the following optionally substituted groups: saturated or unsaturated, branched or unbranched C 1 6 alky!, saturated or unsaturated, branched or unbranched C 3 12 cycloalkyl, benzyl, phenyl, naphthyl, mono- or bicyclic Ci 10 heteroaryl, or non-aromatic Ci 1 0 heterocyclyl,
• R C2 and/or R C3 and/or R C4 which may be one or more of hydroxy-, thio- amino-, carboxylic acid, saturated or unsaturated, branched or unbranched C 1 6 alkyloxy, saturated or unsaturated, branched or unbranched C 3 12 cycloalkyl,
• N-, O-, or S- acetyl carboxylic acid saturated or unsaturated, branched or unbranched C 1 6 alkyl ester carboxylic acid saturated or unsaturated, branched or unbranched C 3 12 cycloalkyi ester phenyl, halogen, mono- or bicyclic C 1 10 heteroaryl, or non-aromatic C 1 10 heterocyclyl
• N and CO indicated in the general formula for formula (i) are the nitrogen atom of amino acid residue A 1 and the carbonyl group of amino acid residue A 3 respectively
• the invention provides a method of treatment of a neurodegenerative disease or an ischemic condition comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a TPPII inhibitor or a compound selected from formula (i) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof Similarly from a further aspect the present invention provides the use of a TPPII inhibitor or a compound selected from formula ( ⁇ ) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a neurodegenerative disease or an ischemic condition
• TPP Il inhibitors are useful in the treatment of a neurodegenerative disease or an ischemic condition
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula ( ⁇ ) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier
• the present invention provides a compound of formula ( ⁇ ) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as a medicament
• the invention provides a method for identifying a compound suitable for the treatment of a neurodegenerative disease or an ischemic condition comprising contacting TPP Il with a compound to be screened, and identifying whether the compound inhibits the activity of TPP Il
• the present invention recognizes an essential role for TPPII in down regulation of proteasomal substrate degradation in response to stress
• proteasomal complexes were translocated into the nucleus through a TPPII-dependent mechanism, which also required the activity of PIKK-family kinases Blocking of PIKK- family kinases redistributed proteasomal complexes into the cytosol
• TPPII inhibitors to increase degradation of otherwise degradation-resistant poly-Glutamme substrates, expressed in an in vitro cell line
• starvation-dependent accumulation of p53 and cell cycle arrest was dependent on TPPII expression and activity
• Our data support the use of inhibitors of TPPII in the treatment of neurodegenerative and ischemic diseases
• TPPII contributes to protein turnover of substrates, and was recently found to be the main peptidase to degrade cytosolic polypeptides longer than 15 amino acids (Reits, E et al 2004 A major role for TPPII in trimming proteasomal degradation products for MHC class I antigen presentation Immunity 20 495-506) Further TPPII can allow survival of lymphoma cells with inhibited proteasomal activity, which suggested a significant contribution to cellular protein turn-over Our work shows that the involvement of TPPII in transduction of PIKK-family kinase activity also leads to an altered specificity of cytosolic proteolysis, since proteasomal substrate degradation was inhibited by TPPII Thus in cells with normal proteasomal activity, TPPII is apparently working to restrain substrate degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway It is presently not clear how the cellular level of proteasomal activity is controlled, and several reports suggest that modification of sub-units of the 19S proteasome could perform this
• proteasomal substrate degradation correlated with re-localization of proteasomal complexes but our data do not exclude other mechanisms
• Other potential mechanisms are direct modulation by PIKK-family members of proteasomal sub-units e g Rpn10/S5a or other sub-units of the regulatory complex that are in direct contact with ubiquitinated substrates
• the mechanism studied here may also have a role in DNA transcription and DNA repair, since nuclear proteasomal sub-complexes participate in these activities
