WO2007080126A2

WO2007080126A2 - Dsrna as insect control agent

Info

Publication number: WO2007080126A2
Application number: PCT/EP2007/000286
Authority: WO
Inventors: Romaan Raemaekers; Laurent Kubler; Els Vanbleu
Original assignee: Devgen N.V.
Priority date: 2006-01-12
Filing date: 2007-01-12
Publication date: 2007-07-19
Also published as: CA2633576A1; US9528123B2; EP2377939A2; WO2007080126A3; EP1971687A2; EP2348115A3; JP5474355B2; US20140373197A1; US20090298787A1; BRPI0706227A2; EP2348115A2; BRPI0706227A8; EP2377939A3; WO2007080126A9; JP2009523017A

Abstract

The present invention relates to methods for controlling pest infestation using double stranded RNA molecules. The invention provides methods for making transgenic plants that express the double stranded RNA molecules, as well as pesticidal agents and commodity products produced by the inventive plants.

Description

TRANSGENIC PLANT-BASED METHODS FOR PLANT PESTS USING RNAi

Field of the invention

The present invention relates to the field of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-mediated gene silencing in insect species. More particularly, the present invention relates to genetic constructs designed for the expression of dsRNA corresponding to novel target genes. These constructs are particularly useful in RNAi-mediated plant pest control. The invention further relates to methods for controlling insects, methods for preventing insect infestation and methods for down-regulating gene expression in insects using RNAi. The invention also relates to transgenic plants resistant to insect infestation.

Background to the invention

The environment is replete with pests and numerous methods have attempted to control pests infestations of plants. Commercial crops are often the targets of insect attack. Substantial progress has been made in the last few decades towards developing more efficient methods and compositions for controlling insect infestation in plants.

Chemical pesticides have been very effective in eradicating pest infestation. However, there are several disadvantages to using chemical pesticidal agents. Not only are they potentially detrimental to the environment, but they are not selective and are harmful to various crops and non-target fauna. Chemical pesticides persist in the environment and generally are slow to be metabolized, if at all. They accumulate in the food chain, and particularly in the higher predator species where they can act as mutagens and/or carcinogens to cause irreversible and deleterious genetic modifications. There has thus been continued controversy in the use of chemical insecticides to combat crop pests. They can rapidly develop resistance against these insecticides because of repetitive usage of the same insecticide or of insecticides having the same mode of action, and because accumulation also results in the development of resistance to the agents in species higher up the evolutionary ladder.

Control of insect pests on agronomically important crops is important, particularly insect pests which damage plants belonging to the Solanaceae family, especially potato (Solanυm tuberosum), but also tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), eggplant (Solanum melongena), capsicums (Solanum capsicum), and nightshade (for example, Solanum aculeastrum, S. bulbocastanum, S. cardiophyllum, S. douglasii, S. dulcamara, S. lanceolatum, S. robustum, and S. triquetrum), particularly the control of coleopteran pests.

Biological control using extract from neem seed has been shown to work against coleopteran pests of vegetables. Commercially available neem-based insecticides have azadirachtin as the primary active ingredient. These insecticides are applicable to a broad spectrum of insects. They act as insect growth regulator; azadirachtin prevents insects from molting by inhibiting production of an insect hormone, ecdysone.

Biological control using protein Cry3A from Bacillus thuringiensis varieties tenebrionis and san diego, and derived insecticidal proteins are alternatives to chemical control. The Bt toxin protein is effective in controlling Colorado potato beetle larvae either as formulations sprayed onto the foliage or expressed in the leaves of potatoes.

An alternative biological agent is dsRNA. Over the last few years, down-regulation of genes (also referred to as "gene silencing") in multicellular organisms by means of RNA interference or "RNAi" has become a well-established technique.

RNA interference or "RNAi" is a process of sequence-specific down-regulation of gene expression (also referred to as "gene silencing" or "RNA-mediated gene silencing") initiated by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) that is complementary in sequence to a region of the target gene to be down-regulated (Fire, A. Trends Genet. Vol. 15, 358-363, 1999; Sharp, P.A. Genes Dev. Vol. 15, 485-490, 2001 ).

Over the last few years, down-regulation of target genes in multicellular organisms by means of RNA interference (RNAi) has become a well established technique. Reference may be made to International Applications WO 99/32619 (Carnegie Institution) and WO 00/01846 (by Applicant). DsRNA gene silencing finds application in many different areas, such as for example dsRNA mediated gene silencing in clinical applications (WO2004/001013) and in plants. In plants, dsRNA constructs useful for gene silencing have also been designed to be cleaved and to be processed into short interfering RNAs (siRNAs).

RNAi has also been proposed as a means of protecting plants against plant parasitic nematodes, i.e. by expressing in the plant (e.g. in the entire plant, or in a part, tissue or cell of a plant) one or more nucleotide sequences that form a dsRNA fragment that corresponds to a target gene in the plant parasitic nematode that is essential for its growth, reproduction and/or survival. Reference may be made to the International Application WO 00/01846 (by Applicant) and US patent 6,506,559 (based on WO 99/32619). Although the technique of RNAi has been generally known in the art in plants, C. elegans and mammalian cells for some years, to date little is known about the use of RNAi to down-regulate gene expression in insects. Since the filing and publication of the WO 00/01846 and WO 99/32619 applications, only few other applications have been published that relate to the use of RNAi to protect plants against insects. These include the International Applications WO 01/37654 (DNA Plant Technologies), WO 2005/019408 (Bar llan University), WO 2005/049841 (CSIRO, Bayer Cropscience), WO 05/047300 (University of Utah Research foundation), and the US application 2003/00150017 (Mesa et al.).

The present invention provides target genes and constructs useful in the RNAi-mediated insect pest control, especially the control of insect plant pathogens.The present invention also provides methods for controlling insect pest infestation by repressing, delaying, or otherwise reducing target gene expression within a particular insect pest.

Description of the invention:

The present invention describes a novel non-compound, non-protein based approach for the control of insect crop pests. The active ingredient is a nucleic acid, a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), which can be used as an insecticidal formulation. In another embodiment, the dsRNA can be expressed constitutively in the host plant, plant part, plant cell or seed to protect the plant against chewing insects especially coleopterans such as beetles. The sequence of the dsRNA corresponds to part or whole of an essential insect gene and causes downregulation of the insect target via RNA interference (RNAi). As a result of the downregulation of mRNA, the dsRNA prevents expression of the target insect protein and hence causes death, growth arrest or sterility of the insect.

The methods of the invention can find practical application in any area of technology where it is desirable to inhibit viability, growth, development or reproduction of the insect, or to decrease pathogenicity or infectivity of the insect. The methods of the invention further find practical application where it is desirable to specifically down-regulate expression of one or more target genes in an insect. Particularly useful practical applications include, but are not limited to, protecting plants against insect pest infestation.

In accordance with one embodiment the invention relates to a method for controlling insect growth on a cell or an organism, or for preventing insect infestation of a cell or an organism susceptible to insect infection, comprising contacting insects with a double-stranded RNA, wherein the double-stranded RNA comprises annealed complementary strands, one of which has a nucleotide sequence which is complementary to at least part of the nucleotide sequence of an insect target gene, whereby the double-stranded RNA is taken up by the insect and thereby controls growth or prevents infestation.

The present invention therefore provides isolated novel nucleotide sequences of insect target genes, said isolated nucleotide sequences comprising at least one nucleic acid sequence selected from the group comprising:

(i) sequences represented by any of SEQ ID NOs 1 , 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 , 13, 15, 17, 19, 21 , 23, 49 to 158, 159, 160-163, 168, 173, 178, 183, 188, 193, 198, 203, 208, 215, 220, 225, 230, 240 to 247, 249, 251 , 253, 255, 257, 259, 275 to 472, 473, 478, 483, 488, 493, 498, 503, 508 to 513, 515, 517, 519, 521 , 533 to 575, 576, 581 , 586, 591 , 596, 601 , 603, 605, 607, 609, 621 to 767, 768, 773, 778, 783, 788, 793, 795, 797, 799, 801 , 813 to 862, 863, 868, 873, 878, 883, 888, 890, 892, 894, 896, 908 to 1040, 1041 , 1046, 1051 , 1056, 1061 , 1066 to 1071 , 1073, 1075, 1077, 1079, 1081 , 1083, 1085, 1087, 1089, 1091 , 1093, 1095, 1097, 1099, 1101 , 1103, 1105, 1107, 1 109, 1111 , 1113, 1161 to 1571 , 1572, 1577, 1582, 1587, 1592, 1597, 1602, 1607, 1612, 1617, 1622, 1627, 1632, 1637, 1642, 1647, 1652, 1657, 1662, 1667, 1672, 1677, 1682, 1684, 1686, 1688, 1690, 1692, 1694, 1696, 1698, 1700, 1702, 1704, 1730 to 2039, 2040, 2045, 2050, 2055, 2060, 2065, 2070, 2075, 2080, 2085, 2090, 2095, 2100, 2102, 2104, 2106, 2108, 2120 to 2338, 2339, 2344, 2349, 2354, 2359, 2364, 2366, 2368, 2370, 2372, 2384 to 2460, 2461 , 2466, 2471 , 2476, 2481 or 2486, or the complement thereof,

(ii) sequences which are at least 70 %, preferably at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, more preferably at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to a sequence represented by any of SEQ ID NOs 1 , 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 , 13, 15, 17, 19, 21 , 23, 49 to 158, 159, 160-163, 168, 173, 178, 183, 188, 193, 198, 203, 208, 215, 220, 225, 230, 240 to 247, 249, 251 , 253, 255, 257, 259, 275 to 472, 473, 478, 483, 488, 493, 498, 503, 508 to 513, 515, 517, 519, 521 , 533 to 575, 576, 581 , 586, 591 , 596, 601 , 603, 605, 607, 609, 621 to 767, 768, 773, 778, 783, 788, 793, 795, 797, 799, 801 , 813 to 862, 863, 868, 873, 878, 883, 888, 890, 892, 894, 896, 908 to 1040, 1041 , 1046, 1051 , 1056, 1061 , 1066 to 1071 , 1073, 1075, 1077, 1079, 1081 , 1083, 1085, 1087, 1089, 1091 , 1093, 1095, 1097, 1099, 1101 , 1103, 1105, 1107, 1109, 1111 , 1113, 1161 to 1571 , 1572, 1577, 1582, 1587, 1592, 1597, 1602, 1607, 1612, 1617, 1622, 1627, 1632, 1637, 1642, 1647, 1652, 1657, 1662, 1667, 1672, 1677, 1682, 1684, 1686, 1688, 1690, 1692, 1694, 1696, 1698, 1700, 1702, 1704, 1730 to 2039, 2040, 2045, 2050, 2055, 2060, 2065, 2070, 2075, 2080, 2085, 2090, 2095, 2100, 2102, 2104, 2106, 2108, 2120 to 2338, 2339, 2344, 2349, 2354, 2359, 2364, 2366, 2368, 2370, 2372, 2384 to 2460, 2461 , 2466, 2471 , 2476, 2481 or 2486, or the complement thereof, and

(iii) sequences comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of the sequences represented by SEQ ID NOs 1 , 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 , 13, 15, 17, 19, 21 , 23, 49 to 158, 159, 160-163, 168, 173, 178, 183, 188, 193, 198, 203, 208, 215, 220, 225, 230, 240 to 247, 249, 251 , 253, 255, 257, 259, 275 to 472, 473, 478, 483, 488, 493, 498, 503, 508 to 513, 515, 517, 519, 521 , 533 to 575, 576, 581 , 586, 591 , 596, 601 , 603, 605, 607, 609, 621 to 767, 768, 773, 778, 783, 788, 793, 795, 797, 799, 801 , 813 to 862, 863, 868, 873, 878, 883, 888, 890, 892, 894, 896, 908 to 1040, 1041 , 1046, 1051 , 1056, 1061 , 1066 to 1071 , 1073, 1075, 1077, 1079, 1081 , 1083, 1085, 1087, 1089, 1091 , 1093, 1095, 1097, 1099, 1101 , 1103, 1105, 1107, 1109, 1111 , 1113, 1161 to 1571 , 1572, 1577, 1582, 1587, 1592, 1597, 1602, 1607, 1612, 1617, 1622, 1627, 1632, 1637, 1642, 1647, 1652, 1657, 1662, 1667, 1672, 1677, 1682, 1684, 1686, 1688, 1690, 1692, 1694, 1696, 1698, 1700, 1702, 1704, 1730 to 2039, 2040, 2045, 2050, 2055, 2060, 2065, 2070, 2075, 2080, 2085, 2090, 2095, 2100, 2102, 2104, 2106, 2108, 2120 to 2338, 2339, 2344, 2349, 2354, 2359, 2364, 2366, 2368, 2370, 2372, 2384 to 2460, 2461 , 2466, 2471 , 2476, 2481 or 2486, or the complement thereof, or wherein said nucleic acid sequence is an orthologue of a gene comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID NOs 49 to 158, 275 to 472, 533 to 575, 621 to 767, 813 to 862, 908 to 1040, 1161 to 1571 , 1730 to 2039, 2120 to 2338, 2384 to 2460, or a complement thereof, said nucleic acid sequences being useful for preparing the double stranded RNAs of the invention for controlling insect growth.

"Controlling pests" as used in the present invention means killing pests, or preventing pests to develop, or to grow or preventing pests to infect or infest. Controlling pests as used herein also encompasses controlling pest progeny (development of eggs). Controlling pests as used herein also encompasses inhibiting viability, growth, development or reproduction of the pest, or to decrease pathogenicity or infectivity of the pest. The compounds and/or compositions described herein, may be used to keep an organism healthy and may be used curatively, preventively or systematically to control pests or to avoid pest growth or development or infection or infestation. Particular pests envisaged in the present invention are plant pathogenic insect pests. "Controlling insects" as used herein thus also encompasses controlling insect progeny (such as development of eggs). Controlling insects as used herein also encompasses inhibiting viability, growth, development or reproduction of the insect, or decreasing pathogenicity or infectivity of the insect. In the present invention, controlling insects may inhibit a biological activity in a insect, resulting in one or more of the following attributes: reduction in feeding by the insect, reduction in viability of the insect, death of the insect, inhibition of differentiation and development of the insect, absence of or reduced capacity for sexual reproduction by the insect, muscle formation, juvenile hormone formation, juvenile hormone regulation, ion regulation and transport, maintenance of cell membrane potential, amino acid biosynthesis, amino acid degradation, sperm formation, pheromone synthesis, pheromone sensing, antennae formation, wing formation, leg formation, development and differentiation, egg formation, larval maturation, digestive enzyme formation, haemolymph synthesis, haemolymph maintenance, neurotransmission, cell division, energy metabolism, respiration, apoptosis, and any component of a eukaryotic cells' cytoskeletal structure, such as, for example, actins and tubulins.The compounds and/or compositions described herein, may be used to keep an organism healthy and may be used curatively, preventively or systematically to control a insect or to avoid insect growth or development or infection or infestation. Thus, the invention may allow previously susceptible organisms to develop resistance against infestation by the insect organism.

The expression "complementary to at least part of as used herein means that the nucleotide sequence is fully complementary to the nucleotide sequence of the target over more than two nucleotides, for instance over at least 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 , 22, 23, 24 or more contiguous nucleotides.

According to a further embodiment , the invention relates to a method method for down- regulating expression of a target gene in an insect, comprising contacting said insect with a double- stranded RNA, wherein the double-stranded RNA comprises annealed complementary strands, one of which has a nucleotide sequence which is complementary to at least part of the nucleotide sequence of the insect target gene to be down-regulated, whereby the double-stranded RNA is taken up into the insect and thereby down-regulates expression of the insect target gene.

Whenever the term "a" is used within the context of "a target gene", this means "at least one" target gene. The same applies for "a" target organism meaning "at least one" target organism, and "a" RNA molecule or host cell meaning "at least one" RNA molecule or host cell. This is also detailed further below.

According to one embodiment, the methods of the invention rely on uptake by the insect of double-stranded RNA present outside of the insect (e. g. by feeding) and does not require expression of double-stranded RNA within cells of the insect. In addition, the present invention also encompasses methods as described above wherein the insect is contacted with a composition comprising the double-stranded RNA.

The invention further provides a method for down-regulating expression of at least one target gene in a target organism (which is capable of ingesting a plant, plant part, plant cell or seeds) comprising feeding a plant, plant part, plant cell or seed to the target organism which plant, plant part, plant cell or seed expresses double-stranded RNA. In a more preferred aspect, the invention provides a method for down-regulating expression of at least one target gene in a target organism (which is capable of ingesting a host cell, or extracts thereof) comprising feeding a hostplant, plant part, plant cell or seed to the target organism which hostplant, plant part, plant cellcell or seed expresses a double-stranded RNA molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to or representing the RNA equivalent of at least part of the nucleotide sequence of the at least one target gene, whereby the ingestion of the host cell, host plant, plant part, plant cell or seed by the target organism causes and/or leads to down-regulation of expression of the at least one target gene.

The invention provides for use of a plant, plant part, plant cell or seed as defined herein for down regulation of expression of an insect target gene. In more detailed terms, the invention provides for use of a host cell as defined herein and/or an RNA molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence that is the RNA complement of or that represents the RNA equivalent of at least part of the nucleotide sequence of a target gene from a target organism, as produced by transcription of a nucleic acid molecule in a plant, plant part, plant cell or seed, for instance in the manufacture of a commodity product, for down regulation of expression of a target gene. Suitable target genes and target organisms in respect of the invention are discussed below in further detail.

According to one embodiment, the methods of the invention rely on a GMO approach wherein the double-stranded RNA is expressed by a cell or an organism infested with or susceptible to infestation by insects. Preferably, said cell is a plant cell or said organism is a plant. The present invention thus also relates to a method for producing a plant resistant to a plant pathogenic insect, comprising:

- transforming a plant cell with a recombinant construct comprising at least one regulatory sequence operably linked to a sequence complementary to at least part of (a) a nucleotide sequence of a target insect gene selected from the group consisting of: (i) sequences which are at least 75% identical to a sequence represented by any of

SEQ ID NOs 1 , 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 , 13, 15, 17, 19, 21 , 23, 49 to 158, 159, 160-163, 168, 173, 178, 183, 188, 193, 198, 203, 208, 215, 220, 225, 230, 247, 249, 251 , 253, 255, 257, 259, 275 to 472, 473, 478, 483, 488, 493, 498, 503, 513, 515, 517, 519, 521 , 533 to 575, 576, 581 , 586, 591 , 596, 601 , 603, 605, 607, 609, 621 to 767, 768, 773, 778, 783, 788, 793, 795, 797, 799, 801 , 813 to 862, 863, 868, 873, 878, 883, 888, 890,

892, 894, 896, 908 to 1040, 1041 , 1046, 1051 , 1056, 1061 , 1071 , 1073, 1075, 1077, 1079, 1081 , 1083, 1085, 1087, 1089, 1091 , 1093, 1095, 1097, 1099, 1101 , 1 103, 1105, 1107, 1109, 1111 , 1 113, 1161 to 1571 , 1572, 1577, 1582, 1587, 1592, 1597, 1602, 1607, 1612, 1617, 1622, 1627, 1632, 1637, 1642, 1647, 1652, 1657, 1662, 1667, 1672, 1677, 1682, 1684, 1686, 1688, 1690, 1692, 1694, 1696, 1698, 1700,

1702, 1704, 1730 to 2039, 2040, 2045, 2050, 2055, 2060, 2065, 2070, 2075, 2080, 2085, 2090, 2095, 2100, 2102, 2104, 2106, 2108, 2120 to 2338, 2339, 2344, 2349, 2354, 2359, 2364, 2366, 2368, 2370, 2372, 2384 to 2460, 2461 , 2466, 2471 , 2476 or 2481 , or the complement thereof, (ii) sequences comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID Nos 1 , 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 , 13, 15, 17, 19, 21 , 23, 49 to 158, 159, 160-163, 168, 173, 178, 183, 188, 193, 198, 203, 208, 215, 220, 225, 230, 247, 249, 251 , 253, 255, 257, 259, 275 to 472, 473, 478, 483, 488, 493, 498, 503, 513, 515, 517, 519, 521 , 533 to 575, 576, 581 , 586, 591 , 596, 601 , 603, 605, 607, 609, 621 to 767, 768, 773, 778, 783, 788,

793, 795, 797, 799, 801 , 813 to 862, 863, 868, 873, 878, 883, 888, 890, 892, 894, 896, 908 to 1040, 1041 , 1046, 1051 , 1056, 1061 , 1071 , 1073, 1075, 1077, 1079, 1081 , 1083, 1085, 1087, 1089, 1091 , 1093, 1095, 1097, 1099, 1101 , 1103, 1105, 1107, 1109, 1111 , 1113, 1161 to 1571 , 1572, 1577, 1582, 1587, 1592, 1597, 1602, 1607, 1612, 1617, 1622, 1627, 1632, 1637, 1642, 1647, 1652, 1657, 1662, 1667,

1672, 1677, 1682, 1684, 1686, 1688, 1690, 1692, 1694, 1696, 1698, 1700, 1702, 1704, 1730 to 2039, 2040, 2045, 2050, 2055, 2060, 2065, 2070, 2075, 2080, 2085, 2090, 2095, 2100, 2102, 2104, 2106, 2108, 2120 to 2338, 2339, 2344, 2349, 2354, 2359, 2364, 2366, 2368, 2370, 2372, 2384 to 2460, 2461 , 2466, 2471 , 2476 or 2481 , or the complement thereof, and

(iii) sequences comprising a sense strand comprising a nucleotide sequence of (i) and an antisense strand comprising the complement of said nucleotide sequence of (i), wherein the transcript encoded by said nucleotide sequence is capable of forming a double-stranded RNA, or (b) a nucleotide sequence which is an insect orthologue of a gene comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID Nos 49 to 158, 275 to 472, 533 to 575, 621 to 767, 813 to 862, 908 to 1040, 1161 to 1571 , 1730 to 2039, 2120 to 2338, 2384 to 2460, or the complement thereof;

- regenerating a plant from the transformed plant cell; and - growing the transformed plant under conditions suitable for the expression of the recombinant construct, said grown transformed plant resistant to plant pathogenic insects compared to an untransformed plant.

The insect can be any insect, meaning any organism belonging to the Kingdom Animals, more specific to the Phylum Arthropoda, and to the Class lnsecta or the Class Arachnida. The methods of the invention are applicable to all insects and that are susceptible to gene silencing by RNA interference and that are capable of internalising double-stranded RNA from their immediate environment. The invention is also applicable to the insect at any stage in its development. Because insects have a non-living exoskeleton, they cannot grow at a uniform rate and rather grow in stages by periodically shedding their exoskeleton. This process is referred to as moulting or ecdysis. The stages between moults are referred to as "instars" and these stages may be targeted according to the invention. Also, insect eggs or live young may also be targeted according to the present invention. All stages in the developmental cycle, which includes metamorphosis in the pterygotes, may be targeted according to the present invention. Thus, individual stages such as larvae, pupae, nymph etc stages of development may all be targeted. In one embodiment of the invention, the insect may belong to the following orders: Acari, Araneae, Anoplura, Coleoptera, Collembola, Dermaptera, Dictyoptera, Diplura, Diptera, Embioptera, Ephemeroptera, Grylloblatodea, Hemiptera, Homoptera, Hymenoptera, Isoptera, Lepidoptera, Mallophaga, Mecoptera, Neuroptera, Odonata, Orthoptera, Phasmida, Plecoptera, Protura, Psocoptera, Siphonaptera, Siphunculata, Thysanura, Strepsiptera, Thysanoptera, Trichoptera, and Zoraptera.

In preferred, but non-limiting, embodiments and methods of the invention the insect is chosen from the group consisting of an insect which is a plant pest, such as but not limited to Nilaparvata spp. (e.g. N. lugens (brown planthoppeή); Laodelphax spp. (e.g. L. striatellus (small brown planthopper)); Nephotettix spp. (e.g. N. virescens or N. cincticeps (green leafhopper), or N.nigropictus (rice leafhopper)); Sogatella spp. (e.g. S. fυrcifera (white-backed planthopper)); Blissus spp. (e.g. B. leucopterus leucopterus (chinch bug)); Scotinophora spp. (e.g. S. vermidulate (rice blackbug)); Acrosternum spp. (e.g. A. hilare (green stink bug)); Parnara spp. (e.g. P. guttata (rice skipper)); Chilo spp. (e.g. C. suppressalis (rice striped stem borer), C. auricilius (gold-fringed stem borer), or C. polychrysus (dark-headed stem borer)); Chilotraea spp. (e.g. C. polychrysa (rice stalk borer)); Sesamia spp. (e.g. S. inferens (pink rice borer)); Tryporyza spp. (e.g. T. innotata (white rice borer), or T. incertulas (yellow rice borer)); Cnaphalocrocis spp. (e.g. C. medinalis (rice leafroller)); Agromyza spp. (e.g. A. oryzae (leafminer), or A. parvicornis (corn blot leafminer)); Diatraea spp. (e.g. D. saccharalis (sugarcane borer), or D. grandiosella (southwestern corn borer)); Narnaga spp. (e.g. N. aenescens (green rice caterpillar)); Xanthodes spp. (e.g. X. transversa (green caterpillar)); Spodoptera spp. (e.g. S. frυgiperda (fall armyworm), S. exigua (beet armyworm), S. littoralis (climbing cutworm) or S. praefica (western yellowstriped armyworm)); Mythimna spp. (e.g. Mythmna (Pseudaletia) seperata (armyworm)); Helicoverpa spp. (e.g. H. zea (corn earworm)); Colaspis spp. (e.g. C. brunnea (grape colaspis)); Lissorhoptrus spp. (e.g. L oryzophilus (rice water weevil)); Echinocnemus spp. (e.g. E. squamos (rice plant weevil)); Diclodispa spp. (e.g. D. armigera (rice hispa)); Oulema spp. (e.g. O. oryzae (leaf beetle); Sitophilus spp. (e.g. S. oryzae (rice weevil)); Pachydiplosis spp. (e.g. P. oryzae (rice gall midge)); Hydrellia spp. (e.g. H. griseola (small rice leafminer), or H. sasakii (rice stem maggot)); Chlorops spp. (e.g. C. oryzae (stem maggot)); Diabrotica spp. (e.g. D. virgifera virgifera (western corn rootworm), D. barberi (northern corn rootworm), D. undecimpunctata howardi (southern corn rootworm), D. virgifera zeae (Mexican corn rootworm); D. balteata (banded cucumber beetle)); Ostrinia spp. (e.g. O. nubilalis (European corn borer)); Agrotis spp. (e.g. A.ipsilon (black cutworm)); Elasmopalpus spp. (e.g. E. lignosellus (lesser cornstalk borer)); Melanotus spp. (wireworms); Cyclocephala spp. (e.g. C. borealis (northern masked chafer), or C. immaculata (southern masked chafer)); Popillia spp. (e.g. P. japonica (Japanese beetle)); Chaetocnema spp. (e.g. C. pυlicaria (corn flea beetle)); Sphenophorus spp. (e.g. S. maidis (maize billbug)); Rhopalosiphum spp. (e.g. R. maidis (corn leaf aphid)); Anuraphis spp. (e.g. A. maidiradicis (corn root aphid)); Melanoplus spp. (e.g. M. femurrubrum (redlegged grasshopper) M. differentialis (differential grasshopper) or M. sanguinipes (migratory grasshopper)); Hylemya spp. (e.g. H. platura (seedcorn maggot)); Anaphothrips spp. (e.g. A. obscrurus (grass thrips)); Solenopsis spp. (e.g. S. milesta (thief ant)); or spp. (e.g. T. urticae (twospotted spider mite), T. cinnabarinus (carmine spider mite); Helicoverpa spp. (e.g. H. zea (cotton bollworm), or H. armigera (American bollworm)); Pectinophora spp. (e.g. P. gossypiella

(pink bollworm)); Earias spp. (e.g. E. vittella (spotted bollworm)); Heliothis spp. (e.g. H. virescens

(tobacco budworm)); Anthonomυs spp. (e.g. A. grandis (boll weevil)); Pseudatomoscelis spp. (e.g. P. seriatus (cotton fleahopper)); Trialeurodes spp. (e.g. T. abutiloneus (banded-winged whitefly) T. vaporariorum (greenhouse whitefly)); Bemisia spp. (e.g. B. argentifoln (silverleaf whitefly)); Aphis spp. (e.g. A. gossypii (cotton aphid)); Lygus spp. (e.g. L. lineolaris (tarnished plant bug) or L. hesperus (western tarnished plant bug)); Euschistus spp. (e.g. E. conspersus (consperse stink bug)); Chlorochroa spp. (e.g. C. sayi (Say stinkbug)); Nezara spp. (e.g. N. viridula (southern green stinkbug)); Thrips spp. (e.g. T. tabaci (onion thrips)); Frankliniella spp. (e.g. F. fusca (tobacco thrips), or F. occidentalis (western flower thrips)); Leptinotarsa spp. (e.g. L. decemlineata (Colorado potato beetle), L juncta (false potato beetle), or L texana (Texan false potato beetle)); Lema spp.

(e.g. L trilineata (three-lined potato beetle)); Epitrix spp. (e.g. E. cucumeris (potato flea beetle), E. hirtipennis (flea beetle), or E. tuberis (tuber flea beetle)); Epicauta spp. (e.g. E. vittata (striped blister beetle)); Phaedon spp. (e.g. P. cochleariae (mustard leaf beetle)); Epilachna spp. (e.g. E. varivetis (mexican bean beetle)); Acheta spp. (e.g. A. domesticus (house cricket)); Empoasca spp.

(e.g. E. fabae (potato leafhopper)); Myzυs spp. (e.g. M. persicae (green peach aphid)); Paratrioza spp. (e.g. P. cockerelli (psyllid)); Conoderus spp. (e.g. C. falli (southern potato wireworm), or C. vespertinus (tobacco wireworm)); Phthorimaea spp. (e.g. P. operculella (potato tuberworm)); Macrosiphum spp. (e.g. M. euphorbiae (potato aphid)); Thyanta spp. (e.g. T. pallidovirens

(redshouldered stinkbug)); Phthorimaea spp. (e.g. P. operculella (potato tuberworm)); Helicoverpa spp. (e.g. H. zea (tomato fruitworm); Keiferia spp. (e.g. K. lycopersicella (tomato pinworm));

Limonius spp. (wireworms); Manduca spp. (e.g. M. sexta (tobacco hornworm), or M. quinquemaculata (tomato hornworm)); Liriomyza spp. (e.g. L sativae, L. trifolli or L huidobrensis (leafminer)); Drosophilla spp. (e.g. D. melanogaster, D. yakuba, D. pseudoobscura or D. simulans);

Carabus spp. (e.g. C. granulatus); Chironomus spp. (e.g. C. tentanus); Ctenocephalides spp. (e.g.

C. felis (cat flea)); Diaprepes spp. (e.g. D. abbreviatus (root weevil)); lps spp. (e.g. /. pini (pine engraver)); Tribolium spp. (e.g. T. castaneum (red floor beetle)); Glossina spp. (e.g. G. morsitans

(tsetse fly)); Anopheles spp. (e.g. A. gambiae (malaria mosquito)); Helicoverpa spp. (e.g. H. armigera (African Bollworm)); Acyrthosiphon spp. (e.g. A. pisum (pea aphid)); Apis spp. (e.g. A. melifera (honey bee)); Homalodisca spp. (e.g. H. coagulate (glassy-winged sharpshooter)); Aedes spp. (e.g. Ae. aegypti (yellow fever mosquito)); Bombyx spp. (e.g. B. mori (silkworm)); Locusta spp.

(e.g. L migratoria emigratory locust)); Boophilus spp. (e.g. B. microplus (cattle tick));

Acanthoscurria spp. (e.g. A. gomesiana (red-haired chololate bird eater)); Diploptera spp. (e.g. D. punctata (pacific beetle cockroach)); Heliconius spp. (e.g. H. erato (red passion flower butterfly) or

H. melpomene (postman butterfly)); Curculio spp. (e.g. C. glandium (acorn weevil)); Plutella spp.

(e.g. P. xylostella (diamondback moth)); Amblyomma spp. (e.g. A. variegatum (cattle tick));

Anteraea spp. (e.g. A. yamamai (silkmoth)); and Armigeres spp. (e.g. A. subalbatus);

Preferred plant pathogenic insects according to the invention are plant pest are selected from the group consisting of Leptinotarsa spp. (e.g. L. decemlineata (Colorado potato beetle), L. juncta (false potato beetle), or L. texana (Texan false potato beetle)); Nilaparvata spp. (e.g. N. lugens (brown planthopper)); Laodelphax spp. (e.g. L. striatellus (small brown planthopper)); Nephotettix spp. (e.g. N. virescens or N. cincticeps (green leafhopper), or N.nigropictus (rice leafhopper)); Sogatella spp. (e.g. S. furcifera (white-backed planthopper)); Chilo spp. (e.g. C. suppressalis (rice striped stem borer), C. auricilius (gold-fringed stem borer), or C. polychrysus (dark-headed stem borer)); Sesamia spp. (e.g. S. inferens (pink rice borer)); Tryporyza spp. (e.g. T. innotata (white rice borer), or T. incertulas (yellow rice borer)); Anthonomus spp. (e.g. A. grandis (boll weevil)); Phaedon spp. (e.g. P. cochleariae (mustard leaf beetle)); Epilachna spp. (e.g. E. varivetis (mexican bean beetle)); Tribolium spp. (e.g. T. castaneum (red floor beetle)); Diabrotica spp. (e.g. D. virgifera virgifera (western corn rootworm), D. barberi (northern corn rootworm), D. undecimpunctata howardi (southern corn rootworm), D. virgifera zeae (Mexican corn rootworm); Ostrinia spp. (e.g. O. nubilalis (European corn borer)); Anaphothrips spp. (e.g. A. obscrurus (grass thrips)); Pectinophora spp. (e.g. P. gossypiella (pink bollworm)); Heliothis spp. (e.g. H. virescens (tobacco budworm)); Trialeurodes spp. (e.g. T. abutiloneus (banded-winged whitefly) T. vaporariorum (greenhouse whitefly)); Bemisia spp. (e.g. B. argentifoln (silverleaf whitefly)); Aphis spp. (e.g. A. gossypii (cotton aphid)); Lygus spp. (e.g. L. lineolaris (tarnished plant bug) or L. hesperus (western tarnished plant bug)); Euschistus spp. (e.g. E. conspersus (consperse stink bug)); Chlorochroa spp. (e.g. C. sayi (Say stinkbug)); Nezara spp. (e.g. N. viridula (southern green stinkbug)); Thrips spp. (e.g. T. tabaci (onion thrips)); Frankliniella spp. (e.g. F. fusca (tobacco thrips), or F. occidentalis (western flower thrips)); Acheta spp. (e.g. A. domesticus (house cricket)); Myzus spp. (e.g. M. persicae (green peach aphid)); Macrosiphum spp. (e.g. M. euphorbiae (potato aphid)); Blissus spp. (e.g. S. leucopterus leucopterus (chinch bug)); Acrosternum spp. (e.g. A. hilare (green stink bug)); Chilotraea spp. (e.g. C. polychrysa (rice stalk borer)); Lissorhoptrus spp. (e.g. L oryzophilυs (rice water weevil)); Rhopalosiphum spp. (e.g. R maidis (corn leaf aphid)); and Anuraphis spp. (e.g. A. maidiradicis (com root aphid)).

According to a more specific embodiment, the methods of the invention are applicable for Leptinotarsa species. Leptinotarsa belong to the family of Chrysomelidae or leaf beatles. Chrysomelid beetles such as Flea Beetles and Corn Rootworms and Curculionids such as Alfalfa Weevils are particularly important pests. Flea Beetles include a large number of small leaf feeding beetles that feed on the leaves of a number of grasses, cereals and herbs. Flea Beetles include a large number of genera (e.g., Attica, Apphthona, Argopistes, Disonycha, Epitrix, Longitarsus, Prodagricomela, Systena, and Phyllotreta). The Flea Beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae, also known as the Rape Flea Beetle, is a particularly important pest. Corn rootworms include species found in the genus Diabrotica (e.g., D. undecimpunctata undecimpunctata, D. undecimpunctata howardii, D. longicomis, D. virgifera and D. balteata). Corn rootworms cause extensive damage to corn and curcubits. The Western Spotted Cucumber Beetle, D. undecimpunctata undecimpunctata, is a pest of curcubits in the western U.S. Alfalfa weevils (also known as clover weevils) belong to the genus, Hypera (H. postica, H. brunneipennis, H. nigrirostris, H. punctata and H. meles), and are considered an important pest of legumes. The Egyptian alfalfa weevil, H. brunneipennis, is an important pest of alfalfa in the western U.S. There are more than 30 Leptinotarsa species. The present invention thus encompasses methods for controlling Leptinotarsa species, more specific methods for killing insects, or preventing Leptinotarsa insects to develop or to grow, or preventing insects to infect or infest.

Specific Leptinotarsa species to control according to the invention include Colorado Potato Beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) and False Potato Beetle (Leptinotarsa juncta (Say).

CPB is a (serious) pest on our domestic potato (Solanum tuberosum), other cultivated and wild tuber bearing and non-tuber bearing potato species (e.g. S. demissum, S.phureja a.o.) and other Solanaceous (nightshades) plant species incuding:

(a) the crop species tomato (several Lycopersicon species), eggplant (Solanum melongena), peppers (several Capsicum species), tobacco (several Nicotiana species including ornamentals) and ground cherry (Physalis species);

(b) the weed/herb species, horse nettle (S. carolinense), common nightshade (S. dulcamara), belladonna (Atropa species), thorn apple (datura species), henbane (Hyoscyamus species) and buffalo burr (S. rostratum). FPB is primarily found on horse nettle, but also occurs on common nightshade, ground cherry, and husk tomato (Physalis species).

The term "insect" encompasses insects of all types and at all stages of development, including egg, larval or nymphal, pupal and adult stages.

The present invention extends to methods as described herein, wherein the insect is Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Colorado potato beetle) and the plant is potato, eggplant, tomato, pepper, tobacco, ground cherry or rice, corn or cotton.

The present invention extends to methods as described herein, wherein the insect is Phaedon cochleariae (mustard leaf beetle) and the plant is mustard, Chinese cabbage, turnip greens, collard greens or bok choy. The present invention extends to methods as described herein, wherein the insect is

Epilachna varivetis (Mexican bean beetle) and the plants are beans, field beans, garden beans, snap beans, lima beans, mung beans, string beans, black-eyed beans, velvet beans, soybeans, cowpeas, pigeon peas, clover or alfalfa.

The present invention extends to methods as described herein, wherein the insect is Anthonomus grandis (cotton boll weevil) and the plant is cotton.

The present invention extends to methods as described herein, wherein the insect is Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle) and the plant is in the form of stored grain products such as flour, cereals, meal, crackers, beans, spices, pasta, cake mix, dried pet food, dried flowers, chocolate, nuts, seeds, and even dried museum specimens. The present invention extends to methods as described herein, wherein the insect is

Myzus persicae (green peach aphid) and the plant is a tree such as Prunus, particularly peach, apricot and plum; a vegetable crop of the families Solanaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Compositae, Cruciferae, and Cucurbitaceae, including but not limited to, artichoke, asparagus, bean, beets, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, carrot, cauliflower, cantaloupe, celery, corn, cucumber, fennel, kale, kohlrabi, turnip, eggplant, lettuce, mustard, okra, parsley, parsnip, pea, pepper, potato, radish, spinach, squash, tomato, turnip, watercress, and watermelon; a field crops such as, but not limited to, tobacco, sugar beet, and sunflower; a flower crop or other ornamental plant.

The present invention extends to methods as described herein, wherein the insect is Nilaparvata lυgens and the plant is a rice plant. The present invention extends to methods as described herein, wherein the insect is Chilo suppressalis (rice striped stem borer) and the plant is a rice plant, bareley, sorghum, maize, wheat or a grass.

The present invention extends to methods as described herein, wherein the insect is Plutella xylostella (Diamondback moth) and the plant is a Brassica species such as, but not limited to cabbage, Chinese cabbage, Brussels sprouts, kale, rapeseed, broccoli, cauliflower, turnip, mustard or radish.

The present invention extends to methods as described herein, wherein the insect is Acheta domesticus (house cricket) and the plant is any plant as described herein or any organic matter. In terms of "susceptible organisms", which benefit from the present invention, any organism which is susceptible to pest infestation is included. Preferably plants may benefit from the present invention by protection from infestation by plant pest organisms.

In a preferred embodiment the susceptible organism is a plant and the pest is a plant pathogenic insect. In this embodiment the insect is contacted with the RNA molecule by expressing the dsRNA molecule in a plant, plant part, plant cell or plant seed that is infested with or susceptible to infestation with the plant pathogenic pest.

In this context the term "plant" encompasses any plant material that it is desired to treat to prevent or reduce insect growth and/or insect infestation. This includes, inter alia, whole plants, seedlings, propagation or reproductive material such as seeds, cuttings, grafts, explants, etc. and also plant cell and tissue cultures. The plant material should express, or have the capability to express, the RNA molecule comprising at least one nucleotide sequence that is the RNA complement of or that represents the RNA equivalent of at least part of the nucleotide sequence of the sense strand of at least one target gene of the pest organism, such that the RNA molecule is taken up by a pest upon plant-pest interaction, said RNA molecule being capable of inhibiting the target gene or down-regulating expression of the target gene by RNA interference.

The target gene may be any of the target genes herein described, for instance a target gene that is essential for the viability, growth, development or reproduction of the pest. The present invention relates to any gene of interest in the insect (which may be referred to herein as the "target gene") that can be down-regulated. The terms "down-regulation of gene expression" and "inhibition of gene expression" are used interchangeably and refer to a measurable or observable reduction in gene expression or a complete abolition of detectable gene expression, at the level of protein product and/or mRNA product from the target gene. Preferably the down-regulation does not substantially directly inhibit the expression of other genes of the insect.The down-regulation effect of the dsRNA on gene expression may be calculated as being at least 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, preferably 70%, 80% or even more preferably 90% or 95% when compared with normal gene expression. Depending on the nature of the target gene, down-regulation or inhibition of gene expression in cells of an insect can be confirmed by phenotypic analysis of the cell or the whole insect or by measurement of mRNA or protein expression using molecular techniques such as RNA solution hybridization, PCR, nuclease protection, Northern hybridization, reverse transcription, gene expression monitoring with a microarray, antibody binding, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blotting, radioimmunoassay (RIA), other immunoassays, or fluorescence-activated cell analysis (FACS).

The "target gene" may be essentially any gene that is desirable to be inhibited because it interferes with growth or pathogenicity or infectivity of the insect. For instance, if the method of the invention is to be used to prevent insect growth and/or infestation then it is preferred to select a target gene which is essential for viability, growth, development or reproduction of the insect, or any gene that is involved with pathogenicity or infectivity of the insect, such that specific inhibition of the target gene leads to a lethal phenotype or decreases or stops insect infestation.

According to one non-limiting embodiment, the target gene is such that when its expression is down-regulated or inhibited using the method of the invention, the insect is killed, or the reproduction or growth of the insect is stopped or retarded. This type of target genes is considered to be essential for the viability of the insect and is referred to as essential genes. Therefore, the present invention encompasses a method as described herein, wherein the target gene is an essential gene. According to a further non-limiting embodiment, the target gene is such that when it is down-regulated using the method of the invention, the infestation or infection by the insect, the damage caused by the insect, and/or the ability of the insect to infest or infect host organisms and/or cause such damage, is reduced. The terms "infest" and "infect" or "infestation" and "infection" are generally used interchangeably throughout. This type of target genes is considered to be involved in the pathogenicity or infectivity of the insect. Therefore, the present invention extends to methods as described herein, wherein the target gene is involved in the pathogenicity or infectivity of the insect. The advantage of choosing the latter type of target gene is that the insect is blocked to infect further plants or plant parts and is inhibited to form further generations.

According to one embodiment, target genes are conserved genes or insect-specific genes. In addition, any suitable double-stranded RNA fragment capable of directing RNAi or RNA- mediated gene silencing or inhibition of an insect target gene may be used in the methods of the invention.

In another embodiment, a gene is selected that is essentially involved in the growth, development, and reproduction of a pest, (such as an insect). Exemplary genes include but are not limited to the structural subunits of ribosomal proteins and a beta-coatamer gene, such as the CHD3 gene. Ribosomal proteins such as S4 (RpS4) and S9(RpS9) are structural constituents of the ribosome involved in protein biosynthesis and which are components of the cytosolic small ribosomal subunit, the ribosomal proteins such as L9 and L19 are structural constituent of ribosome involved in protein biosynthesis which is localised to the ribosome. The beta coatamer gene in C. elegans encodes a protein which is a subunit of a multimeric complex that forms a membrane vesicle coat. Similar sequences have been found in diverse organisms such as Arabidopsis thaliana, Drosophila melanogaster, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Related sequences are found in diverse organisms such as Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Phaedon cochleariae, Epilachna varivestis, Anthonomus grandis, Tribolium castaneum, Myzus persicae, Nilaparvata lugens, Chilo suppressalis, Plutella xylostella and Acheta domesticus.

Other target genes for use in the present invention may include, for example, those that play important roles in viability, growth, development, reproduction, and infectivity. These target genes include, for example, house keeping genes, transcription factors, and pest specific genes or lethal knockout mutations in Caenorhabditis or Drosophila. The target genes for use in the present invention may also be those that are from other organisms, e.g., from insects or arachnidae (e.g. Leptinotarsa spp., Phaedon spp., Epilachna spp., Anthonomus spp., Tribolium spp., Myzus spp., Nilaparvata spp., Chilo spp., Plutella spp., or Acheta spp.).

Preferred target genes include those specified in Table 1A and orthologous genes from other target organisms, such as from other pest organisms. In the methods of the present invention, dsRNA is used to inhibit growth or to interfere with the pathogenicity or infectivity of the insect.

The invention thus relates to isolated double-stranded RNA comprising annealed complementary strands, one of which has a nucleotide sequence which is complementary to at least part of a target nucleotide sequence of a target gene of an insect. The target gene may be any of the target genes described herein, or a part thereof that exerts the same function.

According to one embodiment of the present invention, an isolated double-stranded RNA is provided comprising annealed complementary strands, one of which has a nucleotide sequence which is complementary to at least part of a nucleotide sequence of an insect target gene, wherein said target gene comprises a sequence which is selected from the group comprising: (i) sequences which are at least 75% identical to a sequence represented by any of SEQ ID

NOs 1 , 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 , 13, 15, 17, 19, 21 , 23, 49 to 158, 159, 160-163, 168, 173, 178, 183, 188,

193, 198, 203, 208, 215, 220, 225, 230, 247, 249, 251 , 253, 255, 257, 259, 275 to 472, 473,

478, 483, 488, 493, 498, 503, 513, 515, 517, 519, 521 , 533 to 575, 576, 581 , 586, 591 , 596,

601 , 603, 605, 607, 609, 621 to 767, 768, 773, 778, 783, 788, 793, 795, 797, 799, 801 , 813 to 862, 863, 868, 873, 878, 883, 888, 890, 892, 894, 896, 908 to 1040, 1041 , 1046, 1051 , 1056,

1061 , 1071 , 1073, 1075, 1077, 1079, 1081 , 1083, 1085, 1087, 1089, 1091 , 1093, 1095, 1097,

1099, 1101 , 1103, 1105, 1107, 1109, 1111 , 1113, 1161 to 1571 , 1572, 1577, 1582, 1587,

1592, 1597, 1602, 1607, 1612, 1617, 1622, 1627, 1632, 1637, 1642, 1647, 1652, 1657, 1662,

1667, 1672, 1677, 1682, 1684, 1686, 1688, 1690, 1692, 1694, 1696, 1698, 1700, 1702, 1704, 1730 to 2039, 2040, 2045, 2050, 2055, 2060, 2065, 2070, 2075, 2080, 2085, 2090, 2095,

2100, 2102, 2104, 2106, 2108, 2120 to 2338, 2339, 2344, 2349, 2354, 2359, 2364, 2366,

2368, 2370, 2372, 2384 to 2460, 2461 , 2466, 2471 , 2476 or 2481 , or the complement thereof, and

(ii) sequences comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID NOs 1 , 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 , 13, 15, 17, 19, 21 , 23, 49 to 158, 159, 160-163, 168, 173, 178, 183, 188, 193, 198, 203, 208, 215, 220, 225, 230, 247, 249, 251 , 253, 255, 257, 259, 275 to 472, 473, 478, 483, 488, 493, 498, 503, 513, 515, 517, 519, 521 , 533 to 575, 576, 581 , 586, 591 , 596, 601 , 603, 605, 607, 609, 621 to 767, 768, 773, 778, 783, 788, 793, 795, 797, 799, 801 , 813 to 862, 863, 868, 873, 878, 883, 888, 890, 892, 894, 896, 908 to 1040, 1041 , 1046, 1051 , 1056, 1061 , 1071 , 1073, 1075, 1077, 1079, 1081 , 1083, 1085, 1087, 1089, 1091 , 1093, 1095, 1097, 1099, 1101 ,

1103, 1105, 1107, 1109, 1111 , 1 113, 1161 to 1571 , 1572, 1577, 1582, 1587, 1592, 1597, 1602, 1607, 1612, 1617, 1622, 1627, 1632, 1637, 1642, 1647, 1652, 1657, 1662, 1667, 1672, 1677, 1682, 1684, 1686, 1688, 1690, 1692, 1694, 1696, 1698, 1700, 1702, 1704, 1730 to 2039, 2040, 2045, 2050, 2055, 2060, 2065, 2070, 2075, 2080, 2085, 2090, 2095, 2100, 2102, 2104, 2106, 2108, 2120 to 2338, 2339, 2344, 2349, 2354, 2359, 2364, 2366, 2368, 2370,

2372, 2384 to 2460, 2461 , 2466, 2471 , 2476 or 2481 , or the complement thereof, or wherein said insect target gene is an insect orthologue of a gene comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID NOs 49 to 158, 275 to 472, 533 to 575, 621 to 767, 813 to 862, 908 to 1040, 1161 to 1571 , 1730 to 2039, 2120 to 2338, 2384 to 2460, or the complement thereof.

Depending on the assay used to measure gene silencing, the growth inhibition can be quantified as being greater than about 5%, 10%, more preferably about 20%, 25%, 33%, 50%, 60%, 75%, 80%, most preferably about 90%, 95%, or about 99% as compared to a pest organism that has been treated with control dsRNA. According to another embodiment of the present invention, an isolated double-stranded

RNA is provided, wherein at least one of said annealed complementary strands comprises the RNA equivalent of at least one of the nucleotide sequences represented by any of SEQ ID NOs 1 , 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 , 13, 15, 17, 19, 21 , 23, 49 to 158, 159, 160-163, 168, 173, 178, 183, 188, 193, 198, 203, 208, 215, 220, 225, 230, 247, 249, 251 , 253, 255, 257, 259, 275 to 472, 473, 478, 483, 488, 493, 498, 503, 513, 515, 517, 519, 521 , 533 to 575, 576, 581 , 586, 591 , 596, 601 , 603, 605, 607, 609, 621 to 767, 768, 773, 778, 783, 788, 793, 795, 797, 799, 801 , 813 to 862, 863, 868, 873, 878, 883, 888, 890, 892, 894, 896, 908 to 1040, 1041 , 1046, 1051 , 1056, 1061 , 1071 , 1073, 1075, 1077, 1079, 1081 , 1083, 1085, 1087, 1089, 1091 , 1093, 1095, 1097, 1099, 1101 , 1103, 1105, 1107, 1109, 111 1 , 1113, 1161 to 1571 , 1572, 1577, 1582, 1587, 1592, 1597, 1602, 1607, 1612, 1617, 1622, 1627, 1632, 1637, 1642, 1647, 1652, 1657, 1662, 1667, 1672, 1677, 1682, 1684, 1686, 1688, 1690, 1692, 1694, 1696, 1698, 1700, 1702, 1704, 1730 to 2039, 2040, 2045, 2050, 2055, 2060, 2065, 2070, 2075, 2080, 2085, 2090, 2095, 2100, 2102, 2104, 2106, 2108, 2120 to 2338, 2339, 2344, 2349, 2354, 2359, 2364, 2366, 2368, 2370, 2372, 2384 to 2460, 2461 , 2466, 2471 , 2476 or 2481 , or wherein at least one of said annealed complementary strands comprises the RNA equivalent of a fragment of at least 17 basepairs in length thereof, preferably at least 18, 19, 20 or 21 , more preferably at least 22, 23 or 24 basepairs in length thereof.

If the method of the invention is used for specifically controlling growth or infestation of a specific insect in or on a host cell or host organism, it is preferred that the double-stranded RNA does not share any significant homology with any host gene, or at least not with any essential gene of the host. In this context, it is preferred that the double-stranded RNA shows less than 30%, more preferably less that 20%, more preferably less than 10%, and even more preferably less than 5% nucleic acid sequence identity with any gene of the host cell. % sequence identity should be calculated across the full length of the double-stranded RNA region. If genomic sequence data is available for the host organism one may cross-check sequence identity with the double-stranded RNA using standard bioinformatics tools. In one embodiment, there is no sequence identity between the dsRNA and a host sequences over 21 contiguous nucleotides, meaning that in this context, it is preferred that 21 contiguous base pairs of the dsRNA do not occur in the genome of the host organism. In another embodiment, there is less than about 10% or less than about 12.5 % sequence identity over 24 contiguous nucleotides of the dsRNA with any nucleotide sequence from a host species.

The double-stranded RNA comprises annealed complementary strands, one of which has a nucleotide sequence which corresponds to a target nucleotide sequence of the target gene to be down-regulated. The other strand of the double-stranded RNA is able to base-pair with the first strand. The expression "target region" or "target nucleotide sequence" of the target insect gene may be any suitable region or nucleotide sequence of the gene. The target region should comprise at least 17, at least 18 or at least 19 consecutive nucleotides of the target gene, more preferably at least 20 or at least 21 nucleotide and still more preferably at least 22, 23 or 24 nucleotides of the target gene. It is preferred that (at least part of) the double-stranded RNA will share 100% sequence identity with the target region of the insect target gene. However, it will be appreciated that 100% sequence identity over the whole length of the double stranded region is not essential for functional RNA inhibition. RNA sequences with insertions, deletions, and single point mutations relative to the target sequence have also been found to be effective for RNA inhibition. The terms "corresponding to" or "complementary to" are used herein interchangeable, and when these terms are used to refer to sequence correspondence between the double-stranded RNA and the target region of the target gene, they are to be interpreted accordingly, i.e. as not absolutely requiring 100% sequence identity. However, the % sequence identity between the double-stranded RNA and the target region will generally be at least 80% or 85% identical, preferably at least 90%, 95%, 96%, or more preferably at least 97%, 98% and still more preferably at least 99%. Two nucleic acid strands are "substantially complementary" when at least 85% of their bases pair.

The term "complementary" as used herein relates to both DNA-DNA complementarity as to DNA-RNA complementarity. In analogy herewith, the term "RNA equivalent" substantially means that in the DNA sequence(s), the base "T" may be replaced by the corresponding base "U" normally present in ribonucleic acids.

Although the dsRNA contains a sequence which corresponds to the target region of the target gene it is not absolutely essential for the whole of the dsRNA to correspond to the sequence of the target region. For example, the dsRNA may contain short non-target regions flanking the target-specific sequence, provided that such sequences do not affect performance of the dsRNA in RNA inhibition to a material extent. The dsRNA may contain one or more substitute bases in order to optimise performance in RNAi. It will be apparent to the skilled reader how to vary each of the bases of the dsRNA in turn and test the activity of the resulting dsRNAs (e.g. in a suitable in vitro test system) in order to optimise the performance of a given dsRNA. The dsRNA may further contain DNA bases, non-natural bases or non-natural backbone linkages or modifications of the sugar-phosphate backbone, for example to enhance stability during storage or enhance resistance to degradation by nucleases.

It has been previously reported that the formation of short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) of about 21 bp is desirable for effective gene silencing. However, in applications of applicant it has been shown that the minimum length of dsRNA preferably is at least about 80-100 bp in order to be efficiently taken up by certain pest organisms. There are indications that in invertebrates such as the free living nematode C. elegans or the plant parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita, these longer fragments are more effective in gene silencing, possibly due to a more efficient uptake of these long dsRNA by the invertebrate. It has also recently been suggested that synthetic RNA duplexes consisting of either 27- mer blunt or short hairpin (sh) RNAs with 29 bp stems and 2-nt 3' overhangs are more potent inducers of RNA interference than conventional 21-mer siRNAs. Thus, molecules based upon the targets identified above and being either 27-mer blunt or short hairpin (sh) RNA's with 29-bp stems and 2-nt 3'overhangs are also included within the scope of the invention. Therefore, in one embodiment, the double-stranded RNA fragment (or region) will itself preferably be at least 17 bp in length, preferably 18 or 19bp in length, more preferably at least 20bp, more preferably at least 21 bp, or at least 22 bp, or at least 23 bp, or at least 24 bp, 25 bp, 26 bp or at least 27 bp in length. The expressions "double-stranded RNA fragment" or "double- stranded RNA region" refer to a small entity of the double-stranded RNA corresponding with (part of) the target gene.

Generally, the double stranded RNA is preferably between about 17-1500 bp, even more preferably between about 80 - 1000 bp and most preferably between about 17-27 bp or between about 80-250 bp; such as double stranded RNA regions of about 17 bp, 18 bp, 19 bp, 20 bp, 21 bp, 22 bp, 23 bp, 24 bp, 25 bp, 27 bp, 50 bp, 80 bp, 100 bp, 150 bp, 200 bp, 250 bp, 300 bp, 350 bp, 400 bp, 450 bp, 500 bp, 550 bp, 600 bp, 650 bp, 700 bp, 900 bp, 100 bp, 1100 bp, 1200 bp, 1300 bp, 1400 bp or 1500 bp.

The upper limit on the length of the double-stranded RNA may be dependent on i) the requirement for the dsRNA to be taken up by the insect and ii) the requirement for the dsRNA to be processed within the cell into fragments that direct RNAi. The chosen length may also be influenced by the method of synthesis of the RNA and the mode of delivery of the RNA to the cell. Preferably the double-stranded RNA to be used in the methods of the invention will be less than 10,000 bp in length, more preferably 1000 bp or less, more preferably 500 bp or less, more preferably 300 bp or less, more preferably 100 bp or less. For any given target gene and insect, the optimum length of the dsRNA for effective inhibition may be determined by experiment. The double-stranded RNA may be fully or partially double-stranded. Partially double- stranded RNAs may include short single-stranded overhangs at one or both ends of the double- stranded portion, provided that the RNA is still capable of being taken up by insects and directing RNAi. The double-stranded RNA may also contain internal non-complementary regions. The methods of the invention encompass the simultaneous or sequential provision of two or more different double-stranded RNAs or RNA constructs to the same insect, so as to achieve down-regulation or inhibition of multiple target genes or to achieve a more potent inhibition of a single target gene.

Alternatively, multiple targets are hit by the provision of one double-stranded RNA that hits multiple target sequences, and a single target is more efficiently inhibited by the presence of more than one copy of the double stranded RNA fragment corresponding to the target gene. Thus, in one embodiment of the invention, the double-stranded RNA construct comprises multiple dsRNA regions, at least one strand of each dsRNA region comprising a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to at least part of a target nucleotide sequence of an insect target gene. According to the invention, the dsRNA regions in the RNA construct may be complementary to the same or to different target genes and/or the dsRNA regions may be complementary to targets from the same or from different insect species.

The terms "hit", "hits" and "hitting" are alternative wordings to indicate that at least one of the strands of the dsRNA is complementary to, and as such may bind to, the target gene or nucleotide sequence.

In one embodiment, the double stranded RNA region comprises multiple copies of the nucleotide sequence that is complementary to the target gene. Alternatively, the dsRNA hits more than one target sequence of the same target gene. The invention thus encompasses isolated double stranded RNA constructs comprising at least two copies of said nucleotide sequence complementary to at least part of a nucleotide sequence of an insect target.

The term "multiple" in the context of the present invention means at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, etc.

The expressions "a further target gene" or "at least one other target gene" mean for instance a second, a third or a fourth, etc. target gene. DsRNA that hits more than one of the above-mentioned targets, or a combination of different dsRNA against different of the above mentioned targets are developed and used in the methods of the present invention.

Accordingly the invention relates to an isolated double stranded RNA construct comprising at least two copies of the RNA equivalent of at least one of the nucleotide sequences represented by any of SEQ ID NOs 1 , 3, 5, 7, 9, 1 1 , 13, 15, 17, 19, 21 , 23, 49 to 158, 159, 160-163, 168, 173,

178, 183, 188, 193, 198, 203, 208, 215, 220, 225, 230, 247, 249, 251 , 253, 255, 257, 259, 275 to

472, 473, 478, 483, 488, 493, 498, 503, 513, 515, 517, 519, 521 , 533 to 575, 576, 581, 586, 591 ,

596, 601 , 603, 605, 607, 609, 621 to 767, 768, 773, 778, 783, 788, 793, 795, 797, 799, 801 , 813 to

862, 863, 868, 873, 878, 883, 888, 890, 892, 894, 896, 908 to 1040, 1041 , 1046, 1051 , 1056, 1061 , 1071 , 1073, 1075, 1077, 1079, 1081 , 1083, 1085, 1087, 1089, 1091 , 1093, 1095, 1097, 1099, 1101 , 1103, 1105, 1 107, 1109, 1111 , 1113, 1161 to 1571 , 1572, 1577, 1582, 1587, 1592, 1597, 1602, 1607, 1612, 1617, 1622, 1627, 1632, 1637, 1642, 1647, 1652, 1657, 1662, 1667, 1672, 1677, 1682, 1684, 1686, 1688, 1690, 1692, 1694, 1696, 1698, 1700, 1702, 1704, 1730 to 2039, 2040, 2045, 2050, 2055, 2060, 2065, 2070, 2075, 2080, 2085, 2090, 2095, 2100, 2102, 2104, 2106, 2108, 2120 to 2338, 2339, 2344, 2349, 2354, 2359, 2364, 2366, 2368, 2370, 2372, 2384 to 2460, 2461 , 2466, 2471 , 2476 or 2481 , or at least two copies of the RNA equivalent of a fragment of at least 17 basepairs in length thereof, preferably at least 18, 19, 20 or 21 , more preferably at least 22, 23 or 24 basepairs in length thereof. Preferably, said double-stranded RNA comprises the RNA equivalent of the nucleotide sequence as represented in SEQ ID NO 159 or 160, or a fragment of at least 17, preferably at least 18, 19, 20 or 21 , more preferably at least 22, 23 or 24 basepairs in length thereof. In a further embodiment, the invention relates to an an isolated double stranded RNA construct comprising at least two copies of the RNA equivalent of the nucleotide sequence as represented by SEQ ID NO 159 or 160.

Accordingly, the present invention extends to methods as described herein, wherein the dsRNA comprises annealed complementary strands, one of which has a nucleotide sequence which is complementary to at least part of a target nucleotide sequence of an insect target gene, and which comprises the RNA equivalents of at least wo nucleotide sequences independently chosen from each other. In one embodiment, the dsRNA comprises the RNA equivalents of at least two, preferably at least three, four or five, nucleotide sequences indepently chosen from the sequences represented by any of SEQ ID NOs 1 , 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 , 13, 15, 17, 19, 21 , 23, 49 to 158, 159, 160-163, 168, 173, 178, 183, 188, 193, 198, 203, 208, 215, 220, 225, 230, 247, 249, 251 , 253, 255, 257, 259, 275 to 472, 473, 478, 483, 488, 493, 498, 503, 513, 515, 517, 519, 521 , 533 to 575, 576, 581 , 586, 591 , 596, 601 , 603, 605, 607, 609, 621 to 767, 768, 773, 778, 783, 788, 793, 795, 797, 799, 801 , 813 to 862, 863, 868, 873, 878, 883, 888, 890, 892, 894, 896, 908 to 1040, 1041 , 1046, 1051 , 1056, 1061 , 1071 , 1073, 1075, 1077, 1079, 1081 , 1083, 1085, 1087, 1089, 1091 , 1093, 1095, 1097, 1099, 1101 , 1103, 1105, 1107, 1109, 1111 , 1113, 1161 to 1571 , 1572, 1577, 1582, 1587, 1592, 1597, 1602, 1607, 1612, 1617, 1622, 1627, 1632, 1637, 1642, 1647, 1652, 1657, 1662, 1667, 1672, 1677, 1682, 1684, 1686, 1688, 1690, 1692, 1694, 1696, 1698, 1700, 1702, 1704, 1730 to 2039, 2040, 2045, 2050, 2055, 2060, 2065, 2070, 2075, 2080, 2085, 2090, 2095, 2100, 2102, 2104, 2106, 2108, 2120 to 2338, 2339, 2344, 2349, 2354, 2359, 2364, 2366, 2368, 2370, 2372, 2384 to 2460, 2461 , 2466, 2471 , 2476 or 2481 , or fragments thereof of at least 17 basepairs in length, preferably at least 18, 19, 20 or 21 , more preferably at least 22, 23 or 24 basepairs in length thereof.

The at least two nucleotide sequences may be derived from the target genes herein described. According to one preferred embodiment the dsRNA hits at least one target gene that is essential for viability, growth, development or reproduction of the insect and hits at least one gene involved in pathogenicity or infectivity as described hereinabove. Alternatively, the dsRNA hits multiple genes of the same category, for example, the dsRNA hits at least 2 essential genes or at least 2 genes involved in the same cellular function. According to a further embodiment, the dsRNA hits at least 2 target genes, which target genes are involved in a different cellular function. For example the dsRNA hits two or more genes involved in protein synthesis (e.g. ribosome subunits), intracellular protein transport, nuclear mRNA splicing, or involved in one of the functions described in Table 1A.

Preferably, the present invention extends to methods as described herein, wherein said insect target gene comprises a sequence which is which is selected from the group comprising:

(i) sequences which are at least 75% identical to a sequence represented by any of SEQ ID NOs 1 , 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 , 13, 15, 17, 19, 21 , 23, 49 to 158, 159, 160-163, 168, 173, 178, 183, 188, 193, 198, 203, 208, 215, 220, 225, 230, 247, 249, 251 , 253, 255, 257, 259, 275 to 472, 473, 478, 483, 488, 493, 498, 503, 513, 515, 517, 519, 521 , 533 to 575, 576, 581 , 586, 591 , 596, 601 , 603, 605, 607, 609, 621 to 767, 768, 773, 778, 783, 788, 793, 795, 797, 799, 801 , 813 to

862, 863, 868, 873, 878, 883, 888, 890, 892, 894, 896, 908 to 1040, 1041 , 1046, 1051 , 1056, 1061 , 1071 , 1073, 1075, 1077, 1079, 1081 , 1083, 1085, 1087, 1089, 1091 , 1093, 1095, 1097, 1099, 1 101 , 1103, 1105, 1107, 1109, 1111 , 11 13, 1161 to 1571 , 1572, 1577, 1582, 1587, 1592, 1597, 1602, 1607, 1612, 1617, 1622, 1627, 1632, 1637, 1642, 1647, 1652, 1657, 1662, 1667, 1672, 1677, 1682, 1684, 1686, 1688, 1690, 1692, 1694, 1696, 1698, 1700, 1702, 1704,

1730 to 2039, 2040, 2045, 2050, 2055, 2060, 2065, 2070, 2075, 2080, 2085, 2090, 2095, 2100, 2102, 2104, 2106, 2108, 2120 to 2338, 2339, 2344, 2349, 2354, 2359, 2364, 2366, 2368, 2370, 2372, 2384 to 2460, 2461 , 2466, 2471 , 2476 or 2481 , or the complement thereof, and (ii) sequences comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID NOs 1 , 3, 5, 7,

9, 11 , 13, 15, 17, 19, 21 , 23, 49 to 158, 159, 160-163, 168, 173, 178, 183, 188, 193, 198, 203, 208, 215, 220, 225, 230, 247, 249, 251 , 253, 255, 257, 259, 275 to 472, 473, 478, 483, 488, 493, 498, 503, 513, 515, 517, 519, 521 , 533 to 575, 576, 581 , 586, 591 , 596, 601 , 603, 605, 607, 609, 621 to 767, 768, 773, 778, 783, 788, 793, 795, 797, 799, 801 , 813 to 862, 863, 868, 873, 878, 883, 888, 890, 892, 894, 896, 908 to 1040, 1041 , 1046, 1051 , 1056, 1061 , 1071 ,

1073, 1075, 1077, 1079, 1081 , 1083, 1085, 1087, 1089, 1091 , 1093, 1095, 1097, 1099, 1101 , 1103, 1105, 1107, 1109, 1111 , 1 113, 1161 to 1571 , 1572, 1577, 1582, 1587, 1592, 1597, 1602, 1607, 1612, 1617, 1622, 1627, 1632, 1637, 1642, 1647, 1652, 1657, 1662, 1667, 1672, 1677, 1682, 1684, 1686, 1688, 1690, 1692, 1694, 1696, 1698, 1700, 1702, 1704, 1730 to 2039, 2040, 2045, 2050, 2055, 2060, 2065, 2070, 2075, 2080, 2085, 2090, 2095, 2100, 2102,

2104, 2106, 2108, 2120 to 2338, 2339, 2344, 2349, 2354, 2359, 2364, 2366, 2368, 2370, 2372, 2384 to 2460, 2461 , 2466, 2471 , 2476 or 2481 , or the complement thereof, or wherein said insect target gene is an insect orthologue of a gene comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID NOs 49 to 158, 275 to 472, 533 to 575, 621 to 767, 813 to 862, 908 to 1040, 1161 to 1571 , 1730 to 2039, 2120 to 2338, 2384 to 2460, or the complement thereof.

The dsRNA regions (or fragments) in the double stranded RNA may be combined as follows: a) when multiple dsRNA regions targeting a single target gene are combined, they may be combined in the original order (ie the order in which the regions appear in the target gene) in the RNA construct, b) alternatively, the original order of the fragments may be ignored so that they are scrambled and combined randomly or deliberately in any order into the double stranded RNA construct, c) alternatively, one single fragment may be repeated several times, for example from 1 to 10 times, e.g. 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 times, in the ds RNA construct, or d) the dsRNA regions (targeting a single or different target genes) may be combined in the sense or antisense orientation.

In addition, the target gene(s) to be combined may be chosen from one or more of the following categories of genes: e) "essential" genes or "pathogenicity genes" as described above encompass genes that are vital for one or more target insects and result in a lethal or severe (e.g. feeding, reproduction, growth) phenotype when silenced. The choice of a strong lethal target gene results in a potent RNAi effect. In the RNA constructs of the invention, multiple dsRNA regions targeting the same or different (very effective) lethal genes can be combined to further increase the potency, efficacy or speed of the RNAi effect in insect control. f) "weak" genes encompass target genes with a particularly interesting function in one of the cellular pathways described herein, but which result in a weak phenotypic effect when silenced independently. In the RNA constructs of the invention, multiple dsRNA regions targeting a single or different weak gene(s) may be combined to obtain a stronger RNAi effect. g) "insect specific" genes encompass genes that have no substantial homologous counterpart in non-insect organisms as can be determined by bioinformatics homology searches, for example by BLAST searches. The choice of an insect specific target gene results in a species specific RNAi effect, with no effect or no substantial (adverse) effect in non-target organisms. h)"conserved genes" encompass genes that are conserved (at the amino acid level) between the target organism and non-target organism(s). To reduce possible effects on non-target species, such effective but conserved genes are analysed and target sequences from the variable regions of these conserved genes are chosen to be targeted by the dsRNA regions in the RNA construct. Here, conservation is assessed at the level of the nucleic acid sequence. Such variable regions thus encompass the least conserved sections, at the level of the nucleic acid sequence, of the conserved target gene(s). i) "conserved pathway" genes encompass genes that are involved in the same biological pathway or cellular process, or encompass genes that have the same functionality in different insect species resulting in a specific and potent RNAi effect and more efficient insect control; j) alternatively, the RNA constructs according to the present invention target multiple genes from different biological pathways, resulting in a broad cellular RNAi effect and more efficient insect control.

According to the invention, all double stranded RNA regions comprise at least one strand that is complementary to at least part or a portion of the nucleotide sequence of any of the target genes herein described. However, provided one of the double stranded RNA regions comprises at least one strand that is complementary to a portion of the nucleotide sequence of any one of the target genes herein described, the other double stranded RNA regions may comprise at least one strand that is complementary to a portion of any other insect target gene (including known target genes).

According to yet another embodiment of the present invention there is provided an isolated double stranded RNA or RNA construct as herein described, further comprising at least one additional sequence and optionally a linker. In one embodiment, the additional sequence is chosen from the group comprising (i) a sequence facilitating large-scale production of the dsRNA construct; (ii) a sequence effecting an increase or decrease in the stability of the dsRNA; (iii) a sequence allowing the binding of proteins or other molecules to facilitate uptake of the RNA construct by insects; (iv) a sequence which is an aptamer that binds to a receptor or to a molecule on the surface or in the cytoplasm of an insect to facilitate uptake, endocytosis and/or transcytosis by the insect; or (v) additional sequences to catalyze processing of dsRNA regions. In one embodiment, the linker is a conditionally self-cleaving RNA sequence, preferably a pH sensitive linker or a hydrophobic sensitive linker. In one embodiment, the linker is an intron.

In one embodiment, the multiple dsRNA regions of the double-stranded RNA construct are connected by one or more linkers. In another embodiment, the linker is present at a site in the RNA construct, separating the dsRNA regions from another region of interest. Different linker types for the dsRNA constructs are provided by the present invention.

In another embodiment, the multiple dsRNA regions of the double-stranded RNA construct are connected without linkers.

In a particular embodiment of the invention, the linkers may be used to disconnect smaller dsRNA regions in the pest organism. Advantageously, in this situation the linker sequence may promote division of a long dsRNA into smaller dsRNA regions under particular circumstances, resulting in the release of separate dsRNA regions under these circumstances and leading to more efficient gene silencing by these smaller dsRNA regions. Examples of suitable conditionally self- cleaving linkers are RNA sequences that are self-cleaving at high pH conditions. Suitable examples of such RNA sequences are described by Borda et al. (Nucleic Acids Res. 2003 May 15;31 (10):2595-600), which document is incorporated herein by reference. This sequence originates from the catalytic core of the hammerhead ribozyme HH16.

In another aspect of the invention, a linker is located at a site in the RNA construct, separating the dsRNA regions from another, e.g. the additional, sequence of interest, which preferably provides some additional function to the RNA construct. In one particular embodiment of the invention, the dsRNA constructs of the present invention are provided with an aptamer to facilitate uptake of the dsRNA by the insect. The aptamer is designed to bind a substance which is taken up by the insect. Such substances may be from an insect or plant origin. One specific example of an aptamer, is an aptamer that binds to a transmembrane protein, for example a transmembrane protein of an insect. Alternatively, the aptamer may bind a (plant) metabolite or nutrient which is taken up by the insect.

Alternatively, the linkers are self-cleaving in the endosomes. This may be advantageous when the constructs of the present invention are taken up by the insect via endocytosis or transcytosis, and are therefore compartmentalized in the endosomes of the insect species. The endosomes may have a low pH environment, leading to cleavage of the linker.

The above mentioned linkers that are self-cleaving in hydrophobic conditions are particularly useful in dsRNA constructs of the present invention when used to be transferred from one cell to another via the transit in a cell wall, for example when crossing the cell wall of an insect pest organism. An intron may also be used as a linker. An "intron" as used herein may be any non-coding

RNA sequence of a messenger RNA. Particular suitable intron sequences for the constructs of the present invention are (1 ) U-rich (35-45%); (2) have an average length of 100 bp (varying between about 50 and about 500 bp) which base pairs may be randomly chosen or may be based on known intron sequences; (3) start at the 5' end with -AG:GT- or -CG:GT- and/or (4) have at their 3' end - AG:GC- or -AG:AA.

A non-complementary RNA sequence, ranging from about 1 base pair to about 10,000 base pairs, may also be used as a linker.

Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory or mechanism, it is thought that long double-stranded RNAs are taken up by the insect from their immediate environment. Double- stranded RNAs taken up into the gut and transferred to the gut epithelial cells are then processed within the cell into short double-stranded RNAs, called small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), by the action of an endogenous endonuclease. The resulting siRNAs then mediate RNAi via formation of a multi-component RNase complex termed the RISC or RNA interfering silencing complex.

In order to achieve down-regulation of a target gene within an insect cell the double- stranded RNA added to the exterior of the cell wall may be any dsRNA or dsRNA construct that can be taken up into the cell and then processed within the cell into siRNAs, which then mediate RNAi, or the RNA added to the exterior of the cell could itself be an siRNA that can be taken up into the cell and thereby direct RNAi. siRNAs are generally short double-stranded RNAs having a length in the range of from 19 to 25 base pairs, or from 20 to 24 base pairs. In preferred embodiments siRNAs having 19, 20, 21 ,

22, 23, 24 or 25 base pairs, and in particular 21 or 22 base pairs, corresponding to the target gene to be down-regulated may be used. However, the invention is not intended to be limited to the use of such siRNAs. siRNAs may include single-stranded overhangs at one or both ends, flanking the double- stranded portion. In a particularly preferred embodiment the siRNA may contain 3¹ overhanging nucleotides, preferably two 3' overhanging thymidines (dTdT) or uridines (UU). 3' TT or UU overhangs may be included in the siRNA if the sequence of the target gene immediately upstream of the sequence included in double-stranded part of the dsRNA is AA. This allows the TT or UU overhang in the siRNA to hybridise to the target gene. Although a 3¹ TT or UU overhang may also be included at the other end of the siRNA it is not essential for the target sequence downstream of the sequence included in double-stranded part of the siRNA to have AA. In this context, siRNAs which are RNA/DNA chimeras are also contemplated. These chimeras include, for example, the siRNAs comprising a double-stranded RNA with 3' overhangs of DNA bases (e.g. dTdT), as discussed above, and also double-stranded RNAs which are polynucleotides in which one or more of the RNA bases or ribonucleotides, or even all of the ribonucleotides on an entire strand, are replaced with DNA bases or deoxynucleotides.

The dsRNA may be formed from two separate (sense and antisense) RNA strands that are annealed together by (non-covalent) basepairing. Alternatively, the dsRNA may have a foldback stem-loop or hairpin structure, wherein the two annealed strands of the dsRNA are covalently linked. In this embodiment the sense and antisense stands of the dsRNA are formed from different regions of single polynucleotide molecule that is partially self-complementary. RNAs having this structure are convenient if the dsRNA is to be synthesised by expression in vivo, for example in a host cell or organism as discussed below, or by in vitro transcription. The precise nature and sequence of the "loop" linking the two RNA strands is generally not material to the invention, except that it should not impair the ability of the double-stranded part of the molecule to mediate RNAi. The features of "hairpin" or "stem-loop" RNAs for use in RNAi are generally known in the art (see for example WO 99/53050, in the name of CSIRO, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference). In other embodiments of the invention, the loop structure may comprise linker sequences or additional sequences as described above. Another aspect of the present invention are target nucleotide sequences of the insect target genes herein disclosed. Such target nucleotide sequences are particularly important to design the dsRNA constructs according to the present invention. Such target nucleotide sequences are preferably at least 17, preferably at least 18, 19, 20 or 21 , more preferably at least 22, 23 or 24 nucleotides in length. Non-limiting examples of preferred target nucleotide sequences are given in the examples.

According to one embodiment, the present invention provides an isolated nucleotide sequence encoding a double stranded RNA or double stranded RNA construct as described herein.

According to a more specific embodiment, the present invention relates to an isolated nucleic acid sequence consisting of a sequence represented by any of SEQ ID NOs 49 to 158, 275 to 472, 533 to 575, 621 to 767, 813 to 862, 908 to 1040, 1161 to 1571 , 1730 to 2039, 2120 to 2338, 2384 to 2460, or a fragment of at least 17 preferably at least 18, 19, 20 or 21 , more preferably at least 22, 23 or 24 nucleotides thereof.

A person skilled in the art will recognize that homologues of these target genes can be found and that these homologues are also useful in the methods of the present invention. Protein, or nucleotide sequences are likely to be homologous if they show a "significant" level of sequence similarity or more preferably sequence identity. Truely homologous sequences are related by divergence from a common ancestor gene. Sequence homologues can be of two types:(i) where homologues exist in different species they are known as orthologues. e.g. the a- globin genes in mouse and human are orthologues. (ii) paralogues are homologous genes in within a single species, e.g. the a- and β- globin genes in mouse are paralogues

Preferred homologues are genes comprising a sequence which is at least about 85% or 87.5%, still more preferably about 90%, still more preferably at least about 95% and most preferably at least about 99% identical to a sequence selected from the group of sequences represented by SEQ ID NOs 1 , 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 , 13, 15, 17, 19, 21 , 23, 49 to 158, 159, 160-163, 168, 173, 178, 183, 188, 193, 198, 203, 208, 215, 220, 225, 230, 247, 249, 251 , 253, 255, 257, 259, 275 to 472, 473, 478, 483, 488, 493, 498, 503, 513, 515, 517, 519, 521 , 533 to 575, 576, 581 , 586, 591 , 596, 601 , 603, 605, 607, 609, 621 to 767, 768, 773, 778, 783, 788, 793, 795, 797, 799, 801 , 813 to 862, 863, 868, 873, 878, 883, 888, 890, 892, 894, 896, 908 to 1040, 1041 , 1046, 1051 , 1056, 1061 , 1071 , 1073, 1075, 1077, 1079, 1081 , 1083, 1085, 1087, 1089, 1091 , 1093, 1095, 1097, 1099, 1101 , 1103, 1105, 1107, 1109, 1111 , 1113, 1161 to 1571 , 1572, 1577, 1582, 1587, 1592, 1597, 1602, 1607, 1612, 1617, 1622, 1627, 1632, 1637, 1642, 1647, 1652, 1657, 1662, 1667, 1672, 1677, 1682, 1684, 1686, 1688, 1690, 1692, 1694, 1696, 1698, 1700, 1702, 1704, 1730 to 2039, 2040, 2045, 2050, 2055, 2060, 2065, 2070, 2075, 2080, 2085, 2090, 2095, 2100, 2102, 2104, 2106, 2108, 2120 to 2338, 2339, 2344, 2349, 2354, 2359, 2364, 2366, 2368, 2370, 2372, 2384 to 2460, 2461 , 2466, 2471 , 2476 or 2481 , or the complement thereof. Methods for determining sequence identity are routine in the art and include use of the Blast software and EMBOSS software (The European Molecular Biology Open Software Suite (2000), Rice.P. Longden, I. and Bleasby, A. Trends in Genetics 16, (6) pp276 — 277). The term "identity" as used herein refers to the relationship between sequences at the nucleotide level. The expression "% identical" is determined by comparing optimally aligned sequences, e.g. two or more, over a comparison window wherein the portion of the sequence in the comparison window may comprise insertions or deletions as compared to the reference sequence for optimal alignment of the sequences. The reference sequence does not comprise insertions or deletions. The reference window is chosen from between at least 10 contiguous nucleotides to about 50, about 100 or to about 150 nucleotides, preferably between about 50 and 150 nucleotides. "% identity" is then calculated by determining the number of nucleotides that are identical between the sequences in the window, dividing the number of identical nucleotides by the number of nucleotides in the window and multiplying by 100. Other homologues are genes which are alleles of a gene comprising a sequence as represented by any of SEQ ID NOs 1 , 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 , 13, 15, 17, 19, 21 , 23, 49 to 158, 159, 160- 163, 168, 173, 178, 183, 188, 193, 198, 203, 208, 215, 220, 225, 230, 247, 249, 251 , 253, 255, 257, 259, 275 to 472, 473, 478, 483, 488, 493, 498, 503, 513, 515, 517, 519, 521 , 533 to 575, 576, 581 , 586, 591 , 596, 601 , 603, 605, 607, 609, 621 to 767, 768, 773, 778, 783, 788, 793, 795, 797, 799, 801 , 813 to 862, 863, 868, 873, 878, 883, 888, 890, 892, 894, 896, 908 to 1040, 1041 , 1046, 1051, 1056, 1061, 1071, 1073, 1075, 1077, 1079, 1081, 1083, 1085, 1087, 1089, 1091, 1093, 1095, 1097, 1099, 1101, 1103, 1105, 1107, 1109, 1111, 1113, 1161 to 1571, 1572, 1577, 1582, 1587, 1592, 1597, 1602, 1607, 1612, 1617, 1622, 1627, 1632, 1637, 1642, 1647, 1652, 1657, 1662, 1667, 1672, 1677, 1682, 1684, 1686, 1688, 1690, 1692, 1694, 1696, 1698, 1700, 1702, 1704, 1730 to 2039, 2040, 2045, 2050, 2055, 2060, 2065, 2070, 2075, 2080, 2085, 2090, 2095, 2100, 2102, 2104, 2106, 2108, 2120 to 2338, 2339, 2344, 2349, 2354, 2359, 2364, 2366, 2368, 2370, 2372, 2384 to 2460, 2461, 2466, 2471, 2476 or 2481. Further preferred homologues are genes comprising at least one single nucleotide polymorphism (SNIP) compared to a gene comprising a sequence as represented by any of SEQ ID NO 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 49 to 158, 159, 160-163, 168, 173, 178, 183, 188, 193, 198, 203, 208, 215, 220, 225, 230, 247, 249, 251, 253, 255, 257, 259, 275 to 472, 473, 478, 483, 488, 493, 498, 503, 513, 515, 517, 519, 521, 533 to 575, 576, 581, 586, 591, 596, 601, 603, 605, 607, 609, 621 to 767, 768, 773, 778, 783, 788, 793, 795, 797, 799, 801, 813 to 862, 863, 868, 873, 878, 883, 888, 890, 892, 894, 896, 908 to 1040, 1041, 1046, 1051, 1056, 1061, 1071, 1073, 1075, 1077, 1079, 1081, 1083, 1085, 1087, 1089, 1091, 1093, 1095, 1097, 1099, 1101, 1103, 1105, 1107, 1109, 1111, 1113, 1161 to 1571, 1572, 1577, 1582, 1587, 1592, 1597, 1602, 1607, 1612, 1617, 1622, 1627, 1632, 1637, 1642, 1647, 1652, 1657, 1662, 1667, 1672, 1677, 1682, 1684, 1686, 1688, 1690, 1692, 1694, 1696, 1698, 1700, 1702, 1704, 1730 to 2039, 2040, 2045, 2050, 2055, 2060, 2065, 2070, 2075, 2080, 2085, 2090, 2095, 2100, 2102, 2104, 2106, 2108, 2120 to 2338, 2339, 2344, 2349, 2354, 2359, 2364, 2366, 2368, 2370, 2372, 2384 to 2460, 2461, 2466, 2471, 2476 or 2481.

According to another embodiment, the invention encompasses target genes which are insect orthologues of a gene comprising a nucleotide sequence as represented in any of SEQ ID NOs 1,3, 5,7,9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 49 to 158, 159, 160-163, 168, 173, 178, 183, 188, 193, 198, 203, 208, 215, 220, 225, 230, 247, 249, 251, 253, 255, 257, 259, 275 to 472, 473, 478, 483, 488, 493, 498, 503, 513, 515, 517, 519, 521, 533 to 575, 576, 581, 586, 591, 596, 601, 603, 605, 607, 609, 621 to 767, 768, 773, 778, 783, 788, 793, 795, 797, 799, 801, 813 to 862, 863, 868, 873, 878, 883, 888, 890, 892, 894, 896, 908 to 1040, 1041, 1046, 1051, 1056, 1061, 1071, 1073, 1075, 1077, 1079, 1081, 1083, 1085, 1087, 1089, 1091, 1093, 1095, 1097, 1099, 1101, 1103, 1105, 1107, 1109, 1111, 1113, 1161 to 1571, 1572, 1577, 1582, 1587, 1592, 1597, 1602, 1607, 1612, 1617, 1622, 1627, 1632, 1637, 1642, 1647, 1652, 1657, 1662, 1667, 1672, 1677, 1682, 1684, 1686, 1688, 1690, 1692, 1694, 1696, 1698, 1700, 1702, 1704, 1730 to 2039, 2040, 2045, 2050, 2055, 2060, 2065, 2070, 2075, 2080, 2085, 2090, 2095, 2100, 2102, 2104, 2106, 2108, 2120 to 2338, 2339, 2344, 2349, 2354, 2359, 2364, 2366, 2368, 2370, 2372, 2384 to 2460, 2461, 2466, 2471, 2476 or 2481. By way of example, orthologues may comprise a nucleotide sequence as represented in any of SEQ ID NOs 49 to 123, 275 to 434, 533 to 562, 621 to 738, 813 to 852, 908 to 1010, 1161 to 1437, 1730 to 1987, 2120 to 2290, and 2384 to 2438, or a fragment thereof of at least 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 or 27 nucleotides. A non-limiting list of insect or arachnida orthologues genes or sequences comprising at least a fragment of 17 bp of one of the sequences of the invention, is given in Tables 4. According to another embodiment, the invention encompasses target genes which are nematode orthologues of a gene comprising a nucleotide sequence as represented in any of 1 , 3, 5, 7, 9, 1 1 , 13, 15, 17, 19, 21 , 23, 49 to 158, 159, 160-163, 168, 173, 178, 183, 188, 193, 198, 203, 208, 215, 220, 225, 230, 247, 249, 251 , 253, 255, 257, 259, 275 to 472, 473, 478, 483, 488, 493, 498, 503, 513, 515, 517, 519, 521 , 533 to 575, 576, 581 , 586, 591 , 596, 601 , 603, 605, 607, 609, 621 to 767, 768, 773, 778, 783, 788, 793, 795, 797, 799, 801 , 813 to 862, 863, 868, 873, 878, 883, 888, 890, 892, 894, 896, 908 to 1040, 1041 , 1046, 1051 , 1056, 1061 , 1071 , 1073, 1075, 1077, 1079, 1081 , 1083, 1085, 1087, 1089, 1091 , 1093, 1095, 1097, 1099, 1101 , 1103, 1105, 1 107, 1109, 111 1 , 1113, 1161 to 1571 , 1572, 1577, 1582, 1587, 1592, 1597, 1602, 1607, 1612, 1617, 1622, 1627, 1632, 1637, 1642, 1647, 1652, 1657, 1662, 1667, 1672, 1677, 1682, 1684, 1686, 1688, 1690, 1692, 1694, 1696, 1698, 1700, 1702, 1704, 1730 to 2039, 2040, 2045, 2050, 2055, 2060, 2065, 2070, 2075, 2080, 2085, 2090, 2095, 2100, 2102, 2104, 2106, 2108, 2120 to 2338, 2339, 2344, 2349, 2354, 2359, 2364, 2366, 2368, 2370, 2372, 2384 to 2460, 2461 , 2466, 2471 , 2476 or 248. By way of example, nematode orthologues may comprise a nucleotide sequence as represented in any of SEQ ID NOs 124 to 135, 435 to 446, 563 to 564, 739 to 751 , 853, 854, 1011 to 1025, 1438 to 1473, 1988 to 2001 , 2291 to 2298, 2439 or 2440, or a fragment of at least 17, 18, 19, 20 or 21 nucleotides thereof. According to another aspect, the invention thus encompasses any of the methods described herein for controlling nematode growth in an organism, or for preventing nematode infestation of an organism susceptible to nemataode infection, comprising contacting nematode cells with a double-stranded RNA, wherein the double-stranded RNA comprises annealed complementary strands, one of which has a nucleotide sequence which is complementary to at least part of the nucleotide sequence of a target gene comprising a fragment of at least 17, 18, 19, 20 or 21 nucleotides of any of the sequences as represented in SEQ ID NOs 124 to 135, 435 to 446, 563 to 564, 739 to 751 , 853, 854, 1011 to 1025, 1438 to 1473, 1988 to 2001 , 2291 to 2298, 2439 or 2440, whereby the double-stranded RNA is taken up by the nematode and thereby controls growth or prevents infestation. The invention also relates to nematode- resistant transgenic plants comprising a fragment of at least 17, 18, 19, 20 or 21 nucleotides of any of the sequences as represented in SEQ ID NOs 124 to 135, 435 to 446, 563 to 564, 739 to 751 , 853, 854, 1011 to 1025, 1438 to 1473, 1988 to 2001 , 2291 to 2298, 2439 or 2440. A non-limiting list of nematode orthologues genes or sequences comprising at least a fragment of 17 bp of one of the sequences of the invention, is given in Tables 5.