• a subset of TPPII is present in the nucleus, and it is possible that proteasomal complexes may be retained in this compartment by a PIKK family kinase- TPPII-dependent mechanism
• down stream effectors regulate these events such as mTOR or ARK5, a novel Akt-activated member of the AMPK family, that sense the cellular AMP/ATP levels
• the level of proteasomal activity is important when considering the therapy of neurodegenerative disease, but also p53
• TPP Il accepts a relatively broad range of substrates
• All the compounds falling within formula ( ⁇ ) are peptides or peptide analogues
• Compounds of formulae (i) are readily synthesizable by methods known in the art (see for example Ganellin et al , J Med Chem 15 2000, 43, 664-674) or are readily commercially available (for example from Bachem AG)
• the compound may be selected from formulae ( ⁇ )
• Such tripeptides and derivatives are particularly effective therapeutic agents
• the compound for use in the treatment of a neurodegenerative 20 disease or an ischemic condition may be a compound which is known to be a TPP I! inhibitor in vivo
• the compound may be selected from compounds identified in Winter et al , Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling 2005, 23, 409-418 as TPP Il inhibitors
• the 5 compounds may be selected from the following formula ( ⁇ ) because these compounds are particularly suited to the TPP Il pharmacophore
• R' wherein R' is H, CH 3 , CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 or CH(CH 3 ) 2 ,
• R" is H, CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 or C(CH 3 ) 3 , and
• R'" is H, CH 3 , OCH 3 , F, Cl or Br,
• the compound may be selected from compounds identified in US 6,335,360 of Schwartz et al as TPP M inhibitors
• TPP M inhibitors Such compounds include those of the following formula (HI)
• each R 1 may be the same or different, and is selected from the group consisting of halogen OH, C ⁇ -Ce alky! optionally substituted by one or more radicals selected from the group consisting of halogen and OH, (C 1 -C 6 ) alkenyl optionally substituted by one or more radicals selected from the group consisting of halogen and OH, (C 1 -Ce) alkynyl, optionally substituted by one or more radicals selected from the group consisting of halogen and OH, X(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, wherein X is S, 0 or OCO, and the alkyl is optionally substituted by one or more radicals selected from the group consisting of halogen and OH, SO 2 (C- -C 6 )alkyl optionally substituted by at least one halogen, YSO 3 H, YSO 2 (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, wherein Y is O or NH and the ai
• n is from O to 4.
• R 2 is CH 2 R 4 , wherein R 4 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl substituted by one or more radicals selected from the group consisting of halogen and OH; (CH 2 ) p Z(CH 2 ) q CH 3 , wherein Z is O or S, p is from O to 5 and q is from O to 5, provided that p+q is from O to 5; (C 2 -C 6 ) unsaturated alkyl; or (C 3 -C 6 ) cycloalkyl;
• R 2 is (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or 0(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, each optionally substituted by at least one halogen;
• R 3 is H; (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl optionally substituted by at least one halogen; (CH 2 ) P ZR 5 wherein p is from 1 to 3, Z is O or S and R 5 is H or (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl; benzyl.
• the compound be selected from formulae (i) and (ii), more preferably formula (i).
• a 1 is G, A. V, L, I, P, S, T, C, N, Q, 2-aminobutyric acid, norvaline, norleucine, tert- butyl alanine, alpha-methyl leucine, 4,5-dehydro-leucine, allo-isoleucine, alpha- methyl valine, tert-butyl glycine or 2-allylgiycine,
• a 2 is G, A, V 1 L, I. P, S, T, C, N, Q, F, Y, W, K, R, histidine, 2-aminobutyric acid, norvaline, norleucine, tert-butyl alanine, alpha-methyl leucine, 4,5-dehydro-leucine, allo-isoleucine.
• a 3 is G, A, V, L, I, P, S, T, C, N, Q, D, E, F, Y, W, 2-aminobutyric acid, norvaline, norleucine, tert-butyl alanine, alpha-methyl leucine, 4,5-dehydro-leucine, allo- isoleucine, alpha-methyl valine, tert-butyl glycine or 2-allylglycine.
• amino acids of natural (L) configuration are preferred, particularly at the A 2 position.
• R N1 is hydrogen
• R N2 is: R N3 ,
• R N3 is hydrogen or any of the following unsubstituted groups: saturated or unsaturated, branched or unbranched Ci -4 alkyl; benzyl; phenyl; or monocyclic heteroaryl.
• R C1 is:
• R C2 is hydrogen or any of the following unsubst ⁇ tuted groups: saturated or unsaturated, branched or unbranched C 1 -5 alkyl; benzyl; phenyl; or monocyclic C 1- - I o heteroaryl.
• R N1 is hydrogen
• R N3 is phenyl or 2-furyl.
• R N1 is hydrogen
• R N1 is hydrogen
• R N2 is a is benzyloxycarbonyi, benzyl, benzoyl, tert-butyloxycarbonyl, 9- fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl or FA, more preferably benzyloxycarbonyi or FA.
• R C1 is OH, 0-C 1-6 alkyl, 0-C 1 -B alkyl-phenyl, NH-C1.6 alkyl, or NH-C 1 ⁇ 6 alkyl-phenyl, more preferably OH.
• a 1 is G, A, V, L, I, P, 2-aminobutyric acid, norvaline or tert-butyl glycine,
• a 2 is G, A, V, L, I, P, F, W, C, S. K, R, 2-aminobutyric acid, norvaline, norleucine, tert-butyl alanine, alpha-methyl leucine, 4,5-dehydro-leucine, allo-isoleucine, alpha-methyl valine, tert-butyl glycine, 2-allylglycine, ornithine or alpha, gamma-diaminobutyric acid,
• a 3 is G, A, V, L, I, P, F, W, D, E, Y, 2-aminobutyric acid, norvaline or tert-butyl glycine
• R N1 is H,
• R C1 is OH, 0-C 1-6 alkyl, 0-C 1-6 alkyl-phenyl, NH-Ci -6 alkyl, or NH-C 1-6 alkyl-phenyl.
• a 1 is G, A or 2-aminobutyric acid
• a 2 is L.
• I norleucine, V, norvaline, tert-butyl alanine, 4,5-dehydro-leucine, allo-isoleucine, 2- ailylglycine, P, 2-aminobutyric acid, alpha-methyl leucine, alpha-methyl valine or tert-butyl glycine,
• a 3 is G, A, V, P, 2-aminobutyric acid or norvaline,
• R N1 is H
• R C1 is OH, 0-C L6 alkyl, 0-C L6 alkyl-phenyl, NH-C L6 alkyl, or NH-C L6 alkyl-phenyl.
• a 1 is G, A or 2-aminobutyric acid,
• a 2 is L, I, norleucine, V, norvaline, tert-butyl alanine, 4,5-dehydro-ieucine, allo-isoieucine or
• a 3 is G, A, V, P, 2-aminobutyric acid or norvaline, R N1 is H,
• R C1 is OH, 0-C L6 alkyl, 0-C L6 alkyl-phenyl, NH-C L6 alkyl, or NH-C L6 alkyl-phenyl.
• a 1 is G or A
• a * is L, I, or norleucine
• a 3 is G or A
• R N1 is H
• R C1 is OH, 0-C 1-6 alkyl, 0-C 1-6 alkyl-phenyl, NH-Ci -6 alkyl, or NH-C 1-6 alkyl-phenyl.
• a first set of specific preferred compounds are those in which: A 1 is G, A 2 is L,
• a 3 is G, A, V, L, I, P, F 1 W, D 1 E, Y, 2-aminobutyric acid, norvaline or tert-butyl glycine, more preferably G, A 1 V, P, 2-aminobutyric acid or norvaline, more preferably G or A, R N1 is hydrogen, R N2 is benzyloxycarbonyl, and R C1 is OH.