According to another embodiment, the invention encompasses target genes which are fungal orthologues of a gene comprising a nucleotide sequence as represented in any of 1 , 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 , 13, 15, 17, 19, 21 , 23, 49 to 158, 159, 160-163, 168, 173, 178, 183, 188, 193, 198, 203, 208, 215, 220, 225, 230, 247, 249, 251 , 253, 255, 257, 259, 275 to 472, 473, 478, 483, 488, 493, 498, 503, 513, 515, 517, 519, 521 , 533 to 575, 576, 581 , 586, 591 , 596, 601 , 603, 605, 607, 609, 621 to 767, 768, 773, 778, 783, 788, 793, 795, 797, 799, 801 , 813 to 862, 863, 868, 873, 878, 883, 888, 890, 892, 894, 896, 908 to 1040, 1041 , 1046, 1051 , 1056, 1061 , 1071 , 1073, 1075, 1077, 1079, 1081 , 1083, 1085, 1087, 1089, 1091 , 1093, 1095, 1097, 1099, 1 101 , 1103, 1105, 1107, 1109, 1111 , 1113, 1161 to 1571 , 1572, 1577, 1582, 1587, 1592, 1597, 1602, 1607, 1612, 1617, 1622, 1627, 1632, 1637, 1642, 1647, 1652, 1657, 1662, 1667, 1672, 1677, 1682, 1684, 1686, 1688, 1690, 1692, 1694, 1696, 1698, 1700, 1702, 1704, 1730 to 2039, 2040, 2045, 2050, 2055, 2060, 2065, 2070, 2075, 2080, 2085, 2090, 2095, 2100, 2102, 2104, 2106, 2108, 2120 to 2338, 2339, 2344, 2349, 2354, 2359, 2364, 2366, 2368, 2370, 2372, 2384 to 2460, 2461 , 2466, 2471 , 2476 or 2481. By way of example, fungal orthologues may comprise a nucleotide sequence as represented in any of SEQ ID NOs 136 to 158, 447 to 472, 565 to 575, 752 to 767, 855 to 862, 1026 to 1040, 1475 to 1571 , 2002 to 2039, 2299 to 2338, 2441 to 2460, or a fragment of at least 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 , 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 or 27 nucleotides thereof.. According to another aspect, the invention thus encompasses any of the methods described herein for controlling fungal growth on a cell or an organism, or for preventing fungal infestation of a cell or an organism susceptible to fungal infection, comprising contacting fungal cells with a double-stranded RNA, wherein the double- stranded RNA comprises annealed complementary strands, one of which has a nucleotide sequence which is complementary to at least part of the nucleotide sequence of a target gene comprising a fragment of at least 17, 18, 19, 20 or 21 nucleotides of any of the sequences as represented in SEQ ID NOs 136 to 158, 447 to 472, 565 to 575, 752 to 767, 855 to 862, 1026 to 1040, 1475 to 1571 , 2002 to 2039, 2299 to 2338, 2441 to 2460, whereby the double-stranded RNA is taken up by the fungus and thereby controls growth or prevents infestation. The invention also relates to fungal-resistant transgenic plants comprising a fragment of at least 17, 18, 19, 20 or 21 of any of the sequences as represented in SEQ ID NOs 136 to 158, 447 to 472, 565 to 575, 752 to 767, 855 to 862, 1026 to 1040, 1475 to 1571 , 2002 to 2039, 2299 to 2338, 2441 to 2460. A non- limiting list of fungal orthologues genes or sequences comprising at least a fragment of 17 bp of one of the sequences of the invention, is given in Tables 6.

In one preferred embodiment of the invention the dsRNA may be expressed by (e.g. transcribed within) a host cell or host organism, the host cell or organism being an organism susceptible or vulnerable to infestation by an insect. In this embodiment RNAi-mediated gene silencing of one or more target genes in the insect may be used as a mechanism to control growth of the insect in or on the host organism and/or to prevent or reduce insect infestation of the host organism. Thus, expression of the double-stranded RNA within cells of the host organism may confer resistance to a particular insect or to a class of insects. In case the dsRNA hits more than one insect target gene, expression of the double-stranded RNA within cells of the host organism may confer resistance to more than one insect or more than one class of insects.

In a preferred embodiment the host organism is a plant and the insect is a plant pathogenic insect. In this embodiment the insect is contacted with the double-stranded RNA by expressing the double-stranded RNA in a plant or plant cell that is infested with or susceptible to infestation with the plant pathogenic insect.

In this context the term "plant" encompasses any plant material that it is desired to treat to prevent or reduce insect growth and/or insect infestation. This includes, inter alia, whole plants, seedlings, propagation or reproductive material such as seeds, cuttings, grafts, explants, etc. and also plant cell and tissue cultures. The plant material should express, or have the capability to express, dsRNA corresponding to one or more target genes of the insect. Therefore, in a further aspect the invention provides a plant, preferably a transgenic plant, or propagation or reproductive material for a (transgenic) plant, or a plant cell culture expressing or capable of expressing at least one double-stranded RNA, wherein the double-stranded RNA comprises annealed complementary strands, one of which has a nucleotide sequence which is complementary to at least part of a target nucleotide sequence of a target gene of an insect, such that the double-stranded RNA is taken up by an insect upon plant-insect interaction, said double stranded RNA being capable of inhibiting the target gene or down-regulating expression of the target gene by RNA interference. The target gene may be any of the target genes herein described, for instance a target gene that is essential for the viability, growth, development or reproduction of the insect.

In this embodiment the insect can be any insect, but is preferably plant pathogenic insect. Preferred plant pathogenic insects include, but are not limited to, those listed above.

A plant to be used in the methods of the invention, or a transgenic plant according to the invention encompasses any plant, but is preferably a plant that is susceptible to infestation by a plant pathogenic insect.

Accordingly, the present invention extends to methods as described herein wherein the plant is chosen from the following group of plants (or crops): alfalfa, apple, apricot, artichoke, asparagus, avocado, banana, barley, beans, beet, blackberry, blueberry, broccoli, brussel sprouts, cabbage, canola, carrot, cassava, cauliflower, a cereal, celery, cherry, citrus, clemintine, coffee, corn, cotton, cucumber, eggplant, endive, eucalyptus, figes, grape, grapefruit, groundnuts, ground cherry, kiwifruit, lettuce, leek, lemon, lime, pine, maize, mango, melon, millet, mushroom, nut aot, okra, onion, orange, an ornamental plant or flower or tree, papaya,, parsley, pea, peach, peanut, peat, pepper, persimmon, pineapple, plantain, plum, pomegranate, potato, pumpkin, radicchio, radish, rapeseed, raspberry, rice, rye, sorghum, soy, soybean, spinach, strawberry, sugarbeet, sugargcane, sunflower, sweet poatao, tangerine, tea, tobacco, tomato, a vine, waetermelon, wheat, yams and zucchini.

In one embodiment the present invention extends to methods as described herein, wherein the plant is potato and the target gene is a gene from an insect selected from the group consisting of Leptinotarsa spp. (e.g. L decemlineata (Colorado potato beetle), L. juncta (false potato beetle), or L. texana (Texan false potato beetle)); Lema spp. (e.g. L. trilineata (three-lined potato beetle)); Epitrix spp. (e.g. E. cucumeris (potato flea beetle) or E. tuberis (tuber flea beetle)); Epicauta spp. (e.g. E. vittata (striped blister beetle)); Phaedon spp. (e.g. P. cochleariae (mustard leaf beetle)); Empoasca spp. (e.g. E. fabae (potato leafhopper)); Myzus spp. (e.g. M. persicae (green peach aphid)); Paratrioza spp. (e.g. P. cockerelli (potato psyllid)); Ostrinia spp. (e.g. O. nubilalis (European corn borer)); Conoderus spp. (e.g. C. /a/// (southern potato wireworm), or C. vespertinus (tobacco wireworm)); and Phthorimaea spp. (e.g. P. operculella (potato tuberworm)); in another embodiment the present invention extends to methods as described herein, wherein the plant is tomato and the target gene is a gene from an insect selected from the group consisting of: Macrosiphum spp. (e.g. M. euphorbiae (potato aphid)); Myzus spp. (e.g. M. persicae (green peach aphid)); Trialeurodes spp. (e.g. T. vaporariorum (greenhouse whitefly), or T. abutilonia (banded- winged whitefly)); Bemisia spp. (e.g. B. argentifolii (silverleaf whitefly)); Frankliniella spp. (e.g. F. occidentalis (western flower thrips)); Leptinotarsa spp. (e.g. L. decemlineata (Colorado potato beetle), L juncta (false potato beetle), or L. texana (Texan false potato beetle)); Epitrix spp. (e.g. E. hirtipennis (flea beetle)); Lygus spp. (e.g. L. lineolaris (tarnished plant bug), or L. hesperus (western tarnished plant bug)); Euschistus spp. (e.g. E. conspresus (consperse stinkbug)); Nezara spp. (e.g. N. viridula (southern green stinkbug)); Thyanta spp. (e.g. T. pallidovirens (redshouldered stinkbug)); Phthorimaea spp. (e.g. P. operculella (potato tuberworm)); Helicoverpa spp. (e.g. H. zea (tomato fruitworm); Keiferia spp. (e.g. K. lycopersicella (tomato pinworm)); Spodoptera spp. (e.g. S. exigua (beet armyworm), or S. praefica (western yellowstriped armyworm)); Limonius spp. (wireworms); Agrotis spp. (e.g. A. ipsilon (black cutworm)); Manduca spp. (e.g. M. sexta (tobacco hornworm), or M. quinquemaculata (tomato hornworm)); Liriomyza spp. (e.g. L. sativae, L trifolli or L huidobrensis (leafminer)); and Paratrioza spp. (e.g. P. cockerelli (tomato psyllid)); In another embodiment the present invention extends to methods as described herein, wherein the plant is corn and the target gene is a gene from an insect selected from the group consisting of: Diabrotica spp. (e.g. D. virgifera virgifera (western corn rootworm), D. barberi (northern corn rootworm), D. undecimpunctata howardi (southern corn rootworm), D. virgifera zeae (Mexican corn rootworm); D. balteata (banded cucumber beetle)); Ostrinia spp. (e.g. O. nubilalis (European corn borer)); Agrotis spp. (e.g. A.ipsilon (black cutworm)); Helicoverpa spp. (e.g. H. zea (corn earworm)); Spodoptera spp. (e.g. S. frugiperda (fall armyworm)); Diatraea spp. (e.g. D. grandiosella (southwestern corn borer), or D. saccharalis (sugarcane borer)); Elasmopalpus spp. (e.g. E. lignosellus (lesser cornstalk borer)); Melanotus spp. (wireworms); Cyclocephala spp. (e.g. C. borealis (northern masked chafer)); Cyclocephala spp. (e.g. C. immaculata (southern masked chafer)); Popillia spp. (e.g. P. japonica (Japanese beetle)); Chaetocnema spp. (e.g. C. pulicaria (corn flea beetle)); Sphenophorus spp. (e.g. S. maidis (maize billbug)); Rhopalosiphum spp. (e.g. R. maidis (corn leaf aphid)); Anuraphis spp. (e.g. A. maidiradicis (corn root aphid)); Blissus spp. (e.g. B.leucopterus leucopterus (chinch bug)); Melanoplus spp. (e.g. M. femurrubrum (redlegged grasshopper), M. sanguinipes (migratory grasshopper)); Hylemya spp. (e.g. H. platura (seedcom maggot)); Agromyza spp. (e.g. A. parvicornis (com blot leafminer)); Anaphothrips spp. (e.g. A. obscrurus (grass thrips)); Solenopsis spp. (e.g. S. milesta (thief ant)); and Tetranychus spp. (e.g. T. urticae (twospotted spider mite)); in another embodiment the present invention extends to methods as described herein, wherein the plant is cotton and the target gene is a gene from an insect selected from the group consisting of: Helicoverpa spp. (e.g. H. zea (cotton bollworm)); Pectinophora spp. (e.g. P. gossypiella (pink bollworm)); Helicoverpa spp. (e.g. H. armigera (American bollworm)); Earias spp. (e.g. E. vittella (spotted bollworm)); Heliothis spp. (e.g. H. virescens (tobacco budworm)); Spodoptera spp. (e.g. S. exigua (beet armyworm)); Anthonomus spp. (e.g. A. grandis (boll weevil)); Pseudatomoscelis spp. (e.g. P. seriatus (cotton fleahopper)); Trialeurodes spp. (e.g. T. abutiloneus (banded-winged whitefly) T. vaporariorum (greenhouse whitefly)); Bemisia spp. (e.g. B. argentifoln (silverleaf whitefly)); Aphis spp. (e.g. A. gossypii (cotton aphid)); Lygus spp. (e.g. L lineolaris (tarnished plant bug) or L. hesperus (western tarnished plant bug)); Euschistus spp. (e.g. E. conspersus (consperse stink bug)); Chlorochroa spp. (e.g. C. sayi (Say stinkbug)); Nezara spp. (e.g. N. viridula (green stinkbug)); Thrips spp. (e.g. T. tabaci (onion thrips)); Franklinkiella spp. (e.g. F. fusca (tobacco thrips), or F. occidentalis (western flower thrips)); Melanoplus spp. (e.g. M. femurrubrum (redlegged grasshopper), or M. differentialis (differential grasshopper)); and Tetranychus spp. (e.g. T. cinnabarinus (carmine spider mite), or T. urticae ftwospotted spider mite)); in another embodiment the present invention extends to methods as described herein, wherein the plant is rice and the target gene is a gene from an insect selected from the group consisting of: Nilaparvata spp. (e.g. N. lugens (brown planthopper)); Laodelphax spp. (e.g. L. striatellus (small brown planthopper)); Nephotettix spp. (e.g. N. virescens or N. cincticeps (green leafhopper), or N.nigropictus (rice leafhopper)); Sogatella spp. (e.g. S. furcifera (white-backed planthopper)); Blissus spp. (e.g. S. leucopterus leucopterus (chinch bug)); Scotinophora spp. (e.g. S. vermidulate (rice blackbug)); Acrosternum spp. (e.g. A. hilare (green stink bug)); Parnara spp. (e.g. P. guttata (rice skipper)); Chilo spp. (e.g. C. suppressalis (rice striped stem borer), C. auricilius (gold-fringed stem borer), or C. polychrysus (dark-headed stem borer)); Chilotraea spp. (e.g. C. polychrysa (rice stalk borer)); Sesamia spp. (e.g. S. inferens (pink rice borer)); Tryporyza spp. (e.g. T. innotata (white rice borer)); Tryporyza spp. (e.g T. incertulas (yellow rice borer)); Cnaphalocrocis spp. (e.g. C. medinalis (rice leafroller)); Agromyza spp. (e.g. A. oryzae (leafminer)); Diatraea spp. (e.g. D. saccharalis (sugarcane borer)); Narnaga spp. (e.g. N. aenescens (green rice caterpillar)); Xanthodes spp. (e.g. X. transversa (green caterpillar)); Spodoptera spp. (e.g. S. frugiperda (fall armyworm)); Mythimna spp. (e.g. Mythmna (Pseudaletia) seperata (armyworm)); Helicoverpa spp. (e.g. H. zea (corn earworm)); Colaspis spp. (e.g. C. brunnea (grape colaspis)); Lissorhoptrus spp. (e.g. L oryzophilus (rice water weevil)); Echinocnemυs spp. (e.g. E. squamos (rice plant weevil)); Diclodispa spp. (e.g. D. armigera (rice hispa)); Oulema spp. (e.g. O. oryzae (leaf beetle); Sitophilus spp. (e.g. S. oryzae (rice weevil)); Pachydiplosis spp. (e.g. P. oryzae (rice gall midge)); Hydrellia spp. (e.g. H. griseola (small rice leafminer)); Chlorops spp. (e.g. C. oryzae (stem maggot)); and Hydrellia spp. (e.g. H. sasakii (rice stem maggot));

Transgenic plants according to the invention extend to all plant species specifically described above being resistant to the respective insect species as specifically described above. Preferred transgenic plants (or reproductive or propagation material for a transgenic plant, or a cultured transgenic plant cell) are plants (or reproductive or propagation material for a transgenic plant, or a cultured transgenic plant cell) wherein said plant comprises a nucleic acid sequence which is selected from the group comprising:

(i) sequences which are at least 75% identical to a sequence represented by any of SEQ ID

193, 198, 203, 208, 215, 220, 225, 230, 247, 249, 251 , 253, 255, 257, 259, 275 to 472, 473, 478, 483, 488, 493, 498, 503, 513, 515, 517, 519, 521 , 533 to 575, 576, 581 , 586, 591 , 596,

601 , 603, 605, 607, 609, 621 to 767, 768, 773, 778, 783, 788, 793, 795, 797, 799, 801 , 813 to

862, 863, 868, 873, 878, 883, 888, 890, 892, 894, 896, 908 to 1040, 1041 , 1046, 1051 , 1056,

1099, 1101 , 1103, 1105, 1107, 1109, 1111 , 11 13, 1161 to 1571 , 1572, 1577, 1582, 1587, 1592, 1597, 1602, 1607, 1612, 1617, 1622, 1627, 1632, 1637, 1642, 1647, 1652, 1657, 1662, 1667, 1672, 1677, 1682, 1684, 1686, 1688, 1690, 1692, 1694, 1696, 1698, 1700, 1702, 1704, 1730 to 2039, 2040, 2045, 2050, 2055, 2060, 2065, 2070, 2075, 2080, 2085, 2090, 2095, 2100, 2102, 2104, 2106, 2108, 2120 to 2338, 2339, 2344, 2349, 2354, 2359, 2364, 2366, 2368, 2370, 2372, 2384 to 2460, 2461, 2466, 2471, 2476 or 2481, or the complement thereof, and

(ii) sequences comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID NOs 1, 3, 5, 7,

9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 49 to 158, 159, 160-163, 168, 173, 178, 183, 188, 193, 198, 203,

208, 215, 220, 225, 230, 247, 249, 251, 253, 255, 257, 259, 275 to 472, 473, 478, 483, 488,

493, 498, 503, 513, 515, 517, 519, 521, 533 to 575, 576, 581, 586, 591, 596, 601, 603, 605, 607, 609, 621 to 767, 768, 773, 778, 783, 788, 793, 795, 797, 799, 801, 813 to 862, 863, 868,

873, 878, 883, 888, 890, 892, 894, 896, 908 to 1040, 1041, 1046, 1051, 1056, 1061, 1071,

1073, 1075, 1077, 1079, 1081, 1083, 1085, 1087, 1089, 1091, 1093, 1095, 1097, 1099, 1101,

1103, 1105, 1107, 1109, 1111, 1113, 1161 to 1571, 1572, 1577, 1582, 1587, 1592, 1597,

1602, 1607, 1612, 1617, 1622, 1627, 1632, 1637, 1642, 1647, 1652, 1657, 1662, 1667, 1672, 1677, 1682, 1684, 1686, 1688, 1690, 1692, 1694, 1696, 1698, 1700, 1702, 1704, 1730 to

2039, 2040, 2045, 2050, 2055, 2060, 2065, 2070, 2075, 2080, 2085, 2090, 2095, 2100, 2102,

2104, 2106, 2108, 2120 to 2338, 2339, 2344, 2349, 2354, 2359, 2364, 2366, 2368, 2370,

2372, 2384 to 2460, 2461, 2466, 2471, 2476 or 2481, or the complement thereof, or whetein said nucleic acid is an insect orthologue of a gene comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID NOs 49 to 158, 275 to 472, 533 to 575, 621 to 767, 813 to

862, 908 to 1040, 1161 to 1571, 1730 to 2039, 2120 to 2338, 2384 to 2460, or the complement thereof.

The present invention also encompasses plants (or reproductive or propagation material for a transgenic plant, or a cultured transgenic plant cell) which express or are capable of expressing at least one of the nucleotides of the invention, for instance at least one of the nucleotide sequences represented in any of SEQ ID NOs 1 , 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 , 13, 15, 17, 19, 21 , 23, 49 to 158, 159, 160-163, 168, 173, 178, 183, 188, 193, 198, 203, 208, 215, 220, 225, 230, 240 to 247, 249, 251 , 253, 255, 257, 259, 275 to 472, 473, 478, 483, 488, 493, 498, 503, 508 to 513, 515, 517, 519, 521 , 533 to 575, 576, 581 , 586, 591 , 596, 601 , 603, 605, 607, 609, 621 to 767, 768, 773, 778, 783, 788, 793, 795, 797, 799, 801 , 813 to 862, 863, 868, 873, 878, 883, 888, 890, 892, 894, 896, 908 to 1040, 1041 , 1046, 1051 , 1056, 1061 , 1066 to 1071 , 1073, 1075, 1077, 1079, 1081 , 1083, 1085, 1087, 1089, 1091 , 1093, 1095, 1097, 1099, 1101 , 1103, 1105, 1107, 1109, 1111 , 1113, 1161 to 1571 , 1572, 1577, 1582, 1587, 1592, 1597, 1602, 1607, 1612, 1617, 1622, 1627, 1632, 1637, 1642, 1647, 1652, 1657, 1662, 1667, 1672, 1677, 1682, 1684, 1686, 1688, 1690, 1692, 1694, 1696, 1698, 1700, 1702, 1704, 1730 to 2039, 2040, 2045, 2050, 2055, 2060, 2065, 2070, 2075, 2080, 2085, 2090, 2095, 2100, 2102, 2104, 2106, 2108, 2120 to 2338, 2339, 2344, 2349, 2354, 2359, 2364, 2366, 2368, 2370, 2372, 2384 to 2460, 2461 , 2466, 2471 , 2476, 2481 or 2486, or the complement thereof, or comprising a fragment thereof comprising at least 17, preferably at least 18, 19, 20 or 21 , more preferably at least 22, 23 or 24 nucleotides. The plant may be provided in a form wherein it is actively expressing (transcribing) the double-stranded RNA in one or more cells, cell types or tissues. Alternatively, the plant may be

"capable of expressing", meaning that it is transformed with a transgene which encodes the desired dsRNA but that the transgene is not active in the plant when (and in the form in which) the plant is supplied.

Therefore, according to another embodiment, a recombinant DNA construct is provided comprising the nucleotide sequence encoding the dsRNA or dsRNA construct according to the present invention operably linked to at least one regulatory sequence. Preferably, the regulatory sequence is selected from the group comprising constitutive promoters or tissue specific promoters as described below.

The target gene may be any target gene herein described. Preferably the regulatory element is a regulatory element that is active in a plant cell. More preferably, the regulatory element is originating from a plant. The term "regulatory sequence" is to be taken in a broad context and refers to a regulatory nucleic acid capable of effecting expression of the sequences to which it is operably linked.

Encompassed by the aforementioned term are promoters and nucleic acids or synthetic fusion molecules or derivatives thereof which activate or enhance expression of a nucleic acid, so called activators or enhancers. The term "operably linked" as used herein refers to a functional linkage between the promoter sequence and the gene of interest, such that the promoter sequence is able to initiate transcription of the gene of interest.

By way of example, the transgene nucleotide sequence encoding the double-stranded RNA could be placed under the control of an inducible or growth or developmental stage-specific promoter which permits transcription of the dsRNA to be turned on, by the addition of the inducer for an inducible promoter or when the particular stage of growth or development is reached. Alternatively, the transgene encoding the double-stranded RNA is placed under the control of a strong constitutive promoter such as any selected from the group comprising the CaMV35S promoter, doubled CaMV35S promoter, ubiquitin promoter, actin promoter, rubisco promoter, GOS2 promoter, Figwort mosaic viruse (FMV) 34S promoter, cassava vein mosaic virus (CsVMV) promoter (Verdaguer B. et al, Plant MoI Biol. 1998 37(6): 1055-67). Alternatively, the transgene encoding the double-stranded RNA is placed under the control of a tissue specific promoter such as any selected from the group comprising root specific promoters of genes encoding PsMTA Class III chitinase, photosynthetic tissue-specific promoters such as promoters of cab1 and cab2, rbcS, gapA, gapB and ST-LS1 proteins, JAS promoters, chalcone synthase promoter and promoter of RJ39 from strawberry. In another embodiment, the transgene encoding the double-stranded RNA is placed under the control of an insect-induced promoter, for instance the potato proteinase inhibitor Il (Pinll) promoter (Duan X et al, Nat Biotechnol. 1996, 14(4):494-8)); or a wounding-induced promoter, for instance the jasmonates and ethylene induced promoters, PDF1.2 promoter (Manners JM et al., Plant MoI Biol. 1998, 38(6): 1071 -80); or under a defense related promoter, for instance the salicylic acid induced promoters and plant-pathogenesis related protein (PR protein) promoters (PR1 promoter (Cornelissen BJ et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 1987, 15(17):6799-811 ; COMT promoter (Toquin V et al, Plant MoI Biol. 2003, 52(3):495-509).

Furthermore, when using the methods of the present invention for developing transgenic plants resistant against insects, it might be beneficial to place the nucleic acid encoding the double- stranded RNA according to the present invention under the control of a tissue-specific promoter. In order to improve the transfer of the dsRNA from the plant cell to the pest, the plants could preferably express the dsRNA in a plant part that is first accessed or damaged by the plant pest. In case of plant pathogenic insects, preferred tissues to express the dsRNA are the leaves, stems, roots, and seeds. Therefore, in the methods of the present invention, a plant tissue-preferred promoter may be used, such as a leaf-specific promoter, a stem-specific promoter, a phloem- specific promoter, a xylem-specific promoter, a root-specific promoter, or a seed-specific promoter (sucrose transporter gene AtSUC promoter (Baud S et al., Plant J. 2005, 43(6):824-36), wheat high molecular weight glutenin gene promoter (Robert LS et al., Plant Cell. 1989, 1 (6):569-78.)). Suitable examples of a root specific promoter are PsMTA (Fordam-Skelton, A.P., et al., 1997 Plant Molecular Biology 34: 659-668.) and the Class III Chitinase promoter. Examples of leaf- and stem- specific or photosynthetic tissue-specific promoters that are also photoactivated are promoters of two chlorophyll binding proteins (cab1 and cab2) from sugar beet (Stahl D. J., et al., 2004 BMC Biotechnology 2004 4:31 ), ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco), encoded by rbcS (Nomura M. et al., 2000 Plant MoI. Biol. 44: 99-106), A (gapA) and B (gapB) subunits of chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Conley T.R. et al. 1994 MoI. Cell Biol. 19: 2525-33; Kwon H. B. et al. 1994 Plant Physiol. 105: 357-67), promoter of the Solanum tuberosum gene encoding the leaf and stem specific (ST-LS1 ) protein (Zaidi M.A. et al., 2005 Transgenic Res. 14:289-98), stem-regulated, defense-inducible genes, such as JAS promoters (patent publication no. 20050034192/US-A1 ). An example of a flower-specific promoter is for instance, the chalcone synthase promoter (Faktor O. et al. 1996 Plant MoI. Biol. 32: 849) and an example of a fruit-specific promoter is for instance RJ39 from strawberry (WO 98 31812).

In yet other embodiments of the present invention, other promoters useful for the expression of dsRNA are used and include, but are not limited to, promoters from an RNA Poll, an RNA PoIII, an RNA PoIIII, T7 RNA polymerase or SP6 RNA polymerase. These promoters are typically used for in wϊro-production of dsRNA, which dsRNA is then included in an antiinsecticidal agent, for example, in an anti-insecticidal liquid, spray or powder.

Therefore, the present invention also encompasses a method for generating any of the double-stranded RNA or RNA constructs of the invention. This method comprises the steps of a. contacting an isolated nucleic acid or a recombinant DNA construct of the invention with cell-free components; or b. introducing (e.g. by transformation, transfection or injection) an isolated nucleic acid or a recombinant DNA construct of the invention in a cell, under conditions that allow transcription of said nucleic acid or recombinant DNA construct to produce the dsRNA or RNA construct. Optionally, one or more transcription termination sequences may also be incorporated in the recombinant construct of the invention. The term "transcription termination sequence" encompasses a control sequence at the end of a transcriptional unit, which signals 3¹ processing and poly-adenylation of a primary transcript and termination of transcription. Additional regulatory elements, such as transcriptional or translational enhancers, may be incorporated in the expression construct.

The recombinant constructs of the invention may further include an origin of replication which is required for maintenance and/or replication in a specific cell type. One example is when an expression construct is required to be maintained in a bacterial cell as an episomal genetic element (e.g. plasmid or cosmid molecule) in a cell. Preferred origins of replication include, but are not limited to, f1-ori and colE1 ori.

The recombinant construct may optionally comprise a selectable marker gene. As used herein, the term "selectable marker gene" includes any gene, which confers a phenotype on a cell in which it is expressed to facilitate the identification and/or selection of cells, which are transfected or transformed, with an expression construct of the invention. Examples of suitable selectable markers include resistance genes against ampicillin (Ampr), tetracycline (Tcr), kanamycin (Kanr), phosphinothricin, and chloramphenicol (CAT) gene. Other suitable marker genes provide a metabolic trait, for example manA. Visual marker genes may also be used and include for example beta-glucuronidase (GUS), luciferase and Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP). Plants that have been stably transformed with a transgene encoding the dsRNA may be supplied as seed, reproductive material, propagation material or cell culture material which does not actively express the dsRNA but has the capability to do so.

Accordingly, the present invention encompasses a plant (e.g. a rice plant), or a seed (e.g. a rice seed), or a cell (e.g. a bacterial or plant cell), comprising at least one double-stranded RNA or at least one double-stranded RNA construct as described herein: or at least one nucleotide sequence or at least one recombinant DNA construct as descrobed herein; or at least one plant cell as described herein. The present invention also encompasses a plant (e.g. an alfalfa, .apple, apricot, artichoke, asparagus, avocado, banana, barley, beans, beet, blackberry, blueberry, broccoli, brussel sprouts, cabbage, canola, carrot, cassava, cauliflower, a cereal, celery, cherry, citrus, clemintine, coffee, corn, cotton, cucumber, eggplant, endive, eucalyptus, figes, grape, grapefruit, groundnuts, ground cherry, kiwifruit, lettuce, leek, lemon, lime, pine, maize, mango, melon, millet, mushroom, nut aot, okra, onion, orange, an ornamental plant or flower or tree, papaya,, parsley, pea, peach, peanut, peat, pepper, persimmon, pineapple, plantain, plum, pomegranate, potato, pumpkin, radicchio, radish, rapeseed, raspberry, rice, rye, sorghum, soy, soybean, spinach, strawberry, sugarbeet, sugargcane, sunflower, sweet poatao, tangerine, tea, tobacco, tomato, a vine, waetermelon, wheat, yams or zucchiniplant; preferably a potato, eggplant, tomato, pepper, tobacco, ground cherry, rice corn or cotton plant), or a seed or tuber (e.g. an alfalfa, apple, apricot, artichoke, asparagus, avocado, banana, barley, beans, beet, blackberry, blueberry, broccoli, brussel sprouts, cabbage, canola, carrot, cassava, cauliflower, a cereal, celery, cherry, citrus, clemintine, coffee, corn, cotton, cucumber, eggplant, endive, eucalyptus, figes, grape, grapefruit, groundnuts, ground cherry, kiwifruit, lettuce, leek, lemon, lime, pine, maize, mango, melon, millet, mushroom, nut aot, okra, onion, orange, an ornamental plant or flower or tree, papaya,, parsley, pea, peach, peanut, peat, pepper, persimmon, pineapple, plantain, plum, pomegranate, potato, pumpkin, radicchio, radish, rapeseed, raspberry, rice, rye, sorghum, soy, soybean, spinach, strawberry, sugarbeet, sugargcane, sunflower, sweet poatao, tangerine, tea, tobacco, tomato, a vine, waetermelon, wheat, yams or zucchini plant; preferably a potato, eggplant, tomato, pepper, tobacco, ground cherry, rice, corn or cotton seed or tuber), or a cell (e.g. a bacterial or plant cell), comprising at least one double-stranded RNA or at least one double- stranded RNA construct as described herein: or at least one nucleotide sequence or at least one recombinant DNA construct as descrobed herein. Preferably, these plants or seeds or cells comprise a recombinant construct wherein the nucleotide sequence encoding the dsRNA or dsRNA construct according to the present invention is operably linked to at least one regulatory element as described above.

The plant may be provided in a form wherein it is actively expressing (transcribing) the RNA molecule in one or more cells, cell types or tissues. Alternatively, the plant may be "capable of expressing", meaning that it is transformed with a transgene which encodes the desired RNA molecule but that the transgene is not active in the plant when (and in the form in which) the plant is supplied.

In one particular embodiment, there is provided a recombinant (expression) construct for expression of an RNA molecule in a plant or in a plant cell comprising at least one regulatory sequence operably linked to a nucleic acid molecule comprising at least 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 , 22 etc. nucleotides, up to all of the nucleotides of the sequence set forth as SEQ ID NOs 1 , 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 , 13, 15, 17, 19, 21 , 23, 49 to 158, 159, 160-163, 168, 173, 178, 183, 188, 193, 198, 203, 208, 215, 220, 225, 230, 240 to 247, 249, 251 , 253, 255, 257, 259, 275 to 472, 473, 478, 483, 488, 493, 498, 503, 508 to 513, 515, 517, 519, 521 , 533 to 575, 576, 581 , 586, 591 , 596, 601 , 603, 605, 607, 609, 621 to 767, 768, 773, 778, 783, 788, 793, 795, 797, 799, 801 , 813 to 862, 863, 868, 873, 878, 883, 888, 890, 892, 894, 896, 908 to 1040, 1041 , 1046, 1051 , 1056, 1061 , 1066 to 1071 , 1073, 1075, 1077, 1079, 1081 , 1083, 1085, 1087, 1089, 1091 , 1093, 1095, 1097, 1099, 1 101 , 1103, 1105, 1107, 1109, 1 111 , 1113, 1161 to 1571 , 1572, 1577, 1582, 1587, 1592, 1597, 1602, 1607, 1612, 1617, 1622, 1627, 1632, 1637, 1642, 1647, 1652, 1657, 1662, 1667, 1672, 1677, 1682, 1684, 1686, 1688, 1690, 1692, 1694, 1696, 1698, 1700, 1702, 1704, 1730 to 2039, 2040, 2045, 2050, 2055, 2060, 2065, 2070, 2075, 2080, 2085, 2090, 2095, 2100, 2102, 2104, 2106, 2108, 2120 to 2338, 2339, 2344, 2349, 2354, 2359, 2364, 2366, 2368, 2370, 2372, 2384 to 2460, 2461 , 2466, 2471 , 2476, 2481 or 2486, or comprising at least 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 , 22 etc. up to all nucleotides of the sequence of an orthologous nucleic acid molecule from a different target species. Many vectors are available for this purpose, and selection of the appropriate vector will depend mainly on the size of the nucleic acid to be inserted into the vector and the particular host cell to be transformed with the vector.

General techniques for expression of exogenous double-stranded RNA in plants for the purposes of RNAi are known in the art (see Baulcombe D, 2004, Nature. 431 (7006):356-63. RNA silencing in plants, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference). More particularly, methods for expression of double-stranded RNA in plants for the purposes of down-regulating gene expression in plant pests such as nematodes or insects are also known in the art. Similar methods can be applied in an analogous manner in order to express double-stranded RNA in plants for the purposes of down-regulating expression of a target gene in a plant pathogenic insect. In order to achieve this effect it is necessary only for the plant to express (transcribe) the double-stranded RNA in a part of the plant which will come into direct contact with the insect, such that the double- stranded RNA can be taken up by the insect. Depending on the nature of the insect and its relationship with the host plant, expression of the dsRNA could occur within a cell or tissue of a plant within which the insect is also present during its life cycle, or the RNA may be secreted into a space between cells, such as the apoplast, that is occupied by the insect during its life cycle. Furthermore, the dsRNA may be located in the plant cell, for example in the cytosol, or in the plant cell organelles such as a chloroplast, mitochondrion, vacuole or endoplastic reticulum.

Alternatively, the dsRNA may be secreted by the plant cell and by the plant to the exterior of the plant. As such, the dsRNA may form a protective layer on the surface of the plant.

In a further aspect, the invention also provides combinations of methods and compositions for preventing or protecting plants from pest infestation. For instance, one means provides using the plant transgenic approach combining methods using expression of dsRNA molecules and methods using expression of such Bt insecticidal proteins. Therefore the invention also relates to a method or a plant cell or plant described herein, wherein said plant cell or plant expressing said RNA molecule comprises or expresses a pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, a Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Bacillus laterosporous insecticidal protein, and a Bacillus sphearicus insecticidal protein. Preferably said Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein is selected from the group consisting of a Cry1 , a Cry3, a TIC851 , a CryET170, a Cry22, a binary insecticidal protein CryET33 and CryET34, a binary insecticidal protein CryETδO and CryET76, a binary insecticidal protein TIC100 and TΪC101 , and a binary insecticidal protein PS149B1.

In a further embodiment, the invention relates to a composition for controlling insect growth and/or preventing or reducing insect infestation, comprising at least a plant part, plant cell, plant tissue or seed comprising at least one double-stranded RNA, wherein said double-stranded RNA comprises annealed complementary strands, one of which has a nucleotide sequence which is complementary to at least part of a nucleotide sequence of an insect target gene. Optionally, the composition further comprises at least one suitable carrier, excipient or diluent. The target gene may be any target gene described herein. Preferably the insect target gene is essential for the viability, growth, development or reproduction of the insect.

In another aspect the invention relates to a composition as described above, wherein the insect target gene comprises a sequence which is at least 75%, preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, more preferably at least 95%, 98% or 99% identical to a sequence selected from the group of sequences represented by any of SEQ ID NOs 1 , 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 , 13, 15, 17, 19, 21 , 23, 49 to 158, 159, 160-163, 168, 173, 178, 183, 188, 193, 198, 203, 208, 215, 220, 225, 230, 240 to 247, 249, 251 , 253, 255, 257, 259, 275 to 472, 473, 478, 483, 488, 493, 498, 503, 508 to 513, 515, 517, 519, 521 , 533 to 575, 576, 581 , 586, 591 , 596, 601 , 603, 605, 607, 609, 621 to 767, 768, 773, 778, 783, 788, 793, 795, 797, 799, 801 , 813 to 862, 863, 868, 873, 878, 883, 888, 890, 892, 894, 896, 908 to 1040, 1041 , 1046, 1051 , 1056, 1061 , 1066 to 1071 , 1073, 1075, 1077, 1079, 1081 , 1083, 1085, 1087, 1089, 1091 , 1093, 1095, 1097, 1099, 1101 , 1 103, 1105, 1107, 1109, 11 11 , 1113, 1161 to 1571 , 1572, 1577, 1582, 1587, 1592, 1597, 1602, 1607, 1612, 1617, 1622, 1627, 1632, 1637, 1642, 1647, 1652, 1657, 1662, 1667, 1672, 1677, 1682, 1684, 1686, 1688, 1690, 1692, 1694, 1696, 1698, 1700, 1702, 1704, 1730 to 2039, 2040, 2045, 2050, 2055, 2060, 2065, 2070, 2075, 2080, 2085, 2090, 2095, 2100, 2102, 2104, 2106, 2108, 2120 to 2338, 2339, 2344, 2349, 2354, 2359, 2364, 2366, 2368, 2370, 2372, 2384 to 2460, 2461 , 2466, 2471, 2476, 2481 or 2486, or the complement thereof, or wherein said insect target gene is an insect orthologue of a gene comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID NOs 1 , 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 , 13, 15, 17, 19, 21 , 23, 49 to 158, 159, 160-163, 168, 173, 178, 183, 188, 193, 198, 203, 208, 215, 220, 225, 230, 240 to 247, 249, 251 , 253, 255, 257, 259, 275 to 472, 473, 478, 483, 488, 493, 498, 503, 508 to 513, 515, 517, 519, 521 , 533 to 575, 576, 581 , 586, 591 , 596, 601 , 603, 605, 607, 609, 621 to 767, 768, 773, 778, 783, 788, 793, 795, 797, 799, 801 , 813 to 862, 863, 868, 873, 878, 883, 888, 890, 892, 894, 896, 908 to 1040, 1041 , 1046, 1051, 1056, 1061 , 1066 to 1071 , 1073, 1075, 1077, 1079, 1081 , 1083, 1085, 1087, 1089, 1091 , 1093, 1095, 1097, 1099, 1101 , 1103, 1105, 1107, 1109, 1111 , 11 13, 1161 to 1571 , 1572, 1577, 1582, 1587, 1592, 1597, 1602, 1607, 1612, 1617, 1622, 1627, 1632, 1637, 1642, 1647, 1652, 1657, 1662, 1667, 1672, 1677, 1682, 1684, 1686, 1688, 1690, 1692, 1694, 1696, 1698, 1700, 1702, 1704, 1730 to 2039, 2040, 2045, 2050, 2055, 2060, 2065, 2070, 2075, 2080, 2085, 2090, 2095, 2100, 2102, 2104, 2106, 2108, 2120 to 2338, 2339, 2344, 2349, 2354, 2359, 2364, 2366, 2368, 2370, 2372, 2384 to 2460, 2461 , 2466, 2471 , 2476, 2481 or 2486, or the complement thereof.

According to a still further embodiment, the present invention extends to a method for increasing plant yield comprising introducing in a plant any of the nucleotide sequences or recombinant DNA constructs as herein described in an expressible format. Plants encompassed by this method are as described earlier. The invention will be further understood with reference to the following non-limiting examples.

Brief Description of Figures and Tables

Figure 1-LD: Survival of L. decemlineata on artificial diet treated with dsRNA. Insects of the second larval stage were fed diet treated with 50 μl of topically-applied solution of dsRNA

(targets or gfp control). Diet was replaced with fresh diet containing topically-applied dsRNA after 7 days. The number of surviving insects were assessed at days 2, 5, 7, 8, 9, & 13. The percentage of surviving larvae was calculated relative to day 0 (start of assay). Target LD006: (SEQ ID NO 178); Target LD007 (SEQ ID NO 183); Target LD010 (SEQ ID NO 188); Target LD011 (SEQ ID NO 193); Target LD014 (SEQ ID NO 198); gfp dsRNA (SEQ ID NO 235).

Figure 2-LD: Survival of L. decemlineata on artificial diet treated with dsRNA. Insects of the second larval stage were fed diet treated with 50 μl of topically-applied solution of dsRNA (targets or gfp control). Diet was replaced with fresh diet only after 7 days. The number of surviving insects was assessed at days 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, & 14. The percentage of surviving larvae was calculated relative to day 0 (start of assay). Target LD001 (SEQ ID NO 163); Target LD002 (SEQ ID NO 168); Target LD003 (SEQ ID NO 173); Target LD015 (SEQ ID NO 215); Target LD016 (SEQ ID NO 220); gfp dsRNA (SEQ ID NO 235). Figure 3-LD: Average weight of L. decemlineata larvae on potato leaf discs treated with dsRNA. Insects of the second larval stage were fed leaf discs treated with 20 μl of a topically- applied solution (10 ng/μl) of dsRNA (target LD002 or gfp). After two days the insects were transferred on to untreated leaves every day.

Figure 4-LD: Survival of L. decemlineata on artificial diet treated with shorter versions of target LD014 dsRNA and concatemer dsRNA. Insects of the second larval stage were fed diet treated with 50 μl of topically-applied solution of dsRNA (gfp or targets). The number of surviving insects were assessed at days 3, 4, 5, 6, & 7. The percentage of surviving larvae were calculated relative to day 0 (start of assay).

Figure 5-LD: Survival of L. decemlineata larvae on artificial diet treated with different concentrations of dsRNA of target LD002 (a), target LD007 (b), target LD010 (c), target LD011 (d), target LD014 (e), target LD015 (f), LD016 (g) and target LD027 (h). Insects of the second larval stage were fed diet treated with 50 μl of topically-applied solution of dsRNA. Diet was replaced with fresh diet containing topically-applied dsRNA after 7 days. The number of surviving insects were assessed at regular intervals. The percentage of surviving larvae were calculated relative to day 0 (start of assay).

Figure 6-LD. Survival of L decemlineata adults on potato leaf discs treated with dsRNA. Young adult insects were fed double-stranded-RNA-treated leaf discs for the first two days and were then placed on untreated potato foliage. The number of surviving insects were assessed regularly; mobile insects were recorded as insects which were alive and appeared to move normally; moribund insects were recorded as insects which were alive but appeared sick and slow moving - these insects were not able to right themselves once placed on their backs. Target LD002 (SEQ ID NO 168); Target LD010 (SEQ ID NO 188); Target LD014 (SEQ ID NO 198); Target LD016 (SEQ ID NO 220); gfp dsRNA (SEQ ID NO 235).

Figure 7-LD. Mortality and growth/developmental delay of larval survivors of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, on transgenic potato plants. Seven CPB L1 larvae were fed on transgenic potato siblings harbouring LD002 construct (•), empty vector (A), or wild type line V plants (■) for seven days. Mortality is expressed in percentage and average larval weight in mg. Figure 1-PC: Effects of ingested target dsRNAs on survival and growth of P. cochleariae larvae. Neonate larvae were fed oilseed rape leaf discs treated with 25 μl of topically-applied solution of 0.1 μg/μl dsRNA (targets or gfp control). Afer 2 days, the insects were transferred onto fresh dsRNA-treated leaf discs. At day 4, larvae from one replicate for every treatment were collected and placed in a Petri dish containing fresh untreated oilseed rape foliage. The insects were assessed at days 2, 4, 7, 9 & 11. (a) Survival of E. varivestis larvae on oilseed rape leaf discs treated with dsRNA. The percentage of surviving larvae was calculated relative to day 0 (start of assay), (b) Average weights of P. cochleariae larvae on oilseed rape leaf discs treated with dsRNA. Insects from each replicate were weighed together and the average weight per larva determined. Error bars represent standard deviations. Target 1 : SEQ ID NO 473; target 3: SEQ ID NO 478; target 5: SEQ ID NO 483 --; target 10: SEQ ID NO 488; target 14: SEQ ID NO 493; target 16: SEQ ID NO 498; target 27: SEQ ID NO 503; gfp dsRNA: SEQ ID NO 235.

Figure 2-PC: Survival of P. cochleariae on oilseed rape leaf discs treated with different concentrations of dsRNA of (a) target PC010 and (b) target PC027. Neonate larvae were placed on leaf discs treated with 25 μl of topically-applied solution of dsRNA. Insects were transferred to fresh treated leaf discs at day 2. At day 4 for target PC010 and day 5 for target PC027, the insects were transferred to untreated leaves. The number of surviving insects were assessed at days 2, 4, 7, 8, 9 & 11 for PC010 and 2, 5, 8, 9 & 12 for PC027. The percentage of surviving larvae was calculated relative to day 0 (start of assay). Figure 1-EV: Survival of E. varivestis larvae on bean leaf discs treated with dsRNA.

Neonate larvae were fed bean leaf discs treated with 25 μl of topically-applied solution of 1 μg/μl dsRNA (targets or gfp control). Afer 2 days, the insects were transferred onto fresh dsRNA-treated leaf discs. At day 4, larvae from one treatment were collected and placed in a plastic box containing fresh untreated bean foliage. The insects were assessed for mortality at days 2, 4, 6, 8 & 10. The percentage of surviving larvae was calculated relative to day 0 (start of assay). Target 5: SEQ ID NO 576; target 10: SEQ ID NO 586; target 15: SEQ ID NO 591 ; target 16: SEQ ID NO 596; gfp dsRNA: SEQ ID NO 235.

Figure 2-EV: Effects of ingested target dsRNAs on surival of E. varivestis adults and resistance to snap bean foliar insect damage, (a) Surivival of E. varivestis adults on bean leaf treated with dsRNA. Adults were fed bean leaf discs treated with 75 μl of topically-applied solution of 0.1 μg/μl dsRNA (targets or gfp control). After 24 hours, the insects were transferred onto fresh dsRNA-treated leaf discs. After a further 24 hours, adults from one treatment were collected and placed in a plastic box containing potted fresh untreated whole bean plants. The insects were assessed for mortality at days 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, & 11. The percentage of surviving adults was calculated relative to day 0 (start of assay). Target 10: SEQ ID NO 586; target 15: SEQ ID NO 591 ; target 16: SEQ ID NO 596; gfp dsRNA: SEQ ID NO 235. (b) Resistance to bean foliar damage caused by adults of the E. varivestis by dsRNA. Whole plants containing insects from one treatment (see (a)) were checked visually for foliar damage on day 9. (i) target 10; (ii) target 15; (iii) target 16; (iv) gfp dsRNA; (v) untreated. Figure 1-TC: Survival of T. castaneum larvae on artificial diet treated with dsRNA of target 14. Neonate larvae were fed diet based on a flour/milk mix with 1 mg dsRNA target 14. Control was water (without dsRNA) in diet. Four replicates of 10 first instar larvae per replicate were performed for each treatment. The insects were assessed for survival as average percentage means at days 6, 17, 31 , 45 and 60. The percentage of surviving larvae was calculated relative to day 0 (start of assay). Error bars represent standard deviations. Target TC014: SEQ ID NO 878.

Figure 1-MP: Effect of ingested target 27 dsRNA on the survival of Myzus persicae nymphs. First instars were placed in feeding chambers containing 50 μl of liquid diet with 2 μg/μl dsRNA (target 27 or gfp dsRNA control). Per treatment, 5 feeding chambers were set up with 10 instars in each feeding chamber. Number of survivors were assessed at 8 days post start of bioassay. Error bars represent standard deviations. Target MP027: SEQ ID NO 1061 ; gfp dsRNA: SEQ ID NO 235.

Figure 1-NL: Survival of Nilaparvata lυgens on liquid artificial diet treated with dsRNA. Nymphs of the first to second larval stage were fed diet supplemented with 2 mg/ml solution of dsRNA targets in separate bioassays: (a) NL002, NL003, NL005, NL010; (b) NL009, NL016; (c) NL014, NL018; (d) NL013, NL015, NL021. Insect survival on targets were compared to diet only and diet with gfp dsRNA control at same concentration. Diet was replaced with fresh diet containing dsRNA every two days. The number of surviving insects were assessed every day

Figure 2-NL: Survival of Nilaparvata lugens on liquid artificial diet treated with different concentrations of target dsRNA NL002. Nymphs of the first to second larval stage were fed diet supplemented with 1 , 0.2, 0.08, and 0.04 mg/ml (final concentration) of NL002. Diet was replaced with fresh diet containing dsRNA every two days. The numbers of surviving insects were assessed every day.

Examples

Example 1 : Silencing C.e/egans target genes in C. elepans in High Throughput Screening

A C. elegans genome wide library was prepared in the pGN9A vector (WO 01/88121 ) between two identical T7-promoters and terminators, driving its expression in the sense and antisense direction upon expression of the T7 polymerase, which was induced by IPTG. This library was transformed into the bacterial strain AB301-105 (DE3) in 96 well plate format. For the genome wide screening, these bacterial cells were fed to the nuclease deficient C. elegans nuc-1(e1392) strain.

Feeding the dsRNA produced in the bacterial strain AB301-105 (DE3), to C. elegans nuc-1 (e1392) worms, was performed in a 96 well plate format as follows: nuc-1 eggs were transferred to a separate plate and allowed to hatch simultaneously at 20 ⁰C for synchronization of the L1 generation. 96 well plates were filled with 100 μL liquid growth medium comprising IPTG and with 10 μL bacterial cell culture of OD₆₀₀I AB301-105 (DE3) of the C. elegans dsRNA library carrying each a vector with a C. elegans genomic fragment for expression of the dsRNA. To each well, 4 of the synchronized L1 worms were added and were incubated at 25 ⁰C for at least 4 to 5 days. These experiments were performed in quadruplicate. In the screen 6 controls were used: pGN29 = negative control, wild type pGZ1 = unc-22 = twitcher phenotype - pGZ18 = chitin synthase = embryonic lethal pGZ25 = pos-1 = embryonic lethal pGZ59 = bli-4D = acute lethal ACC = acetyl co-enzym A carboxylase = acute lethal

After 5 days, the phenotype of the C. elegans nuc-1 (e1392) worms fed with the bacteria producing dsRNA were compared to the phenotype of worms fed with the empty vector (pGN29) and the other controls. The worms that were fed with the dsRNA were screened for lethality (acute or larval) lethality for the parent (Po) generation, (embryonic) lethality for the first filial (F1 ) generation, or for growth retardation of Po as follows: (i) Acute lethality of Po: L1's have not developed and are dead, this phenotype never gives progeny and the well looks quite empty; (ii) (Larval) lethality of Po: Po died in a later stage than L1 , this phenotype also never gives progeny.

Dead larvae or dead adult worms are found in the wells; (iii) Lethality for F1 : LVs have developed until adult stage and are still alive. This phenotype has no progeny. This can be due to sterility, embryonic lethality (dead eggs on the bottom of well), embryonic arrest or larval arrest (eventually ends up being lethal): (iv) Arrested in growth and growth retardation/delay: Compared to a well with normal development and normal # of progeny.

For the target sequences presented in Table 1A, it was concluded that dsRNA mediated silencing of the C. elegans target gene in nematodes, such as C. elegans, had a fatal effect on the growth and viability of the worm.

Subsequent to the above dsRNA silencing experiment, a more detailed phenotyping experiment was conducted in C. elegans in a high throughput format on 24 well plates. The dsRNA library produced in bacterial strain AB301-105 (DE3), as described above, was fed to C. elegans nuc-1 (e1392) worms on 24 well plates as follows: nuc-1 eggs were transferred to a separate plate and allowed to hatch simultaneously at 20 C for synchronization of the L1 generation.

Subsequently 100 of the synchronized L1 worms were soaked in a mixture of 500 μL S-complete fed medium, comprising 5 μg/mL cholesterol, 4 μL/mL PEG and 1 mM IPTG, and 500 μL of bacterial cell culture of OD₆₀₀1 AB301-105 (DE3) of the C. elegans dsRNA library carrying each a vector with a C. elegans genomic fragment for expression of the dsRNA. The soaked L1 worms were rolled for 2 hours at 25 C.

After centrifugation and removal of 950 μL of the supernatant, 5 μL of the remaining and resuspended pellet (comprising about 10 to 15 worms) was transferred in the middle of each well of a 24 well plate, filled with a layer of agar LB broth. The inoculated plate was incubated at 25⁰C for 2 days. At the adult stage, 1 adult worm was singled and incubated at 25°C for 2 days for inspection of its progeny. The other adult worms are inspected in situ on the original 24 well plate. These experiments were performed in quadruplicate. This detailed phenotypic screen was repeated with a second batch of worms, the only difference being that the worms of the second batch were incubated at 20 C for 3 days.

The phenotype of the worms fed with C. elegans dsRNA was compared to the phenotype of C. elegans nuc-1 (e1392) worms fed with the empty vector. Based on this experiment, it was concluded that silencing the C. elegans target genes as represented in Table 1A had a fatal effect on the growth and viability of the worm and that the target gene is essential to the viability of nematodes. Therefore these genes are good target genes to control (kill or prevent from growing) nematodes via dsRNA mediated gene silencing. Accordingly, the present invention encompasses the use of nematode oilhologues of the above C. elegans target gene, to control nematode infestation, such as nematode infestation of plants.

Example 2: Identification of P. melanogaster ortholoques

As described above in Example 1 , numerous C. elegans lethal sequenes were identified and can be used for identifying orthologues in other species and genera. For example, the C. elegans lethal sequences can be used to identify orthologous D. melanogasters sequences. That is, each C. elegans sequence can be querried against a public database, such as GenBank, for orthologous sequences in D. melanogaster. Potential D. melanogaster orthologues were selected that share a high degree of sequence homology (E value preferably less than or equal to 1 E-30) and the sequences are blast reciprocal best hits, the latter means that the sequences from different organisms (e.g. C. elegans and D. melanogaster) are each other's top blast hits. For example, sequence C from C. elegans is compared against sequences in D. melanogaster using BLAST. If sequence C has the D. melanogaster sequence D as best hit and when D is compared to all the sequences of C. elegans, also turns out to be sequence C, then D and C are reciprocal best hits. This criterium is often used to define orthology, meaning similar sequences of different species, having similar function. The D. melanogaster sequence identifiers are represented in Table 1A.

Example 3: Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Colorado potato beetle)

A. Cloning partial gene sequences from Leptinotarsa decemlineata

High quality, intact RNA was isolated from 4 different larval stages of Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Colorado potato beetle; source: Jeroen van Schaik, Entocare CV Biologische

Gewasbescherming, Postbus 162, 6700 AD Wageningen, the Netherlands) using TRIzol Reagent

(Cat. Nr. 15596-026/15596-018, Invitrogen, Rockville, Maryland, USA) following the manufacturer's instructions. Genomic DNA present in the RNA preparation was removed by DNase treatment following the manufacturer's instructions (Cat. Nr. 1700, Promega). cDNA was generated using a commercially available kit (Superscript ™ III Reverse Transcriptase, Cat. Nr. 18080044, Invitrogen,

Rockville, Maryland, USA) following the manufacturer's instructions.

To isolate cDNA sequences comprising a portion of the LD001 , LD002, LD003, LD006, LD007, LD010, LD011 , LD014, LD015, LD016, LC018 and LD027 genes, a series of PCR reactions with degenerate primers were performed using Amplitaq Gold (Cat. Nr. N8080240, Applied Biosystems) following the manufacturer's instructions.

The sequences of the degenerate primers used for amplification of each of the genes are given in Table 2-LD, which displays Leptintarsa decemlineata target genes including primer sequences and cDNA sequences obtained. These primers were used in respective PCR reactions with the following conditions: 10 minutes at 95°C, followed by 40 cycles of 30 seconds at 95°C, 1 minute at 55⁰C and 1 minute at 72⁰C, followed by 10 minutes at 72⁰C. The resulting PCR fragments were analyzed on agarose gel, purified (QIAquick Gel Extraction kit, Cat. Nr. 28706, Qiagen), cloned into the pCR8/GW/topo vector (Cat. Nr. K2500 20, Invitrogen), and sequenced. The sequences of the resulting PCR products are represented by the respective SEQ ID NOs as given in Table 2-LD and are referred to as the partial sequences. The corresponding partial amino acid sequence are represented by the respective SEQ ID NOs as given in Table 3-LD, where the start of the reading frame is indicated in brackets.

B. dsRNA production of the Leptinotarsa decemlineata genes dsRNA was synthesized in milligram amounts using the commercially available kit T7

Ribomax™ Express RNAi System (Cat. Nr. P1700, Promega). First two separate single 5' T7 RNA polymerase promoter templates were generated in two separate PCR reactions, each reaction containing the target sequence in a different orientation relative to the T7 promoter.

For each of the target genes, the sense T7 template was generated using specific T7 forward and specific reverse primers. The sequences of the respective primers for amplifying the sense template for each of the target genes are given in Table 8-LD. The conditions in the PCR reactions were as follows: 4 minutes at 95⁰C, followed by 35 cycles of 30 seconds at 95⁰C, 30 seconds at 55⁰C and 1 minute at 72°C, followed by 10 minutes at 72⁰C. The anti-sense T7 template was generated using specific forward and specific T7 reverse primers in a PCR reaction with the same conditions as described above. The sequences of the respective primers for amplifying the anti-sense template for each of the target genes are given in Table 8-LD. The resulting PCR products were analyzed on agarose gel and purified by PCR purification kit (Qiaquick PCR Purification Kit, Cat. Nr. 28106, Qiagen) and NaCIO₄ precipitation. The generated T7 forward and reverse templates were mixed to be transcribed and the resulting RNA strands were annealed, DNase and RNase treated, and purified by sodium acetate, following the manufacturer's instructions. The sense strand of the resulting dsRNA for each of the target genes is given in Table 8-LD. Table 8-LD displays sequences for preparing ds RNA fragments of Leptinotarsa decemlineata target sequences and concatemer sequences, including primer sequences. C. Cloning Leptinotarsa decemlineata genes into plant vector pK7GWIWG2D(ll)

Since the mechanism of RNA interference operates through dsRNA fragments, the target nucleotide sequences of the target genes, as selected above, were cloned in anti-sense and sense orientation, separated by the intron - CmR - intron, whereby CmR is the chloramphenicol resistance marker, to form a dsRNA hairpin construct. These hairpin constructs were generated using the LR recombination reaction between an attL- containing entry clone (see Example 1 ) and an attR- containing destination vector (= pK7GWIWG2D(ll)). The plant vector pK7GWIWG2D(ll) was obtained from the VIB/Plant Systems Biology with a Material Transfer Agreement. LR recombination reaction was performed by using LR Clonase™ Il enzyme mix (Cat. Nr. 11791-020, Invitrogen) following the manufacturer's instructions. These cloning experiments resulted in a hairpin construct for each of the LD002, LD006, LD007, LD010, LD01 1 , LD014 and LD016 genes, having either the promoter - sense - intron - CmR - intron - antisense orientation, or promoter - antisense - intron - CmR - intron - sense orientation, and wherein the promoter is the plant operable 35S promoter. The binary vector pK7GWIWG2D(ll) with the 35S promoter is suitable for transformation into A. tumefaciens.

For LD002 and LD010, a double digest with restriction enzymes BsoBI & Pvul was done on LD002 cloned into pCR8/GW/topo (see Example 3A). For LD006, LD007, LD011 , LD014, LD016 and LD027, a digest with restriction enzyme BsoBI was done on LD006 cloned into pCR8/GW/topo (see Example 3A). The band containing the gene of interest flanked by the attL sites using Qiaquick Gel Extraction Kit (Cat. Nr. 28706, Qiagen) was purified. An amount of 150 ng of purified fragment and 150 ng pK7GWIWG2D(ll) was added together with the LR clonase Il enzyme and incubated for at least 1h at 25⁰C . After proteinase K solution treatment (10 min at 37⁰C), the whole recombination mix was transformed into Top 10 chemically competent cells. Positive clones were selected by restriction digest analysis. The complete sequence of the hairpin construct for: - LD002 (antisense - intron - CmR - intron - sense) is set forth in SEQ ID NO 240;

- LD006 (sense - intron - CmR - intron - antisense) is set forth in SEQ ID NO 241 ;

- LD007 sense - intron - CmR - intron - antisense) is set forth in SEQ ID NO 242;

- LD010 (antisense - intron - CmR - intron - sense) is set forth in SEQ ID NO 243;

- LD011 (sense - intron - CmR - intron - antisense) is set forth in SEQ ID NO 244; - LD014 (sense - intron - CmR - intron - antisense) is set forth in SEQ ID NO 245;

- LD016 (antisense - intron - CmR - intron - sense) is set forth in SEQ ID NO 246;

- LD027 (sense - intron - CmR - intron - antisense) is set forth in SEQ ID NO 2486. Table 9-LD provides complete sequences for each hairpin construct.

D. Screening dsRNA targets using artificial diet for activity against Leptinotarsa decemlineata

Artificial diet for the Colorado potato beetle was prepared as follows (adapted from Gelman et al., 2001 , J. Ins. Sc, vol. 1 , no. 7, 1-10): water and agar were autoclaved, and the remaining ingredients (shown in Table A below) were added when the temperature dropped to 55 ⁰C. At this temperature, the ingredients were mixed well before the diet was aliquoted into 24-well plates (Nunc) with a quantity of 1 ml of diet per well. The artificial diet was allowed to solidify by cooling at room temperature. Diet was stored at 4 ⁰C for up to three weeks. Table A: Ingredients for Artificial diet

Fifty μl of a solution of dsRNA at a concentration of 1 mg/ml was applied topically onto the solid artificial diet in the wells of the multiwell plate. The diet was dried in a laminair flow cabin. Per treatment, twenty-four Colorado potato beetle larvae (2^nd stage), with two insects per well, were tested. The plates were stored in the insect rearing chamber at 25 ± 2 ⁰C, 60 % relative humidity, with a 16:8 hours light:dark photoperiod. The beetles were assessed as live or dead every 1 , 2 or 3 days. After seven days, for targets LD006, LD007, LD010, LD011 , and LD014, the diet was replaced with fresh diet with topically applied dsRNA at the same concentration (1 mg/ml); for targets LD001 , LD002, LD003, LD015, and LD016, the diet was replaced with fresh diet only. The dsRNA targets were compared to diet only or diet with topically applied dsRNA corresponding to a fragment of the GFP (green fluorescent protein) coding sequence (SEQ ID NO 235).

Feeding artificial diet containing intact naked dsRNAs to L. decemlineata larvae resulted in significant increases in larval mortalities as indicated in two separate bioassays (Figures 1LD- 2LD).

All dsRNAs tested resulted ultimately in 100 % mortality after 7 to 14 days. Diet with or without GFP dsRNA sustained the insects throughout the bioassays with very little or no mortality.

Typically, in all assays observed, CPB second-stage larvae fed normally on diet with or without dsRNA for 2 days and molted to the third larval stage. At this new larval stage the CPB were observed to reduce significantly or stop altogether their feeding, with an increase in mortality as a result. E. Bioassay of dsRNA targets using potato leaf discs for activity against the Leptinotarsa decemlineata

An alternative bioassay method was employed using potato leaf material rather than artificial diet as food source for CPB. Discs of approximately 1.1 cm in diameter (or 0.95 cm²) were cut out off leaves of 2 to 3-week old potato plants using a suitably-sized cork borer. Treated leaf discs were prepared by applying 20 μl of a 10 ng/μl solution of target LD002 dsRNA or control gfp dsRNA on the adaxial leaf surface. The leaf discs were allowed to dry and placed individually in 24 wells of a 24-well multiplate (Nunc). A single second-larval stage CPB was placed into each well, which was then covered with tissue paper and a multiwell plastic Nd. The plate containing the insects and leaf discs were kept in an insect chamber at 28⁰C with a photoperiod of 16h light/8h dark. The insects were allowed to feed on the leaf discs for 2 days after which the insects were transferred to a new plate containing fresh treated leaf discs. Thereafter, the insects were transferred to a plate containing untreated leaf discs every day until day 7. Insect mortality and weight scores were recorded. Feeding potato leaf discs with surface-applied intact naked dsRNA of target LD002 to L. decemlineata larvae resulted in a significant increase in larval mortalities (i.e. at day 7 all insects were dead; 100 % mortality) whereas control gfp dsRNA had no effect on CPB survival. Target LD002 dsRNA severely affected the growth of the larvae after 2 to 3 days whereas the larvae fed with gfp dsRNA at the same concentration developed as normal (Figure 3-LD). F. Screening shorter versions of dsRNAs using artificial diet for activity against

Leptinotarsa decemlineata

This example exemplifies the finding that shorter (60 or 100bp) dsRNA fragments on their own or as concatemer constructs are sufficient in causing toxicity towards the Colorado potato beetle. LD014, a target known to induce lethality in Colorado potato beetle, was selected for this example. This gene encodes a V-ATPase subunit E (SEQ ID NO 15).

A 100 base pair fragment, LD014_F1 , at position 195-294 on SEQ ID NO 15 (SEQ ID NO

159) and a 60 base pair fragment, LD014_F2, at position 235-294 on SEQ ID NO 15 (SEQ ID NO

160) were further selected. See also Table 7-LD. Two concatemers of 300 base pairs, LD014_C1 and LD014_C2, were designed (SEQ ID

NO 161 and SEQ ID NO 162). LD014_C1 contained 3 repeats of the 100 base pair fragment described above (SEQ ID NO 159) and LD014_C2 contained 5 repeats of the 60 base pair fragment described above (SEQ ID NO 160). See also Table 7-LD.

The fragments LD014_F1 and LD014_F2 were synthesized as sense and antisense primers. These primers were annealed to create the double strands DNA molecules prior to cloning. Xba\ and Xma\ restrictions sites were included at the 5^' and 3^' ends of the primers, respectively, to facilitate the cloning. The concatemers were made as 300 base pairs synthetic genes. Xba\ and Xma\ restrictions sites were included at the 5^' and 3^' ends of the synthetic DNA fragments, respectively, to facilite the cloning.

The 4 DNA molecules, i.e. the 2 single units (LD014_F1 & LD014_F2) and the 2 concatemers (LD014_C1 & LD014_C2), were digested with Xba\ and Xma\ and subcloned in pBluescriptll SK+ linearised by Xba\ and Xma\ digests, resulting in recombinant plasmids p1 , p2, p3, & p4, respectively.

Double-stranded RNA production: dsRNA was synthesized using the commercially available kit T7 Ribomax™ Express RNAi System (Cat. Nr. P1700, Promega). First two separate single 5' T7 RNA polymerase promoter templates were generated in two separate PCR reactions, each reaction containing the target sequence in a different orientation relative to the T7 promoter. For LD014_F1 , the sense T7 template was generated using the specific T7 forward primer OGBM159 and the specific reverse primer oGBM164 (represented herein as SEQ ID NO 204 and SEQ ID NO 205, respectively) in a PCR reaction with the following conditions: 4 minutes at 95°C, followed by 35 cycles of 30 seconds at 95°C, 30 seconds at 55⁰C and 1 minute at 72⁰C, followed by 10 minutes at 72°C. The anti-sense T7 template was generated using the specific forward primer oGBM163 and the specific T7 reverse primer oGBM160 (represented herein as SEQ ID NO 206 and SEQ ID NO 207, respectively) in a PCR reaction with the same conditions as described above. The resulting PCR products were analyzed on agarose gel and purified by PCR purification kit (Qiaquick PCR Purification Kit, Cat. Nr. 28106, Qiagen) and NaCIO₄ precipitation. The generated T7 forward and reverse templates were mixed to be transcribed and the resulting RNA strands were annealed, Dnase and Rnase treated, and purified by sodium acetate, following the manufacturer's instructions. The sense strand of the resulting dsRNA is herein represented by SEQ ID NO 203. For LD014_F2, the sense T7 template was generated using the specific T7 forward primer

0GBM161 and the specific reverse primer 0GBMI66 (represented herein as SEQ ID NO 209 and SEQ ID NO 210, respectively) in a PCR reaction with the following conditions: 4 minutes at 95°C, followed by 35 cycles of 30 seconds at 95°C, 30 seconds at 55°C and 1 minute at 72⁰C, followed by 10 minutes at 72°C. The anti-sense T7 template was generated using the specific forward primer OGBM165 and the specific T7 reverse primer oGBM162 (represented herein as SEQ ID NO 211 and SEQ ID NO 212, respectively) in a PCR reaction with the same conditions as described above. The resulting PCR products were analyzed on agarose gel and purified by PCR purification kit (Qiaquick PCR Purification Kit, Cat. Nr. 28106, Qiagen) and NaCIO₄ precipitation. The generated T7 forward and reverse templates were mixed to be transcribed and the resulting RNA strands were annealed, Dnase and Rnase treated, and purified by sodium acetate, following the manufacturer's instructions. The sense strand of the resulting dsRNA is herein represented by SEQ ID NO 208.

Also for the concatemers, separate single 5' T7 RNA polymerase promoter templates were generated in two separate PCR reactions, each reaction containing the target sequence in a different orientation relative to the T7 promoter. The recombinant plasmids p3 and p4 containing LD014_C1 & LD014_C2 were linearised with Xba\ or Xma\, the two linear fragments for each construct purified and used as template for the in vitro transcription assay, using the T7 promoters flanking the cloning sites. Double-stranded RNA was prepared by in vitro transcription using the T7 RiboMAX™ Express RNAi System (Promega). The sense strands of the resulting dsRNA for LD014_C1 and LD014_C2 are herein represented by SEQ ID NO 213 and2114, respectively.

Shorter sequences of target LD014 and concatemers were able to induce lethality in Leptinotarsa decemlineata, as shown in Figure 4-LD.

G. Screening dsRNAs at different concentrations using artificial diet for activity against Leptinotarsa decemlineata Fifty μl of a solution of dsRNA at serial ten-fold concentrations from 1 μg/μl (for target

LD027 from 0.1 μg/μl)down to 0.01 ng/μl was applied topically onto the solid artificial diet in the wells of a 24-well plate (Nunc). The diet was dried in a laminair flow cabin. Per treatment, twenty- four Colorado potato beetle larvae (2^nd stage), with two insects per well, were tested. The plates were stored in the insect rearing chamber at 25 ± 2 ⁰C, 60 % relative humidity, with a 16:8 hours light:dark photoperiod. The beetles were assessed as live or dead at regular intervals up to day 14. After seven days, the diet was replaced with fresh diet with topically applied dsRNA at the same concentrations. The dsRNA targets were compared to diet only.

Feeding artificial diet containing intact naked dsRNAs of different targets to L. decemlineata larvae resulted in high larval mortalities at concentrations as low as between 0.1 and 10 ng dsRNA/μl as shown in Figure 5-LD.

H. Adults are extremely susceptible to orally ingested dsRNA corresponding to target genes.

The example provided below highlights the finding that adult insects (and not only insects of the larval stage) are extremely susceptible to orally ingested dsRNA corresponding to target genes.

Four targets were chosen for this experiment: targets 2, 10, 14 and 16 (SEQ ID NO 168, 188, 198 and 220, respectively). GFP fragment dsRNA (SEQ ID NO 235) was used as a control. Young adults (2 to 3 days old) were picked at random from our laboratory-reared culture with no bias towards insect gender. Ten adults were chosen per treatment. The adults were prestarved for at least 6 hours before the onset of the treatment. On the first day of treatment, each adult was fed four potato leaf discs (diameter 1.5 cm²) which were pretreated with a topical application of 25 μl of 0.1 μg/μl target dsRNA (synthesized as described in Example 3A; topical application as described in Example 3E) per disc. Each adult was confined to a small petridish (diameter 3 cm) in order to make sure that all insects have ingested equal amounts of food and thus received equal doses of dsRNA. The following day, each adult was again fed four treated leaf discs as described above. On the third day, all ten adults per treatment were collected and placed together in a cage consisting of a plastic box (dimensions 30 cm x 20 cm x 15 cm) with a fine nylon mesh built into the lid to provide good aeration. Inside the box, some moistened filter paper was placed in the base. Some (untreated) potato foliage was placed on top of the paper to maintain the adults during the experiment. From day 5, regular assessments were carried out to count the number of dead, alive (mobile) and moribund insects. For insect moribundity, adults were laid on their backs to check whether they could right themselves within several minutes; an insect was considered moribund only if it was not able to turn onto its front. Clear specific toxic effects of double-stranded RNA correpsonding to different targets towards adults of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, were demonstrated in this experiment (Figure 6-LD). Double-stranded RNA corresponding to a gfp fragment showed no toxicity towards CPB adults on the day of the final assessment (day 19). This experiment clearly showed that the survival of CPB adults was severely reduced only after a few days of exposure to dsRNA when delivered orally. For example, for target 10, on day 5, 5 out of 10 adults were moribund (sick and slow moving); on day 6, 4 out of 10 adults were dead with three of the survivors moribund; on day 9 all adults were observed dead.

As a consequence of this experiment, the application of target double-stranded RNAs against insect pests may be broadened to include the two life stages of an insect pest (i.e. larvae and adults) which could cause extensive crop damage, as is the case with the Colorado potato beetle.

I. Laboratory trials to test transgenic potato plants against larvae of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata

The example provided below is an exemplification of the finding that transgenic potato plants expressing CPB-gene-specific hairpin RNAs adversely affected Colorado potato beetles.

Potato transformation

Stably transformed potato plants were obtained using an adapted protocol received through Julie Gilbert at the NSF Potato Genome Project (http://www.potatogenome.org/nsf5). Stem internode explants of potato 'Line V" (obtained from the Laboratory of Plant Breeding at PRI Wageningen, the Netherlands) which was derived from the susceptible diploid Solanum tuberosum

6487-9 were used as starting material for transformation.

In vitro derived explants were inoculated with Agrobacterium tumifaciens CSeC₁RJf* containing the hairpin constructs. After three days co-cultivation the explants were put onto a selective medium containing 100mg/l Kanamycin and 300mg/l Timentin. After 6 weeks post- transformation the first putative shoots were removed and rooted on selective medium. Shoots originating from different explants were treated as independent events, shoots originating from the same callus were termed 'siblings' until their clonal status can be verified by Southerns, and nodal cuttings of a shoot were referred to as 'clones'.

The transgenic status of the rooting shoots was checked either by GFP fluorescence or by plus/minus PCR for the target sequence. Positive shoots were then clonally propagated in tissue culture to ensure enough replicates were available for the Colorado potato beetle assay with the first plants being available to test fourteen weeks post transformation.

Bioassay Transgenic potato plants were grown to the 8-12 unfolded leaf stage in a plant growth room chamber with the following conditions: 23 ± 2⁰C, 60 % relative humidity, 16:8 hour light:dark photoperiod. The plants were caged by placing a 500 ml bottle upside down over the plant with the neck of the bottle firmly placed in the soil in a pot and base cut open and covered with a fine nylon mesh to permit aeration, reduce condensation inside and prevent larval escape.

In this bioassay, seven neonate CPB larvae were placed on the foliage of each transgenic potato plant. Six transgenic potato siblings per transformation event (i.e. plants derived from one callus) of the hairpin construct LD002 (comprising SEQ ID NO 240) (labeled as pGBNB001/28A to F) and empty vector (labeled as pK7GWIWG2D(ll)/11 A to F), and two wild type plants were tested. Temperature, humidity and lighting conditions were the same as described above. At day 7 (7 days after the start of the bioassay), the number of survivors were counted and the average weight of larval survivors from each plant recorded. Data was analysed using the Spotfire® DecisionSite® 9.0 software (Version 17.1.779) from Spotfire Inc.

In this experiment, all larvae of the Colorado potato beetle on two sibling plants (labeled as pGBNB001/28A and pGBNB001/28F), harbouring hairpin construct LD002, generated from a single transformation event, were dead on day 7 (Figure 7-LD). Feeding damage by CPB larvae on these two plants was very low when compared to the empty vector transgenic plants or wild type line V plants.

Example 4: Phaedon cochleariae (mustard leaf beetle)

A. Cloning of a partial sequence of the Phaedon cochleariae (mustard leaf beetle) PC001, PC003, PC005, PC010, PC014, PC016 and PC027 genes via family PCR

High quality, intact RNA was isolated from the third larval stage of Phaedon cochleariae (mustard leaf beetle; source: Dr. Caroline Muller, Julius-von-Sachs-lnstitute for Biosciences, Chemical Ecology Group, University of Wuerzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 3, D-97082 Wuerzburg, Germany) using TRIzol Reagent (Cat. Nr. 15596-026/15596-018, Invitrogen, Rockville, Maryland, USA) following the manufacturer's instructions. Genomic DNA present in the RNA preparation was removed by DNase (Cat. Nr. 1700, Promega) treatment following the manufacturer's instructions. cDNA was generated using a commercially available kit (Superscript ™ III Reverse Transcriptase, Cat. Nr. 18080044, Invitrogen, Rockville, Maryland, USA) following the manufacturer's instructions. To isolate cDNA sequences comprising a portion of the PC001 , PC003, PC005, PC010, PC014, PC016 and PC027 genes, a series of PCR reactions with degenerate primers were performed using Amplitaq Gold (Cat. Nr. N8080240, Applied Biosystems) following the manafacturer's instructions. The sequences of the degenerate primers used for amplification of each of the genes are given in Table 2-PC. These primers were used in respective PCR reactions with the following conditions: 10 minutes at 95⁰C, followed by 40 cycles of 30 seconds at 95°C, 1 minute at 55°C and 1 minute at 72°C, followed by 10 minutes at 72⁰C. The resulting PCR fragments were analyzed on agarose gel, purified (QIAquick Gel Extraction kit, Cat. Nr. 28706, Qiagen), cloned into the pCR4/TOPO vector (Cat. Nr. K4530-20, Invitrogen) and sequenced. The sequences of the resulting PCR products are represented by the respective SEQ ID NOs as given in Table 2-PC and are referred to as the partial sequences.

The corresponding partial amino acid sequence are represented by the respective SEQ ID NOs as given in Table 3-PC. Table 3-PC provides amino acid sequences of cDNA clones, and the start of the reading frame is indicated in brackets.

B. dsRNA production of the Phaedon cochleariae genes dsRNA was synthesized in milligram amounts using the commercially available kit T7 Ribomax™ Express RNAi System (Cat. Nr. P1700, Promega). First two separate single 5¹ T7 RNA polymerase promoter templates were generated in two separate PCR reactions, each reaction containing the target sequence in a different orientation relative to the T7 promoter.

For each of the target genes, the sense T7 template was generated using specific T7 forward and specific reverse primers. The sequences of the respective primers for amplifying the sense template for each of the target genes are given in Table 8-PC. Table 8-PC provides details for preparing ds RNA fragments of Phaedon cochleariae target sequences, including primer sequences.

The conditions in the PCR reactions were as follows: 1 minute at 95°C, followed by 20 cycles of 30 seconds at 95°C, 30 seconds at 60⁰C and 1 minute at 72⁰C, followed by 15 cycles of 30 seconds at 95°C, 30 seconds at 5O⁰C and 1 minute at 72°C followed by 10 minutes at 72°C. The anti-sense T7 template was generated using specific forward and specific T7 reverse primers in a PCR reaction with the same conditions as described above. The sequences of the respective primers for amplifying the anti-sense template for each of the target genes are given in Table 8-PC. The resulting PCR products were analyzed on agarose gel and purified by PCR purification kit (Qiaquick PCR Purification Kit, Cat. Nr. 28106, Qiagen) and NaCIO₄ precipitation. The generated T7 forward and reverse templates were mixed to be transcribed and the resulting RNA strands were annealed, DNase and RNase treated, and purified by sodium acetate, following the manufacturer's instructions. The sense strand of the resulting dsRNA for each of the target genes is given in Table 8-PC.

C. Recombination of the Phaedon cochleariae (mustard leaf beetle) genes into the plant vector pK7GWIWG2D(ll)

Since the mechanism of RNA interference operates through dsRNA fragments, the target nucleotide sequences of the target genes, as selected above, were cloned in anti-sense and sense orientation, separated by the intron - CmR - intron, whereby CmR is the chloramphenicol resistance marker, to form a dsRNA hairpin construct. These hairpin constructs were generated using the LR recombination reaction between an attL- containing entry clone (see Example 4A) and an attR- containing destination vector (= pK7GWΪWG2D(ll)). The plant vector pK7GWIWG2D(ll) was obtained from the VIB/Plant Systems Biology with a Material Transfer Agreement. LR recombination reaction was performed by using LR Clonase™ Il enzyme mix (Cat. Nr. 11791-020, Invitrogen) following the manufacturer's instructions. These cloning experiments resulted in a hairpin construct for each of the PC001 , PC010, PC014, PC016 and PC027 genes, having the promoter - sense - intron - CmR - intron - antisense orientation, and wherein the promoter is the plant operable 35S promoter. The binary vector pK7GWIWG2D(ll) with the 35S promoter is suitable for transformation into A. tumefaciens. Restriction enzyme digests were carried out on pCR8/GW/TOPO plasmids containing the different targets (see Example 4B): for PC001 , a double digest with BsoBI & Pvul; for PC010, a double digest with Pvul & Pvull; for PC014, a triple digest with Hindi, Pvul & Xhol; for PC016, a single digest with ApaLI; for PC027, a double digest with Aval & Drdl. The band containing the gene of interest flanked by the attL sites using Qiaquick Gel Extraction Kit (Cat. Nr. 28706, Qiagen) was purified. An amount of 150 ng of purified fragment and 150 ng pK7GWIWG2D(ll) was added together with the LR clonase Il enzyme and incubated for at least 1h at 25°C . After proteinase K solution treatment (10 min at 37⁰C), the whole recombination mix was transformed into Top 10 chemically competent cells. Positive clones were selected by restriction digest analyses. The complete sequence of the hairpin construct for: - PC001 (sense - intron - CmR - intron - antisense) is represented in SEQ ID NO 508;

- PC010 (sense - intron - CmR - intron - antisense) is represented in SEQ ID NO 509;

- PC014 (sense - intron - CmR - intron - antisense) is represented in SEQ ID NO 510;

- PC016 (sense - intron - CmR - intron - antisense) is represented in SEQ ID NO 511 ;

- PC027 (sense - intron - CmR - intron - antisense) is represented in SEQ ID NO 512;

Table 9-PC provides sequences for each hairpin construct.

D. Laboratory trials to test dsRNA targets, using oilseed rape leaf discs for activity against Phaedon cochleariae larvae

The example provided below is an exemplification of the finding that the mustard leaf beetle (MLB) larvae are susceptible to orally ingested dsRNA corresponding to own target genes.

To test the different double-stranded RNA samples against MLB larvae, a leaf disc assay was employed using oilseed rape (Brassica napus variety SW Oban; source: Nick Balaam, Sw Seed Ltd., 49 North Road, Abington, Cambridge, CB1 6AS, UK) leaf material as food source. The insect cultures were maintained on the same variety of oilseed rape in the insect chamber at 25 ± 2 ⁰C and 60 ± 5 % relative humidity with a photoperiod of 16h light/8h dark. Discs of approximately 1.1 cm in diameter (or 0.95 cm²) were cut out off leaves of 4- to 6-week old rape plants using a suitably-sized cork borer. Double-stranded RNA samples were diluted to 0.1 μg/μl in MiIIi-Q water containing 0.05% Triton X-100. Treated leaf discs were prepared by applying 25 μl of the diluted solution of target PC001 , PC003, PC005, PC010, PC014, PC016, PC027 dsRNA and control gfp dsRNA or 0.05 % Triton X-100 on the adaxial leaf surface. The leaf discs were left to dry and placed individually in each of the 24 wells of a 24-well multiplate containing 1 ml of gellified 2% agar which helps to prevent the leaf disc from drying out. Two neonate MLB larvae were placed into each well of the plate, which was then covered with a multiwell plastic lid. The plate (one treatment containing 48 insects) was divided into 4 replicates of 12 insects per replicate (each row). The plate containing the insects and leaf discs were kept in an insect chamber at 25 ± 2 ⁰C and 60

± 5 % relative humidity with a photoperiod of 16h light/8h dark. The insects were fed leaf discs for 2 days after which they were transferred to a new plate containing freshly treated leaf discs.

Thereafter, 4 days after the start of the bioassay, the insects from each replicate were collected and transferred to a Petri dish containing untreated fresh oilseed rape leaves. Larval mortality and average weight were recorded at days 2, 4 7, 9 and 1 1.

P. cochleariae larvae fed on intact naked target dsRNA-treated oilseed rape leaves resulted in significant increases in larval mortalities for all targets tested, as indicated in Figure 1 (a).

Tested double-stranded RNA for target PC010 led to 100 % larval mortality at day 9 and for target PC027 at day 11. For all other targets, signficantly high mortality values were reached at day 11 when compared to control gfp dsRNA, 0.05% Trition X-100 alone or untreated leaf only: (average value in percentage ± confidence interval with alpha 0.05) PC001 (94.4 ± 8.2); PC003 (86.1 ± 4.1 );

PC005 (83.3 ± 7.8); PC014 (63.9 ± 20.6); PC016 (75.0 ± 16.8); gfp dsRNA (11.1 ± 8.2); 0.05%

Triton X-100 (19.4 ± 10.5); leaf only (8.3 ± 10.5). Larval survivors were assessed based on their average weight. For all targets tested, the mustard leaf beetle larvae had significantly reduced average weights after day 4 of the bioassay; insects fed control gfp dsRNA or 0.05% Triton X-100 alone developed normally, as for the larvae on leaf only (Figure 1(b)-PC).

E. Laboratory trials to screen dsRNAs at different concentrations using oilseed rape leaf discs for activity against Phaedon cochleariae larvae

Twenty-five μl of a solution of dsRNA from target PC010 or PC027 at serial ten-fold concentrations from 0.1 μg/μl down to 0.1 ng/μl was applied topically onto the oilseed rape leaf disc, as described in Example 4D above. As a negative control, 0.05% Triton X-100 only was administered to the leaf disc. Per treatment, twenty-four mustard leaf beetle neonate larvae, with two insects per well, were tested. The plates were stored in the insect rearing chamber at 25 ± 2 ⁰C, 60 ± 5 % relative humidity, with a 16:8 hours light:dark photoperiod. At day 2, the larvae were transferred on to a new plate containing fresh dsRNA-treated leaf discs. At day 4 for target PC010 and day 5 for target PC027, insects from each replicate were transferred to a Petri dish containing abundant untreated leaf material. The beetles were assessed as live or dead on days 2, 4, 7, 8, 9, and 11 for target PC010, and 2, 5, 8, 9 and 12 for target PC027.

Feeding oilseed rape leaf discs containing intact naked dsRNAs of the two different targets, PC010 and PC027, to P. cochleariae larvae resulted in high mortalities at concentrations down to as low as 1 ng dsRNA/μl solution, as shown in Figures 2 (a) and (b). Average mortality values in percentage ± confidence interval with alpha 0.05 for different concentrations of dsRNA for target PC010 at day 11 , 0 μg/μl: 8.3 ± 9.4; 0.1 μg/μl: 100; 0.01 μg/μl: 79.2 ± 20.6; 0.001 μg/μl: 58.3 ± 9.4; 0.0001 μg/μl: 12.5 ± 15.6; and for target PC027 at day 12, 0 μg/μl: 8.3 ± 9.4; 0.1 μg/μl: 95.8 ± 8.2; 0.01 μg/μl: 95.8 ± 8.2; 0.001 μg/μl: 83.3 ± 13.3; 0.0001 μg/μl: 12.5 ± 8.2.

F. Laboratory trials of Myzus periscae (green peach aphid) infestation on transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants Generation of transgenic plants

Arabidopsis thaliana plants were transformed using the floral dip method (Clough and Bent (1998) Plant Journal 16:735-743). Aerial parts of the plants were incubated for a few seconds in a solution containing 5% sucrose, resuspended Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain C58C1 Rif cells from an overnight culture and 0.03% of the surfactant Silwet L-77. After inoculation, plants were covered for 16 hours with a transparent plastic to maintain humidity. To increase the transformation efficiency, the procedure was repeated after one week. Watering was stopped as seeds matured and dry seeds were harvested and cold-treated for two days. After sterilization, seeds were plated on a kanamycin-containing growth medium for selection of transformed plants. The selected plants are transferred to soil for optimal T2 seed production.

Bioassav

Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants are selected by allowing the segregating T2 seeds to germinate on appropriate selection medium. When the roots of these transgenics are well- established they are then transferred to fresh artificial growth medium or soil and allowed to grow under optimal conditions. Whole transgenic plants are tested against nymphs of the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) to show (1 ) a significant resistance to plant damage by the feeding nymph, (2) increased nymphal mortality, and/or (3) decreased weight of nymphal survivors (or any other aberrant insect development).

Example 5: Epilachna varivetis (Mexican bean beetle)

A. Cloning Epilachna varivetis partial gene sequences

High quality, intact RNA was isolated from 4 different larval stages of Epilachna varivetis (Mexican bean beetle; source: Thomas Dorsey, Supervising Entomologist, New Jersey Department of Agriculture, Division of Plant Industry, Bureau of Biological Pest Control, Phillip Alampi Beneficial Insect Laboratory, PO Box 330, Trenton, New Jersey 08625-0330, USA) using TRIzol Reagent (Cat. Nr. 15596-026/15596-018, Invitrogen, Rockville, Maryland, USA) following the manufacturer's instructions. Genomic DNA present in the RNA preparation was removed by DNase treatment following the manafacturer's instructions (Cat. Nr. 1700, Promega). cDNA was generated using a commercially available kit (Superscript ™ III Reverse Transcriptase, Cat. Nr. 18080044, Invitrogen, Rockville, Maryland, USA) following the manufacturer's instructions.

To isolate cDNA sequences comprising a portion of the EV005, EV009, EV010, EV015 and EV016 genes, a series of PCR reactions with degenerate primers were performed using Amplitaq Gold (Cat. Nr. N8080240, Applied Biosystems) following the manufacturer's instructions.

The sequences of the degenerate primers used for amplification of each of the genes are given in Table 2-EV, which displays Epilachna varivetis target genes including primer sequences and cDNA sequences obtained. These primers were used in respective PCR reactions with the following conditions: for EV005 and EV009, 10 minutes at 95°C, followed by 40 cycles of 30 seconds at 95°C, 1 minute at 50⁰C and 1 minute 30 seconds at 72°C, followed by 7 minutes at 72°C; for EV014, 10 minutes at 95°C, followed by 40 cycles of 30 seconds at 95°C, 1 minute at 53⁰C and 1 minute at 72°C, followed by 7 minutes at 72⁰C; for EV010 and EV016, 10 minutes at 95°C, followed by 40 cycles of 30 seconds at 95⁰C, 1 minute at 54°C and 1 minute 40 seconds at 72°C, followed by 7 minutes at 72⁰C. The resulting PCR fragments were analyzed on agarose gel, purified (QIAquick Gel Extraction kit, Cat. Nr. 28706, Qiagen), cloned into the pCR4/TOPO vector (Cat. Nr. K4530-20, Invitrogen), and sequenced. The sequences of the resulting PCR products are represented by the respective SEQ ID NOs as given in Table 2-EV and are referred to as the partial sequences. The corresponding partial amino acid sequences are represented by the respective SEQ ID NOs as given in Table 3-EV, where the start of the reading frame is indicated in brackets. B. dsRNA production of the Epilachna varivetis genes dsRNA was synthesized in milligram amounts using the commercially available kit T7 Ribomax™ Express RNAi System (Cat. Nr. P1700, Promega). First two separate single 5' T7 RNA polymerase promoter templates were generated in two separate PCR reactions, each reaction containing the target sequence in a different orientation relative to the T7 promoter. For each of the target genes, the sense T7 template was generated using specific T7 forward and specific reverse primers. The sequences of the respective primers for amplifying the sense template for each of the target genes are given in Table 8-EV.