• a second set of specific preferred compounds are those in which: A 1 is G 1
• a 2 is G, A, V, L, I, P, F, W, C 1 S, 2-aminobutyric acid, norvaline, norleucine, tert-butyl alanine, alpha-methyl leucine, 4,5-dehydro-leucine, allo-isoleucine, alpha-methyl valine, tert-butyl glycine or 2-allylglycine, more preferably L, I, norleucine, V, norvaline, tert-butyl alanine, 4,5-dehydro-leucine, allo-isoleucine, 2-allylglycine, P, 2-aminobutyric acid, alpha- methyl leucine, alpha-methyl valine or tert-butyl glycine, more preferably L, I, norleucine, V, norvaline, tert-butyl alanine, 4,5-dehydro-leucine, allo-isoleucine or 2-allylg
• R N2 is benzyloxycarbonyl
• R C1 is OH
• a third set of specific preferred compounds are those in which: A 1 is G, A. V, L, I. P, 2-aminobutyric acid, norvaline or tert-butyl glycine, more preferably G, A or 2-aminobutyric acid, more preferably G or A,
• a 2 is L
• a 3 is A
• R N1 is hydrogen.
• R N2 is benzyloxycarbonyl.
• R C1 is OH
• sequence A 1 -A 2 -A 3 is GLA, GLF, GVA, GIA, GPA or ALA, most preferably GLA, and R N1 is hydrogen,
• R N2 is benzyloxycarbonyl
• R C1 is OH
• alkyl groups are described as saturated or unsaturated, this encompasses alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl hydrocarbon moieties
• C 1 6 alkyl is preferably C 1 4 alkyl, more preferably methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, or butyl (branched or unbranched), most preferably methyl
• C 3 12 cycloalkyl is preferably C 5 10 cycloalkyl, more preferably C 5 7 cycloalkyl
• aryl is an aromatic group, preferably phenyl or naphthyl
• hetero as part of a word means containing one or more heteroatom(s) preferably selected from N, O and S
• heteroaryl is preferably py ⁇ dyl, pyrrolyl, quinolinyl, furanyl, thienyl oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrazolyl, t ⁇ azolyl, tetrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrimidinyl, indolyl, pyrazinyl, indazolyl, pyrimidinyl, thiophenetyl, pyranyl, carbazolyl, ac ⁇ dinyl, quinolinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, pu ⁇ nyl cinnolinyl or ptendinyl
• non-aromatic heterocyclyl is preferably pyrrolidinyl, pipe ⁇ dyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl or monosaccharide
• a 1 may preferably be selected from G, A or 2-am ⁇ nobutyric acid, more preferably G or A
• a 2 may preferably be selected from L, I, norleucine V, norvaline, tert-butyl alanine, 4,5-dehydro-leuc ⁇ ne, allo-isoleucine, 2-allylglyc ⁇ ne, P, K, 2-am ⁇ nobutyr ⁇ c acid, alpha-methyl leucine, alpha-methyl valine or tert-butyl glycine, more preferably L, I, norleucine, V, norvaline, tert-butyl alanine, 4,5-dehydro-leuc ⁇ ne, allo-isoleucine, 2- allylglycine P or K, more preferably L, I, norleucine, P or K, more preferably L or P
• a 3 may preferably be selected from G 1 A, V, P, 2-am ⁇ nobuty ⁇ c acid or norvaline, more preferably G or A
• R N1 is hydrogen
• R N2 is preferably R N3 ,
• R N3 is hydrogen or any of the following unsubstituted groups saturated or unsaturated branched or unbranched Ci 4 alkyl benzyl, phenyl; or monocyclic heteroaryl
• R N2 is more preferably hydrogen, benzyloxycarbonyl, benzyl, benzoyl, tert- butyloxycarbonyl 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl or FA more preferably hydrogen benzyloxycarbonyl or FA
• R C1 is: O-R C2 ,
• R C2 is hydrogen or any of the following unsubstituted groups: saturated or unsaturated, branched or unbranched Ci-S alkyl; benzyl; phenyl; or monocyclic C 1 - I0 heteroaryl.