The conditions in the PCR reactions were as follows: 1 minute at 95°C, followed by 20 cycles of 30 seconds at 95°C, 30 seconds at 60°C and 1 minute at 72⁰C, followed by 15 cycles of 30 seconds at 95°C, 30 seconds at 50°C and 1 minute at 72⁰C followed by 10 minutes at 72°C. The anti-sense T7 template was generated using specific forward and specific T7 reverse primers in a PCR reaction with the same conditions as described above. The sequences of the respective primers for amplifying the anti-sense template for each of the target genes are given in Table 8-EV. The resulting PCR products were analyzed on agarose gel and purified by PCR purification kit (Qiaquick PCR Purification Kit, Cat. Nr. 28106, Qiagen) and NaCIO₄ precipitation. The generated T7 forward and reverse templates were mixed to be transcribed and the resulting RNA strands were annealed, DNase and RNase treated, and purified by sodium acetate, following the manufacturer's instructions. The sense strand of the resulting dsRNA for each of the target genes is given in Table 8-EV. C. Recombination of the Epilachna varivetis genes into the plant vector pK7GWIWG2D(ll)

Since the mechanism of RNA interference operates through dsRNA fragments, the target nucleotide sequences of the target genes, as selected above, are cloned in anti-sense and sense orientation, separated by the intron - CmR - intron, whereby CmR is the chloramphenicol resistance marker, to form a dsRNA hairpin construct. These hairpin constructs are generated using the LR recombination reaction between an attL- containing entry clone (see Example 5A) and an attR- containing destination vector (= pK7GWIWG2D(ll)). The plant vector pK7GWIWG2D(ll) is obtained from the VIB/Plant Systems Biology with a Material Transfer Agreement. LR recombination reaction is performed by using LR Clonase™ Il enzyme mix (Cat. Nr. 11791-020, Invitrogen) following the manufacturer's instructions. These cloning experiments result in a hairpin construct for each of the target genes, having the promoter - sense - intron - CmR - intron - antisense orientation, and wherein the promoter is the plant operable 35S promoter. The binary vector pK7GWIWG2D(ll) with the 35S promoter is suitable for transformation into A. tumefaciens. Restriction enzyme digests were carried out on pCR8/GW/TOPO plasmids containing the different targets (see Example B). The band containing the gene of interest flanked by the attL sites using Qiaquick Gel Extraction Kit (Cat. Nr. 28706, Qiagen) is purified. An amount of 150 ng of purified fragment and 150 ng pK7GWIWG2D(ll) is added together with the LR clonase Il enzyme and incubated for at least 1 h at 25°C . After proteinase K solution treatment (10 min at 37⁰C), the whole recombination mix is transformed into Top 10 chemically competent cells. Positive clones are selected by restriction digest analyses.

D. Laboratory trials to test dsRNA targets using bean leaf discs for activity against Epilachna varivetis larvae

The example provided below is an exemplification of the finding that the Mexican bean beetle (MBB) larvae are susceptible to orally ingested dsRNA corresponding to own target genes.

To test the different double-stranded RNA samples against MBB larvae, a leaf disc assay was employed using snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris variety Montano; source: Aveve NV, Belgium) leaf material as food source. The same variety of beans was used to maintain insect cultures in the insect chamber at 25 ± 2 ⁰C and 60 ± 5 % relative humidity with a photoperiod of 16h light/8h dark. Discs of approximately 1.1 cm in diameter (or 0.95 cm²) were cut out off leaves of 1- to 2-week old bean plants using a suitably-sized cork borer. Double-stranded RNA samples were diluted to 1 μg/μl in MiIIi-Q water containing 0.05% Triton X-100. Treated leaf discs were prepared by applying 25 μl of the diluted solution of target Ev005, Ev010, EvO15, EvO16 dsRNA and control gfp dsRNA or 0.05 % Triton X-100 on the adaxial leaf surface. The leaf discs were left to dry and placed individually in each of the 24 wells of a 24-well multiplate containing 1 ml of gellified 2 % agar which helps to prevent the leaf disc from drying out. A single neonate MBB larva was placed into each well of a plate, which was then covered with a multiwell plastic lid. The plate was divided into 3 replicates of 8 insects per replicate (row). The plate containing the insects and leaf discs were kept in an insect chamber at 25 ± 2 ⁰C and 60 ± 5 % relative humidity with a photoperiod of 16h light/8h dark. The insects were fed on the leaf discs for 2 days after which the insects were transferred to a new plate containing freshly treated leaf discs. Thereafter, 4 days after the start of the bioassay, the insects were transferred to a petriplate containing untreated fresh bean leaves every day until day 10. Insect mortality was recorded at day 2 and every other day thereafter.

Feeding snap bean leaves containing surface-applied intact naked target dsRNAs to E. varivestis larvae resulted in significant increases in larval mortalities, as indicated in Figure 1. Tested double-stranded RNAs of targets Ev010, EvO15, & EvO16 led to 100 % mortality after 8 days, whereas dsRNA of target Ev005 took 10 days to kill all larvae. The majority of the insects fed on treated leaf discs containing control gfp dsRNA or only the surfactant Triton X-100 were sustained throughout the bioassay (Figure 1-EV). E. Laboratory trials to test dsRNA targets using bean leaf discs for activity against Epilachna varivestis adults

The example provided below is an exemplification of the finding that the Mexican bean beetle adults are susceptible to orally ingested dsRNA corresponding to own target genes. In a similar bioassay set-up as for Mexican bean beetle larvae, adult MBBs were tested against double-stranded RNAs topically-applied to bean leaf discs. Test dsRNA from each target Ev010, EvO15 and EvO16 was diluted in 0.05 % Triton X-100 to a final concentration of 0.1 μg/μl. Bean leaf discs were treated by topical application of 30 μl of the test solution onto each disc. The discs were allowed to dry completely before placing each on a slice of gellified 2 % agar in each well of a 24-well multiwell plate. Three-day-old adults were collected from the culture cages and fed nothing for 7-8 hours prior to placing one adult to each well of the bioassay plate (thus 24 adults per treatment). The plates were kept in the insect rearing chamber (under the same conditions as for MBB larvae for 24 hours) after which the adults were transferred to a new plate containing fresh dsRNA-treated leaf discs. After a further 24 hours, the adults from each treatment were collected and placed in a plastic box with dimensions 30 cm x 15 cm x 10 cm containing two potted and untreated 3-week-old bean plants. Insect mortality was assessed from day 4 until day 11.

All three target dsRNAs (Ev010, EvO15 and EvO16) ingested by adults of Epilachna varivestis resulted in significant increases in mortality from day 4 (4 days post bioassay start), as shown in Figure 2-EV(a). From day 5, dramatic changes in feeding patterns were observed between insects fed initially with target-dsRNA-treated bean leaf discs and those that were fed discs containing control gfp dsRNA or surfactant Triton X-100. Reductions in foliar damage by MBB adults of untreated bean plants were clearly visible for all three targets when compared to gfp dsRNA and surfactant only controls, albeit at varying levels; insects fed target 15 caused the least damage to bean foliage (Figure 2-EV(b)).

Example 6: Anthonomus prandis (cotton boll weevil)

A. Cloning Anthonomus grandis partial sequences

High quality, intact RNA was isolated from the 3 instars of Anthonomus grandis (cotton boll weevil; source: Dr. Gary Benzon, Benzon Research Inc., 7 Kuhn Drive, Carlisle, Pennsylvania 17013, USA) using TRIzol Reagent (Cat. Nr. 15596-026/15596-018, Invitrogen, Rockville, Maryland, USA) following the manufacturer's instructions. Genomic DNA present in the RNA preparation was removed by DNase treatment following the manafacturer's instructions (Cat. Nr. 1700, Promega). cDNA was generated using a commercially available kit (Superscript ™ III Reverse Transcriptase, Cat. Nr. 18080044, Invitrogen, Rockville, Maryland, USA) following the manufacturer's instructions.

To isolate cDNA sequences comprising a portion of the AG001 , AG005, AG010, AG014 and AG016 genes, a series of PCR reactions with degenerate primers were performed using Amplitaq Gold (Cat. Nr. N8080240, Applied Biosystems) following the manafacturer's instructions. The sequences of the degenerate primers used for amplification of each of the genes are given in Table 2-AG. These primers were used in respective PCR reactions with the following conditions: for AG001 , AG005 and AG016, 10 minutes at 95⁰C₁ followed by 40 cycles of 30 seconds at 95°C, 1 minute at 50⁰C and 1 minute and 30 seconds at 72°C, followed by 7 minutes at 72°C; for AG010, 10 minutes at 95°C, followed by 40 cycles of 30 seconds at 95°C, 1 minute at 54°C and 2 minutes and 30 seconds at 72°C, followed by 7 minutes at 72°C; for AG014, 10 minutes at 95°C, followed by 40 cycles of 30 seconds at 95⁰C, 1 minute at 55°C and 1 minute at 72⁰C, followed by 7 minutes at 72⁰C. The resulting PCR fragments were analyzed on agarose gel, purified (QIAquick Gel Extraction kit, Cat. Nr. 28706, Qiagen), cloned into the pCR8/GW/TOPO vector (Cat. Nr. K2500-20, Invitrogen) and sequenced. The sequences of the resulting PCR products are represented by the respective SEQ ID NOs as given in Table 2-AG and are referred to as the partial sequences. The corresponding partial amino acid sequence are represented by the respective SEQ ID NOs as given in Table 3-AG.

B. dsRNA production of the Anthonomus grandis (cotton boll weevil) genes dsRNA was synthesized in milligram amounts using the commercially available kit T7

For each of the target genes, the sense T7 template was generated using specific T7 forward and specific reverse primers. The sequences of the respective primers for amplifying the sense template for each of the target genes are given in Table 8-AG. A touchdown PCR was performed as follows: 1 minute at 95°C, followed by 20 cycles of 30 seconds at 95°C, 30 seconds at 60⁰C with a decrease in temperature of 0.5⁰C per cycle and 1 minute at 72⁰C, followed by 15 cycles of 30 seconds at 95°C, 30 seconds at 50°C and 1 minute at 72⁰C, followed by 10 minutes at 72°C. The anti-sense T7 template was generated using specific forward and specific T7 reverse primers in a PCR reaction with the same conditions as described above. The sequences of the respective primers for amplifying the anti-sense template for each of the target genes are given in Table 8-AG. The resulting PCR products were analyzed on agarose gel and purified by PCR purification kit (Qiaquick PCR Purification Kit, Cat. Nr. 28106, Qiagen) and NaCIO₄ precipitation. The generated T7 forward and reverse templates were mixed to be transcribed and the resulting RNA strands were annealed, DNase and RNase treated, and purified by sodium acetate, following the manufacturer's instructions. The sense strand of the resulting dsRNA for each of the target genes is given in Table 8-AG.

C. Recombination of Anthonomus grandis genes into the plant vector pK7GWIWG2D(ll)

Since the mechanism of RNA interference operates through dsRNA fragments, the target nucleotide sequences of the target genes, as selected above, are cloned in anti-sense and sense orientation, separated by the intron - CmR - intron, whereby CmR is the chloramphenicol resistance marker, to form a dsRNA hairpin construct. These hairpin constructs are generated using the LR recombination reaction between an attL- containing entry clone (see Example 6A) and an attR- containing destination vector (= pK7GWIWG2D(ll)). The plant vector pK7GWIWG2D(ll) is obtained from the VIB/Plant Systems Biology with a Material Transfer Agreement. LR recombination reaction is performed by using LR Clonase™ Il enzyme mix (Cat. Nr. 11791-020, Invitrogen) following the manufacturer's instructions. These cloning experiments result in a hairpin construct for each of the target genes, having the promoter - sense - intron - CmR - intron - antisense orientation, and wherein the promoter is the plant operable 35S promoter. The binary vector pK7GWIWG2D(ll) with the 35S promoter is suitable for transformation into A. tumefaciens.

Restriction enzyme digests were carried out on pCR8/GW/TOPO plasmids containing the different targets (see Example 6B). The band containing the gene of interest flanked by the attL sites using Qiaquick Gel Extraction Kit (Cat. Nr. 28706, Qiagen) is purified. An amount of 150 ng of purified fragment and 150 ng pK7GWIWG2D(ll) is added together with the LR clonase Il enzyme and incubated for at least 1h at 25°C . After proteinase K solution treatment (10 min at 37⁰C), the whole recombination mix is transformed into Top 10 chemically competent cells. Positive clones are selected by restriction digest analyses.

D. Laboratory trials to test Escherichia coli expressing dsRNA targets against Anthonomus grandis

Plant-based bioassays

Whole plants are sprayed with suspensions of chemically induced bacteria expressing dsRNA prior to feeding the plants to CBW. The are grown from in a plant growth room chamber. The plants are caged by placing a 500 ml plastic bottle upside down over the plant with the neck of the bottle firmly placed in the soil in a pot and the base cut open and covered with a fine nylon mesh to permit aeration, reduce condensation inside and prevent insect escape. CBW are placed on each treated plant in the cage. Plants are treated with a suspension of E. coli AB301-105(DE3) harboring the pGXXXOXX plasmids or pGN29 plasmid. Different quantities of bacteria are applied to the plants: for instance 66, 22, and 7 units, where one unit is defined as 10⁹ bacterial cells in 1 ml of a bacterial suspension at optical density value of 1 at 600 nm wavelength. In each case, a total volume of between 1 and 1 O mI s sprayed on the plant with the aid of a vaporizer. One plant is used per treatment in this trial. The number of survivors are counted and the weight of each survivor recorded.

Spraying plants with a suspension of E. coli bacterial strain AB301-105(DE3) expressing target dsRNA from pGXXXOXX lead to a dramatic increase in insect mortality when compared to pGN29 control. These experiments show that double-stranded RNA corresponding to an insect gene target sequence produced in either wild-type or RNaselll-deficient bacterial expression systems is toxic towards the insect in terms of substantial increases in insect mortality and growth/development delay for larval survivors. It is also clear from these experiments that an exemplification is provided for the effective protection of plants/crops from insect damage by the use of a spray of a formulation consisting of bacteria expressing double-stranded RNA corresponding to an insect gene target. Example 7: Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle)

A. Cloning Tribolium castaneum partial sequences

High quality, intact RNA was isolated from all the different insect stages of Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle; source: Dr. Lara Senior, Insect Investigations Ltd., Capital Business Park, Wentloog, Cardiff, CF3 2PX, Wales, UK) using TRIzol Reagent (Cat. Nr. 15596-026/15596- 018, Invitrogen, Rockville, Maryland, USA) following the manufacturer's instructions. Genomic DNA present in the RNA preparation was removed by DNase treatment following the manafacturer's instructions (Cat. Nr. 1700, Promega). cDNA was generated using a commercially available kit (Superscript ™ III Reverse Transcriptase, Cat. Nr. 18080044, Invitrogen, Rockville, Maryland, USA) following the manufacturer's instructions.

To isolate cDNA sequences comprising a portion of the TC001 , TC002, TC010, TC014 and TC015 genes, a series of PCR reactions with degenerate primers were performed using Amplitaq Gold (Cat. Nr. N8080240, Applied Biosystems) following the manafacturer's instructions. The sequences of the degenerate primers used for amplification of each of the genes are given in Table 2-TC. These primers were used in respective PCR reactions with the following conditions: 10 minutes at 95°C, followed by 40 cycles of 30 seconds at 95⁰C, 1 minute at 5O⁰C and 1 minute and 30 seconds at 72°C, followed by 7 minutes at 72°C (TC001 , TC014, TC015); 10 minutes at 95°C, followed by 40 cycles of 30 seconds at 95⁰C, 1 minute at 54⁰C and 2 minutes and 30 seconds at 72°C, followed by 7 minutes at 72°C (TC010); 10 minutes at 95⁰C, followed by 40 cycles of 30 seconds at 95⁰C, 1 minute at 53⁰C and 1 minute at 72°C, followed by 7 minutes at 72°C (TC002) . The resulting PCR fragments were analyzed on agarose gel, purified (QIAquick Gel Extraction kit, Cat. Nr. 28706, Qiagen), cloned into the pCRδ/GWflOPO vector (Cat. Nr. K2500-20, Invitrogen), and sequenced. The sequences of the resulting PCR products are represented by the respective SEQ ID NOs as given in Table 2-TC and are referred to as the partial sequences. The corresponding partial amino acid sequences are represented by the respective SEQ ID NOs as given in Table 3-TC.

B. dsRNA production of the Tribolium castaneum genes dsRNA was synthesized in milligram amounts using the commercially available kit T7 Ribomax™ Express RNAi System (Cat. Nr. P1700, Promega). First two separate single 5' T7 RNA polymerase promoter templates were generated in two separate PCR reactions, each reaction containing the target sequence in a different orientation relative to the T7 promoter.

For each of the target genes, the sense T7 template was generated using specific T7 forward and specific reverse primers. The sequences of the respective primers for amplifying the sense template for each of the target genes are given in Table 8-TC. The conditions in the PCR reactions were as follows: 1 minute at 95⁰C, followed by 20 cycles of 30 seconds at 95⁰C, 30 seconds at 60⁰C (-0.5°C/cycle) and 1 minute at 72°C, followed by 15 cycles of 30 seconds at 95⁰C, 30 seconds at 50°C and 1 minute at 72°C, followed by 10 minutes at 72°C. The anti-sense T7 template was generated using specific forward and specific T7 reverse primers in a PCR reaction with the same conditions as described above. The sequences of the respective primers for amplifying the anti-sense template for each of the target genes are given in Table 8-TC. The resulting PCR products were analyzed on agarose gel and purified by PCR purification kit (Qiaquick PCR Purification Kit, Cat. Nr. 28106, Qiagen) and NaCIO₄ precipitation. The generated T7 forward and reverse templates were mixed to be transcribed and the resulting RNA strands were annealed, DNase and RNase treated, and purified by sodium acetate, following the manufacturer's instructions. The sense strand of the resulting dsRNA for each of the target genes is given in Table 8-TC.

C. Recombination of Tribolium castaneυm genes into the plant vector pK7GWIWG2D(ll)

Since the mechanism of RNA interference operates through dsRNA fragments, the target nucleotide sequences of the target genes, as selected above, are cloned in anti-sense and sense orientation, separated by the intron - CmR - intron, whereby CmR is the chloramphenicol resistance marker, to form a dsRNA hairpin construct. These hairpin constructs are generated using the LR recombination reaction between an attL- containing entry clone (see Example 7A) and an attR- containing destination vector (= pK7GWIWG2D(ll)). The plant vector pK7GWIWG2D(ll) is obtained from the VIB/Plant Systems Biology with a Material Transfer Agreement. LR recombination reaction is performed by using LR Clonase™ Il enzyme mix (Cat. Nr. 11791-020, Invitrogen) following the manufacturer's instructions. These cloning experiments result in a hairpin construct for each of the target genes, having the promoter - sense - intron - CmR - intron - antisense orientation, and wherein the promoter is the plant operable 35S promoter. The binary vector pK7GWΪWG2D(ll) with the 35S promoter is suitable for transformation into A. tumefaciens.

Restriction enzyme digests were carried out on pCRδ/GW/TOPO plasmids containing the different targets (see Example 7B). The band containing the gene of interest flanked by the attL sites using Qiaquick Gel Extraction Kit (Cat. Nr. 28706, Qiagen) is purified. An amount of 150 ng of purified fragment and 150 ng pK7GWIWG2D(ll) is added together with the LR clonase Il enzyme and incubated for at least 1 h at 25°C . After proteinase K solution treatment (10 min at 37°C), the whole recombination mix is transformed into Top 10 chemically competent cells. Positive clones are selected by restriction digest analyses. D. Laboratory trials to test dsRNA targets, using artificial diet for activity against

Tribolium castaneum larvae

The example provided below is an exemplification of the finding that the red flour beetle (RFB) larvae are susceptible to orally ingested dsRNA corresponding to own target genes.

Red flour beetles, Tribolium castaneum, were maintained at Insect Investigations Ltd. (origin: Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Silwood Park, Berkshire, UK).

Insects were cultured according to company SOP/251/01. Briefly, the beetles were housed in plastic jars or tanks. These have an open top to allow ventilation. A piece of netting was fitted over the top and secured with an elastic band to prevent escape. The larval rearing medium (flour) was placed in the container where the beetles can breed. The stored product beetle colonies were maintained in a controlled temperature room at 25 ± 3 ⁰C with a 16:8 hour light:dark cycle.

Double-stranded RNA from target TC014 (with sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NO - 799) was incorporated into a mixture of flour and milk powder (wholemeal flour: powdered milk in the ratio 4:1 ) and left to dry overnight. Each replicate was prepared separately: 100 μl of a 10 μg/μl dsRNA solution (1 mg dsRNA) was added to 0.1 g flour/milk mixture. The dried mixture was ground to a fine powder. Insects were maintained within Petri dishes (55 mm diameter), lined with a double layer of filter paper. The treated diet was placed between the two filter paper layers. Ten first instar, mixed sex larvae were placed in each dish (replicate). Four replicates were performed for each treatment. Control was MiIIi-Q water. Assessments (number of survivors) were made on a regular basis. During the trial, the test conditions were 25 - 33 ⁰C and 20 - 25 % relative humidity, with a 12:12 hour light:dark photoperiod.

Survival of larvae of T. castaneum over time on artificial diet treated with target TC014 dsRNA was significantly reduced when compared to diet only control, as shown in Figure 1-TC.

Example 8: Mvzus øersicae (green peach aphid)

A. Cloning Myzus persicae partial sequences

High quality, intact RNA was isolated from nymphs of Myzus persicae (green peach aphid; source: Dr. Rachel Down, Insect & Pathogen Interactions, Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1 LZ, UK) using TRIzol Reagent (Cat. Nr. 15596-026/15596-018, Invitrogen, Rockville, Maryland, USA) following the manufacturer's instructions. Genomic DNA present in the RNA preparation was removed by DNase treatment following the manafacturer's instructions (Cat. Nr. 1700, Promega). cDNA was generated using a commercially available kit (Superscript ™ III Reverse Transcriptase, Cat. Nr. 18080044, Invitrogen, Rockville, Maryland, USA) following the manufacturer's instructions.

To isolate cDNA sequences comprising a portion of the MP001 , MP002, MP010, MP016 and MP027 genes, a series of PCR reactions with degenerate primers were performed using Amplitaq Gold (Cat. Nr. N8080240, Applied Biosystems) following the manafacturer's instructions. The sequences of the degenerate primers used for amplification of each of the genes are given in Table 2-MP. These primers were used in respective PCR reactions with the following conditions: for MP001 , MP002 and MP016, 10 minutes at 95°C, followed by 40 cycles of 30 seconds at 95°C, 1 minute at 50⁰C and 1 minute 30 seconds at 72°C, followed by 7 minutes at 72⁰C; for MP027, a touchdown program was used: 10 minutes at 95°C, followed by 10 cycles of 30 seconds at 95°C, 40 seconds at 6O⁰C with a decrease in temperature of 1 °C per cycle and 1 minute 10 seconds at 72°C, followed by 30 cycles of 30 seconds at 95⁰C, 40 seconds at 50⁰C and 1 minute 10 seconds at 72°C, followed by 7 minutes at 72°C; for MP010, 10 minutes at 95°C, followed by 40 cycles of 30 seconds at 95°C, 1 minute at 54°C and 3 minutes at 72°C, followed by 7 minutes at 72°C. The resulting PCR fragments were analyzed on agarose gel, purified (QIAquick Gel Extraction kit, Cat. Nr. 28706, Qiagen), cloned into the pCR8/GW/TOPO vector (Cat. Nr. K2500-20, Invitrogen), and sequenced. The sequences of the resulting PCR products are represented by the respective SEQ ID NOs as given in Table 2-MP and are referred to as the partial sequences. The corresponding partial amino acid sequences are represented by the respective SEQ ID NOs as given in Table 3-MP. B. dsRNA production of Myzus persicae genes dsRNA was synthesized in milligram amounts using the commercially available kit T7 Ribomax™ Express RNAi System (Cat. Nr. P1700, Promega). First two separate single 5' T7 RNA polymerase promoter templates were generated in two separate PCR reactions, each reaction containing the target sequence in a different orientation relative to the T7 promoter. For each of the target genes, the sense T7 template was generated using specific T7 forward and specific reverse primers. The sequences of the respective primers for amplifying the sense template for each of the target genes are given in Table 8-MP. A touchdown PCR was performed as follows: 1 minute at 95⁰C, followed by 20 cycles of 30 seconds at 95°C, 30 seconds at 55°C (for MP001 , MP002, MP016, MP027 and gfp) or 30 seconds at 5O⁰C (for MP010) with a decrease in temperature of 0.5⁰C per cycle and 1 minute at 72°C, followed by 15 cycles of 30 seconds at 95°C, 30 seconds at 45⁰C and 1 minute at 72⁰C followed by 10 minutes at 72⁰C. The anti-sense T7 template was generated using specific forward and specific T7 reverse primers in a PCR reaction with the same conditions as described above. The sequences of the respective primers for amplifying the anti-sense template for each of the target genes are given in Table 8- MP. The resulting PCR products were analyzed on agarose gel and purified by PCR purification kit (Qiaquick PCR Purification Kit, Cat. Nr. 28106, Qiagen) and NaCIO₄ precipitation. The generated T7 forward and reverse templates were mixed to be transcribed and the resulting RNA strands were annealed, DNase and RNase treated, and purified by sodium acetate, following the manufacturer's instructions. The sense strand of the resulting dsRNA for each of the target genes is given in Table 8-MP.

C. Recombination of Myzus persicae genes into the plant vector pK7GWIWG2D(ll)

Since the mechanism of RNA interference operates through dsRNA fragments, the target nucleotide sequences of the target genes, as selected above, were cloned in anti-sense and sense orientation, separated by the intron - CmR - intron, whereby CmR is the chloramphenicol resistance marker, to form a dsRNA hairpin construct. These hairpin constructs were generated using the LR recombination reaction between an attL- containing entry clone (see Example 8A) and an attR- containing destination vector (= pK7GWIWG2D(ll)). The plant vector pK7GWIWG2D(ll) was obtained from the VIB/Plant Systems Biology with a Material Transfer Agreement. LR recombination reaction was performed by using LR Clonase™ Il enzyme mix (Cat. Nr. 11791-020, Invitrogen) following the manufacturer's instructions. These cloning experiments resulted in a hairpin construct for each of the MP001, MP002, MP010, MP016 and MP026 genes, having the promoter - sense - intron - CmR - intron - antisense orientation and wherein the promoter is the plant operable 35S promoter. The binary vector pK7GWIWG2D(ll) with the 35S promoter is suitable for transformation into A. tumefaciens. A digest with restriction enzyme Alw44l was done for all the targets cloned into pCR8/GW/topo (see Example 8B). The band containing the gene of interest flanked by the attL sites using Qiaquick Gel Extraction Kit (Cat. Nr. 28706, Qiagen) was purified. An amount of 150 ng of purified fragment and 150 ng pK7GWIWG2D(ll) was added together with the LR clonase Il enzyme and incubated for at least 1 h at 25⁰C . After proteinase K solution treatment (10 min at 37⁰C), the whole recombination mix was transformed into Top 10 chemically competent cells. Positive clones were selected by restriction digest analysis. The complete sequence of the hairpin construct for:

- MP001 (sense - intron - CmR - intron - antisense) is represented in SEQ ID NO 1066; - MP002 (sense - intron - CmR - intron - antisense) is represented in SEQ ID NO 1067;

- MP010 (sense - intron - CmR - intron - antisense) is represented in SEQ ID NO 1068;

- MP016 (sense - intron - CmR - intron - antisense) is represented in SEQ ID NO 1069;

- MP027 (sense - intron - CmR - intron - antisense) is represented in SEQ ID NO 1070. Table 9-MP provides complete sequences for each hairpin construct. D. Laboratory trials to test dsRNA targets using liquid artificial diet for activity against Myzus persicae

Liquid artificial diet for the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, was prepared based on the diet suitable for pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum), as described by Febvay et al. (1988) [Influence of the amino acid balance on the improvement of an artificial diet for a biotype of Acyrthosiphon pisum (Homoptera: Aphididae). Can. J. Zool. 66: 2449-2453], but with some modifications. The amino acids component of the diet was prepared as follows: in mg/100ml, alanine 178.71 , beta- alanine 6.22, arginine 244.9, asparagine 298.55, aspartic acid 88.25, cysteine 29.59, glutamic acid 149.36, glutamine 445.61 , glycine 166.56, histidine 136.02, isoleucine 164.75, leucine 231.56, lysine hydrochloride 351.09, methionine 72.35, ornithine (HCI) 9.41 , phenylalanine 293, proline 129.33, serine 124.28, threonine 127.16, tryptophane 42.75, tyrosine 38.63, L-valine 190.85. The amino acids were dissolved in 30 ml MiIIi-Q H₂O except for tyrosine which was first dissolved in a few drops of 1 M HCI before adding to the amino acid mix. The vitamin mix component of the diet was prepared as a 5 x concentrate stock as follows: in mg/L, amino benzoic acid 100, ascorbic acid 1000, biotin 1 , calcium panthothenate 50, choline chloride 500, folic acid 10, myoinositol 420, nicotinic acid 100, pyridoxine hydrochloride 25, riboflavin 5, thiamine hydrochloride 25. The riboflavin was dissolved in 1 ml H2O at 50 ⁰C and then added to the vitamin mix stock. The vitamin mix was aliquoted in 20 ml per aliquot and stored at -20 ⁰C. One aliquot of vitamin mix was added to the amino acid solution. Sucrose and MgSO₄.7H₂O was added with the following amounts to the mix: 20 g and 242 mg, respectively. Trace metal stock solution was prepared as follows: in mg/100ml, CuSO₄.5H₂O 4.7, FeCI₃.6H₂O 44.5, MnCI₂.4H2O 6.5, NaCI 25.4, ZnCI₂ 8.3. Ten ml of the trace metal solution and 250 mg KH₂PO₄ was added to the diet and MiIIi-Q water was added to a final liquid diet volume of 100 ml. The pH of the diet was adjusted to 7 with 1 M KOH solution. The liquid diet was filter-sterilised through an 0.22 μm filter disc (Millipore). Green peach aphids (Myzus persicae; source: Dr. Rachel Down, Insect & Pathogen Interactions, Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1 LZ, UK) were reared on 4- to 6-week-old oilseed rape {Brassica napus variety SW Oban; source: Nick Balaam, Sw Seed Ltd., 49 North Road, Abington, Cambridge, CB1 6AS, UK) in aluminium-framed cages containing 70 μm mesh in a controlled environment chamber with the following conditions: 23 ±2 ⁰C and 60 ±5 % relative humidity, with a 16:8 hours light:dark photoperiod.

One day prior to the start of the bioassay, adults were collected from the rearing cages and placed on fresh detached oilseed rape leaves in a Petri dish and left overnight in the insect chamber. The following day, first-instar nymphs were picked and transferred to feeding chambers. A feeding chamber comprised of 10 first instar nymphs placed in a small Petri dish (with diameter 3 cm) covered with a single layer of thinly stretched parafilm M onto which 50 μl of diet was added. The chamber was sealed with a second layer of parafilm and incubated under the same conditions as the adult cultures. Diet with dsRNA was refreshed every other day and the insects' survival assessed on day 8 i.e. 8^th day post bioassay start. Per treatment, 5 bioassay feeding chambers (replicates) were set up simultaneously. Test and control (gfp) dsRNA solutions were incorporated into the diet to a final concentration of 2 μg/μl. The feeding chambers were kept at 23 ±2 ⁰C and 60 ±5 % relative humidity, with a 16:8 hours light:dark photoperiod. A Mann-Whitney test was determined by GraphPad Prism version 4 to establish whether the medians do differ significantly between target 27 (MP027) and gfp dsRNA. In the bioassay, feeding liquid artificial diet supplemented with intact naked dsRNA from target 27 (SEQ ID NO 1061 ) to nymphs of Myzus persicae using a feeding chamber, resulted in a significant increase in mortality, as shown in Figure 1. Average percentage survivors for target 27, gfp dsRNA and diet only treatment were 2, 34 and 82, respectively. Comparison of target 027 with gfp dsRNA groups using the Mann-Whitney test resulted in an one-tailed P-value of 0.004 which indicates that the median of target 027 is significantly different (P < 0.05) from the expected larger median of gfp dsRNA. The green peach aphids on the liquid diet with incorporated target 27 dsRNA were noticeably smaller than those that were fed on diet only or with gfp dsRNA control (data not presented).

E. Laboratory trials of Myzus periscae (green peach aphid) infestation on transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants

Generation of transgenic plants

Arabidopsis thaliana plants were transformed using the floral dip method (Clough and Bent (1998) Plant Journal 16:735-743). Aerial parts of the plants were incubated for a few seconds in a solution containing 5% sucrose, resuspended Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain C58C1 Rif cells from an overnight culture and 0.03% of the surfactant Silwet L-77. After inoculation, plants were covered for 16 hours with a transparent plastic to maintain humidity. To increase the transformation efficiency, the procedure was repeated after one week. Watering was stopped as seeds matured and dry seeds were harvested and cold-treated for two days. After sterilization, seeds were plated on a kanamycin-containing growth medium for selection of transformed plants. The selected plants are transferred to soil for optimal T2 seed production. Bioassay

Example 9: Nilaoarvata lugens (Brown Plant Hopper)

A. Cloning Nilaparvata lugens partial sequences

From high quality total RNA of Nilaparvata lugens (source: Dr. J. A. Gatehouse, Dept. Biological Sciences, Durham University, UK) cDNA was generated using a commercially available kit (SuperScriptTM III Reverse Transcriptase, Cat N⁰. 18080044, Invitrogen, Rockville, Maryland, USA) following the manufacturer's protocol.

To isolate cDNA sequences comprising a portion of the Nilaparvata lugens NL001 , NL002, NL003, NL004, NL005, NL006, NL007, NL008, NL009, NL010, NL011 , NL012, NL013, NL014, NL015, NL016, NL018, NL019, NL021 , NL022, and NL027 genes, a series of PCR reactions with degenerate primers were performed using Amplitaq Gold (Cat N⁰. N8080240; Applied Biosystems) following the manufacturer's protocol.

The sequences of the degenerate primers used for amplification of each of the genes are given in Table 2-NL. These primers were used in respective PCR reactions with the following conditions: for NL001 : 5 minutes at 95°C, followed by 40 cycles of 30 seconds at 95°C, 1 minute at 55°C and 1 minute at 72°C, followed by 10 minutes at 72°C: for NL002: 3 minutes at 95⁰C, followed by 40 cycles of 30 seconds at 95⁰C, 1 minute at 55⁰C and 1 minute at 72°C, followed by 10 minutes at 72°C; for NL003: 3 minutes at 95 °C, followed by 40 cycles of 30 seconds at 95 ⁰C, 1 minute at 61 ⁰C and 1 minute at 72 °C, followed by 10 minutes at 72°C; for NL004: 10 minutes at 95 ⁰C, followed by 40 cycles of 30 seconds at 95 ⁰C, 1 minute at 51 ⁰C and 1 minute at 72 ⁰C; for NL005: 10 minutes at 95 ⁰C, followed by 40 cycles of 30 seconds at 95 °C, 1 minute at 54 ⁰C and 1 minute at 72 ⁰C, followed by 10 minutes at 72⁰C; for NL006: 10 minutes at 95 ⁰C, followed by 40 cycles of 30 seconds at 95 °C, 1 minute at 55 °C and 3 minute 30 seconds at 72 ⁰C, followed by 10 minutes at 72⁰C; for NL007: 10 minutes at 95 ⁰C, followed by 40 cycles of 30 seconds at 95 ⁰C, 1 minute at 54 °C and 1 minute 15 seconds at 72 ⁰C, followed by 10 minutes at 72°C; for NL008 & NL014: 10 minutes at 95 °C, followed by 40 cycles of 30 seconds at 95 ⁰C, 1 minute at 53 °C and 1 minute at 72 °C, followed by 10 minutes at 72°C; for NL009, NL01 1 , NL012 & NL019: 10 minutes at 95 °C, followed by 40 cycles of 30 seconds at 95 ⁰C, 1 minute at 55 ⁰C and 1 minute at 72 °C, followed by 10 minutes at 72°C; for NL010: 10 minutes at 95 ⁰C, followed by 40 cycles of 30 seconds at 95 ⁰C, 1 minute at 54 ⁰C and 2 minute 30 seconds at 72 ⁰C, followed by 10 minutes at 72⁰C; for NL013: 10 minutes at 95 ⁰C, followed by 40 cycles of 30 seconds at 95 ⁰C, 1 minute at 54 "C and 1 minute 10 seconds at 72 ⁰C, followed by 10 minutes at 72⁰C; for NL015 & NL016: 10 minutes at 95 °C, followed by 40 cycles of 30 seconds at 95 ⁰C, 1 minute at 54 ⁰C and 1 minute 40 seconds at 72 ⁰C₁ followed by 10 minutes at 72°C; for NL018: 10 minutes at 95 °C, followed by 40 cycles of 30 seconds at 95 ⁰C, 1 minute at 54 ⁰C and 1 minute 35 seconds at 72 °C, followed by 10 minutes at 72°C; for NL021 , NL022 & NL027: 10 minutes at 95 ⁰C, followed by 40 cycles of 30 seconds at 95 ⁰C, 1 minute at 54 ⁰C and 1 minute 45 seconds at 72 ⁰C, followed by 10 minutes at 72°C. The resulting PCR fragments were analyzed on agarose gel, purified (QIAquick Gel Extraction kit, Cat. Nr. 28706, Qiagen), cloned into the pCR8/GW/topo vector (Cat. Nr. K2500 20, Invitrogen), and sequenced. The sequences of the resulting PCR products are represented by the respective SEQ ID NOs as given in Table 2-NL and are referred to as the partial sequences. The corresponding partial amino acid sequences are represented by the respective SEQ ID NOs as given in Table 3-NL.

B. Cloning of a partial sequence of the Nilaparvata lugens NL023 gene via EST sequence

From high quality total RNA of Nilaparvata lugens (source: Dr. J. A. Gatehouse, Dept. Biological Sciences, Durham University, UK) cDNA was generated using a commercially available kit (Superscript™ III Reverse Transcriptase, Cat N⁰. 18080044, Invitrogen, Rockville, Maryland, USA) following the manufacturer's protocol. A partial cDNA sequence, NL023, was amplified from Nilaparvata lugens cDNA which corresponded to a Nilaparvata lugens EST sequence in the public database Genbank with accession number CAH65679.2. To isolate cDNA sequences comprising a portion of the NL023 gene, a series of PCR reactions with EST based specific primers were performed using PerfectShot™ ExTaq (Cat N⁰. RR005A, Takara Bio Inc.) following the manafacturer's protocol. For NL023, the specific primers OGBKW002 and oGBKW003 (represented herein as SEQ

ID NO 1157 and SEQ ID NO 1158, respectively) were used in two independent PCR reactions with the following conditions: 3 minutes at 95 ⁰C, followed by 30 cycles of 30 seconds at 95 ⁰C, 30 seconds at 56 ⁰C and 2 minutes at 72 ⁰C, followed by 10 minutes at 72⁰C. The resulting PCR products were analyzed on agarose gel, purified (QIAquick® Gel Extraction Kit; Cat. N⁰. 28706, Qiagen), cloned into the pCR4-TOPO vector (Cat N⁰. K4575-40, Invitrogen) and sequenced. The consensus sequence resulting from the sequencing of both PCR products is herein represented by SEQ ID NO 1111 and is referred to as the partial sequence of the NL023 gene. The corresponding partial amino acid sequence is herein reperesented as SEQ ID NO 1112.

C. dsRNA production of Nilaparvata lugens genes dsRNA was synthesized in milligram amounts using the commercially available kit T7

Ribomax™ Express RNAi System (Cat. Nr. P1700, Promega). First two separate single 5' T7 RNA polymerase promoter templates were generated in two separate PCR reactions, each reaction containing the target sequence in a different orientation relative to the T7 promoter. For each of the target genes, the sense T7 template was generated using specific T7 forward and specific reverse primers. The sequences of the respective primers for amplifying the sense template for each of the target genes are given in Table 8-NL. The conditions in the PCR reactions were as follows: for NL001 & NL002: 4 minutes at 94 ⁰C, followed by 35 cycles of 30 seconds at 94 ⁰C, 30 seconds at 60 ⁰C and 1 minute at 72 ⁰C, followed by 10 minutes at 72⁰C; for NL003: 4 minutes at 94 ⁰C, followed by 35 cycles of 30 seconds at 94 ⁰C, 30 seconds at 66 ⁰C and 1 minute at 72 ⁰C, followed by 10 minutes at 72⁰C; for NL004, NL006, NL008, NL009, NL010 & NL019: 4 minutes at 95 ⁰C, followed by 35 cycles of 30 seconds at 95 ⁰C, 30 seconds at 54 ⁰C and 1 minute at 72 ⁰C, followed by 10 minutes at 72⁰C; for NL005 & NL016: 4 minutes at 95 ⁰C, followed by 35 cycles of 30 seconds at 95 ⁰C, 30 seconds at 57 ⁰C and 1 minute at 72 °C, followed by 10 minutes at 72⁰C; for NL007 & NL014: 4 minutes at 95 ⁰C, followed by 35 cycles of 30 seconds at 95 ⁰C, 30 seconds at 51 ⁰C and 1 minute at 72 °C, followed by 10 minutes at 72°C; for NL01 1 , NL012 & NL022: 4 minutes at 95 °C, followed by 35 cycles of 30 seconds at 95 °C, 30 seconds at 53 °C and 1 minute at 72 ⁰C, followed by 10 minutes at 72°C; for NL013, NL015, NL018 & NL021 : 4 minutes at 95 ⁰C, followed by 35 cycles of 30 seconds at 95 ⁰C, 30 seconds at 55 ⁰C and 1 minute at 72 °C, followed by 10 minutes at 72⁰C; for NL023 & NL027: 4 minutes at 95 ⁰C, followed by 35 cycles of 30 seconds at 95 °C, 30 seconds at 52 ⁰C and 1 minute at 72 ⁰C, followed by 10 minutes at 72°C. The anti-sense T7 template was generated using specific forward and specific T7 reverse primers in a PCR reaction with the same conditions as described above. The sequences of the respective primers for amplifying the anti-sense template for each of the target genes are given in Table 8-NL. The resulting PCR products were analyzed on agarose gel and purified by PCR purification kit (Qiaquick PCR Purification Kit, Cat. Nr. 28106, Qiagen). The generated T7 forward and reverse templates were mixed to be transcribed and the resulting RNA strands were annealed, DNase and RNase treated, and purified by sodium acetate, following the manufacturer's instructions, but with the following modification: RNA peppet is washed twice in 70% ethanol. The sense strand of the resulting dsRNA for each of the target genes is given in Table 8-NL.

The template DNA used for the PCR reactions with T7 primers on the green fluorescent protein (gfp) control was the plasmid pPD96.12 (the Fire Lab, http://genome- www.stanford.edu/group/fire/), which contains the wild-type gfp coding sequence interspersed by 3 synthetic introns. Double-stranded RNA was synthesized using the commercially available kit T7 RiboMAX™ Express RNAi System (Cat.N⁰. P1700, Promega). First two separate single 5' T7 RNA polymerase promoter templates were generated in two separate PCR reactions, each reaction containing the target sequence in a different orientation relative to the T7 promoter. For gfp, the sense T7 template was generated using the specific T7 FW primer oGAU183 and the specific RV primer oGAU182 (represented herein as SEQ ID NO 236 and SEQ ID NO 237 , respectively) in a PCR reaction with the following conditions: 4 minutes at 95 ⁰C, followed by 35 cycles of 30 seconds at 95 ⁰C, 30 seconds at 55 ⁰C and 1 minute at 72 ⁰C, followed by 10 minutes at 72°C. The anti- sense T7 template was generated using the specific FW primer 0GAUI8I and the specific T7 RV primer oGAU184 (represented herein as SEQ ID NO 238 and SEQ ID NO 239 , respectively) in a PCR reaction with the same conditions as described above. The resulting PCR products were analyzed on agarose gel and purified (QIAquick® PCR Purification Kit; Cat. N⁰. 28106, Qiagen). The generated T7 FW and RV templates were mixed to be transcribed and the resulting RNA strands were annealed, DNase and RNase treated, and purified by precipitation with sodium acetate and isopropanol, following the manufacturer's protocol, but with the following modification: RNA peppet is washed twice in 70% ethanol. The sense strands of the resulting dsRNA is herein represented by SEQ ID NO 235.

D. Laboratory trials to screen dsRNA targets using liquid artificial diet for activity against Nilaparvata lugens Liquid artificial diet (MMD-1 ) for the rice brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, was prepared as described by Koyama (1988) [Artificial rearing and nutritional physiology of the planthoppers and leafhoppers (Homoptera: Delphacidae and Deltocephalidae) on a holidic diet. J/\f?Q 22: 20-27], but with a modification in final concentration of diet component sucrose: 14.4 % (weight over volume) was used. Diet components were prepared as separate concentrates: 10 x mineral stock (stored at 4 ⁰C), 2 x amino acid stock (stored at -20 ⁰C) and 10 x vitamin stock (stored at -20 ⁰C). The stock components were mixed immediately prior to the start of a bioassay to 4/3 x concentration to allow dilution with the test dsRNA solution (4 x concentration), pH adjusted to 6.5, and filter-sterilised into approximately 500 μl aliquots.

Rice brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) was reared on two-to-three month old rice (Oryza sativa cv Taichung Native 1 ) plants in a controlled environment chamber: 27 ± 2 ⁰C, 80 % relative humidity, with a 16:8 hours light:dark photoperiod. A feeding chamber comprised 10 first or second instar nymphs placed in a small petri dish (with diameter 3 cm) covered with a single layer of thinly stretched parafilm M onto which 50 μl of diet was added. The chamber was sealed with a second layer of parafilm and incubated under the same conditions as the adult cultures but with no direct light exposure. Diet with dsRNA was refreshed every other day and the insects' survival assessed daily. Per treatment, 5 bioassay feeding chambers (replicates) were set up simultaneously. Test and control (gfp) dsRNA solutions were incorporated into the diet to a final concentration of 2 mg/ml. The feeding chambers were kept at 27 ± 2 ⁰C, 80 % relative humidity, with a 16:8 hours light:dark photoperiod. Insect survival data were analysed using the Kaplan-Meier survival curve model and the survival between groups were compared using the logrank test (Prism version 4.0).

Feeding liquid artificial diet supplemented with intact naked dsRNAs to Nilaparvata lugens in vitro using a feeding chamber resulted in significant increases in nymphal mortalities as shown in four separate bioassays (Figures 1(a)-(d)-NL; Tables 10-NL(a)-(d)) (Durham University). These results demonstrate that dsRNAs corresponding to different essential BPH genes showed significant toxicity towards the rice brown planthopper.

Effect of gfp dsRNA on BPH survival in these bioassays is not significantly different to survival on diet only Tables 10-NL(a)-(d) show a summary of the survival of Nilaparvata lugens on artificial diet supplemented with 2 mg/ml (final concentration) of the following targets; in Table 10-NL(a): NL002, NL003, NL005, NL010; in Table 10-NL(b): NL009, NL016; in Table 10-NL(c): NL014, NL018; and in Table 10-NL(d): NL013, NL015, NL021. In the survival analysis column, the effect of RNAi is indicated as follows: + = significantly decreased survival compared to gfp dsRNA control (alpha < 0.05); - = no significant difference in survival compared to gfp dsRNA control. Survival curves were compared (between diet only and diet supplemented with test dsRNA, gfp dsRNA and test dsRNA, and diet only and gfp dsRNA) using the logrank test.

E. Laboratory trials to screen dsRNAs at different concentrations using artificial diet for activity against Nilaparvata lugens

Fifty μl of liquid artificial diet supplemented with different concentrations of target NL002 dsRNA, namely 1 , 0.2, 0.08, and 0.04 mg/ml (final concentration), was applied to the brown planthopper feeding chambers. Diet with dsRNA was refreshed every other day and the insects' survival assessed daily. Per treatment, 5 bioassay feeding chambers (replicates) were set up simultaneously. The feeding chambers were kept at 27 ± 2 ⁰C, 80 % relative humidity, with a 16:8 hours light:dark photoperiod. Insect survival data were analysed using the Kaplan-Meier survival curve model and the survival between groups were compared using the logrank test (Prism version 4.0). Feeding liquid artificial diet supplemented with intact naked dsRNAs of target NL002 at different concentrations resulted in significantly higher BPH mortalities at final concentrations of as low as 0.04 mg dsRNA per ml diet when compared with survival on diet only, as shown in Figure 2-NL and Table 11-NL. Table 11-NL summarizes the survival of Nilaparvata lugens artificial diet feeding trial supplemented with 1 , 0.2, 0.08, & 0.04 mg/ml (final concentration) of target NL002. In the survival analysis column the effect of RNAi is indicated as follows: + = significantly decreases survival compared to diet only control (alpha < 0.05); - = no significant differences in survival compared to diet only control. Survival curves were compared using the logrank test.

Example 10: Chilo suppressalis (rice striped stem borer)

A. Cloning of partial sequence of the Chilo suppressalis genes via family PCR High quality, intact RNA was isolated from the 4 different larval stages of Chilo suppressalis (rice striped stem borer) using TRIzol Reagent (Cat. Nr. 15596-026/15596-018, Invitrogen, Rockville, Maryland, USA) following the manufacturer's instructions. Genomic DNA present in the RNA preparation was removed by DNase treatment following the manafacturer's instructions (Cat. Nr. 1700, Promega). cDNA was generated using a commercially available kit (Superscript ™ III Reverse Transcriptase, Cat. Nr. 18080044, Invitrogen, Rockville, Maryland, USA) following the manufacturer's instructions.

To isolate cDNA sequences comprising a portion of the CS001 , CS002, CS003, CS006, CS007, CS009, CS011 , CS013, CS014, CS015, CS016 and CS018 genes, a series of PCR reactions with degenerate primers were performed using Amplitaq Gold (Cat. Nr. N8080240, Applied Biosystems) following the manafacturer's instructions.

The sequences of the degenerate primers used for amplification of each of the genes are given in Table 2-CS. These primers were used in respective PCR reactions with the following conditions: 10 minutes at 95°C, followed by 40 cycles of 30 seconds at 95°C, 1 minute at 55°C and

1 minute at 72⁰C, followed by 10 minutes at 72⁰C. The resulting PCR fragments were analyzed on agarose gel, purified (QIAquick Gel Extraction kit, Cat. Nr. 28706, Qiagen), cloned into the pCR4/TOPO vector (Cat. Nr. K2500-20, Invitrogen), and sequenced. The sequences of the resulting PCR products are represented by the respective SEQ ID NOs as given in Table 2-CS and are referred to as the partial sequences. The corresponding partial amino acid sequences are represented by the respective SEQ ID NOs as given in Table 3-CS.

B. dsRNA production of the Chilo suppressalis genes dsRNA was synthesized in milligram amounts using the commercially available kit T7 Ribomax™ Express RNAi System (Cat. Nr. P1700, Promega). First two separate single 5' T7 RNA polymerase promoter templates were generated in two separate PCR reactions, each reaction containing the target sequence in a different orientation relative to the T7 promoter.

For each of the target genes, the sense T7 template was generated using specific T7 forward and specific reverse primers. The sequences of the respective primers for amplifying the sense template for each of the target genes are given in Table 8-CS. The conditions in the PCR reactions were as follows: 4 minutes at 95°C, followed by 35 cycles of 30 seconds at 95⁰C, 30 seconds at 55⁰C and 1 minute at 72°C, followed by 10 minutes at 72°C. The anti-sense T7 template was generated using specific forward and specific T7 reverse primers in a PCR reaction with the same conditions as described above. The sequences of the respective primers for amplifying the anti-sense template for each of the target genes are given in Table 8-CS. The resulting PCR products were analyzed on agarose gel and purified by PCR purification kit (Qiaquick PCR Purification Kit, Cat. Nr. 28106, Qiagen) and NaCIO₄ precipitation. The generated T7 forward and reverse templates were mixed to be transcribed and the resulting RNA strands were annealed, DNase and RNase treated, and purified by sodium acetate, following the manufacturer's instructions. The sense strand of the resulting dsRNA for each of the target genes is given in Table 8-CS.

C. Recombination of the Chilo suppressalis genes into the plant vector pK7GWIWG2D(ll)

Since the mechanism of RNA interference operates through dsRNA fragments, the target nucleotide sequences of the target genes, as selected above, are cloned in anti-sense and sense orientation, separated by the intron - CmR - intron, whereby CmR is the chloramphenicol resistance marker, to form a dsRNA hairpin construct. These hairpin constructs are generated using the LR recombination reaction between an attL- containing entry clone (see Example 10A) and an attR- containing destination vector (= pK7GWIWG2D(ll)). The plant vector pK7GWIWG2D(ll) is obtained from the VIB/Plant Systems Biology with a Material Transfer Agreement. LR recombination reaction is performed by using LR Clonase™ Il enzyme mix (Cat. Nr. 11791-020, Invitrogen) following the manufacturer's instructions. These cloning experiments result in a hairpin construct for each of the target genes, having the promoter - sense - intron - CmR - intron - antisense orientation, and wherein the promoter is the plant operable 35S promoter. The binary vector pK7GWIWG2D(ll) with the 35S promoter is suitable for transformation into A. tumefaciens.

Restriction enzyme digests were carried out on pCR8/GW/TOPO plasmids containing the different targets (see Example 10B). The band containing the gene of interest flanked by the attL sites using Qiaquick Gel Extraction Kit (Cat. Nr. 28706, Qiagen) is purified. An amount of 150 ng of purified fragment and 150 ng pK7GWIWG2D(ll) is added together with the LR clonase Il enzyme and incubated for at least 1h at 25°C . After proteinase K solution treatment (10 min at 37⁰C), the whole recombination mix is transformed into Top 10 chemically competent cells. Positive clones are selected by restriction digest analyses.

D. Laboratory trials to test dsRNA targets, using artificial diet for activity against Chilo suppressalis larvae Rice striped stem borers, Chilo suppressalis, (origin: Syngenta, Stein, Switzerland) were maintained on a modified artificial diet based on that described by Kamano and Sato, 1985 (in: Handbook of Insect Rearing. Volumes I & II. P Singh and RF Moore, eds., Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam and New York, 1985, pp 448). Briefly, a litre diet was made up as follows: 20 g of agar added to 980 ml of MiIIi-Q water and autoclaved; the agar solution was cooled down to approximately 55 ⁰C and the remaining ingredients were added and mixed thoroughly: 40 g corn flour (Polenta), 20 g cellulose, 30 g sucrose, 30 g casein, 20 g wheat germ (toasted), 8 g Wesson salt mixture, 12 g Vanderzant vitamin mix, 1.8 g sorbic acid, 1.6 g nipagin (methylparaben), 0.3 g aureomycin, 0.4 g cholesterol and 0.6 g L-cysteine. The diet was cooled down to approx. 45 ⁰C and poured into rearing trays or cups. The diet was left to set in a horizontal laminair flow cabin. Rice leaf sections with oviposited eggs were removed from a cage housing adult moths and pinned to the solid diet in the rearing cup or tray. Eggs were left to hatch and neonate larvae were available for bioassays and the maintenance of the insect cultures. During the trials and rearings, the conditions were 28 ± 2 ⁰C and 80 ± 5 % relative humidity, with a 16:8 hour light:dark photoperiod.

The same artificial diet is used for the bioassays but in this case the diet is poured equally in 24 multiwell plates, with each well containing 1 ml diet. Once the diet is set, the test formulations are applied to the diet's surface (2 cm²), at the rate of 50 μl of 1 μg/μl dsRNA of target. The dsRNA solutions are left to dry and two first instar moth larvae are placed in each well. After 7 days, the larvae are transferred to fresh treated diet in multiwell plates. At day 14 (i.e. 14 days post bioassay start) the number of live and dead insects is recorded and examined for abnormalities. Twenty-four larvae in total are tested per treatment.

An alternative bioassay is performed in which treated rice leaves are fed to neonate larvae of the rice striped stem borer. Small leaf sections of lndica rice variety Taichung native 1 are dipped in 0.05 % Triton X-100 solution containing 1 μg/μl of target dsRNA, left to dry and each section placed in a well of a 24 multiwell plate containing gellified 2 % agar. Two neonates are transferred from the rearing tray to each dsRNA treated leaf section (24 larvae per treatment). After 4 and 8 days, the larvae are transferred to fresh treated rice leaf sections. The number of live and dead larvae are assessed on days 4, 8 and 12; any abnormalities are also recorded.

Example 11 : Plutella xylostella (Diamondback moth)

A. Cloning of a partial sequence of the Plutella xylostella

High quality, intact RNA was isolated from all the different larval stages of Plutella xylostella (Diamondback moth; source: Dr. Lara Senior, Insect Investigations Ltd., Capital Business Park, Wentloog, Cardiff, CF3 2PX, Wales, UK) using TRIzol Reagent (Cat. Nr. 15596-026/15596- 018, Invitrogen, Rockville, Maryland, USA) following the manufacturer's instructions. Genomic DNA present in the RNA preparation was removed by DNase treatment following the manufacturer's instructions (Cat. Nr. 1700, Promega). cDNA was generated using a commercially available kit (Superscript ™ III Reverse Transcriptase, Cat. Nr. 18080044, Invitrogen, Rockville, Maryland, USA) following the manufacturer's instructions. To isolate cDNA sequences comprising a portion of the PX001 , PX009, PX010, PX015,

PX016 genes, a series of PCR reactions with degenerate primers were performed using Amplitaq Gold (Cat. Nr. N8080240, Applied Biosystems) following the manufacturer's instructions.

The sequences of the degenerate primers used for amplification of each of the genes are given in Table 2-PX. These primers were used in respective PCR reactions with the following conditions: 10 minutes at 95⁰C, followed by 40 cycles of 30 seconds at 95°C, 1 minute at 5O⁰C and 1 minute and 30 seconds at 72⁰C, followed by 7 minutes at 72⁰C (for PX001 , PX009, PX015, PX016); 10 minutes at 95⁰C, followed by 40 cycles of 30 seconds at 95⁰C, 1 minute at 54°C and 2 minute and 30 seconds at 72°C, followed by 7 minutes at 72⁰C (for PX010). The resulting PCR fragments were analyzed on agarose gel, purified (QIAquick Gel Extraction kit, Cat. Nr. 28706, Qiagen), cloned into the pCR8/GW/TOPO vector (Cat. Nr. K2500-20, Invitrogen) and sequenced. The sequences of the resulting PCR products are represented by the respective SEQ ID NOs as given in Table 2-PX and are referred to as the partial sequences. The corresponding partial amino acid sequence are represented by the respective SEQ ID NOs as given in Table 3-PX.

B. dsRNA production of the Plutella xylostella genes dsRNA was synthesized in milligram amounts using the commercially available kit T7

For each of the target genes, the sense T7 template was generated using specific T7 forward and specific reverse primers. The sequences of the respective primers for amplifying the sense template for each of the target genes are given in Table 8-PX. The conditions in the PCR reactions were as follows: 1 minute at 95°C, followed by 20 cycles of 30 seconds at 95°C, 30 seconds at 60°C (-0.5°C/cycle) and 1 minute at 72°C, followed by 15 cycles of 30 seconds at 95°C, 30 seconds at 5O⁰C and 1 minute at 72⁰C, followed by 10 minutes at 72°C. The anti-sense T7 template was generated using specific forward and specific T7 reverse primers in a PCR reaction with the same conditions as described above. The sequences of the respective primers for amplifying the anti-sense template for each of the target genes are given in Table 8-PX. The resulting PCR products were analyzed on agarose gel and purified by PCR purification kit (Qiaquick PCR Purification Kit, Cat. Nr. 28106, Qiagen) and NaCIO₄ precipitation. The generated T7 forward and reverse templates were mixed to be transcribed and the resulting RNA strands were annealed, DNase and RNase treated, and purified by sodium acetate, following the manufacturer's instructions. The sense strand of the resulting dsRNA for each of the target genes is given in Table 8-PX. C. Recombination of the Plutella xylostella genes into the plant vector pK7GWIWG2D(ll)

Since the mechanism of RNA interference operates through dsRNA fragments, the target nucleotide sequences of the target genes, as selected above, are cloned in anti-sense and sense orientation, separated by the intron - CmR - intron, whereby CmR is the chloramphenicol resistance marker, to form a dsRNA hairpin construct. These hairpin constructs are generated using the LR recombination reaction between an attL- containing entry clone (see Example 11A) and an attR- containing destination vector (= pK7GWIWG2D(ll)). The plant vector pK7GWIWG2D(ll) is obtained from the VIB/Plant Systems Biology with a Material Transfer Agreement. LR recombination reaction is performed by using LR Clonase™ Il enzyme mix (Cat. Nr. 11791-020, Invitrogen) following the manufacturer's instructions. These cloning experiments result in a hairpin construct for each of the target genes, having the promoter - sense - intron - CmR - intron - antisense orientation, and wherein the promoter is the plant operable 35S promoter. The binary vector pK7GWIWG2D(ll) with the 35S promoter is suitable for transformation into A. tumefaciens.

Restriction enzyme digests were carried out on pCR8/GW/TOPO plasmids containing the different targets (see Example 11 B). The band containing the gene of interest flanked by the attL sites using Qiaquick Gel Extraction Kit (Cat. Nr. 28706, Qiagen) is purified. An amount of 150 ng of purified fragment and 150 ng pK7GWIWG2D(ll) is added together with the LR clonase Il enzyme and incubated for at least 1h at 25°C . After proteinase K solution treatment (10 min at 37⁰C), the whole recombination mix is transformed into Top 10 chemically competent cells. Positive clones are selected by restriction digest analyses.

D. Laboratory trials to test dsRNA targets, using artificial diet for activity against Plutella xylostella larvae

Diamond-back moths, Plutella xylostella, were maintained at Insect Investigations Ltd. (origin: Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK). The insects were reared on cabbage leaves. First instar, mixed sex larvae (approximately 1 day old) were selected for use in the trial. Insects were maintained in Eppendorf tubes (1.5 ml capacity). Commercially available Diamond- back moth diet (Bio-Serv, NJ, USA), prepared following the manafacturer's instructions, was placed in the lid of each tube (0.25 ml capacity, 8 mm diameter). While still liquid, the diet was smoother over to remove excess and produce an even surface. Once the diet has set the test formulations are applied to the diet's surface, at the rate of 25 μl undiluted formulation (1 μg/μl dsRNA of targets) per replicate. The test formulations are allowed to dry and one first instar moth larva is placed in each tube. The larva is placed on the surface of the diet in the lid and the tube carefully closed. The tubes are stored upside down, on their lids such that each larva remains on the surface of the diet. Twice weekly the larvae are transferred to new Eppendorf tubes with fresh diet. The insects are provided with treated diet for the first two weeks of the trial and thereafter with untreated diet.

Assessments are made twice weekly for a total of 38 days at which point all larvae are dead. At each assessment the insects are assessed as live or dead and examined for abnormalities. Forty single larva replicates are performed for each of the treatments. During the trial the test conditions are 23 to 26 ⁰C and 50 to 65 % relative humidity, with a 16:8 hour lightrdark photoperiod.

Example 12: Acheta domesticus (house cricket) A. Cloning Acheta domesticus partial sequences

High quality, intact RNA was isolated from all the different insect stages of Acheta domesticus (house cricket; source: Dr. Lara Senior, Insect Investigations Ltd., Capital Business Park, Wentloog, Cardiff, CF3 2PX, Wales, UK) using TRIzol Reagent (Cat. Nr. 15596-026/15596- 018, Invitrogen, Rockville, Maryland, USA) following the manufacturer's instructions. Genomic DNA present in the RNA preparation was removed by DNase treatment following the manafacturer's instructions (Cat. Nr. 1700, Promega). cDNA was generated using a commercially available kit (Superscript ™ III Reverse Transcriptase, Cat. Nr. 18080044, Invitrogen, Rockville, Maryland, USA) following the manufacturer's instructions.

To isolate cDNA sequences comprising a portion of the AD001 , AD002, AD009, AD015 and AD016 genes, a series of PCR reactions with degenerate primers were performed using Amplitaq Gold (Cat. Nr. N8080240, Applied Biosystems) following the manafacturer's instructions.

The sequences of the degenerate primers used for amplification of each of the genes are given in Table 2-AD. These primers were used in respective PCR reactions with the following conditions: 10 minutes at 95°C, followed by 40 cycles of 30 seconds at 95°C, 1 minute at 50°C and 1 minute and 30 seconds at 72°C, followed by 7 minutes at 72°C. The resulting PCR fragments were analyzed on agarose gel, purified (QIAquick Gel Extraction kit, Cat. Nr. 28706, Qiagen), cloned into the pCR8/GW/topo vector (Cat. Nr. K2500 20, Invitrogen) and sequenced. The sequences of the resulting PCR products are represented by the respective SEQ ID NOs as given in Table 2-AD and are referred to as the partial sequences. The corresponding partial amino acid sequence are represented by the respective SEQ ID NOs as given in Table 3-AD.

B. dsRNA production of the Acheta domesticus genes dsRNA was synthesized in milligram amounts using the commercially available kit T7 Ribomax™ Express RNAi System (Cat. Nr. P1700, Promega). First two separate single 5' T7 RNA polymerase promoter templates were generated in two separate PCR reactions, each reaction containing the target sequence in a different orientation relative to the T7 promoter. For each of the target genes, the sense T7 template was generated using specific T7 forward and specific reverse primers. The sequences of the respective primers for amplifying the sense template for each of the target genes are given in Table 8-AD. The conditions in the PCR reactions were as follows: 1 minute at 95°C, followed by 20 cycles of 30 seconds at 95°C, 30 seconds at 60°C (-0.5°C/cycle) and 1 minute at 72⁰C₁ followed by 15 cycles of 30 seconds at 95⁰C, 30 seconds at 5O⁰C and 1 minute at 72°C, followed by 10 minutes at 72°C. The anti-sense T7 template was generated using specific forward and specific T7 reverse primers in a PCR reaction with the same conditions as described above. The sequences of the respective primers for amplifying the anti-sense template for each of the target genes are given in Table 8-AD. The resulting PCR products were analyzed on agarose gel and purified by PCR purification kit (Qiaquick PCR Purification Kit, Cat. Nr. 28106, Qiagen) and NaCIO₄ precipitation. The generated T7 forward and reverse templates were mixed to be transcribed and the resulting RNA strands were annealed, DNase and RNase treated, and purified by sodium acetate, following the manufacturer's instructions. The sense strand of the resulting dsRNA for each of the target genes is given in Table 8-AD. C. Recombination of the Acheta domesticus genes into the plant vector pK7GWIWG2D(ll)

Since the mechanism of RNA interference operates through dsRNA fragments, the target nucleotide sequences of the target genes, as selected above, are cloned in anti-sense and sense orientation, separated by the intron - CmR - intron, whereby CmR is the chloramphenicol resistance marker, to form a dsRNA hairpin construct. These hairpin constructs are generated using the LR recombination reaction between an attL- containing entry clone (see Example 12A) and an attR- containing destination vector (= pK7GWIWG2D(ll)). The plant vector pK7GWIWG2D(ll) is obtained from the VIB/Plant Systems Biology with a Material Transfer Agreement. LR recombination reaction is performed by using LR Clonase™ Il enzyme mix (Cat. Nr. 11791-020, Invitrogen) following the manufacturer's instructions. These cloning experiments result in a hairpin construct for each of the target genes, having the promoter - sense - intron - CmR - intron - antisense orientation, and wherein the promoter is the plant operable 35S promoter. The binary vector pK7GWIWG2D(ll) with the 35S promoter is suitable for transformation into A. tumefaciens.

Restriction enzyme digests were carried out on pCR8/GW/TOPO plasmids containing the different targets (see Example 12B). The band containing the gene of interest flanked by the attL sites using Qiaquick Gel Extraction Kit (Cat. Nr. 28706, Qiagen) is purified. An amount of 150 ng of purified fragment and 150 ng pK7GWIWG2D(ll) is added together with the LR clonase Il enzyme and incubated for at least 1 h at 25°C . After proteinase K solution treatment (10 min at 37°C), the whole recombination mix is transformed into Top 10 chemically competent cells. Positive clones are selected by restriction digest analyses.

D. Laboratory trials to test dsRNA targets, using artificial diet for activity against Acheta domesticυs larvae House crickets, Acheta domesticus, were maintained at Insect Investigations Ltd. (origin:

Blades Biological Ltd., Kent, UK). The insects were reared on bran pellets and cabbage leaves. Mixed sex nymphs of equal size and no more than 5 days old were selected for use in the trial. Double-stranded RNA is mixed with a wheat-based pelleted rodent diet (rat and mouse standard diet, B & K Universal Ltd., Grimston, Aldbrough, Hull, UK). The diet, BK001 P, contains the following ingredients in descending order by weight: wheat, soya, wheatfeed, barley, pellet binder, rodent 5 vit min, fat blend, dicalcium phosphate, mould carb. The pelleted rodent diet is finely ground and heat-treated in a microwave oven prior to mixing, in order to inactivate any enzyme components. All rodent diet is taken from the same batch in order to ensure consistency. The ground diet and dsRNA are mixed thoroughly and formed into small pellets of equal weight, which are allowed to dry overnight at room temperature.

Double-stranded RNA samples from targets and gfp control at concentrations 10 μg/μl were applied in the ratio 1 g ground diet plus 1 ml dsRNA solution, thereby resulting in an application rate of 10 mg dsRNA per g pellet. Pellets are replaced weekly. The insects are provided with treated pellets for the first three weeks of the trial. Thereafter untreated pellets are provided. Insects are maintained within lidded plastic containers (9 cm diameter, 4.5 cm deep), ten per container. Each arena contains one treated bait pellet and one water source (damp cotton wool ball), each placed in a separate small weigh boat. The water is replenished ad lib throughout the experiment.

Assessments are made at twice weekly intervals, with no more than four days between assessments, until all the control insects had either died or moulted to the adult stage (84 days). At each assessment the insects are assessed as live or dead, and examined for abnormalities. From day 46 onwards, once moulting to adult has commenced, all insects (live and dead) are assessed as nymph or adult. Surviving insects are weighed on day 55 of the trial. Four replicates are performed for each of the treatments. During the trial the test conditions are 25 to 33 ⁰C and 20 to 25 % relative humidity, with a 12:12 hour light:dark photoperiod. Table 1A

CD

CO O

OO

OO N)

CO CO

2

Table 1 -LD

OO en

OO

Table 1 -TC

Table 1-MP

OO

Table 1 -NL

OO OO

Table 1 -CS

OO CO

Table 1 -PX

Table 1 -AD

CD O

Table 2-LD

CO

CD

CD ω

CO

CD cn

Table 2-PC

CO

CD

CO 00

Table 2-EV

CD CO

Table 2-AG

Target Primer Forward Primer Reverse cDNA Sequence (sense strand) ID 5' → 3' 5' → 3' 5' → 3' o o

AGO01 SEQ ID NO: 611 SEQ ID NO: 612 SEQ ID NO: 601

CATTTGAAGCG CGCTTGTCCC CATTTGAAGCGTTTTGCTGCCCCCAAAGCATGGATGTTGGACAAATTGGGGGGTGTGTTCGCCC

TTTWRMYGCYC GCTCCTCNGC CCAGGCCCTCCACCGGGCCACACAAGCTCAGGGAGTCCCTTCCATTAGTGATTTTCTTGCGTAA

C RAT CAGGTTGAAGTACGCCCTGACAAACTGTGAGGTGACCAAGATCGTTATGCAGAGACTTATTAAG

GTCGACGGCAAAGTCAGGACTGATCCTAACTATCCTGCTGGATTCATGGATGTGATCACCATTGA

AAAAACTGGTGAATTCTTCCGTTTGATCTATGATGTTAAGGGAAGATTCACTATTCACAGGATCAC

TGCTGAAGAAGCAAAATACAAATTGTGCAAAGTCCGCAAGGTGCAAACCGGACCAAAAGGTATTC

CATTCTTGGTCACCCACGATGGTAGGACCATTAGGTACCCTGACCCAATGATCAAGGTAAACGAC

ACCATCCAACTGGAAATCGCCACCTCAAAGATCCTGGACTTTATCAAATTCGAATCCGGCAACTT

GTGCATGATCACCGGAGGCAGGAATTTGGGTAGAGTGGGAACGGTAGTGAACAGGGAAAGGCA

TCCGGGATCATTCGATATTGTCCACATTAGGGACGCTAATGATCACGTGTTCGCCACTAGATTAA

ACAACGTATTCGTCATCGGTAAAGGAAGCAAAGCTTTCGTGTCTCTGCCAAGGGGCAAGGGAGT

GAAACTGTCCATCGCTG

Table 2-TC

O Ni

O ω

Table 2 -M P

2

O

Table 2-NL

O

O

O 00

o

CO

to

ω

Table 2-CS

cn

σ>

00

Table 2-PX

CD

O

Table 2-AD

NJ

to

N)

Table 3-LD CO ω

LD006 7 SEQ ID NO: 8 (frame +1 )

HNYGWQVLVASGWEYIDTLEEETVMIAMNPEDLRQDKEYAYCTTYTHCEIHPAMILGVCASIIPFPDHNQSPRNT YQSAMGKQAMGVYITNFHVRMDTLAHVLYYPHKPLVTTRSMEYLRFRELPAGINSIVAIACYTGYNQEDSVILNAS AVERGFFRSVFYRSYKDAESKRIGDQEEQFE

LD007 9 SEQ ID NO: 10 (frame +1)

PKKDVKGTYVSIHSSGFRDFLLKPEILRAIVDCGFEHPSEVQHECIPQAVIGMDILCQAKSGMGKTAVFVLATLQQL EPADNWYVLVMCHTRELAFQISKEYERFSKYMPSVKVGVFFGGMPIANDEEVLKNKCPHIWGTPGRILALVKSR KLVLKNLKHFILDECDKMLELLDMRRDVQEIYRNTPHTKQVMMFSATLSKEIRPVCKKFMQDPMEVYVDDEAKLTL HGLQQHYVKLKENEKNKKLFELLDVLEFNQWIFVKSVQRCVALAQLLTEQNFPAIGIHRGMDQKERLSRYEQFKD FQKRILVATNLFGRGMDIERVNIVFNYDMPEDSDTYLH

LD010 1 1 SEQ ID NO: 12 (frame +1 )

VKCSRELKIQGGIGSCVSLNVKNPLVSDTEIGMGNTVQWKMCTVTPSTTMALFFEWNQHSAPIPQGGRGCIQFIT QYQHASGQKRIRVTTVARNW ADASANIHHVSAGFDQEAAAVIMARMAVYRAESDDSPDVLRWVDRMLIRLCQKF GEYNKDDPNSFRLGENFSLYPQFMYHLRRSQFI EPVLLDTSSIQPDRILLMDTFFQILIFHGETIAQW

LD011 13 SEQ ID NO: 14 (frame -1 )

PFLWLARKLIGDPNLEFVAMPALLP

LD014 15 SEQ ID NO: 16 (frame +3)

QIKHMMAFIEQEANEKAEEIDAKAEEEFNIEKGRLVQQQRLKIMEYYEKKEKQVELQKKIQSSNMLNQARLKVLKV to

REDHVRTVLEEARKRLGQVTNDQGKYSQILESLILQGLYQLFEKD¹

HLKIDDEIHLSQETTGGIDLLAQKNKIKISNTMEARLELISQQLLPEI

LD015 17 SEQ ID NO: 18 (frame -1 )

DELDAI

LD016 19 SEQ ID NO: 20 (frame -2)

TVSGVNGPLVILEDVKFPKYNEIVQLKLADGTIRSGQVLEVSGSKAWQVFEGTSGIDAKNTACEFTGDILRTPVSE

DMLGRVFNGSGKPIDKGPPILAEDFLDIQGQPINPWSRIYPEEMIQTGITAIDVMNSIARGQKIPIFSAAGLPHNEIAA

QICRQAGLVKIPGKSVLDDHEDNFAIVFAAMGVNMETARFFKQDFEENGSMENVCLFLNLANDPTIERIITPRLALT

AAEFLAYQCEKHVLVILTDMSSYAEALREVSAAREEVPGRRGFPGYMYTDLATIYERAGRVEGRNGSITQIPILTMP

NDDITHPI

Table 3-PC

Ni cn

Table 3-EV

ro

Table 3-AG

VSEDMLGRVFNGSGKPIDKGPPILAEDFLDIQGQPINPWSRIYPEEMIQTGISAIDVMNSIARGQKIPIFSAAGLPHNEIA

AEFLAYQCEKHVLVILTDMSSYAEALREVSAAREEVPGRRGFPGYMYTDLATIYERAGRVEGRNGSITQIPILTMPND DITHPI

Table 3-TC

Target cDNA SEQ ID NO Corresponding amino acid sequence of cDNA clone ID

TC001 793 SEQ ID NO: 794 (frame +1 )

GPKKHLKRLNAPKAWMLDKLGGVFAPRPSTGPHKLRESLPLVIFLRNRLKYALTNSEVTKIVMQRLIKVDGKVRTD

PNYPAGFMDWl

DTIQLEIATSKILD

SLPRGKGVKLSI

TC002 795 SEQ ID NO: 796 (frame +1 )

QEFLEAKIDQEILTAKKNASKNKRAAIQAIKRKKRYEKQLQQIDGTLSTIEMQREALEGANTNTAVLKTMKNAADAL

KNAHLNMDVDEVHDMMDDI

TC010 797 SEQ ID NO: 798 (frame +3)

PEVLVFGHVLVLEVPPLGD( QHVAVERGLVWGWENLEELGAAQMVHELGIETEVFTQTETVRWFWFAEF

TC014 799 SEQ ID NO: 800 (frame +1 ) N) OO

EKAEEIDAKAEEEFNIEKGR

RLGEITNDQARYSQLLESLILQSLYQYLGISDELFENNIWRVRQQDRSIIQGILPWATKYRDATGKDVHLKIDDES

HLPSETTGGWLYAQKGKIKIDNTLEARLDLIAQQLVPEIRTALFGRNINRKF

TC015 801 SEQ ID NO: 802 (frame +2)

DELQLFRGDTVLLKGKRRKETVCIVLADENCPDEKIRMNRIVRNNLRVRLSDWWIQPCPDVKYGKRIHVLPIDDTV EGLVGNLFEVYLKPYFLEAYRPIHKGDVFIVRGGMRAVEFKWETEPSPYCIVAPDTVIHCDGDPIKREEEEEALNA VGYDDIGGCRKQLAQIKEMVELPLRHPSLFKAIGVKPPRGILLYGPPGTGKTLIARAVANETGAFFFLINGPEIMSKL AGESESNLRKAFEEADKNSPAIIFIDELDAIAPKREKTHGEVERRIVSQLLTLMDGMKKSSHVIVMAATN RPNSIDPA LRRFGRFD

Table 3-MP

K) CD

Table 3-NL

ω o

oo

LEX

NL016 1101 SEQ ID NO: 1102 (frame +2)

FLAYQCEKHVLVILTDMSSYAEALREVSAAREEVPGRRGFPGYMYTDLATIYERAGRVEGRNGS[T

NL018 1103 SEQ ID NO: 1104 (frame +2)

EGEPWLSARAVGTPVPRITWQKDGAPIQSGPSVSLFVDGGATSLDIPYAKAS

NL019 1105 SEQ ID NO: 1106 (frame +2)

DDTYTESYISTIGVDFKIRTID DNVNKLLVGNKCDQTNKKWDYTQAKEYADQLGIPFLETSAKNATNVEQAF

NL021 1107 SEQ ID NO: 1108 (frame +2)

NL022 1109 SEQ ID NO: 1110 (frame +2)

CO N)

NARKWLATN lAETSLTIDNIIYVIDPGFCKQNNFNSRTGMESLVWPVSKASANQRAGRAGRVAAGKCFRLYT

NL023 1111 SEQ ID NO: 1112 (frame +2)

TACAF

NL027 1113 SEQ ID NO: 1114 (frame +2)

Table 3-CS

OO CO

CS01 1 1694 SEQ ID NO: 1695 (frame +1 )

GSGKTTFVKRHLTGEFEKRYV ATLGVEVHPLVFHTNRGPIRFNVWDTAGQEKFGGLRDGYYIQGQCAIIMFDVT SRVTYKNVPNWHRDLVRVCEGIPIVLCGNKVDIKDRKVKAKTIVFHRKKNLQYYDISAKSNYNFEKPFLWLARKLI GDGNLEFVAMQPCFH

CS013 1696 SEQ ID NO: 1697 (frame +2)

DAPWDTAEQVYISSLALLKMLKHGRAGVPMEVMGLMLGEFVDDYTVRVIDVFAMPQTGTGVSVEAVDPVFQA KMLDMLKQTGRPEMWGWYHSHPGFGCWLSGVDINTQQSFEALSERAVAVWDPIQSVKG

CS014 1698 SEQ ID NO: 1699 (frame +2)

KIKKDVQLKIDTENSLPADTCGGVELIAARGRIKISNTLESRLELIAQQLLPEIRTALF

CS015 1700 SEQ ID NO: 1701 (frame +1 )

HRDDTFMVRGGMRAVEFKWETDPSPYCIVAPDTVIHCEGDPIKREEEEEALNAVGYDDIGGCRKQLAQIKEMV

SPAIIFIDELDAIAPKREKTHGEVERRIVSQLLTLMDGMKKSSHVIVMAATNRPNSIDPAL

CS016 1702 SEQ ID NO: 1703(frame -3)

TPVSEDMLGRVFNGSGKPIDKGPPILAEDFLDIQGQPINPWSRIYPEEMIQTGISAIDVMNSIARGQKIPIFSAAGLP

HNEIAAQICRQAGLVKIPGKSVLDDHEDNFAIVFAAMGVNMETARFFKQDFEENGSMENVCLFLNLANDPTIERII

TPRLALTAAEFLAYQCEKHVLVILTDMSSYAEALREVSAAREEVPGRRGFPGYMYTDLATIYERAGRVEGRNGSI

TQIPILTMPNDDITHPIPDLTGYITEGQIYVDRQLHNRQIYPPVNVLPSLSRLMKSAIGEGMTRKDHSDVSNQLYAC CO

YAIGKDVQAMKAWGEEALTPDDLLYLEFLTKFEKNFITQGNYENRTVFESLDIGWQLLRIFPKEMLKRIPASI

CS018 1704 SEQ ID NO: 1705 (frame +2)

SVYIQPEGVPVPAQQSQQQQSYRHVSESVEHKSYGTQGYTTSEQTKQTQKVAYTNGSDYSSTDDFKVDTFEY RLLREVSFRESITKRYIGETDIQISTEVDKSLGWTPPKIAQKPRNSKLQEGADAQFQVQLSGNPRPRVSWFKNG

KDGVQVIPNPELRINTEGGASTLDIPRAKASDAGWYRC

Table 3-PX

ω en

Table 3-AD

Target cDNA SEQ ID Corresponding amino acid sequence of cDNA clone ID NO

ADO01 2364 SEQ ID NO: 2365 (frame +1 )

GPKKHLKRLNAPKAWMLDKLGGVFAPRPSTGPHKLRECLPLVIFLRNRLKYALTNCEVTKIVMQRLIKVDGKVRTDPN YPAGFMDWTIEKTGEFFRLVYDVKGRFTIHRISAEEAKYKLCKVRRVQTGPKGIPFLVTHDGRTIRYPDPVIKVNDSI QLDIATCKIMDHIRFESGNLCMITGGRNLGRVGTWSRERHPGSFDIVHIKDTQGHTFATRLNNVFIIGKATKPYISLPK GKGVKLSIAEERDK

AD002 2366 SEQ ID NO: 2367 (frame +2)

SFFSKVFGGKKDGKAPTTGEAIQKLRETEEMLIKKQEFLEKKIEQEINVAKKNGTKNKRAAIQALKRKKRYEKQLQQID GTLSTIEMQREALEGANTNTAVLQTMKSAADALKAAHQHMDVDKVHDLMDDI

AD009 2368 SEQ ID NO: 2369 (frame +3)

PEDLKQYIHNLESNNSREMNTVWVSCEGENP

AD015 2370 SEQ ID NO: 2371 (frame +2)

DDIGGCRKQLAQIKEMVELPLRHPSLFKAIGVKPPRGILLYGPPGTGKTLIARAVAN ETGAFFFLINGPEIMSKLAGESE SNLRKAFEEADKNAPAIIFIDELDAIAPKREKTHGEVERRIVSQLLTLMDGLKQSSHVIVMAATNRPNSIDGALRRFGRF DREIDIGIPDATGRLEILRIHTKNMKLADDVDLEQIAAESHG CO

AD016 2372 SEQ ID NO: 2373 (frame +2)

FTGDILRVPVSEDMLGRTFNGSGIPIDGGPPIVAETYLDVQGMPINPQTRIYPEEMIQTGISTIDVMTSIARGQKIPIFSG AGLPHNEIAAQICRQAGLVQHKENKDDFAIVFAAMGVNMETARFFKREFAQTGACNWLFLNLANDPTIERIITPRLAL TVAEFLAYQCNKHVLVIMTDMTSYAEALREVSAAREEVPGRRGFPGYMYTDLSTIYERAGRVQGRPGSITQIPILTMP NDDITHPI

Table 4-LD

ω

-vl

ω

OO

ω

CD

O

Table 4-PC

l\3

4*. ω

Ol

-t- cn

oo

CD

O

Ui

N)

en ω

Table 4-TC

2

Table 4-MP

σ>

cn

CO

Oi CD

CJ) O

Table 4-NL

O)

-P-

CD

CJ) en

CO

CO

O

Table 4-CS

N)

-~4 CO

->ι

en

^■vl CD

OO

CD

OO O

oo

OO K)

Oo

CO

Table 4-PX

OO

CO Ol

Oo (J)

OO

CO OO

CO CD

CD O

CD

Table 4-AD

CO CO

Table 5-LD

CD

Table 5-PC

Table 5-EV

CD cn

Table 5-AG

Table 5-TC

Table 5-MP

(D CJ)

Table 5-NL

CO

Table 5-CS

CD OO

Table 5-PX

Table 5-AD

Table 6-LD

CD CD

O

Table 6-PC O

Table 6-EV o

Table 6-AG

NJ O NJ

Table 6-MP

Table 6-NL

NJ O CO

N) O

O CJI

O

K) O

Table 6-CS

N) O OO

O CO

Table 6-PX

Ni O

NJ

Table 7-LD

Target ID SEQ ID NO and DNA Sequence (sense strand) 5' → 3' of fragments and concatemer constructs

LD014 F1 SEQ ID NO: 159

CGACTTGGTCAGGTCACAAACGCCCGGG

LD014 F2 SEQ ID NO: 160

LD014 C1 SEQ ID NO: 161

CGTTCGTACCGTACTAGAGGAGGCGCGTAAACGACTTGGTCAGGTCACAAACGCCCGGG

LD014 C2 SEQ ID NO: 162

TTCGTACCGTACTAGAGGAGGCGCGTAAACGACTTGGTCAGGTCACAAACGCCCGGG

Table 8-LD

to

CO

N3

N)

OO

gfp SEQ ID NO: 236 SEQ ID NO: 237 SEQ ID NO: 235

GCGTAATACGACTC CAATTTGTGTCCAAG AGATACCCAGATCATATGAAACGGCATGACTTTTTCAAGAGTGCCATGCCCGA ACTATAGGAGATAC AATGTTTCC AGGTTATGTACAGGAAAGAACTATATTTTTCAAAGATGACGGGAACTACAAGA CCAGATCATATGAAA CACGTAAGTTTAAACAGTTCGGTACTAACTAACCATACATATTTAAATΠTCAG CGG GTGCTGAAGTCAAGTTTGAAGGTGATACCCTTGTTAATAGAATCGAGTTAAAA

SEQ ID NO: 239 GGTATTGATTTTAAAGAAGATGGAAACATTCTTGGACACAAATTG

GCGTAATACGACTC

SEQ ID NO: 238 ACTATAGGCAATTTG

AGATACCCAGATCA TGTCCAAGAATGTTT TATGAAACGG CC

Table 8-PC

CO

NJ O

N>

ATTGAAGGCAATACT ACACAACCCCAATGGGCGGTTTGTAGTGGTTTGTGGTGATGGAGAATACATAATA CGATCAG TACACGGCTATGGCCCTTCGTAACAAAGCATTTGGTAGCGCTCAAGAATTTGTATG

SEQ ID NO: 506

GGCACAGGACTCCAGTGAATATGCCATCCGCGAATCCGGATCCACCATTCGAATC

GCGTAATACGACTC

TTCAAGAATTTCAAAGAAAAAAAGAATTTCAAGTCCGACTTTGGTGCCGAAGGAAT

ACTATAGGCAAGCT SEQ ID NO: 507

CTATGGTGGTTTTCTCTTGGGTGTGAAATCAGTTTCTGGCTTAGCTTTCTATGACT

AACTTGAAAGTACTA TTTTGGAATTGAAGG

GGGAAACGCTTGAGTTAGTAAGGCGCATTGAAATACAGCCTAGAGCTATCTACTG

CCAGAAGG CAATACTCGATCAG

GTCAGATAGTGGCAAGTTGGTATGCCTTGCTACCGAAGATAGCTATTTCATATTGT

CCTATGACTCTGACCAAGTCCAGAAAGCTAGAGATAACAACCAAGTTGCTGAAGA

TGGAGTGGAGGCTGCCTTTGATGTCCTAGGTGAAATAAATGAATCCGTAAGAACA

GGTCTTTGGGTAGGAGACTGCTTCATTTACACAAACGCAGTCAACCGTATCAACTA

CTTTGTGGGTGGTGAATTGGTAACTATTGCACATCTGGACCGTCCTCTATATGTCC

TGGGCTATGTACCTAGAGATGACAGGTTATACTTGGTTGATAAAGAGTTAGGAGTA

GTCAGCTATCNAATTGCTATTATCTGTACTCGAATATCAGACTGCAGTCATGCGAC

GAGACTTCCCAACGGCTGATCGAGTATTGCCTTCAATTCCAAAA

Table 8-EV

M CO

Table 8-AG

M

Table 8-TC

to ho

to

to

Table 8-MP

OO

ACTATAGGGCTCGT GCTCCACC GCTCGTTTGTTTCCATCCAGAACTTCCCATCGTGTTAACTGGCTCAGAAGATGGTA

TTGTTTCCATCCAGA CCGTCAGAATTTGGCATTCTGGTACTTATCGATTAGAATCATCATTAAACTATGGG

AC

SEQ ID NO: 1065 TTAGAACGTGTATGGACAATCTGTTGCTTACGGGGATCTAATAATGTAGCTCTAGG

GCGTAATACGACTC TTATGATGAAGGAAGTATAATGGTTAAAGTTGGTCGTGAAGAGCCAGCAATGTCAA

SEQ ID NO: 1064 ACTATAGGCCAAAA TGGATGTTCATGGGGGTAAAATTGTTTGGGCACGTCATAGTGAAATTCAACAAGCT

GCTCGTTTGTTTCCA ATACCATCTGCTCCA AACCTTAAAGCGATGCTTCAAGCAGAAGGAGCCGAAATCAAAGATGGTGAACGTT

TCCAGAAC CC TACCAATACAAGTTAAAGACATGGGTAGCTGTGAAATTTATCCACAGTCAATATCT

CATAATCCGAATGGTAGAI I I I I AGTAGTATGTGGTGATGGAGAGTATATTATATAT

ACATCAATGGCTTTGCGTAATAAAGCATTTGGCTCCGCTCAGGATΠTGTATGGTC

TTCTGATTCTGAGTATGCCATTAGAGAAAATTCTTCTACAATCAAAG I I I I I AAAAA TTTTAAAGAAAAAAAGTCTTTTAAACCAGAAGGTGGAGCAGATGGTATTTTTGG

Table 8 -N L

N) CD

K) O

ω

CO

CO CO

N) ω

t ωo

to ω

Table 8-CS

ω

ω oo

ho ω

CO

N) O

K

Table 8 -PX

ro

to -P- ω

Table 8-AD

Ol

Table 9-LD

Target ID Hairpin Sequence 5' → 3'