• R C1 is more preferably OH, O-Ci. 6 alkyl, 0-C 1-6 alkyl-phenyi, NH 2 , NH-Ci -6 alkyl, or NH-C 1 - 6 alkyl-phenyl, more preferably OH, O-Ci_ 6 alkyl, NH 2 , or NH-C ⁇ 6 alkyl, more preferably OH or NH 2 .
• Compounds of particular interest include those wherein A 2 is P.
• a 3 In general the following amino acids are less preferred for A 3 : F, W, D, E and Y. Similarly, in general A 3 may be selected not to be P and/or E due to compounds containing these exhibiting lower activity.
• R 1 is CH 2 CH 3 or CH 2 CH 2 CH 3
• R" is CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 or CH(CH 3 ) 2
• R" 1 is H or Cl.
• a therapeutic compound of formula ( ⁇ ) is Z-GLA-OH, i e tripeptide GLA which is de ⁇ vatized at the N-terminus with a Z group and which is not denvatized at the C- termmus Z denotes benzyloxycarbonyl
• Z denotes benzyloxycarbonyl
• R N1 is H
• R N2 is Z
• a 1 is G
• a 2 is L
• a 3 is A
• R C1 is OH
• This compound is available commercially from Bachem AG and has been found to inhibit the bacterial homologue of the eukaryotic TPP II, Subtilisin Z-GLA-OH is of low cost and works well experimentally
• any disclosures of any compounds or groups of compounds herein may optionally be subject to the proviso that the sequence A 1 A 2 A 3 is not GLA, or the proviso that the compound is not selected from the group consisting of Z-GLA-OH, Bn-GLA-OH FA-GLA-OH or H-GLA-OH, or the proviso that the compound is not Z-GLA-OH
• Z-GLA-OH or other compounds described herein may be administered
• a 1 A 2 A 3 is GPG, such as GPG-NH 2 or Z- GPG-NH 2
• the compounds described herein may be administered in any suitable manner
• the administration may be parenteral, such as intravenous or subcutaneous, oral, transdermal, intranasal, by inhalation or rectal
• the compounds are administered by injection
• Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable addition salts for use in the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention include those derived from mineral acids, such as hydrochlo ⁇ d, hydrobromic, phosphoric, metaphospho ⁇ c, nitric and sulphuric acids, and organic acids such as tartaric, acetic, citric, malic, lactic fumaric, benzoic, glycolic, gluconic, succinic, and arylsulphonic acids
• mineral acids such as hydrochlo ⁇ d, hydrobromic, phosphoric, metaphospho ⁇ c, nitric and sulphuric acids
• organic acids such as tartaric, acetic, citric, malic, lactic fumaric, benzoic, glycolic, gluconic, succinic, and arylsulphonic acids
• the pharmaceutically acceptable excipients described herein, for example, vehicles, adjuvants, carriers or diluents are well-known to those who are skilled in the art and are readily available to the public
• composition may be prepared for any route of administration, e g oral, intravenous, cutaneous or subcutaneous, nasal, intramuscular, or intraperitoneal
• routes of administration e g oral, intravenous, cutaneous or subcutaneous, nasal, intramuscular, or intraperitoneal
• a parenterally acceptable aqueous solution is employed, which is pyrogen free and has requisite pH, isotonicity and stability
• a parenterally acceptable aqueous solution which is pyrogen free and has requisite pH, isotonicity and stability
• the dose administered to a mammal, particularly a human, in the context of the present invention should be sufficient to effect a therapeutic response in the mammal over a reasonable time frame
• dosage will depend upon a variety of factors including the age, condition and body weight of the patient, as well as the stage/seventy of the disease
• the dose will also be determined by the route (administration form) timing and frequency of administration
• the dosage can vary for example from about 0 01 mg to about 10 g, preferably from about 0 01 mg to about 1000 mg, more preferably from about 10 mg to about 1000 mg per day of a compound or the corresponding amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof
• Tretament may be applied in a single dose, or periodically as a course of treatment
• TPP Il TPP Il protein may be purified in a first step, and a TPP ll-preferred fluorogenic substrate may be used in a second step This results in an effective method to measure TPP Il activity It is not necessary to achieve a particularly high level of purification, and conventional simple techniques can be used to obtain TPP Il of sufficient quality to use in a screening method
• purification of TPP II 100 x 10 6 cells (such as EL-4 cells) were sedimented and lysed by vortexing in glass beads and homogenisation buffer (50 mM Tris Base pH 7 5, 250 mM Sucrose, 5 mM MgCI 2 , 1 mM DTT) Cellular lysates were subjected to differential centrifugation, first the cellular homogenate was centrifuged at 14,000 rpm for 15 mm, and then the supernatant was transferred to ultra-centrifugation tubes Next the sample was ultra-cent
• the compounds of use in the present invention may be defined as those which result in partial or preferably complete treatment of ischemia or neurodegeneration in vivo
• the compounds used in the present invention are sufficiently serum-stable, i e in vivo they retain their identity long enough to exert the desired therapeutic effect
• PIKKs PI3K-l ⁇ ke kinase family
• PIKKs include nuclear enzymes ATM ATR and DNA-PKcs and also mTOR in the cytosol
• TPPII T ⁇ peptidyl-peptidase Il
• PlKKs ubiquitin-proteasome pathway
• PIKK activity was required for protection of TPPII from proteasomal degradation, and inhibited expression or activity of TPPII prevented stress-induced nuclear localization of proteasomes.
• Inhibitors of TPPII accelerated the proteasomai degradation of otherwise degradation-resistant poly-Glutamine substrates.
• Our data suggest that TPPII mediated suppression of proteasomal substrate degradation and relocalization of proteasomal complexes is a consequence of PIKK activation in response to cellular stress. This leads to the use of TPPII inhibitors in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
• TPPII is strongly up-regulated in response to starvation, an event that was also dependent on the activity of PIKKs.
• TPPII was also important for p53 accumulation in response to starvation.
• p53 is a strong determinant for pathology in certain ischemic diseases, whereby inhibition of TPPII may be used to treat ischemic diseases.
• HeLa.UbGV76-GFP cells e-h cells exposed to gamma-irradiation, starvation or treatment with proteasomal inhibitor, as indicated.
• Gamma-irradiated cells were exposed to 1000 Rad and incubated in vitro for 3-4 days.
• Starved cells were grown in dense standard in vitro cultures without replenishing medium for 5-7 days.
• Dead cells were excluded by gating with Propidium Iodide (Pl).
• GFP/TPPil 1 cells 1-4 days after exposure to gamma-irradiation (b) Cellular growth in vitro of EL-4.wt and EL-4.TPPM' cells in the presence of 0, 5 or 25 micro-M of NLVS. (c) Mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) as quantified by flow cytometry of EL-4.UbGV76-GFP (empty circles) and EL-4.UbGV76-GFP/TPPII' cells (filled circles), treated with 0,2 ,4 ,6, 8 or 10 micro-M NLVS overnight, (d) Ub-R-GFP-Q112 expression in stably transfected EL-4 versus EL-4.
• MFI Mean fluorescence intensity
• TPPII' cells either left untreated or treated with the indicated concentration with NLVS (e) Ub-R-GFP-Q112 expression in stably transfected EL-4 cells treated with either Butabindide or the TPPII inhibitor Z-GLA-OH, for up to 72 hours
• FIG. 5 PIKK-family kinase activity controls TPPIi expression and nuclear localization of proteasomes.
• (a, b) lmmunohistochemical analysis of EL-4 cells exposed to starvation in the presence or absence of 1 rnicro-M wortmannin (inhibitor of PIKK-family kinases), and stained for anti-Rpt ⁇ (19S proteasome, a) or anti-aIpha-3 (2OS proteasome, b) Scale bar 5 micro-m
• TPPII inhibitors prevent expression of TPPII protein and stabilization of p53.