LD002 SEQIDNO: 240 GCCCTTGCAATGTCATCCATCATGTCGTGTACATTGTCCACGTCCAAG ATGGGCTTTCTTAAGAGCTTCAGCTGCA I I I I I CAT

CATTAACTAATATCACCTCTAGAGTATAATATAATCAAATTCGACAATTTGACTTTCAAGAGTAGGCTAATGTAAAATCTTTATATATTTC

VΠTTCAGGAG VΠTTGAGGCATTT CAGTCAGTTGCTCAATGTACCTAT AACCAGACCGTTCAGCTGGATATTACGGCCTTTTT AAAGACCGTAAAGAAAAATAAGCACAAGTT

TGGGATAGTGTTCACCCTTGTTACACCGTTTTCCATGAGCAAACTGAAACGTTTTCATCGCTCTGGAGTGAATACCACGACGATTTCC

GGCAGTTTCTACACATATATTCGCAAGATGTGGCGTGTTACGGTGAAAACCTGGCCTATTTCCCTAAAGGGTTTATTGAGAATATGTTT

TTCGTCTCAGCCAATCCCTGGGTGAGTTTCACCAGTTTTGATTTAAACGTGGCCAATATGGACAACTTCTTCGCCCCCGTTTTCACCAT

TGCTAAAATAAGCATAATTTTACCCACTAAGCGTGACCAGATAAACATAACTCAGCACACCAGAGCATATATATTGGTGGCTCAAATCA

TAGAAACTTACAGTGAAGACACAGAAAGCCGTAAGAAGAGGCAAGAGTATGAAACCTTACCTCATCATTTCCATGAGGTTGCTTCTGA

TCCCGCGGGATATCACCACTTTGTACAAGAAAGCTGGGTCGAATTCGCCCTTGAGCGGCCATGCAAGCGCTGAAGCGGAAGAAGCG

ATTAGAAAAAAATCAGTTGCAAATAGATGGCACTTTAACTACTATTGAACTTCAACGAGAAGCTCTGGAGGGAGCTAGTACGAACACC

ACAGTATTGGAATCTATI

ATGACATTGCAAGGGC

LD006 SEQIDNO: 241

CCGGCCATGATCTTGGGCGTTTGCGCGTCTATTATACCTTTCCCCGATCATAACCAGAGCCCAAGGAACACCTACCAGAGCGCTATG GGTAAGCAAGCTATGGGGGTCTACATTACGAATTTCCACGTGCGGATGGACACCCTGGCCCACGTGCTATACTACCCGCACAAACCT

■fc-

GTTATAATCAAGAAGATTCTGTTATTCTGAACGCGTCTGCTGTGGAAAGAGGA I I I I I CCGATCCGTGTTTTATCGTTCCTATAAAGAT CJ) GCCGAATCGAAGCGAATTGGCGATCAAGAAGAGCAGTTCGAGAAGGGCGAATTCACCAGCTTTCTTGTACAAAGTGGTATATCACTA

AACTAATATCACCTCTAGAGTATAATATAATCAAATTCGACAATTTGACTTTCAAGAGTAGGCTAATGTAAAATCTTTATATATTTCTACA ATGTTCAAAGAAACAGTTGCATCTAAACCCCTATGGCCATCAAATTCAATGAACGCTAAGCTGATCCGGCGAGATTTTCAGGAGCTAA GGAAGCTAAAATGGAGAAAAAAATCACTGGATATACCACCGTTGATATATCCCAATGGCATCGTAAAGAACATTTTGAGGCATTTCAGT CAGTTGCTCAATGTACCTATAACCAGACCGTTCAGCTGGATATTACGGCCTTTTTAAAGACCGTAAAGAAAAATAAGCACAAGTTTTAT

GATAGTGTTCACCCTTGTTACACCGTTTTCCATGAGCAAACTGAAACGTTTTCATCGCTCTGGAGTGAATACCACGACGATTTCCGGC AGTTTCTACACATATATTCGCAAGATGTGGCGTGTTACGGTGAAAACCTGGCCTATTTCCCTAAAGGGTTTATTGAGAATATG I I I I I C GTCTCAGCCAATCCCTGGGTGAGTTTCACCAGTTTTGATTTAAACGTGGCCAATATGGACAACTTCTTCGCCCCCGTTTTCACCATGG

GTCTCATACCAACAAGTGCCACCTTATTCAACCATCAAGAAAAAAGCCAAAATTT ATGCTACTCTAAGGAAAACTTCACTAAAGAAGAC GATTTAGAGTGTTTTACCAAGAATTTCTGTCATCTTACTAAACAACTAAAGATCGGTGTGATACAAAACCTAATCTCATTAAAGTTTATG CTAAAATAAGCATAATTTTACCCACTAAGCGTGACCAGATAAACATAACTCAGCACACCAGAGCATATATATTGGTGGCTCAAATCATA

CCGCGGGATATCACCACTTTGTACAAGAAAGCTGGGTCGGCCCTTCTCGAACTGCTCTTCTTGATCGCCAATTCGCTTCGATTCGGC ATCTTTATAGGAACGATAAAACACGGATCGGAAAAATCCTCTTTCCACAGCAGACGCGTTCAGAATAACAGAATCTTCTTGATTATAAC

AGGTTTC CATAGCC GGTGGATTTCGCAGTGGGTGTAGGTCGTACAATAAGCATATTCTTTGTCCTGCCGAAGATCCTCAGGATTCATCGCAATCATGACAGT

LD007 SEQIDNO: 242

GCCCTTCCGAAGAAGGATGTGAAGGGTACTTACGTATCCATACACAGTTCAGGCTTCAGAGATTTTTTATTGAAACCAGAAATTCTAA

GAGCTATAGTTGACTGCGGTTTTGAACACCCTTCAGAAGTTCAGCACGAATGTATTCCTCAAGCTGTCATTGGCATGGACATTTTATGT

CAAGCCAAATCTGGTATGGGCAAAACGGCAGTGTTTGTTCTGGCGACACTGCAACAATTGGAACCAGCGGACAATGTTGTTTACGTTT

TGGTGATGTGTCACACTCGTGAACTGGCTTTCCAAATCAGCAAAGAGTACGAGAGGTTCAGTAAATATATGCCCAGTGTCAAGGTGG

CAACAGCATTACGTTAAACTCAAAGAAAATGAAAAGAATAAAAAATTATTTGAGTTGCTCGATGTTCTCGAATTTAATCAGGTGGTCATT

TTTGTGAAGTCCGTTCAAAGGTGTGTGGCTTTGGCACAGTTGCTGACTGAACAGAATTTCCCAGCCATAGGAATTCACAGAGGAATG

GACCAGAAAGAGAGGTTGTCTCGGTATGAGCAGTTCAAAGATTTCCAGAAGAGAATATTGGTAGCTACGAATCTCTTTGGGCGTGGC

CTGTAAATAACCGAGTATAAACTCATTAACTAATATCACCTCTAGAGTATAAT ATAATCAAATTCGACAATTTGACTTTCAAGAGTAGGC TAATGTAAAATCTTTATATATTTCTACAATGTTCAAAGAAACAGTTGCATCTAAACCCCT ATGGCCATCAAATTCAATGAACGCTAAGCT

GTAAAGAACATTTTGAGGCATTTCAGTCAGTTGCTCAATGTACCTATAACCAGACCGTTCAGCTGGATATTACGGCCTTTTTAAAGACC GTAAAGAAAAATAAGCACAAGTTTTATCCGGCCTTTATTCACATTCTTGCCCGCCTGATGAATGCTCATCCGGAATTCCGTATGGCAAT GAAAGACGGTGAGCTGGTGATATGGGATAGTGTTCACCCTTGTTACACCGTTTTCCATGAGCAAACTGAAACGTTTTCATCGCTCTGG AGTGAATACCACGACGATTTCCGGCAGTTTCTACACATATATTCGCAAGATGTGGCGTGTTACGGTGAAAACCTGGCCTATTTCCCTA AAGGGTTTATTGAGAATATG I I I I I CGTCTCAGCCAATCCCTGGGTGAGTTTCACCAGTTTTGATTTAAACGTGGCCAATATGGACAAC TTCTTCGCCCCCGTTTTCACCATGGGCAAATATTATACGCAAGGCGACAAGGTGCTGATGCCGCTGGCGATTCAGGTTCATCATGCC

\TTTATGCTACTC

CTTTGATGTCAACCTTGTTCCCGCAAAGTACTATCGGGATATTTTCACAGACTCTGACAAGATCTCTGTGCCAATTTGGTACATTCTTG

ACCGGCAGTGTCCCATACATTGAACCGAATAGGGCCCCTGTTTGTATGGAAGACCAGAGGATGGACTTCAACTCCCAAAGTAGCTAC ATATCTTTTTTCAAATTCACCAGTCATATGACGTTTCACAAATGTCGTTTTTCCAGTACCTCCATCTCCGACCAACACACACTTGAAAGT GGGAAGGGCGAATTCGACCCAGCTTTCTTGTACAAAGTGGTGATATCACTAGTGCGGCCGCCTGCAGGTCGACCATATGGTCGACC

GACAATTTGACTTTCAAGAGTAGGCTAATGTAAAATCTTTATATATTTCTACAATGTTCAAAGAAACAGTTGCATCTAAACCCCTATGGC CATCAAATTCAATGAACGCTAAGCTGATCCGGCGAGATΠTCAGGAGCTAAGGAAGCTAAAATGGAGAAAAAAATCACTGGATATACC ACCGTTGATATATCCCAATGGCATCGTAAAGAACATTTTGAGGCATTTCAGTCAGTTGCTCAATGTACCTATAACCAGACCGTTCAGCT GGATATTACGGCCTTTTTAAAGACCGTAAAGAAAAATAAGCACAAGTTTTATCCGGCCTTTATTCACATTCTTGCCCGCCTGATGAATG

AACTGAAACGTTTTCATCGCTCTGGAGTGAATACCACGACGATTTCCGGCAGTTTCTACACATATATTCGCAAGATGTGGCGTGTTAC

GGTGAAAACCTGGCCTATTTCCCTAAAGGGTTTATTGAGAATATG I I I I I CGTCTCAGCCAATCCCTGGGTGAGTTTCACCAGTTTTGA

TTTAAACGTGGCCAATATGGACAACTTCTTCGCCCCCGTTTTCACCATGGGCAAATATTATACGCAAGGCGACAAGGTGCTGATGCCG

AAAAAAGCCAAAATTTATGCTACTCTAAGGAAAACTTCACTAAAGAAGACGATTTAGAGTGTTTTACCAAGAATTTCTGTCATCTTACTA AACAACTAAAGATCGGTGTGATACAAAACCTAATCTCATTAAAGTTTATGCTAAAATAAGCATAATΠTACCCACTAAGCGTGACCAGAT

CAAGAGTATGAAACCTTACCTCATCATTTCCATGAGGTTGCTTCTGATCCCGCGGGATATCGGACCACTTTGTACAAGAAAGCTGGGT

CGAATTCGCCCTTCCCACTTTCAAGTGTGTGTTGGTCGGAGATGGAGGT ACTGGAAAAACGACATTTGTGAAACGTCATATGACTGGT

GAATTTGAAAAAAGATATGTAGCTACTTTGGGAGTTGAAGTCCATCCTCTGGTCTTCCATACAAACAGGGGCCCTATTCGGTTCAATG

TATGGGACACTGCCGGTCAGGAGAAGTTTGGTGGTCTCCGTGATGGATATTACATTCAGGGACAGTGTGCTATTATCATGTTTGATGT O

AACAAGGTTGACATCAAAGACAGAAAAGTAAAAGCGAAAAGTATTGTCTTTCATAGGAAGAAGAATTTGCAGTACTATGATATCTCTGC

CCCTGCTTCCACAAGGGC

LD014 SEQIDNO: 245

GCCCTTCGCAGATCAAGCATATGATGGCTTTCATTGAACAAGAGGCAAACGAAAAGGCAGAAGAAATCGATGCCAAGGCCGAGGAAG

GAGGAGGCGCGTAAACGACTTGGTCAGGTCACAAACGACCAGGGAAAATATTCCCAAATCCTGGAAAGCCTCATTTTGCAGGGATTA

GAAGGGCGAATTCACCAGCTTTCTTGTACAAAGTGGTATATCACTAGTGCGGCCGCCTGCAGGTCGACCATATGGTCGACCTGCAGG

TTGACTTTCAAGAGTAGGCTAATGTAAAATCTTTATATATTTCTACAATGTTCAAAGAAACAGTTGCATCTAAACCCCTATGGCCATCAA

ATTCAATGAACGCTAAGCTGATCCGGCGAGATTTTCAGGAGCTAAGGAAGCTAAAATGGAGAAAAAAATCACTGGATATACCACCGTT

GATATATCCCAATGGCATCGTAAAGAACATTTTGAGGCATTTCAGTCAGTTGCTCAATGTACCTATAACCAGACCGTTCAGCTGGATAT

TACGGCCTTTTTAAAGACCGTAAAGAAAAATAAGCACAAGTTTTATCCGGCCTTTATTCACATTCTTGCCCGCCTGATGAATGCTCATC

CGGAATTCCGTATGGCAATGAAAGACGGTGAGCTGGTGATATGGGATAGTGTTCACCCTTGTTACACCGTTTTCCATGAGCAAACTGA

AACGTΠTCATCGCTCTGGAGTGAATACCACGACGATTTCCGGCAGTTTCTACACATATATTCGCAAGATGTGGCGTGTTACGGTGAA

AACCTGGCCTATTTCCCTAAAGGGTTTATTGAGAATATG I I I I I CGTCTCAGCCAATCCCTGGGTGAGTTTCACCAGTΠTGATTTAAA

CGTGGCCAATATGGACAACTTCTTCGCCCCCGTTTTCACCATGGGCAAATATTATACGCAAGGCGACAAGGTGCTGATGCCGCTGGC

AGCCAAAATTTATGCTACTCTAAGGAAAACTTCACTAAAGAAGACGATTTAGAGTGTTTTACCAAGAATTTCTGTCATCTTACTAAACAA CTAAAGATCGGTGTGATACAAAACCTAATCTCATTAAAGTTTATGCTAAAATAAGCATAATTTTACCCACTAAGCGTGACCAGATAAACA

GTATGAAACCTTACCTCATCATTTCCATGAGGTTGCTTCTGATCCCGCGGGATATCGACCACTTTGTACAAGAAAGCTGGGTCGAATT

GCCAGCAGGTCGATTCCCCCGGTGGTTTCTTGGGACAGATGGATTTCGTCATCAATTTTCAGATGGATGTCCTTACCGGTGGCATCTT

TATACTTGTTCGTGACGGTGGGAATGATGGATTTGACCAGTTCTCGGTCCTGGGGCCGAACTCGAATGGTAACATCTTTCTCAAAAAG

CTGATATAATCCCTGCAAAATGAGGCTTTCCAGGATTTGGGAATATTTTCCCTGGTCGTTTGTGACCTGACCAAGTCGTTTACGCGCC

TCCTCTAGTACGGTACGAACGTGATCTTCCCTAACCTTCAATACTTTCAATCGAGCCTGATTCAACATGTTAGACGATTGGA I I I I I I I

CTGGAGTTCGACCTGTTTCTCTTTCTTCTCATAATATTCCATAATCTTGAGACGTTGTTGCTGAACAAGGCGCCCCTTTTCAATATTAAA

TTCTTCCTCGGCCTTGGCATCGATTTCTTCTGCCTTTTCGTTTGCCTCTTGTTCAATGAAAGCCATCATATGCTTGATCTGCGAAGGGC N)

LD016 SEQIDNO: 246

CTGTCAAAGCCAGACGAGGTGTAATAATTCTTTCAATGGTAGGATCGTTGGCCAAATTCAAGAACAGGCAGACATTCTCCATAGAACC GTTCTCTTCGAAATCCTGTTTGAAGAACCTAGCTGTTTCCATGTTAACACCCATAGCAGCGAAAACAATAGCAAAGTTATCTTCATGAT CATCAAGTACAGATTTACCAGGAATCTTGACTAAACCAGCCTGTCTACAGATCTGGGCAGCAATTTCATTGTGAGGCAGACCAGCTGC AGAGAAAATGGGGATCTTCTGACCACGAGCAATGGAGTTCATCACGTCAATAGCTGTAATACCCGTCTGGATCATTTCCTCAGGATAG ATACGGGACCACGGATTGATTGGTTGACCCTGGATGTCCAAGAAGTCTTCAGCCAAAATTGGGGGACCTTTGTCGATGGGTTTTCCT

CGATTCCTGATGTGCCCTCGAACACTTGAACCACAGCTΠTGACCCACTGACTTCCAGAACTTGTCCCGAACGTATAGTGCCATCAGC CAGTTTGAGTTGTACGATTTCATTGTACTTGGGGAACTTAACATCTTCGAGGATTACCAGAGGACCGTTCACACCAGACACAGTCAAG GGCGAATTCACCAGCTTTCTTGTACAAAGTGGTATATCACTAGTGCGGCCGCCTGCAGGTCGACCATATGGTCGACCTGCAGGCGG

\TTTG

ACTTTCAAGAGTAGGCTAATGTAAAATCTTTATATATTTCTACAATGTTCAAAGAAACAGTTGCATCTAAACCCCTATGGCCATCAAATT CAATGAACGCTAAGCTGATCCGGCGAGATTTTCAGGAGCTAAGGAAGCTAAAATGGAGAAAAAAATCACTGGATATACCACCGTTGAT ATATCCCAATGGCATCGTAAAGAACATTTTGAGGCATTTCAGTCAGTTGCTCAATGTACCTATAACCAGACCGTTCAGCTGGATATTAC GGCCTTTTTAAAGACCGTAAAGAAAAATAAGCACAAGTTTTATCCGGCCTTTATTCACATTCTTGCCCGCCTGATGAATGCTCATCCGG AATTCCGTATGGCAATGAAAGACGGTGAGCTGGTGATATGGGATAGTGTTCACCCTTGTTACACCGTTTTCCATGAGCAAACTGAAAC GTTTTCATCGCTCTGGAGTGAATACCACGACGATTTCCGGCAGTTTCTACACATATATTCGCAAGATGTGGCGTGTTACGGTGAAAAC

CTGGCCTATTTCCCTAAAGGGTTTATTGAGAATATG I I I I I CGTCTCAGCCAATCCCTGGGTGAGTTTCACCAGTΠTGATTTAAACGT

GGCCAATATGGACAACTTCTTCGCCCCCGTTTTCACCATGGGCAAATATTATACGCAAGGCGACAAGGTGCTGATGCCGCTGGCGAT

CAAAATTTATGCTACTCTAAGGAAAACTTCACTAAAGAAGACGATTTAGAGTGTTTTACCAAGAATTTCTGTCATCTTACTAAACAACTA AAGATCGGTGTGATACAAAACCTAATCTCATTAAAGTTTATGCTAAAATAAGCATAATΠTACCCACTAAGCGTGACCAGATAAACATAA

ATGAAACCTTACCTCATCATTTCCATGAGGTTGCTTCTGATCCCGCGGGATATCACCACTTTGTACAAGAAAGCTGGGTCGAATTCGC

CGACGCCAAAAACACCGCTTGTGAATTCACAGGAGATATTTTGAGGACTCCTGTTTCTGAAGATATGTTGGGACGTGTTTTCAATGGA TCAGGAAAACCCATCGACAAAGGTCCCCCAATTTTGGCTGAAGACTTCTTGGACATCCAGGGTCAACCAATCAATCCGTGGTCCCGT

CTGCAGCTGGTCTGCCTCACAATGAAATTGCTGCCCAGATCTGTAGACAGGCTGGTTTAGTCAAGATTCCTGGTAAATCTGTACTTGA TGATCATGAAGATAACTTTGCTATTGTTTTCGCTGCTATGGGTGTTAACATGGAAACAGCTAGGTTCTTCAAACAGGATTTCGAAGAGA

;TTTGACA (S3 ^TTTGCGTGAGG en TATCTGCTGCCAGAGAAGAGGTGCCTGGTCGTCGTGGTTTCCCAGGTTACATGTACACCGATTTAGCTACCATCTATGAACGTGCCG

LD027 SEQIDNO 2486

CGCGGTTTGTTTCCACCCTGAACTACCTGTGGCTCTCACAGGCAGCGAAGATGGTACCGTTAGAGTTTGGCATACGAATACACACAG ATTAGAGAATTGTTTGAATT ATGGGTTCGAGAGAGTGTGGACCATTTGTTGCTTGAAGGGTTCGAATAATGTTTCTCTGGGGTATGAC

TCGGAATTACAACAAGCTAATTTGAAGGCGCTGCCAGAAGGTGGAGAAATAAGAGATGGGGAGCGTTTACCTGTCTCTGTAAAAGAT

TTTACACAGCGATGGCTCTACGGAACAAGGCTTTTGGAAGCGCTCAAGAGTTTGTCTGGGCTCAGGACTCCAGCGAGTATGCCATTC GCGAGTCTGGTTCCACAATTCGGATATTCAAAAACTTCAAAGAAAGGAAGAACTTCAAGTCGGATTTCAGCGCGGAAGGAATCTACG GGGGTTTTCTCTTGGGGATTAAATCGGTGTCCGGTTTAACGTTTTACGATTGGGAAACTTTGGACTTGGTGAGACGGATTGAAATACA ACCGAGGGCGGTTTATTGGTCTGACAGTGGAAAATTAGTCTGTCTCGCAACGGAGGACAGCTACTTCATCCTTTCTTATGATTCGGAG

CAAGTTCAGAAGGCCAGGGAGAACAATCAAGTCGCAGAGGATGGCGTAGAGGCCGCTTTCGATGTGTTGGGGGAAATGAACGAGTC

TGTCCGAACCCAGCTTTCTTGTACAAAGTGGTGATATCCCGCGGGATCAGAAGCAACCTCATGGAAATGATGAGGTAAGGTTTCATAC

TCTTGCCTCTTCTTACGGCTTTCTGTGTCTTCACTGTAAGTTTCTATGATTTGAGCCACCAATATATATGCTCTGGTGTGCTGAGTTATG

TTTATCTGGTCACGCTTAGTGGGTAAAATTATGCTTATTTTAGCATAAACTTTAATGAGATTAGGTTTTGTATCACACCGATCTTTAGTT

GTTTAGTAAGATGACAGAAATTCTTGGTAAAACACTCTAAATCGTCTTCTTTAGTGAAGTTTTCCTTAGAGTAGCATAAATTTTGGCTTT

TTTCTTGATGGTTGAATAAGGTGGCACTTGTTGGTATGAGACTTTATTGAGAGTCATATTAAGCTGATCCACGCGTTTACGCCCCGCC

AGCGGCATCAGCACCTTGTCGCCTTGCGTATAATATTTGCCCATGGTGAAAACGGGGGCGAAGAAGTTGTCCATATTGGCCACGTTT AAATCAAAACTGGTGAAACTCACCCAGGGATTGGCTGAGACGAAAAACATATTCTCAATAAACCCTTTAGGGAAATAGGCCAGGTTTT

AGTTTGCTCATGGAAAACGGTGTAACAAGGGTGAACACTATCCCATATCACCAGCTCACCGTCTTTCATTGCCATACGGAATTCCGGA TGAGCATTCATCAGGCGGGCAAGAATGTGAATAAAGGCCGGATAAAACTTGTGCTTATTTTTCTTTACGGTCTTTAAAAAGGCCGTAAT ATCCAGCTGAACGGTCTGGTTATAGGTACATTGAGCAACTGACTGAAATGCCTCAAAATGTTCTTTACGATGCCATTGGGATATATCAA

CGGTGGTATATCCAGTGA I I I I I I I CTCCATΠTAGCTTCCTTAGCTCCTGAAAATCTCGCCGGATCAGCTTAGCGTTCATTGAATTTG

ATGGCCATAGGGGTTTAGATGCAACTGTTTCTTTGAACATTGTAGAAATATATAAAGATTTTACATTAGCCTACTCTTGAAAGTCAAATT GTCGAATTTGATTATATTATACTCTAGAGGTGATATTAGTTAATGAGTTTAT ACTCGGTTATTTACAGCTTATTCATATACCAGTTAACGT GTCTCATATATTCT AACTTCTTAGCATTTAACGTGTTTGCAGGTCAGCTTGACACTGAACAT AACAGCATCACTAGTGCGGCCGCCTG CAGGTCGACCATATGGTCGACCTGCAGGCGGCCGCACTAGTGATATACCACTTTGTACAAGAAAGCTGGTCGAATTCGCCCTTTCGG ACAGACTCGTTCATTTCCCCCAACACATCGAAAGCGGCCTCTACGCCATCCTCTGCGACTTGATTGTTCTCCCTGGCCTTCTGAACTT GCTCCGAATCATAAGAAAGGATGAAGTAGCTGTCCTCCGTTGCGAGACAGACTAATTTTCCACTGTCAGACCAATAAACCGCCCTCG GTTGTATTTCAATCCGTCTCACCAAGTCCAAAGTTTCCCAATCGTAAAACGTTAAACCGGACACCGATTTAATCCCCAAGAGAAAACCC CCGTAGATTCCTTCCGCGCTGAAATCCGACTTGAAGTTCTTCCTTTCTTTGAAG I I I I I GAATATCCGAATTGTGGAACCAGACTCGCG to

CO

CTTTTACAGAGACAGGTAAACGCTCCCCATCTCTTATTTCTCCACCTTCTGGCAGCGCCTTCAAATTAGCTTGTTGTAATTCCGAGTGC CTTGCCCAAATTATTTTACCGCCACTGGCATCCATACTAACTGCCGGTTCTTCTCTTCCAACTTTCACTAATATACTGCCCTCGTCATA

TTTGGGCGTGTCCTTCCAAGGTTTGGACACACGTTTTGTTTTGATAGTCCCAGATTTTAACCAACCGATCGTCTGCTCCC

Table 9-PC

2

I I I I I

GTGGCAGAATCATGATATTCTTAGGAGGACCATGCTCTCAGGGTCCCGGCCAGGTGTTGAACGACGATTTGAAGCAGCCCATCAGGTC

CCATCATGACATACACAA/

GCCATTGCATCGACATTT/

ATGCTGATGCGTGAGGATTTGACTCAGTCTTTGATCATGATCCAGCCGATTTTGTACAGTTACAGCTTCAACGGGCCGCCCGAGCCTGT GTTGTTGGACACAAGCTCTATTCAGCCGGATAGAATCCTGCTCATGGACACTTTCTTCCAGATACTCATΠTCCATGGAGAGACCATTGC CCAATGGCGAAGGGCGAATTCGACCCAGCTTTCTTGTACAAAGTGGTGATATCACTAGTGCGGCCGCCTGCAGGTCGACCATATGGTC

TCGACAATTTGACTTTCAAGAGTAGGCTAATGTAAAATCTTTATATATTTCTACAATGTTCAAAGAAACAGTTGCATCTAAACCCCTATGG CCATCAAATTCAATGAACGCTAAGCTGATCCGGCGAGATTTTCAGGAGCTAAGGAAGCTAAAATGGAGAAAAAAATCACTGGATATACC ACCGTTGATATATCCCAATGGCATCGTAAAGAACATTTTGAGGCATTTCAGTCAGTTGCTCAATGTACCTATAACCAGACCGTTCAGCTG GATATTACGGCC I I I I I AAAGACCGTAAAGAAAAATAAGCACAAGTTTTATCCGGCCTTTATTCACATTCTTGCCCGCCTGATGAATGCT

TGAAACGTTTTCATCGCTCTGGAGTGAATACCACGACGATTTCCGGCAGTTTCTACACATATATTCGCAAGATGTGGCGTGTTACGGTG OI en AAAACCTGGCCTATTTCCCTAAAGGGTTTATTGAGAATATG I I I I I CGTCTCAGCCAATCCCTGGGTGAGTTTCACCAGTTTTGATTTAAA

CGTGGCCAATATGGACAACTTCTTCGCCCCCGTΠTCACCATGGGCAAATATTATACGCAAGGCGACAAGGTGCTGATGCCGCTGGCG

AAATTTATGCTACTCTAAGGAAAACTTCACTAAAGAAGACGATTTAGAGTGTTTTACCAAGAATTTCTGTCATCTTACTAAACAACTAAAG ATCGGTGTGATACAAAACCTAATCTCATTAAAGTTTATGCTAAAATAAGCATAATTTTACCCACTAAGCGTGACCAGATAAACATAACTCA

CCTTACCTCATCATTTCCATGAGGTTGCTTCTGATCCCGCGGGATATCACCACTTTGTACAAGAAAGCTGGGTCGAATTCGCCCTTCGC

ATCAGCATGTGCCTATAAAACGACGTTTCATCAGGAGAATTATTGAACACCTGCAGAAACTGCGACCGTCTCAAATGGTACATGAACTG CGGATACAGACTGAAGTTCTCCCCCAACCTGAACGAATTCGGATCGTCTTTATTGTACTCTCCGAACTTCTGGCACAGCCTGATCAACA

TTGGTCGAAGCCAGCGCTAATGTGGTGGATGTTGGCAGTAGCGTCCGCCCAATTTCTAGCAATCGTGGTCACTCTGATCCTCCTTTGCC

AGACAGGTGCGACTCATCGTCCACCTTGAGTAGGATGTCTTTGCCGGTGGCGTCCTTGTATTTGGCAGCGACGTTGGGCAGGATGGAC

AATTTGGGAGTATTTTCCTTGGTCTTTGGTTACTTCACCAAGACTTTTACGAGCATCCTCCAGGACTGCTCTGACATGGTCCTCTCTCAC TTTCAGCACCTTCAAACGAGCCTGATTCAACATATTAGAGGACTGAATTTTCTTTTGAAGTTCGACTTGCTTCTCC I I I I I CTCGTAGTAC TCCATGATCTTGAGTCTCTGTTGCTGGACTAAACGCCC I I I I I CAATGTTGAATTCCTCCTCTGCCTTGGCATCGATTTCTTCTGCTTTCT CATTGGCTTCTTGTTCAATGAAAGCCATCATATGTTTGATCTGCG

PC016 SEQ ID NO: 511

CGATAGAGTTCATCACGTCGATGGCCGTGATCCCAGTCTGGATCATTTCCTCGGGATAAATACGCGACCACGGGTTGATCGGCTGTCC TTGGATGTCGAGGTAGTCCTCAGCCAGGATCGGGGGACCTTTATCAATGGGTTTTCCTGATCCATTGAAGACACGTCCCAGCATATCTT

CTGCCTTTGATCCACTGACTTCCAAAACTTGTCCAGATCGTAGAGTTCCATCTGCCAATTTGAGCTGGACAATTTCATTGAATTTTGGAA ACTTGACATCCTCAAGAATGACCAGTAAGGGCGAATTCGACCCAGCTTTCTTGTACAAAGTGGTGATATCACTAGTGCGGCCGCCTGCA

GTATAATATAATCAAATTCGACAATTTGACTTTCAAGAGTAGGCTAATGTAAAATCTTTATATATTTCTACAATGTTCAAAGAAACAGTTGC ATCTAAACCCCTATGGCCATCAAATTCAATGAACGCTAAGCTGATCCGGCGAGATTTTCAGGAGCTAAGGAAGCTAAAATGGAGAAAAA ro

Ol AATCACTGGATATACCACCGTTGATATATCCCAATGGCATCGTAAAGAACATTTTGAGGCATTTCAGTCAGTTGCTCAATGTACCTATAA CCAGACCGTTCAGCTGGATATTACGGCCTTTTTAAAGACCGTAAAGAAAAATAAGCACAAGTTTTATCCGGCCTTTATTCACATTCTTGC

GTTTTCCATGAGCAAACTGAAACGTTTTCATCGCTCTGGAGTGAATACCACGACGATTTCCGGCAGTTTCTACACATATATTCGCAAGAT GTGGCGTGTTACGGTGAAAACCTGGCCTATTTCCCTAAAGGGTTTATTGAGAATATG I I I I I CGTCTCAGCCAATCCCTGGGTGAGTTTC ACCAGTTTTGATTTAAACGTGGCCAATATGGACAACTTCTTCGCCCCCGTTTTCACCATGGGCAAATATTATACGCAAGGCGACAAGGT

CATCAAGAAAAAAGCCAAAATTTATGCTACTCTAAGGAAAACTTCACTAAAGAAGACGATTTAGAGTGTTTTACCAAGAATTTCTGTCATC TTACTAAACAACTAAAGATCGGTGTGATACAAAACCTAATCTCATTAAAGTTTATGCTAAAATAAGCATAATTTTACCCACTAAGCGTGAC

GAGGCAAGAGTATGAAACCTTACCTCATCATTTCCATGAGGTTGCTTCTGATCCCGCGGGATATCACCACTTTGTACAAGAAAGCTGGG TCGAATTCGCCCTTACTGGTCATTCTTGAGGATGTCAAGTTTCCAAAATTCAATGAAATTGTCCAGCTCAAATTGGCAGATGGAACTCTA CGATCTGGACAAGTTTTGGAAGTCAGTGGATCAAAGGCAGTTGTTCAGGTATTTGAAGGCACATCAGGTATTGATGCTAAGAACACGGT

GGGTCGAATTCGCCCTTTGTGCCACCCTAGTGCGGTGTTCTTTTGGAATTGAAGGCAATACTCGATCAGCCGTTGGGAAGTCTCGTCG CATGACTGCAGTCTGATATTCGAGTACAGATAATAGCAATTGATAGCTGACTACTCCTAACTCTTTATCAACCAAGTATAACCTGTCATCT

TGCGTTTGTGTAAATGAAGCAGTCTCCTACCCAAAGACCTGTTCTTACGGATTCATTTATTTCACCTAGGACATCAAAGGCAGCCTCCAC TCCATCTTCGGCAACTTGGTTGTTATCTCTAGCTTTCTGGACTTGGTCAGAGTCATAGGACAATATGAAATAGCTATCTTCGGTAGCAAG GCATACCAACTTGCCACTATCTGACCAGTAGATAGCTCTAGGCTGTATTTCAATGCGCCTTACTAACTCAAGCGTTTCCCAGTCATAGAA

TTTTTTCTTT

CAAATGCTTTC

GGATTGTTTGTGGGTAAATCTCGCATGCTCCCATGTCCTTTACTGTGACTGGCAAACGTTCTCCATCTCTGATTTCAGCTCCTTCTGGTA

GTGCTTTCAAGTTAGCTTGCTGCATTTCGCTGTGCTTGGCCC

Table 9-MP

Target ID Hairpin Sequence 5' → 3'

MP001 SEQ ID NO: 1066

GTTT/

AATCACTACCGTTATTGATCTTCTTGCGTAATCGTTTGAAGTATGCACTTACTGGTGCCGAAGTCACCAAGATTGTCATGCAAAGATTA

ATCAAGGTTGATGGCAAAGTCCGTACCGACCCTAATTATCCAGCCGGTTTTATGGATGTTATATCTATCCAAAAGACCAGTGAGCACT

GTACAAACTGGACCCAAAGGTGTGCCATTTTTAACTACTCATGATGGCCGTACTATTCGCTACCCTGACCCTAACATCAAGGTTAATG

Ol ACACTATTAGATACGATATTGCATCATCTAAAATTTTGGATCATATCCGTTTTGAAACTGGAAACTTGTGCATGATAACTGGAGGTCGC CD AATTTAGGGCGTGTTGGTATTGAAGGGCGAATTCGACCCAGCTTTCTTGTACAAAGTGGTGATATCACTAGTGCGGCCGCCTGCAGG

GTATAATATAATCAAATTCGACAATTTGACTTTCAAGAGTAGGCTAATGTAAAATCTTTATATATTTCTACAATGTTCAAAGAAACAGTTG CATCTAAACCCCTATGGCCATCAAATTCAATGAACGCTAAGCTGATCCGGCGAGATTTTCAGGAGCTAAGGAAGCTAAAATGGAGAAA AAAATCACTGGATATACCACCGTTGATATATCCCAATGGCATCGTAAAGAACATTTTGAGGCATTTCAGTCAGTTGCTCAATGTACCTA TAACCAGACCGTTCAGCTGGAT ATTACGGCCTTTTTAAAGACCGTAAAGAAAAATAAGCACAAGTTTTATCCGGCCTTTATTCACATTC

ACACCGTTTTCCATGAGCAAACTGAAACGTTTTCATCGCTCTGGAGTGAATACCACGACGATTTCCGGCAGTTTCTACACATATATTCG CAAGATGTGGCGTGTTACGGTGAAAACCTGGCCTATTTCCCTAAAGGGTTTATTGAGAATATG I I I I I CGTCTCAGCCAATCCCTGGG TGAGTTTCACCAGTTTTGATTTAAACGTGGCCAATATGGACAACTTCTTCGCCCCCGTTTTCACCATGGGCAAATATTATACGCAAGGC

ACCTTATTCAACCATCAAGAAAAAAGCCAAAATTTATGCTACTCTAAGGAAAACTTCACTAAAGAAGACGATTTAGAGTGTTTTACCAA GAATTTCTGTCATCTTACTAAACAACTAAAGATCGGTGTGATACAAAACCTAATCTCATTAAAGTTTATGCTAAAATAAGCATAATTTTAC

AGAAAGCCGTAAGAAGAGGCAAGAGTATGAAACCTTACCTCATCATTTCCATGAGGTTGCTTCTGATCCCGCGGGATATCACCACTTT

AAAACGGATATGATCCAAAATTTTAGATGATGCAATATCGTATCTAATAGTGTCATTAACCTTGATGTTAGGGTCAGGGTAGCGAATAG

TACGGCCATCATGAGTAGTTAAAAATGGCACACCTTTGGGTCCAGTTTGTACCCTCTTTACTTTACACAACTTGTATTTTGCTTCTTCA

GGAGTAATTCTGTGGATGGTGAAACGACCTTTCACATCATAGATCAATCTAAAGTGCTCACTGGTCTΠTGGATAGATATAACATCCAT

AAAACCGGCTGGATAATTAGGGTCGGTACGGACTTTGCCATCAACCTTGATTAATCTTTGCATGACAATCTTGGTGACTTCGGCACCA

GTAAGTGCATACTTCAAACGATTACGCAAGAAGATCAATAACGGTAGTGATTCACGAAGTTTGTGTGGACCGGTGCTTGGACGTGGA

GCGAAGACACCCCCCGATTTGTCCAACATCCATGCTTTGGGTGCGTTTAAAC

MP002 SEQ ID NO: 1067

GCTGATTTAAGTGCATCTGCTGCAGTTTTCATGGTAGTCAATACTGCTGTATTTGTGTTGGCACCTTCTAATGCCTCCCGCTGTTGTTC AATAGTTAACATGGTACCATCAATTTGGGCTAATTGTTGTTCGTACCGTTTCTTACGCTTCAATGCTTGCAATGCAGCTCGTTTATTAGT TGTACCAI I I I I I I I GGCTATCGCTACTTCTTGTTCAAT I I I I I I I I CTAAAAATTCTTGTTTCTTTATCAGCATCTCTTCAGTGGATCGAA GCTTTTGTATCGCATCTTCGGTTGATGGTCCCTTCTCTTCC I I I I I GCCACCAAGGGCGAATTCGACCCAGCTTTCTTGTACAAAGTG

TATAAACTCATTAACTAATATCACCTCTAGAGTATAATATAATCAAATTCGACAATTTGACTTTCAAGAGTAGGCTAATGTAAAATCTTTA

AGGCATTTCAGTCAGTTGCTCAATGTACCTATAACCAGACCGTTCAGCTGGATATTACGGCCTTTTTAAAGACCGTAAAGAAAAATAAG

CACAAGTTTTATCCGGCCTTTATTCACATTCTTGCCCGCCTGATGAATGCTCATCCGGAATTCCGTATGGCAATGAAAGACGGTGAGC N)

TGGTGATATGGGATAGTGTTCACCCTTGTTACACCGTTTTCCATGAGCAAACTGAAACGTTTTCATCGCTCTGGAGTGAATACCACGA O

CGATTTCCGGCAGTTTCTACACATATATTCGCAAGATGTGGCGTGTTACGGTGAAAACCTGGCCTATTTCCCTAAAGGGTTTATTGAG

AATATGTTTTTCGTCTCAGCCAATCCCTGGGTGAGTTTCACCAGTTTTGATTTAAACGTGGCCAATATGGACAACTTCTTCGCCCCCGT

CTCTCAATAAAGTCTCATACCAACAAGTGCCACCTT ATTCAACCATCAAGAAAAAAGCCAAAATTTATGCTACTCTAAGGAAAACTTCA

CTAAAGAAGACGATTTAGAGTGTTTTACCAAGAATTTCTGTCATCTTACTAAACAACTAAAGATCGGTGTGATACAAAACCTAATCTCAT TAAAGTTTATGCTAAAATAAGCATAATΠTACCCACTAAGCGTGACCAGATAAACATAACTCAGCACACCAGAGCATATATATTGGTGG

TGCTTCTGATCCCGCGGGATATCACCACTTTGTACAAGAAAGCTGGGTCGAATTCGCCCTTGGTGGCAAAAAGGAAGAGAAGGGACC

ATCAACCGAAGATGCGATACAAAAGCTTCGATCCACTGAAGAGATGCTGATAAAGAAACAAGAATTTTTAGAAAAAAAAATTGAACAAG

AAGTAGCGATAGCCAAAAAAAATGGTACAACT/

AGCCCAAATTGATGGTACCATGTTAACTATTGA

ATGAAAACTGCAGCAGATGCACTTAAATCAGC

MP010 SEQ ID NO: 1068

CAGACCCTGTTCAGAATATGATGCATGTTAGTGCTGCATTTGATCAAGAAGCATCTGCCGTTTTAATGGCTCGTATGGTAGTGAACCG

GATGATCCAAATAGTTTCCGATTGCCAGAAAACTTCAGTTTATATCCACAGTTCATGTATCATTTAAGAAGGTCTCAATTTCTACAAGTT

CTGTATAGCTATAGTTTTAATGGTAGGCCAGAACCTGTACTTTTGGATACCAGTAGTATTCAACCTGATAAAATATTATTGATGGACAC ATTTTTCCATATTTTGATATTCCATGGAGAGACTATTGCTCAATGGAGAGCAATGGATTATCAAAATAGACCAGAGTATAGTAACCTCA

AAATAACCGAGTATAAACTCATTAACTAATATCACCTCTAGAGTATAATATAATCAAATTCGACAATTTGACTTTCAAGAGTAGGCTAAT GTAAAATCTTTATATATTTCTACAATGTTCAAAGAAACAGTTGCATCTAAACCCCTATGGCCATCAAATTCAATGAACGCTAAGCTGATC

AGAACATTTTGAGGCATTTCAGTCAGTTGCTCAATGTACCTATAACCAGACCGTTCAGCTGGATATTACGGCCTTTTTAAAGACCGTAA AGAAAAATAAGCACAAGTTTTATCCGGCCTTTATTCACATTCTTGCCCGCCTGATGAATGCTCATCCGGAATTCCGTATGGCAATGAAA GACGGTGAGCTGGTGATATGGGATAGTGTTCACCCTTGTTACACCGTTTTCCATGAGCAAACTGAAACGTTTTCATCGCTCTGGAGTG AATACCACGACGATTTCCGGCAGTTTCTACACATATATTCGCAAGATGTGGCGTGTTACGGTGAAAACCTGGCCTATTTCCCTAAAGG GTTTATTGAGAATATG I I I I I CGTCTCAGCCAATCCCTGGGTGAGTTTCACCAGTTTTGATTTAAACGTGGCCAATATGGACAACTTCT

TCGCCCCCGTΠTC

GTGATGGCTTCCAl

GCTTAATATGACTCTCAATAAAGTCTCATACCAACAAGTGCCACCTTATTCAACCATCAAGAAAAAAGCCAAAATTTATGCTACTCTAAG GAAAACTTCACTAAAGAAGACGATTTAGAGTGTTTTACCAAGAATTTCTGTCATCTTACTAAACAACTAAAGATCGGTGTGATACAAAA CCTAATCTCATTAAAGTTTATGCTAAAATAAGCATAATTTTACCCACTAAGCGTGACCAGATAAACATAACTCAGCACACCAGAGCATA

TTCCATGAGGTTGCTTCTGATCCCGCGGGATATCACCACTTTGTACAAGAAAGCTGGGTCGAATTCGCCCTTGCATTGGGAATCGAG TTTTGAGAATTTCCTGAGCATCATCAACGGGGGCTTGAAGCAACTGCTTGAGGTTACTATACTCTGGTCTATTTTGATAATCCATTGCT CTCCATTGAGCAATAGTCTCTCCATGGAATATCAAAATATGGAAAAATGTGTCCATCAATAATATTTTATCAGGTTGAATACTACTGGTA

CATCAACATGTGCCTATAATATGATGTTTCATCAGGACTATTATTAAAAACTTGTAGAAATTGAGACCTTCTTAAATGATACATGAACTG TGGATATAAACTGAAGTTTTCTGGCAATCGGAAACTATTTGGATCATC I I I I I GATAATCACCAAATTTTTGACACAAGCGTATAAGCGT ACGATCAGCCCAACGCATCACATCTGGACTATCCTCAGTTTCAGCACGGTTCACTACCATACGAGCCATTAAAACGGCAGATGCTTCT TGATCAAATGCAGCACTAACATGCATCATATTCTGAACAGGGTCTG

MP016 SEQ ID NO: 1069

GTTTTCAATGGCAGTGGAAAGCCGATAGATAAAGGACCTCCTATTTTGGCTGAAGATTATTTGGATATTGAAGGCCAACCTATTAATCC ATACTCCAGAACATATCCTCAAGAAATGATTCAAACTGGTATTTCAGCTATTGATATCATGAACTCTATTGCTCGTGGACAAAAAATTCC AATATTTTCAGCTGCAGGTTTACCACATAATGAGATTGCTGCTCAAATTTGTAGACAAGCTGGTCTCGTTAAAAAACCTGGTAAATCAG TTCTTGACGATCATGAAGACAATTTTGCTATAGTATTTGCTGCTATGGGTGTTAATATGGAAACAGCCAGATTCTTTAAACAAGATTTTG

AGGAAAATGGTTCAATGGAGAATGTTTGTTTGTTCTTGAATTTAGCTAATGATCCTACTATTGAGCGTATCATTACACCACGAAGGGCG AATTCGACCCAGCTTTCTTGTACAAAGTGGTGATATCACTAGTGCGGCCGCCTGCAGGTCGACCATATGGTCGACCTGCAGGCGGCC

ΓGAC

TTTCAAGAGTAGGCTAATGTAAAATCTTTATATATTTCTACAATGTTCAAAGAAACAGTTGCATCTAAACCCCTATGGCCATCAAATTCA ATGAACGCTAAGCTGATCCGGCGAGATTTTCAGGAGCTAAGGAAGCTAAAATGGAGAAAAAAATCACTGGATATACCACCGTTGATAT ATCCCAATGGCATCGTAAAGAACATTTTGAGGCATTTCAGTCAGTTGCTCAATGTACCTATAACCAGACCGTTCAGCTGGATATTACG GCC I I I I IAAAGACCGTAAAGAAAAATAAGCACAAGTTTTATCCGGCCTTTATTCACATTCTTGCCCGCCTGATGAATGCTCATCCGGA ATTCCGTATGGCAATGAAAGACGGTGAGCTGGTGATATGGGATAGTGTTCACCCTTGTTACACCGTTTTCCATGAGCAAACTGAAACG TTTTCATCGCTCTGGAGTGAATACCACGACGATTTCCGGCAGTTTCTACACATATATTCGCAAGATGTGGCGTGTTACGGTGAAAACC