• EL-4 is a Benzpyrene-induced lymphoma cell line derived from the C57BI/6 mouse strain
• EL-4 wt and EL-4 TPPII 1 are EL-4 cells transfected with the pSUPER vector (Brummelkamp, TR, Bernards, R, Agami, R A system for stable expression of short interfering RNAs in mammalian cells Science 2002,296 550-3), empty versus containing the siRNA directed against TPPII
• HeLa cells are human cervical carcinoma cells
• PBS Phosphate Buffered Saline
• gamma-irradiated 250 - 2000 Rad's were starved by growth in 50%-75% Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) or gamma-irradiated 250 - 2000 Rad's, and incubated at 37 0 C and 5,3%CO 2
• PBS Phosphate Buffered Saline
• gamma-irradiated 250 - 2000 Rad's were incuba
• NLVS is an inhibitor of the proteasome that preferentially targets the chymotryptic peptidase activity, and efficiently inhibits proteasomal degradation in live cells
• Butabindide is described in the literature (Rose, C Vargas, F, Facchmetti P, Bourgeat P Bambal, RB, Bishop, PB, et. al. Characterization and inhibition of a cholecystokinin- inactivating serine peptidase. Nature 1996;380:403-9).
• Z-Gly-Leu-Ala-OH is an inhibitor of Subtilisin (Bachem, Weil am Rhein, Germany), a bacterial enzyme with an active site that is homologous to that of TPPIi.
• Wortmannin is an inhibitor of PIKK (PI3- kinase-related) -family kinases (Sigma, St. Louis, MO). All inhibitors were dissolved in DMSO and stored at -2O 0 C until use.
• the resulting pellet dissolved in 50 mM Tris Base pH 7.5, 30%Glycerol, 5 mM MgCI2, and 1 mM DTT, and 1 micro-g of high molecular weight protein was used as enzyme in peptidase assays or in Western blotting for TPP Il expression.
• the substrate AAF-AMC Sigma, St. Louis, MO
• Cleavage activity was measured by emission at 460 nm in a LS50B Luminescence Spectrometer (Perkin Elmer, Boston, MA).
• DNA fragmentation cells were seeded in 12-well plates at 10 6 cells /ml and exposed to 25 micro-M etoposide, a DNA topoisomerase Il inhibitor commonly used as an apoptosis-inducing agent, to starvation (50% PBS). Cells were seeded at 10 6 cells/ml in 12-well plates and incubated for the indicated times, usually 18-24 hours. DNA from EL-4 control and adapted cells was purified by standard chloroform extraction, and 2.5 micro-g of DNA was loaded on 1.8% agarose gel for detection of DNA from apoptotic cells.
• a DNA topoisomerase Il inhibitor commonly used as an apoptosis-inducing agent
• Antibodies and Antisera The following molecules were detected by the antibodies specified: GFP by rabbit anti-GFP serum (Molecular Probes Europe, Breda, The Netherlands); 19S proteasomal complexes by anti-Rpt ⁇ (19S base ATPase subunit). 2OS proteasomal complexes b ⁇ (Affinity. Wales. UK); For detection of TPPlI we used chicken anti-TPPll serum (Immuns ⁇ stem, Uppsala. Sweden). In experiments where whole cell lysates were used for western blotting of TPPII, i.e. fractions not enriched for TPPII, TPPII fell below the limit of detection in cells not exposed to stress. Western blotting was performed by standard techniques. Protein concentration was measured by BCA Protein Assay Reagent (Pierce Chemical Co.). 5 micro-g of protein was loaded per lane for separation by SDS/PAGE unless stated otherwise.
• ATM Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated
• BRCT BRCA C-terminal repeat
• NLVS ⁇ hydroxy- ⁇ -iodo-S-nitrophenylacetyl-Leu-Leu-Leu-vinyl sulphone
• Pl Propidium Iodide
• PIKKs Phosphoinositide-3-OH-kinase-related kinases
• TPPII Tripeptidyl-peptidase Il
• FA 3-(2-furyl)acryloyl.
• the invention also makes use of several unnatural alpha-amino acids.
• TPPII mediates stress-induced inhibition of proteasomal substrate degradation.
• GFP Green Fluorescent Protein
• EL-4 Ub-R-GFP and HeLa UbGV76-GFP cells stably transfected with Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)- reporter substrates (Dantuma, N P, ⁇ ndsten, K , Glas, R , Jellne, M and Masucci M G 2000 Short-lived green fluorescent proteins for quantifying ubiquitin/proteasome- dependent proteolysis in living cells Nat Biotechnol 18 538-43)
• GFP-based substrates are N-terminally modified to become rapidly ubiquitinated and degraded by the proteasome
• TPPlI cytosol'C peptidase tripeptidyl-peptidase Il
• PIKKs PI3K-l ⁇ ke kinases
• TPPII reduces proteasomal substrate degradation
• a reporter substrate similar to those used previously, but containing a C- terminal poly-Glutamine repeat (Verhoef, L G , Lindsten, K , Masucci, M G and Dantuma, N P 2002 Aggregate formation inhibits proteasomal degradation of polyglutamine proteins Hum MoI Genet 11 2689-700)
• Such poly-Glutamine sequences inhibit proteasomal protein degradation, accumulate in intracellular inclusions and cause neurodegenerative disease (Zoghbi, H Y and Orr, H T 2000 Glutamine repeats and neurodegeneration Annu Rev Neurosci 23 217-47) (Bence, N F , Sampat, R M , and Kopito, R R 2001 Impairment of the ubiquitin-proteasome system by protein aggregation Science 292 1552-5) (V
• TPPII-dependent shift in proteasomai distribution was also found after starvation of HeLa cells (human cervical carcinoma, Fig 4a)
• the involvement of TPPII in this process was supported by the use of the TPPIi-specific inhibitor butabindide that inhibited nuclear localization of proteasomes in EL-4, HeLa cells (Fig 4a, b)
• TPP Il Requirement for TPP Il in starvation-induced p53 accumulation and growth arrest.
• TPP Il was important in responses to starvation since this type of stress is controlled by PIKKs, and is highly relevant for disease pathogenesis e g in ischemic disease
• PIKKs protein kinase
• TPPII as a target for the treatment of ischemic disease
• the t ⁇ peptide TPPII inhibitors may be administered, for example injected into acutely systemicaily ill patients to reduce p53 accumulation in the ischemic tissues, and thereby prolong tissue survival Provided sufficient time collateral pathways of blood flow are created, and the inhibition of p53 accumulation may therefore reduce the infarction size e g during stroke EP2007/050364
• Table 1 contains in vitro data, in fluorometric units which are arbitrary but relative, for the inhibition of cleavage of AAF-AMC (H-Ala-Ala-7-am ⁇ do-4-methylcoumar ⁇ n) by compounds at several concentrations Some beneficial effect is seen for most of the compounds tested
• TPP Il protein was enriched, and then a TPP ll-preferred fluorogenic substrate AAF-AMC was used 100 x 10 6 cells were sedimented and lysed by vortexing in glass beads and homogenisation buffer (50 mM Tris Base pH 7 5, 250 mM Sucrose, 5 mM MgCI 2 , 1 mM DTT) Cellular lysates were subjected to differential cent ⁇ fugation, first the cellular homogenate was cent ⁇ fuged at 14,000 rpm for 15 mm, and then the supernatant was transferred to ultra-centrifugation tubes Next the sample was ultra-cent ⁇ fugated at 100,000 x g for 1 hour, and the supernatant (denoted as cytosol in most biochemical literature) was subjected to 100,000 x g centrifugation for 5 hours, which sedimented high molecular weight cytosolic proteins/protein complexes The resulting pellet dissolved in 50 mM Tris Base pH 7 5, 30%Glycerol, 5 m
• test buffer composed of 50 mM Tn Base pH 7 5, 5 mM

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