TGGCCTATTTCCCTAAAGGGTTTATTGAGAATATG I I I I I CGTCTCAGCCAATCCCTGGGTGAGTTTCACCAGTTTTGATTTAAACGTG GCCAATATGGACAACTTCTTCGCCCCCGTTTTCACCATGGGCAAATATTATACGCAAGGCGACAAGGTGCTGATGCCGCTGGCGATT

AAAATTTATGCTACTCTAAGGAAAACTTCACTAAAGAAGACGATTTAGAGTGTTTTACCAAGAATTTCTGTCATCTTACTAAACAACTAA AGATCGGTGTGATACAAAACCTAATCTCATTAAAGTTTATGCTAAAATAAGCATAATTTTACCCACTAAGCGTGACCAGATAAACATAAC

GAAACCTTACCTCATCATTTCCATGAGGTTGCTTCTGATCCCGCGGGATATCACCACTTTGTACAAGAAAGCTGGGTCGAATTCGCCC

CTTGTTTAAAGAATCTGGCTGTTTCCATATTAACACCCATAGCAGCAAATACTATAGCAAAATTGTCTTCATGATCGTCAAGAACTGATT TACCAGGTTTTTTAACGAGACCAGCTTGTCTACAAATTTGAGCAGCAATCTCATTATGTGGTAAACCTGCAGCTGAAAATATTGGAATT TTTTGTCCACGAGCAATAGAGTTCATGATATCAATAGCTGAAATACCAGTTTGAATCATTTCTTGAGGATATGTTCTGGAGTATGGATT AATAGGTTGGCCTTCAATATCCAAATAATCTTCAGCCAAAATAGGAGGTCCTTTATCTATCGGCTTTCCACTGCCATTGAAAAC

MP027 SEQ ID NO: 1070

TGTATTGGTAAACGTTCACCATCTTTGATTTCGGCTCCTTCTGCTTGAAGCATCGCTTTAAGGTTAGCTTGTTGAATTTCACTATGACG TGCCCAAACAATTTTACCCCCATGAACATCCATTGACATTGCTGGCTCTTCACGACCAACTTTAACCATTATACTTCCTTCATCATAACC TAGAGCTACATTATTAGATCCCCGTAAGCAACAGATTGTCCATACACGTTCTAACCCATAGTTTAATGATGATTCTAATCGATAAGTAC

AAGAGTAGGCTAATGTAAAATCTTTAT ATATTTCTACAATGTTCAAAGAAACAGTTGCATCTAAACCCCTATGGCCATCAAATTCAATGA ACGCTAAGCTGATCCGGCGAGATTTTCAGGAGCTAAGGAAGCTAAAATGGAGAAAAAAATCACTGGATATACCACCGTTGATATATCC CAATGGCATCGTAAAGAACATTTTGAGGCATTTCAGTCAGTTGCTCAATGTACCTATAACCAGACCGTTCAGCTGGATATTACGGCCT

TTTTAAAGACCGTAAAGAAAAATAAGCACAAGTTTTATCCGGCCTTTATTCACATTCTTGCCCGCCTGATGAATGCTCATCCGGAATTC CGTATGGCAATGAAAGACGGTGAGCTGGTGATATGGGATAGTGTTCACCCTTGTTACACCGTTTTCCATGAGCAAACTGAAACGTTTT CATCGCTCTGGAGTGAATACCACGACGATTTCCGGCAGTTTCTACACATATATTCGCAAGATGTGGCGTGTTACGGTGAAAACCTGG ccTATTTCCCTAAAGGGTTTATTGAGAATATG I I I I I CGTCTCAGCCAATCCCTGGGTGAGTTTCACCAGTΠTGATTTAAACGTGGCC

AATATGGACAACTTCTTCGCCCCCGTTTTCACCATGGGCAAATATTATACGCAAGGCGACAAGGTGCTGATGCCGCTGGCGATTCAG

TTTATGCTACTCTAAGGAAAACTTCACTAAAGAAGACGATTTAGAGTGTTTTACCAAGAATTTCTGTCATCTTACTAAACAACTAAAGAT CGGTGTGATACAAAACCTAATCTCATTAAAGTTT ATGCTAAAATAAGCATAATTTTACCCACTAAGCGTGACCAGATAAACATAACTCA

AACCTTACCTCATCATTTCCATGAGGTTGCTTCTGATCCCGCGGGATATCACCACTTTGTACAAGAAAGCTGGGTCGAATTCGCCCTT GCTCGTTTGTTTCCATCCAGAACTTCCCATCGTGTTAACTGGCTCAGAAGATGGTACCGTCAGAATTTGGCATTCTGGTACTTATCGAT

GGAAGTATAATGGTTAAAGTTGGTCGTGAAGAGCCAGCAATGTCAATGGATGTTCATGGGGGTAAAATTGTTTGGGCACGTCATAGT GAAATTCAACAAGCTAACCTTAAAGCGATGCTTCAAGCAGAAGGAGCCGAAATCAAAGATGGTGAACGTTTACCAAT ACAAGTTAAAG ACATGGGTAGCTGTGAAATTTATCCACAGTCAATATCTCATAATCCGAATGGTAGA I I I I I AGTAGTATGTGGTGATGGAGAGTATATT ATATATACATCAATGGCTTTGCGTAATAAAGCATTTGGCTCCGCTCAGGATTTTGTATGGTCTTCTGATTCTGAGTATGCCATTAGAGA AAATTCTTCTACAATCAAAGTTTTTAAAAATTTTAAAGAAAAAAAGTCTTTTAAACCAGAAGGTGGAGCAGATGGTATTTTTGG

en

CO

Tables 10-NL (a)

= Data were analysed using Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis

Tables 10-NL (b)

= Data were analysed using Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis

alpha < 0.05 Tables 10-NL (c)

= Data were analysed using Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis

alpha < 0.05

Tables 10-NL (d)

= Data were analysed using Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis

^" alpha < 0.05 Table 11-NL

¹ = Data were analysed using Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis

^• alpha < 0.05

Claims

1. An isolated nucleotide sequence comprising a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group comprising:

(i) sequences represented by any of SEQ ID NOs 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 49 to 158, 159, 160-163, 168, 173, 178, 183, 188, 193, 198, 203, 208, 215, 220, 225, 230, 240 to 247, 249, 251, 253, 255, 257, 259, 275 to 472, 473, 478, 483, 488, 493, 498, 503, 508 to 513, 515, 517, 519, 521, 533 to 575, 576, 581, 586, 591, 596, 601, 603, 605, 607, 609, 621 to 767, 768, 773, 778, 783, 788, 793, 795, 797, 799, 801, 813 to 862, 863, 868, 873, 878, 883, 888, 890, 892, 894, 896, 908 to 1040, 1041, 1046, 1051, 1056, 1061, 1066 to 1071, 1073, 1075, 1077, 1079, 1081, 1083, 1085, 1087, 1089, 1091, 1093, 1095, 1097, 1099, 1101, 1103, 1105, 1107, 1109, 1111, 1113, 1161 to 1571, 1572, 1577, 1582, 1587, 1592, 1597, 1602, 1607, 1612, 1617, 1622, 1627, 1632, 1637, 1642, 1647, 1652, 1657, 1662, 1667, 1672, 1677, 1682, 1684, 1686, 1688, 1690, 1692, 1694, 1696, 1698, 1700, 1702, 1704, 1730 to 2039, 2040, 2045, 2050, 2055, 2060, 2065, 2070, 2075, 2080, 2085, 2090, 2095, 2100, 2102, 2104, 2106, 2108, 2120 to 2338, 2339, 2344, 2349, 2354, 2359, 2364, 2366, 2368, 2370, 2372, 2384 to 2460, 2461, 2466, 2471, 2476, 2481 or 2486, or the complement thereof,

(ii) sequences which are at least 70 %, preferably at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, more preferably at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to a sequence represented by any of SEQ ID NOs 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 49 to 158, 159, 160-163, 168, 173, 178, 183, 188, 193, 198, 203, 208, 215, 220, 225, 230, 240 to 247, 249, 251, 253, 255, 257, 259, 275 to 472, 473, 478, 483, 488, 493, 498, 503, 508 to 513, 515, 517, 519, 521, 533 to 575, 576, 581, 586, 591, 596, 601, 603, 605, 607, 609, 621 to 767, 768, 773, 778, 783, 788, 793, 795, 797, 799, 801, 813 to 862, 863, 868, 873, 878, 883, 888, 890, 892, 894, 896, 908 to 1040, 1041, 1046, 1051, 1056, 1061, 1066 to 1071, 1073, 1075, 1077, 1079, 1081, 1083, 1085, 1087, 1089, 1091, 1093, 1095, 1097, 1099, 1101, 1103, 1105, 1107, 1109, 1111, 1113, 1161 to 1571, 1572, 1577, 1582, 1587, 1592, 1597, 1602, 1607, 1612, 1617, 1622, 1627, 1632, 1637, 1642, 1647, 1652, 1657, 1662, 1667, 1672, 1677, 1682, 1684, 1686, 1688, 1690, 1692, 1694, 1696, 1698, 1700, 1702, 1704, 1730 to 2039, 2040, 2045, 2050, 2055, 2060, 2065, 2070, 2075, 2080, 2085, 2090, 2095, 2100, 2102, 2104, 2106, 2108, 2120 to 2338, 2339, 2344, 2349, 2354, 2359, 2364, 2366, 2368, 2370, 2372, 2384 to 2460, 2461, 2466, 2471, 2476, 2481 or 2486, or the complement thereof, and

(iii) sequences comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of the sequences represented by SEQ ID NOs 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 49 to 158, 159, 160-163, 168, 173, 178, 183, 188, 193, 198, 203, 208, 215, 220, 225, 230, 240 to 247, 249, 251, 253, 255, 257, 259, 275 to 472, 473, 478, 483, 488, 493, 498, 503, 508 to 513, 515, 517, 519, 521, 533 to 575, 576, 581, 586, 591, 596, 601, 603, 605, 607, 609, 621 to 767, 768, 773, 778, 783, 788, 793, 795, 797, 799, 801, 813 to 862, 863, 868, 873, 878, 883, 888, 890, 892, 894, 896, 908 to 1040, 1041, 1046, 1051, 1056, 1061, 1066 to 1071, 1073, 1075, 1077, 1079, 1081, 1083, 1085, 1087, 1089, 1091, 1093, 1095, 1097, 1099, 1101, 1103, 1105, 1107, 1109, 1111, 1113, 1161 to 1571, 1572, 1577, 1582, 1587, 1592, 1597, 1602, 1607, 1612, 1617, 1622, 1627, 1632, 1637, 1642, 1647, 1652, 1657, 1662, 1667, 1672, 1677, 1682, 1684, 1686, 1688, 1690, 1692, 1694, 1696, 1698, 1700, 1702, 1704, 1730 to 2039, 2040, 2045, 2050, 2055, 2060, 2065, 2070, 2075, 2080, 2085, 2090, 2095, 2100, 2102, 2104, 2106, 2108, 2120 to 2338, 2339, 2344, 2349, 2354, 2359, 2364, 2366, 2368, 2370, 2372, 2384 to 2460, 2461 , 2466, 2471 , 2476, 2481 or 2486, or the complement thereof, or wherein said nucleic acid sequence is an orthologue of a gene comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID NOs 49 to 158, 275 to 472, 533 to 575, 621 to 767, 813 to 862, 908 to 1040, 1 161 to 1571 , 1730 to 2039, 2120 to 2338, 2384 to 2460, or a complement thereof.

2. A double stranded ribonucleotide sequence produced from the expression of a polynucleotide sequence of claims 1 , wherein ingestion of said ribonucleotide sequence by a plant insect pest inhibits the growth of said insect pest.

3. The ribonucleotide sequence of claim 2, wherein ingestion of said sequence inhibits expression of a nucleotide sequence substantially complementary to said sequence.

4. A cell transformed with a polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence as defined in claim 1 , optionally operably linked to a regulatory sequence.

5. The cell of claim 4, wherein said cell is a plant cell.

6. A plant transformed with a polynucleotide having a nucleic acid sequence as defined in claim 1 , said nucleic acid sequence optionally operably linked to a regulatory sequence.

7. The plant of claim 6, wherein said sequence inhibits a pest biological activity.

8. The plant of claim 6, wherein said sequence inhibits expression of a target sequence.

9. The plant of claim 8 wherein said target sequence is an insect, nematode or fungal sequence.

10. The plant of any of claims 6 to 9, wherein said plant is cytoplasmic male sterile.

11. The plant of any of claims 6 to 10, wherein said plant further comprises or expresses a pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, a Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Bacillus laterosporous insecticidal protein, and a Bacillus sphearicus insecticidal protein.

12. The plant of claim 11 wherein said Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein is selected from the group consisting of a Cry1 , a Cry3, a TIC851 , a CryET170, a Cry22, a binary insecticidal protein CryET33 and CryET34, a binary insecticidal protein CryETδO and CryET76, a binary insecticidal protein TIC100 and TIC101 , and a binary insecticidal protein PS149B1.

13. The plant of any of claims 6 to 12, wherein said plant is chosen from the group comprising alfalfa, apple, apricot, artichoke, asparagus, avocado, banana, barley, beans, beet, blackberry, blueberry, broccoli, brussel sprouts, cabbage, canola, carrot, cassava, cauliflower, a cereal, celery, cherry, citrus, clemintine, coffee, corn, cotton, cucumber, eggplant, endive, eucalyptus, figes, grape, grapefruit, groundnuts, ground cherry, kiwifruit, lettuce, leek, lemon, lime, pine, maize, mango, melon, millet, mushroom, nut aot, okra, onion, orange, an ornamental plant or flower or tree, papaya,, parsley, pea, peach, peanut, peat, pepper, persimmon, pineapple, plantain, plum, pomegranate, potato, pumpkin, radicchio, radish, rapeseed, raspberry, rice, rye, sorghum, soy, soybean, spinach, strawberry, sugarbeet, sugargcane, sunflower, sweet poatao, tangerine, tea, tobacco, tomato, a vine, waetermelon, wheat, yams and zucchini.

14. The plant of anny of claims 6 to 13, wherein said plant is resistant against infestation by an insect chosen from the group comprising Leptinotarsa spp. (e.g. L. decemlineata (Colorado potato beetle), L. juncta (false potato beetle), or L texana (Texan false potato beetle)); Lema spp. (e.g. L. thlineata (three-lined potato beetle)); Epitrix spp. (e.g. E. cucumeris (potato flea beetle), E. hirtipennis (flea beetle), or E. tuberis (tuber flea beetle)); Epicauta spp. (e.g. E. vittata (striped blister beetle)); Epilachna spp. (e.g. E. varivetis (mexican bean beetle)); Phaedon spp. (e.g. P. cochleariae (mustard leaf beetle)); Nilaparvata spp. (e.g. N. lugens (brown planthopper)); Laodelphax spp. (e.g. L striatellus (small brown planthopper)); Nephotettix spp. (e.g. N. virescens or N. cincticeps (green leafhopper), or N.nigropictus (rice leafhopper)); Sogatella spp. (e.g. S. furcifera (white-backed planthopper)); Acheta spp. (e.g. A. domesticus (house cricket)); Blissυs spp. (e.g. S. leucopterus leucopterus (chinch bug)); Scotinophora spp. (e.g. S. vermidυlate (rice blackbug)); Acrosternum spp. (e.g. A. hilare (green stink bug)); Parnara spp. (e.g. P. guttata (rice skipper)); Chilo spp. (e.g. C. suppressalis (rice striped stem borer), C. auricilius (gold-fringed stem borer), or C. polychrysus (dark-headed stem borer)); Chilotraea spp. (e.g. C. polychrysa (rice stalk borer)); Sesamia spp. (e.g. S. inferens (pink rice borer)); Tryporyza spp. (e.g. T. innotata (white rice borer), or T. incertulas (yellow rice borer)); Cnaphalocrocis spp. (e.g. C. medinalis (rice leafroller)); Agromyza spp. (e.g. A. oryzae (leafminer), or A. parvicornis (corn blot leafminer)); Diatraea spp. (e.g. D. saccharalis (sugarcane borer), or D. grandiosella (southwestern corn borer)); Narnaga spp. (e.g. N. aenescens (green rice caterpillar)); Xanthodes spp. (e.g. X. transversa (green caterpillar)); Spodoptera spp. (e.g. S. frugiperda (fall armyworm), S. exigua (beet armyworm), S. littoralis (climbing cutworm), or S. praefica (western yellowstriped armyworm)); Mythimna spp. (e.g. Mythmna (Pseudaletia) seperata (armyworm)); Helicoverpa spp. (e.g. H. zea (corn earworm)); Colaspis spp. (e.g. C. brυnnea (grape colaspis)); Lissorhoptrus spp. (e.g. L. oryzophilus (rice water weevil)); Echinocnemus spp. (e.g. £. squamos (rice plant weevil)); Diclodispa spp. (e.g. D. armigera (rice hispa)); Oulema spp. (e.g. O. oryzae (leaf beetle); Sitophilus spp. (e.g. S. oryzae (rice weevil)); Pachydiplosis spp. (e.g. P. oryzae (rice gall midge)); Hydrellia spp. (e.g. H. griseola (small rice leafminer), or H. sasakii (rice stem maggot)); Chlorops spp. (e.g. C. oryzae (stem maggot)); Diabrotica spp. (e.g. D. virgifera virgifera (western corn rootworm), D. barbeή (northern corn rootworm), D. undecimpunctata howardi (southern corn rootworm), D. virgifera zeae (Mexican com rootworm); D. balteata (banded cucumber beetle)); Ostrinia spp. (e.g. O. nubilalis (European corn borer)); Agrotis spp. (e.g. A.ipsilon (black cutworm)); Elasmopalpus spp. (e.g. E. lignosellus (lesser cornstalk borer)); Melanotus spp. (wireworms); Cyclocephala spp. (e.g. C. borealis (northern masked chafer), or C. immaculata (southern masked chafer)); Popillia spp. (e.g. P. japonica (Japanese beetle)); Chaetocnema spp. (e.g. C. pulicaria (corn flea beetle)); Sphenophorus spp. (e.g. S. maidis (maize billbug)); Rhopalosiphυm spp. (e.g. R. maidis (corn leaf aphid)); Anuraphis spp. (e.g. A. maidiradicis (com root aphid)); Melanoplus spp. (e.g. M. femurrubrum (redlegged grasshopper) M. differentialis (differential grasshopper) or M. sanguinipes (migratory grasshopper)); Hylemya spp. (e.g. H. platura (seedcorn maggot)); Anaphothrips spp. (e.g. A. obscrurus (grass thrips)); Solenopsis spp. (e.g. S. milesta (thief ant)); or spp. (e.g. T. urticae (twospotted spider mite), T. cinnabarinus (carmine spider mite); Helicoverpa spp. (e.g. H. zea (cotton bollworm), or H. armigera (American bollworm)); Pectinophora spp. (e.g. P. gossypiella (pink bollworm)); Earias spp. (e.g. E. vittella (spotted bollworm)); Heliothis spp. (e.g. H. virescens (tobacco budworm)); Anthonomus spp. (e.g. A. grandis (boll weevil)); Pseudatomoscelis spp. (e.g. P. seriatus (cotton fleahopper)); Trialeurodes spp. (e.g. T. abυtiloneus (banded-winged whitefly) T. vaporariorum (greenhouse whitefly)); Bemisia spp. (e.g. S. argentifoln (silverleaf whitefly)); Aphis spp. (e.g. A. gossypii (cotton aphid)); Lygus spp. (e.g. L. lineolaris (tarnished plant bug) or L. hesperus (western tarnished plant bug)); Euschistus spp. (e.g. E. conspersus (consperse stink bug)); Chlorochroa spp. (e.g. C. sayi (Say stinkbug)); Nezara spp. (e.g. N. viridula (southern green stinkbug)); Thrips spp. (e.g. T. tabaci (onion thrips)); Frankliniella spp. (e.g. F. fusca (tobacco thrips), or F. occidentalis (western flower thrips)); Empoasca spp. (e.g. E. fabae (potato leafhopper)); Myzus spp. (e.g. M. persicae (green peach aphid)); Paratrioza spp. (e.g. P. cockerelli (psyllid)); Conoderus spp. (e.g. C. falli (southern potato wireworm), or C. vespertinus (tobacco wireworm)); Phthorimaea spp. (e.g. P. operculella (potato tuberworm)); Macrosiphum spp. (e.g. M. euphorbiae (potato aphid)); Thyanta spp. (e.g. T. pallidovirens (redshouldered stinkbug)); Phthorimaea spp. (e.g. P. operculella (potato tuberworm)); Helicoverpa spp. (e.g. H. zea (tomato fruitworm); Keiferia spp. (e.g. K. lycopersicella (tomato pinworm)); Limoniυs spp. (wireworms); Manduca spp. (e.g. M. sexta (tobacco hornworm), or M. quinquemaculata (tomato homworm)); Liriomyza spp. (e.g. L. sativae, L. trifolli or L. huidobrensis (leafminer));. Drosophilla spp. (e.g. D. melanogaster, D. yakuba, D. pseudoobscura or D. simulans); Carabus spp. (e.g. C. granυlatus); Chironomus spp. (e.g. C. tentanus); Ctenocephalides spp. (e.g. C. felis (cat flea)); Diaprepes spp. (e.g. D. abbreviatus (root weevil)); lps spp. (e.g. /. pini (pine engraver)); Tribolium spp. (e.g. T. castaneum (red floor beetle)); Glossina spp. (e.g. G. morsitans (tsetse fly)); Anopheles spp. (e.g. A. gambiae (malaria mosquito)); Helicoverpa spp. (e.g. H. armigera (African Bollworm)); Acyrthosiphon spp. (e.g. A. pisum (pea aphid)); Apis spp. (e.g. A. melifera (honey bee)); Homalodisca spp. (e.g. H. coagulate (glassy-winged sharpshooter)); Aedes spp. (e.g. Ae. aegypti (yellow fever mosquito)); Bombyx spp. (e.g. B. mori (silkworm)); Locusta spp. (e.g. L. migratoria (migratory locust)); Boophilus spp. (e.g. S. microplus (cattle tick)); Acanthoscurria spp. (e.g. A. gomesiana (red-haired chololate bird eater)); Diploptera spp. (e.g. D. punctata (pacific beetle cockroach)); Heliconius spp. (e.g. H. erato (red passion flower butterfly) or H. melpomene (postman butterfly)); Curculio spp. (e.g. C. glandium (acorn weevil)); Plutella spp. (e.g. P. xylostella (diamontback moth)); Amblyomma spp. (e.g. A. variegatum (cattle tick)); Anteraea spp. (e.g. A. yamamai (silkmoth)); and Armigeres spp. (e.g. A. subalbatus).

15. A seed or reproductive or propagation material for a plant of any of claims 6 to 14, wherein said seed or reproductive or propagation material comprises a polynucleotide having a nucleic acid sequence as defined in claim 1 or wherein said seed comprises a double stranded ribonucleotide sequence produced from the expression of said polynucleotide.

16. A product produced from the plant of any of claims 6 to 14, or the seed or reproductive or propagation material of claim 15, wherein said product comprises a polynucleotide having a nucleic acid sequence as defined in claim 1 or wherein said seed comprises a double stranded ribonucleotide sequence produced from the expression of said polynucleotide.

17. The product of claim 16, wherein said product is selected from the group consisting of food, feed, fiber, paper, meal, protein, starch, flour, silage, coffee, tea, and oil.

18. A pesticide comprising a plant of any of claims 6 to 14, the seed or reproductive or propagation material of claim 15 or the product of claim 16 or 17, said plant, seed, reproductive or propagation material, or product expressing a nucleic acid sequence as defined in claim 1.

19. A method for controlling or preventing insect growth comprising providing an insect pest with plant material derived from the plant of any of claims 6 to 14, the seed or reproductive or propagation material of claim 15 or the product of claim 16 or 17, wherein said plant, seed, reproductive or propagation material, or product comprises a polynucleotide sequence that inhibits an insect biological activity.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein said polynucleotide comprises a nucleic acid sequence as defined in claim 1.

21. A method for producing a plant resistant against a plant pathogenic organism comprising: transforming a plant cell with a polynucleotide having a nucleic acid sequence as defined in claim 1 , said nucleic acid sequence optionally operably linked to a regulatory sequence, - regenerating a plant from the transformed plant cell; and growing the transformed plant under conditions suitable for the expression of an RNA molecule from said polynucleotide, said grown transformed plant resistant to said plant pathogenic organism compared to an untransformed plant.

22. A method for improving yield, comprising: - transforming a plant cell with a polynucleotide having a nucleic acid sequence as defined in claim 1 , said nucleic acid sequence optionally operably linked to a regulatory sequence, regenerating a plant from the transformed plant cell; and growing the transformed plant under conditions suitable for the expression of an RNA molecule from said polynucleotide, said expression inhibiting feeding by a plant pathogenic organism and loss of yield due to pest infestation.

23. The method according to any of claims 19 to 22, wherein polynucleotide expression produces an RNA molecule that suppresses a target gene in an insect pest that has ingested a portion of said crop plant, wherein said target gene performs at least one essential function selected from the group consisting of feeding by the pest, viability of the pest, pest cell apoptosis, differentiation and development of the pest or any pest cell, sexual reproduction by the pest, muscle formation, muscle twitching, muscle contraction, juvenile hormone formation and/or reduction, juvenile hormone regulation, ion regulation and transport, maintenance of cell membrane potential, amino acid biosynthesis, amino acid degradation, sperm formation, pheromone synthesis, pheromone sensing, antennae formation, wing formation, leg formation, egg formation, larval maturation, digestive enzyme formation, haemolymph synthesis, haemolymph maintenance, neurotransmission, larval stage transition, pupation, emergence from pupation, cell division, energy metabolism, respiration, cytoskeletal structure synthesis and maintenance, nucleotide metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, water use, water retention, and sensory perception

24. The method according to any of claims 19 to 22 wherein: - the nucleic acid sequence is chosen from the group comprising:

(i) sequences represented by any of SEQ ID NOs 1 , 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 , 13, 15, 17, 19, 21 , 23, 49 to 158, 159, 160 to 163, 168, 173, 178, 183, 188, 193, 198, 203, 208, 215, 220, 225, 230, 240 to 246, or 2486, or the complement thereof,

(ii) sequences which are at least 70 %, preferably at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, more preferably at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to a sequence represented by any of

SEQ ID NOs 1 , 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 , 13, 15, 17, 19, 21 , 23, 49 to 158, 159, 160 to 163, 168, 173, 178,

183, 188, 193, 198, 203, 208, 215, 220, 225, 230, 240 to 246, or 2486, or the complement thereof, and

(iii) sequences comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of the sequences represented by SEQ ID NOs 1 , 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 , 13, 15, 17, 19, 21 , 23, 49 to 158, 159, 160 to 163, 168, 173, 178, 183, 188, 193, 198, 203, 208, 215, 220, 225, 230, 240 to 246, or 2486, or the complement thereof, or wherein said nucleic acid sequence is an orthologue of a gene comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID NOs 49 to 158, or the complement thereof, and the insect is chosen from the group comprising Leptinotarsa spp. (e.g. L. decemlineata (Colorado potato beetle), L. jυncta (false potato beetle), and L. texana (Texan false potato beetle)).

25. The method according to any of claims 19 to 22 wherein: - the nucleic acid sequence is chosen from the group comprising:

(i) sequences represented by any of SEQ ID NOs 247, 249, 251 , 253, 255, 257, 259, 275 to 472, 473, 478, 483, 488, 493, 498, 503, 508 to 512, or the complement thereof,

(ii) sequences which are at least 70 %, preferably at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, more preferably at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to a sequence represented by any of SEQ ID NOs 247, 249, 251 , 253, 255, 257, 259, 275 to 472, 473, 478, 483, 488, 493, 498, 503, 508 to 512, or the complement thereof, and

(iii) sequences comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of the sequences represented by SEQ ID NOs 247, 249, 251 , 253, 255, 257, 259, 275 to 472, 473, 478, 483, 488, 493, 498, 503, 508 to 512, or the complement thereof, or wherein said nucleic acid sequence is an orthologue of a gene comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID NOs 275 to 472, or the complement thereof, and the insect is chosen from the group comprising Phaedon spp. (e.g. P. cochleariae (mustard leaf beetle)).

26. The method according to any of claims 19 to 22 wherein: the nucleic acid sequence is chosen from the group comprising:

(i) sequences represented by any of SEQ ID NOs 513, 515, 517, 519, 521 , 533 to 575, 576, 581 , 586, 591 or 596, or the complement thereof, (ii) sequences which are at least 70 %, preferably at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, more preferably at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to a sequence represented by any of SEQ ID NOs 513, 515, 517, 519, 521 , 533 to 575, 576, 581 , 586, 591 or 596, or the complement thereof, and

(iii) sequences comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of the sequences represented by SEQ ID NOs 513, 515, 517, 519, 521 , 533 to 575, 576, 581 , 586, 591 or 596, or the complement thereof, or wherein said nucleic acid sequence is an orthologue of a gene comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID NOs 533 to 575, or the complement thereof, and - the insect is chosen from the group comprising Epilachna spp. (e.g. E. varivetis

(mexican bean beetle)).

27. The method according to any of claims 19 to 22 wherein: the nucleic acid sequence is chosen from the group comprising:

(i) sequences represented by any of SEQ ID NOs 601 , 603, 605, 607, 609, 621 to 767, 768, 773, 778, 783 or 788, or the complement thereof,

(ii) sequences which are at least 70 %, preferably at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, more preferably at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to a sequence represented by any of SEQ ID NOs 601 , 603, 605, 607, 609, 621 to 767, 768, 773, 778, 783 or 788, or the complement thereof, and (iii) sequences comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of the sequences represented by SEQ ID NOs 601 , 603, 605, 607, 609, 621 to 767, 768, 773, 778, 783 or 788, or the complement thereof, or wherein said nucleic acid sequence is an orthologue of a gene comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID NOs 621 to 767, or the complement thereof, and the insect is chosen from the group comprising Anthonomus spp. (e.g. A. grandis (boll weevil)).

28. The method according to any of claims 19 to 22 wherein: - the nucleic acid sequence is chosen from the group comprising:

(i) sequences represented by any of SEQ ID NOs 793, 795, 797, 799, 801 , 813 to 862, 863, 868, 873, 878 or 883, or the complement thereof,

(ii) sequences which are at least 70 %, preferably at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, more preferably at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to a sequence represented by any of SEQ ID NOs 793, 795, 797, 799, 801 , 813 to 862, 863, 868, 873, 878 or 883, or the complement thereof, and

(iii) sequences comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of the sequences represented by SEQ ID NOs 793, 795, 797, 799, 801 , 813 to 862, 863, 868, 873, 878 or 883, or the complement thereof, or wherein said nucleic acid sequence is an orthologue of a gene comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID NOs 813 to 862, or the complement thereof, and the insect is chosen from the group comprising Tribolium spp. (e.g. T. castaneum (red floor beetle)).

29. The method according to any of claims 19 to 22 wherein: the nucleic acid sequence is chosen from the group comprising:

(i) sequences represented by any of SEQ ID NOs 888, 890, 892, 894, 896, 908 to 1040, 1041 , 1046, 1051 , 1056, 1061 , or 1066 to 1070, or the complement thereof,

(ii) sequences which are at least 70 %, preferably at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, more preferably at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to a sequence represented by any of SEQ ID NOs 888, 890, 892, 894, 896, 908 to 1040, 1041 , 1046, 1051 , 1056, 1061 , or 1066 to 1070, or the complement thereof, and

(iii) sequences comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of the sequences represented by SEQ ID NOs 888, 890, 892, 894, 896, 908 to 1040, 1041 , 1046, 1051 , 1056, 1061 , or 1066 to 1070, or the complement thereof, or wherein said nucleic acid sequence is an orthologue of a gene comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID NOs 908 to 1040, or the complement thereof, and the insect is chosen from the group comprising Myzus spp. (e.g. M. persicae (green peach aphid)).

30. The method according to any of claims 19 to 22 wherein: the nucleic acid sequence is chosen from the group comprising:

(i) sequences represented by any of SEQ ID NOs 1071 , 1073, 1075, 1077, 1079, 1081 , 1083, 1085, 1087, 1089, 1091 , 1093, 1095, 1097, 1099, 1101 , 1 103, 1 105, 1107, 1109, 1 111 , 1113, 1161 to 1571 , 1572, 1577, 1582, 1587, 1592, 1597, 1602, 1607, 1612, 1617, 1622, 1627, 1632, 1637, 1642, 1647, 1652, 1657, 1662, 1667, 1672 or 1677, or the complement thereof,

(ii) sequences which are at least 70 %, preferably at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, more preferably at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to a sequence represented by any of SEQ ID NOs 1071 , 1073, 1075, 1077, 1079, 1081 , 1083, 1085, 1087, 1089, 1091 , 1093, 1095, 1097, 1099, 1101 , 1103, 1105, 1107, 1109, 11 11 , 1 113, 1161 to 1571 , 1572, 1577, 1582, 1587, 1592, 1597, 1602, 1607, 1612, 1617, 1622, 1627, 1632, 1637, 1642, 1647, 1652, 1657, 1662, 1667, 1672 or 1677, or the complement thereof, and

(iii) sequences comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of the sequences represented by SEQ ID NOs 1071 , 1073, 1075, 1077, 1079, 1081 , 1083, 1085, 1087, 1089, 1091 ,

1093, 1095, 1097, 1099, 1101 , 1 103, 1105, 1107, 1109, 1111 , 1 113, 1161 to 1571 , 1572, 1577,

1582, 1587, 1592, 1597, 1602, 1607, 1612, 1617, 1622, 1627, 1632, 1637, 1642, 1647, 1652,

1657, 1662, 1667, 1672 or 1677, or the complement thereof, or wherein said nucleic acid sequence is an orthologue of a gene comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID NOs 1161 to 1571 , or the complement thereof, and the insect is chosen from the group comprising Nilaparvata spp. (e.g. N. lugens (brown planthoppeή).

31. The method according to any of claims 19 to 22 wherein: - the nucleic acid sequence is chosen from the group comprising:

(i) sequences represented by any of SEQ ID NOs 1682, 1684, 1686, 1688, 1690, 1692, 1694, 1696, 1698, 1700, 1702, 1704, 1730 to 2039, 2040, 2045, 2050, 2055, 2060, 2065, 2070, 2075, 2080, 2085, 2090 or 2095, or the complement thereof,

SEQ ID NOs 1682, 1684, 1686, 1688, 1690, 1692, 1694, 1696, 1698, 1700, 1702, 1704, 1730 to

2039, 2040, 2045, 2050, 2055, 2060, 2065, 2070, 2075, 2080, 2085, 2090 or 2095, or the complement thereof, and

(iii) sequences comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of the sequences represented by SEQ ID NOs 1682, 1684, 1686, 1688, 1690, 1692, 1694, 1696, 1698, 1700, 1702, 1704, 1730 to 2039, 2040, 2045, 2050, 2055, 2060, 2065, 2070, 2075, 2080, 2085, 2090 or 2095, or the complement thereof, or wherein said nucleic acid sequence is an orthologue of a gene comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID NOs 1730 to 2039, or the complement thereof, and the insect is chosen from the group comprising Chilo spp. (e.g. C. suppressalis (rice striped stem borer), C. auricilius (gold-fringed stem borer), or C. polychrysus (dark- headed stem borer)).

32. The method according to any of claims 19 to 22 wherein: the nucleic acid sequence is chosen from the group comprising:

(i) sequences represented by any of SEQ ID NOs 2100, 2102, 2104, 2106, 2108, 2120 to 2338, 2339, 2344, 2349, 2354 or 2359, or the complement thereof,

(ii) sequences which are at least 70 %, preferably at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, more preferably at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to a sequence represented by any of SEQ ID NOs 2100, 2102, 2104, 2106, 2108, 2120 to 2338, 2339, 2344, 2349, 2354 or 2359, or the complement thereof, and

(iii) sequences comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of the sequences represented by SEQ ID NOs 2100, 2102, 2104, 2106, 2108, 2120 to 2338, 2339, 2344, 2349, 2354 or 2359, or the complement thereof, or wherein said nucleic acid sequence is an orthologue of a gene comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID NOs 2120 to 2338, or the complement thereof, and the insect is chosen from the group comprising Plutella spp. (e.g. P. xylostella (diamontback moth)).

33. The method according to any of claims 19 to 22 wherein: the nucleic acid sequence is chosen from the group comprising:

(i) sequences represented by any of SEQ ID NOs 2364, 2366, 2368, 2370, 2372, 2384 to 2460, 2461 , 2466, 2471 , 2476 or 2481 , or the complement thereof, (ii) sequences which are at least 70 %, preferably at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, more preferably at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to a sequence represented by any of SEQ ID NOs 2364, 2366, 2368, 2370, 2372, 2384 to 2460, 2461 , 2466, 2471 , 2476 or 2481 , or the complement thereof, and

(iii) sequences comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of the sequences represented by SEQ ID NOs 2364, 2366, 2368, 2370, 2372, 2384 to 2460, 2461 , 2466, 2471 , 2476 or 2481 , or the complement thereof, or wherein said nucleic acid sequence is an orthologue of a gene comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID NOs 2384 to 2460, or the complement thereof, and - the insect is chosen from the group comprising Acheta spp. (e.g. A. domesticus

(house cricket)).

34. A transgenic plant resistant to an insect pest comprising a polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group comprising:

(i) sequences represented by any of SEQ ID NOs 1 , 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 , 13, 15, 17, 19, 21 , 23, 49 to 158, 159, 160-163, 168, 173, 178, 183, 188, 193, 198, 203, 208, 215, 220, 225, 230, 240 to 246, or 2486, or the complement thereof,

(ii) sequences which are at least 70 %, preferably at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, more preferably at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to a sequence represented by any of SEQ ID NOs 1 , 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 , 13, 15, 17, 19, 21 , 23, 49 to 158, 159, 160-163, 168, 173, 178, 183, 188, 193, 198, 203, 208, 215, 220, 225, 230, 240 to 246, or 2486, or the complement thereof, and

(iii) sequences comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of the sequences represented by SEQ ID NOs 1 , 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 , 13, 15, 17, 19, 21 , 23, 49 to 158, 159, 160-163, 168, 173, 178, 183, 188, 193, 198, 203, 208, 215, 220, 225, 230, 240 to 246, or 2486, or the complement thereof, or wherein said nucleic acid sequence is an orthologue of a gene comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID NOs 49 to 158, or the complement thereof.

35. A transgenic plant resistant to an insect pest comprising a polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group comprising:

(iii) sequences comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of the sequences represented by SEQ ID NOs 247, 249, 251 , 253, 255, 257, 259, 275 to 472, 473, 478, 483, 488, 493, 498, 503, 508 to 512, or the complement thereof, or wherein said nucleic acid sequence is an orthologue of a gene comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID NOs 275 to 472, or the complement thereof.

36. A transgenic plant resistant to an insect pest comprising a polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group comprising:

(i) sequences represented by any of SEQ ID NOs 513, 515, 517, 519, 521 , 533 to 575, 576, 581 , 586, 591 or 596, or the complement thereof,

(ii) sequences which are at least 70 %, preferably at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, more preferably at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to a sequence represented by any of SEQ ID NOs 513, 515, 517, 519, 521 , 533 to 575, 576, 581 , 586, 591 or 596, or the complement thereof, and (iii) sequences comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of the sequences represented by SEQ ID NOs 513, 515, 517, 519, 521 , 533 to 575, 576, 581 , 586, 591 or 596, or the complement thereof, or wherein said nucleic acid sequence is an orthologue of a gene comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID NOs 533 to 575, or the complement thereof.

37. A transgenic plant resistant to an insect pest comprising a polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group comprising:

(i) sequences represented by any of SEQ ID NOs 601 , 603, 605, 607, 609, 621 to 767, 768, 773, 778, 783 or 788, or the complement thereof, (ii) sequences which are at least 70 %, preferably at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, more preferably at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to a sequence represented by any of SEQ ID NOs 601 , 603, 605, 607, 609, 621 to 767, 768, 773, 778, 783 or 788, or the complement thereof, and (iii) sequences comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of the sequences represented by SEQ ID NOs 601 , 603, 605, 607, 609, 621 to 767, 768, 773, 778, 783 or 788, or the complement thereof, or wherein said nucleic acid sequence is an orthologue of a gene comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID NOs 621 to 767, or the complement thereof.

38. A transgenic plant resistant to an insect pest comprising a polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group comprising:

(iii) sequences comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of the sequences represented by SEQ ID NOs 793, 795, 797, 799, 801 , 813 to 862, 863, 868, 873, 878 or 883, or the complement thereof, or wherein said nucleic acid sequence is an orthologue of a gene comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID NOs 813 to 862, or the complement thereof.

39. A transgenic plant resistant to an insect pest comprising a polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group comprising: (i) sequences represented by any of SEQ ID NOs 888, 890, 892, 894, 896, 908 to 1040,

1041 , 1046, 1051 , 1056, 1061 , or 1066 to 1071 , or the complement thereof,

(ii) sequences which are at least 70 %, preferably at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, more preferably at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to a sequence represented by any of SEQ ID NOs 888, 890, 892, 894, 896, 908 to 1040, 1041 , 1046, 1051 , 1056, 1061 , or 1066 to 1071 , or the complement thereof, and

(iii) sequences comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of the sequences represented by SEQ ID NOs 888, 890, 892, 894, 896, 908 to 1040, 1041 , 1046, 1051 , 1056, 1061 , or 1066 to 1071 , or the complement thereof, or wherein said nucleic acid sequence is an orthologue of a gene comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID NOs 908 to 1040, or the complement thereof.

40. A transgenic plant resistant to an insect pest comprising a polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group comprising:

(i) sequences represented by any of SEQ ID NOs 1071, 1073, 1075, 1077, 1079, 1081, 1083, 1085, 1087, 1089, 1091, 1093, 1095, 1097, 1099, 1101, 1103, 1105, 1107, 1109, 1111, 280

(iii) sequences comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of the sequences represented by SEQ ID NOs 2100, 2102, 2104, 2106, 2108, 2120 to 2338, 2339, 2344, 2349, 2354 or 2359, or the complement thereof, or wherein said nucleic acid sequence is an orthologue of a gene comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID NOs 2120 to 2338, or the complement thereof.

43. A transgenic plant resistant to an insect pest comprising a polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group comprising:

(iii) sequences comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of the sequences represented by SEQ ID NOs 2364, 2366, 2368, 2370, 2372, 2384 to 2460, 2461 , 2466, 2471 , 2476 or 2481 , or the complement thereof, or wherein said nucleic acid sequence is an orthologue of a gene comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID NOs 2384 to 2460, or the complement thereof.

44. The transgenic plant according to any of claims 34 to 43 further comprising or expressing a pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, a Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Bacillus laterosporous insecticidal protein, and a Bacillus sphearicus insecticidal protein.

45. The transgenic plant of claim 44 wherein said Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein is selected from the group consisting of a Cry1 , a Cry3, a TIC851 , a CryET170, a Cry22, a binary insecticidal protein CryET33 and CryET34, a binary insecticidal protein CryETδO and CryET76, a binary insecticidal protein TIC100 and TIC101 , and a binary insecticidal protein PS149B1.

46. Use of an isolated nucleic acid according to claim 1 , a double stranded ribonucleotide sequence according to claim 2 or 3, a cell according to claim 4 or 5, a plant according to any of claims 6 to 14, a seed or reproductive or propagation material of claim 15, a product of claim 16 or 17, a transgenic plant of any of claims 34 to 45 for preventing insect growth on a plant.

47. Use of an isolated nucleic acid according to claim 1 , a double stranded ribonucleotide sequence according to claim 2 or 3, a cell according to claim 4 or 5, a plant according to any of claims 6 to 14, a seed or reproductive or propagation material of claim 15, a product of claim 16 or 17, a transgenic plant of any of claims 34 to 45 for preventing insect infestation of a plant. 48. Use of an isolated nucleic acid according to claim 1 , a double stranded ribonucleotide sequence according to claim 2 or 3, a cell according to claim 4 or 5, a plant according to any of claims 6 to 14, a seed or reproductive or propagation material of claim 15, a product of claim 16 or 17, a transgenic plant of any of claims 34 to 45 for improving yield. 279

1113, 1161 to 1571 , 1572, 1577, 1582, 1587, 1592, 1597, 1602, 1607, 1612, 1617, 1622, 1627, 1632, 1637, 1642, 1647, 1652, 1657, 1662, 1667, 1672 or 1677, or the complement thereof,

(ii) sequences which are at least 70 %, preferably at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, more preferably at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to a sequence represented by any of SEQ ID NOs 1071 , 1073, 1075, 1077, 1079, 1081 , 1083, 1085, 1087, 1089, 1091 , 1093, 1095, 1097, 1099, 1101 , 1 103, 1 105, 1 107, 1109, 1111 , 11 13, 1161 to 1571 , 1572, 1577, 1582, 1587, 1592, 1597, 1602, 1607, 1612, 1617, 1622, 1627, 1632, 1637, 1642, 1647, 1652, 1657, 1662, 1667, 1672 or 1677, or the complement thereof, and

1093, 1095, 1097, 1099, 1101 , 1 103, 1105, 1 107, 1109, 1111 , 1113, 1161 to 1571 , 1572, 1577,

1657, 1662, 1667, 1672 or 1677, or the complement thereof, or wherein said nucleic acid sequence is an orthologue of a gene comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID NOs 1161 to 1571 , or the complement thereof.

41. A transgenic plant resistant to an insect pest comprising a polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group comprising:

(iii) sequences comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of the sequences represented by SEQ ID NOs 1682, 1684, 1686, 1688, 1690, 1692, 1694, 1696, 1698, 1700, 1702, 1704, 1730 to 2039, 2040, 2045, 2050, 2055, 2060, 2065, 2070, 2075, 2080, 2085, 2090 or 2095, or the complement thereof, or wherein said nucleic acid sequence is an orthologue of a gene comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID NOs 1730 to 2039, or the complement thereof.

42. A transgenic plant resistant to an insect pest comprising a polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group comprising: