WO2017174430A1 - Combination of nuclear polyhedrosis virus and diamides - Google Patents
Combination of nuclear polyhedrosis virus and diamides Download PDFInfo
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- WO2017174430A1 WO2017174430A1 PCT/EP2017/057528 EP2017057528W WO2017174430A1 WO 2017174430 A1 WO2017174430 A1 WO 2017174430A1 EP 2017057528 W EP2017057528 W EP 2017057528W WO 2017174430 A1 WO2017174430 A1 WO 2017174430A1
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N41/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a sulfur atom bound to a hetero atom
- A01N41/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a sulfur atom bound to a hetero atom containing a sulfur-to-oxygen double bond
- A01N41/10—Sulfones; Sulfoxides
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N63/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
- A01N63/40—Viruses, e.g. bacteriophages
Definitions
- the Baculoviridae are a family of viruses with circular, covalently closed, double-stranded D A genomes that range in size from 100 to 180 kb. Members of the Baculoviridae are characterized by their presence in occlusion bodies (OBs) called polyhedra for NPVs and granules for GVs. Polyhedra are about 0.6-2 um in diameter, whereas granules are oval -shaped with diameters of about 0.2-0.4 um. Occlusion bodies are highly stable and can resist most normal environmental conditions thereby allowing virions to remain infectious indefinitely (Rohrmann, Baculovirus Molecular Biology. 2013).
- OBs occlusion bodies
- NPV nuclear polyhedrosis virus
- NPVs have been isolated worldwide from insect species belonging to the genus Helicoverpa (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), which includes agricultural pest insects such as Helicoverpa zea (Hz), Helicoverpa viresccns (Hv), Helicoverpa armigera (Ha) and Helicoverpa punctigera (Hp).
- NPVs affecting/isolated from Hz generally also affect closely related Helicoverpa species such as Ha. These species are major global pests that attack at least 30 different food and fibre crops and are, in many instances, resistant to chemical insecticides.
- H. armigera Helicoverpa zea single-nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (HzSNPV) was registered as one of the first commercial baculovirus pesticides (Virion-H, Biocontrol- VHZ, Elcar) in the 1970s and has been used extensively to control the cotton bollworm in the USA.
- HaSNPV isolated in 1975 in Hubci province. People's Republic of China, has been used successfully in China for over 20 years to control H. armigera in cotton and vegetable crops in an area of about 100.000 hectares.
- HzS PV and HaSNPV are closely related to each other.
- NPV neuropeptide-derived neuropeptide-derived neuropeptide-derived neuropeptide-derived neuropeptide-derived neuropeptide-derived neuropeptide-derived neuropeptide-derived neuropeptide-derived neuropeptide-derived neuropeptide-derived neuropeptide-derived neuropeptide-derived neuropeptide-derived neuropeptide-derived neuropeptide-derived neuropeptide-derived neuropeptide-derived neuropeptide-derived neuropeptide-derived neuropeptide-derived neuropeptide-N-N-N-N-N-derived neuropeptide-derived neuropeptide-derived neuropeptide-derived neuropeptide-derived neuropeptide-derived neuropeptide-derived neuropeptide-derived neuropeptide-derived neuropeptide-derived neuropeptide-derived neuropeptide-derived neuropeptide-derived neuropeptide-derived neuropeptide-derived neuropeptide-derived neuropeptide-derived neuropeptide-derived neuropeptide-derived neuropeptide-derived neuropeptide-derived neuropeptide-derived neuropeptide-derived neuropeptide-derived neuropeptide-derived neuropeptide-derived neuropeptide-derived neuro
- Flubendiamide (di amide compound (II-l )) is known from EP 1 006 107.
- the amount of Flubendiamide can be determined, e.g., by HPLC MS/MS -detection as described by Billian (Rooenschutznachonne Bayer 60, 2007, 2, 263-296).
- the mixing ratio of (II-2-a) to (II-2-b) is at least 70:30. More preferably, the mixing ratio of (II-2-a) to (II-2-b) is at least 80:20; 81 : 19; 82: 18; 83: 17; 84: 16; 85: 15, 86: 14; 87: 13; 88: 12; 89: 1 1 ; 90: 10, 91 :9; 92:8; 93:7; 96:6; 95:5 or higher.
- Chlorantraniliprole (Rynaxypyr - compound (11-3)) has the structure:
- Cyantraniliprole (Cyacypyr - compound (11-4)) has the structure:
- active compound combinations of NPV and diamide compounds are synergistically active and suitable for controlling insect pests, especially Helicoverpa pests.
- insecticidal activity of the active compound combination according to the invention is considerably higher than the sum of the activities of the individual active compounds. An unforeseeable true synergistic effect is present, and not just an addition of activities.
- the invention refers to combinations of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) and a diamide compound, preferably Flubendiamide.
- NPV nuclear polyhedrosis virus
- diamide compound preferably Flubendiamide
- a preferred embodiment refers to a combination according to the invention, wherein the NPV is a Helicoverpa zea (Hz), Helicoverpa virescens (Hv), Helicoverpa armigera (Ha) or Helicoverpa punctigera (Hp) NPV (HzNPV, HvNPV, HaNPV, HpNPV).
- HzNPV Helicoverpa zea
- Hv Helicoverpa virescens
- Ha armigera Ha
- Hp Helicoverpa punctigera
- a further preferred embodiment refers to a combination according to the invention, wherein the NPV is a HzNPV or a HaNPV.
- a further preferred embodiment refers to a combination according to the invention, wherein the NPV is a HzSNPV.
- a further preferred embodiment refers to a combination according to the invention, wherein the concentration of NPV is at least 5x l () 7 OB/1 of combination, preferably is at least 1 x 10 s OB/1 of combination.
- a further preferred embodiment refers to a combination according to the invention, wherein the concentration of NPV is in the range from 5x l 0 7 OB/1 of the combination to l,5xl0 10 OB/1 of the combination, more preferably in the range from 1x10 s OB/1 of the combination to 5xl0 9 OB/1 of the combination, more preferably in the range from lxlO 8 OB/1 of the combination to l ,5x l 0 9 OB/1 of the combination.
- a further preferred embodiment refers to a combination according to the invention, wherein the concentration of Flubendiamide is in the range from 0.01875 mg/1 of the combination to 0.175 g/1 of the combination.
- a further preferred embodiment refers to a combination according to the inv ention, wherein the ratio between NPV and a diamide compound is in the range from 5xl0 9 OB per 1 mg Flubendiamide to 2x 10 10 OB per 1 mg Flubendiamide.
- a further aspect of the invention refers to a method for combating pests on plants comprising the step of applying NPV and a diamide compound in a combination according to the invention to at least parts of a plant.
- One preferred embodiment refers to said method, wherein NPV and Flubendiamide are simultaneously applied to at least parts of a plant, preferably in form of a tank mix.
- Another embodiment refers to said method, wherein NPV and a diamide compound are separately applied to at least parts of a plant, wherein the time difference between the application of a diamide compound and the NPV is between more than 1 min and 7 days, preferably between more than 1 min and 1 day, such as 12 hours, 6 hours, 3 hours, 2 hours or 1 hour.
- SEQ ID No.: 1 refers to the nucleotide sequence of the NPV having the accession number AF334030 at the NCBI.
- SEQ ID NO.: 2 refers to the nucleotide sequence of the NPV strain AC53 (also known as A44WT; originally isolated from an unspecified Helicoverpa species from a cadaver from Brookstead, Southeast Queensland, Australia, in 1974) having the accession number KJ909666.
- FIG. 1 shows the schematic view of a counting chamber of a hemocytometer with a sample introduction point (1), a cover glass (2), counting chambers (3), cover glass mounting support (4) and a sample depth of 0, 1 mm (5) (see also Caprctte, 2006).
- FIG. 2 shows the schematic view of a counting grid for evaluating the amount of OBs.
- the small squares with 1/400 sq. mm (6), 1/25 sq. mm (7) and the counting grid central area.
- Fig. 3 shows the Open Reading Frames in the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO.: 1.
- OB occlusion body
- OBs of baculoviridae are produced in the nucleus of infected cells and confer resistance to adverse environmental conditions on viruses. They are made from polyhedrin and protect infectious virus particles after release into the environment. OBs are dissolved by the alkaline pH in the insect gut, thus resulting in the release of infectious virus particles.
- a NPV and a diamide compound of the combinations, mixtures or compositions according to the present invention can be combined in any specific ratio between these two mandatory active ingredients. Preferably in ratio ranges wherein the combination has a synergistic effect.
- further active ingredients in form of, e.g., further insecticides, nematicides or fungicides can be present in such a combination, mixture or composition according to the present invention.
- a diamide compound according to the invention is a compound having insecticidal activity based on its ability to act as a Ryanodine Receptor Modulator (IRAC class 28).
- Preferred diamide compounds are Rynaxypyr, Cyazypyr, Flubendiamide, Cyhalodiamide (ZJ 4042), Cyclaniliprole, Broflanilide. and Tctraniliprolc, more preferred Flubendiamide and Tctraniliprolc, even more preferred Flubendiamide.
- one preferred embodiment refers to combinations of a NPV with Flubendiamide and to methods to combat insects comprising providing Flubendiamide and NPV at least to a part of a plant.
- Another preferred embodiment refers to combinations of an NPV with Tctraniliprolc and methods to combat insects comprising providing Tctraniliprolc and NPV at least to a part of a plant.
- the amount of Flubendiamide in a combination according to the invention is at least lxlO "7 %(w/w) (0,0000001 %(w/w)), such as at least l,875xl0 ⁇ 7 %(w/w).
- the amount of Flubendiamide in the combination is at least 0,01 mg/1, such as at least 0,01875 mg/1.
- the amount of Flubendiamide in a combination of NPV and Flubcndaimide is in the range from lxlO "5 %(w/w) to 2xl0 "2 %(w/w) (0,02 %(w/w)) such as from 1 , 875x HF 5 %(w/w) to l,75xl0 "2 %(w/w).
- the amount of Flubendiamide can be determined by HPLC MS/MS -detection as described by Billian (2007).
- the NPV is generally provided in form of occlusion bodies (OBs) in a carrier such as a solution or powder or suspension.
- OBs occlusion bodies
- the concentration of OBs can be determined by using the method of D.R. Caprette (Experimental Bioscience, Rice University Jan 27, 2006, updated Aug 10, 2012: http://www. researcher.ricc.edu/ ⁇ bioslabs/mcthods/microscopy/ccllcounting.html).
- the enumeration of OBs in a viral suspension can be done with the help of Neubauer's hemacytometer, which comprises a glass slide carrying calibrations.
- a haemocytometer is named after its first use: it was originally designed for performing blood cell counts.
- virus suspension can be diluted, if necessary, and put in the groove of a hcmocytomctcr. After allowing OBs to settle down, e.g. for one, two, three, four, five 10 or even more minutes, the OB count takes place in five squares of the haemocytometer area at random under, e.g. a stcrcomicroscope (sec, e.g.. Fig 1 and 2).
- a stcrcomicroscope sec, e.g.. Fig 1 and 2.
- the mirror-like polished surface of the counting chamber should be carefully cleaned, e.g., with lens paper.
- the covcrslip should also be cleaned.
- the covcrslip is placed over the counting surface prior to putting on the cell suspension (Fig. 1).
- the suspension is introduced into one of the V-shaped weiis with a Pasteur or other type of pipet.
- the area under the coverslip fills by capillary action.
- Sufficient liquid must be introduced so that the mirrored surface is just covered.
- the charged counting chamber is then placed on the microscope stage and the counting grid is brought into focus.
- Suspensions should be diluted sufficiently so that the cells or other particles do not overlap each other on the grid, and should be uniformly distributed.
- the OBs can be systematically counted in selected squares so that the total count is, e.g. 100 OBs, 200 OBs, 500 OBS or 1000 OBs.
- the total counts should be 100 OBs or more to ensure a statistically significant information.
- a specific counting pattern should be determined to avoid bias. For example, for OBs that overlap a ruling, an OB is counted as "in” if it overlaps the top or right ruling, and "out” if it overlaps the bottom or left ruling.
- the concentration of NPV in a combination with Flubendiamide can be lower, in one preferred embodiment the amount of OBs in a combination with Flubendiamide is at least 1 x 1 ( ) '' OBs of NPV per 1 mg Flubendiamide, more preferably at least 2,5x 10 9 OBs of NPV per 1 mg Flubendiamide.
- the ratio of NPV to Flubendiamide in a combination according to the invention is in a range from 5xl0 9 OBs per 1 mg Flubendiamide to 2x l () 10 OBs per 1 mg Flubendiamide.
- the concentration of NPV in a combination with Flubendiamide according to the invention is at least lxlO 7 OBs/1, more preferably 5xl0 7 OBs/1, even more preferably is at least 1x10 OBs/1.
- the concentration of NPV in a combination with Flubendiamide is in the range from lxlO 7 OBs/1 to 5x10 s2 OBs/1 such as from l x l O 7 OBs/1 to 1 ,5x 10'° OBs/1, preferably 5x l 0 7 OBs/1 to 6x 10" OBs/1, more preferably in the range from lxlO 8 OBs/1 to 3xl0 9 OB/1, more preferably in the range from 1x10 s OBs/1 to l,5xl0 9 OBs/1.
- the NPV is derived from Helicoverpa zea (Hz), Helicoverpa virescens (Hv), Helicoverpa armigera (Ha) or Helicoverpa punctigera (Hp) NPV (i.e. HzNPV, HvNPV, HaNPV, HpNPV). More preferred the NPV is derived from Helicoverpa zea (Hz) or Helicoverpa armigera (Ha), i.e. is a HzNPV or a HaNPV such as a HzSNPV or a HaSNPV.
- the NPV comprises at least 5 of the following ORFs of FIG. 3: ORF 3, 4, 6, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, 14, 17, 22, 24, 32, 36, 44, 46, 47, 49, 50, 53, 54, 71 , 72, 75, 76, 77, 83, 84, 85, 91, 93, 94, 97, 105, 113, 115, 116, 118, 119, 120, 125, 131, 135, 136 and 137, more preferably the NPV comprises at least ORFs 3 (encoding protein of SEQ ID NO:2), 11 (encoding protein of SEQ ID NO:2), 72 (encoding protein of SEQ ID NO:2), 93 (encoding protein of SEQ ID NO:2) and 125 (encoding protein of SEQ ID NO:2) of Figure 1.
- the NPV comprises at least 10 of the following ORFs of Figure 1: ORF 3, 4, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 22, 24, 32, 36, 44, 46, 47, 49, 50, 53, 54, 71, 72, 75, 76, 77, 83, 84, 85, 91, 93, 94, 97, 105, 113, 115, 116, 118, 119, 120, 125, 131, 135, 136 and 137.
- the NPV comprises at least 30 of the following ORFs of Figure 1: ORF 3, 4, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 22, 24, 32, 36, 44, 46, 47, 49, 50, 53, 54, 71, 72, 75, 76, 77, 83, 84, 85, 91, 93, 94, 97, 105, 113, 115, 116, 118, 119, 120, 125, 131, 135, 136 and 137.
- the NPV comprises at least 40 of the following ORFs of Figure 1: ORF 3, 4, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 22, 24, 32, 36, 44, 46, 47, 49, 50, 53, 54, 71, 72, 75, 76, 77, 83, 84, 85, 91, 93, 94, 97, 105, 113, 115, 116, 118, 119, 120, 125, 131, 135, 136 and 137.
- the NPV comprises the following ORFs of Figure 1: ORF 3, 4, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 22, 24, 32, 36, 44, 46, 47, 49, 50, 53, 54, 71, 72, 75, 76, 77, 83, 84, 85, 91, 93, 94, 97, 105, 113, 115, 116, 118, 119, 120, 125, 131, 135, 136 and 137.
- Table 1 ORFs in the genome of HzSNPV (nucleotide level (nt) and amino acid level (aa)
- LdMNPV LdMNPV
- Ls Leucania separate NPV
- Se Se
- XcGV XcGV
- the NPV is a NPV with a genome sequence having the accession number AF334030 at the NCBI (SEQ ID NO: 1 ).
- the NPV is a NPV with a genome sequence having the accession number KJ909666 at the NCBI (SEQ ID NO:2).
- the NPV is a NPV with a genome sequence which differs from SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO:2 by at most 200 amendments, such as at most 150 amendments, at most 100 amendments or at most 50 amendments, such as deletions or exchanges of bases; or the NPV is a NPV with a genome sequence which comprises SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO:2 or which comprises a sequence which differs from SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO:2 by at most 200 amendments selected from deletions or exchanges of bases.
- a base sequence which has not more than 200 amendments selected from deletions or exchanges of bases compared to SEQ ID NO: I or SEQ ID NO:2 can be identified by techniques known in the art or combinations thereof, e.g., single-molecule real-time sequencing, pyrosequencing ion semiconductor (ion torrent sequencing, SOLiD sequencing (sequencing by ligation) or Sanger sequencing.
- the NPV is a HzSNPV hav ing the nucleotide sequence disclosed in NCBI accession number AF334030 (SEQ ID NO: l) or the nucleotide sequence disclosed in NCIMB accession number KJ909666 (SEQ ID NO:2).
- the present invention also refers to a method for combating insecticides, especially lepidopterous pests, comprising the step of treating at least part of a plant with a combination according to the invention.
- the combination can be provided in that the NPV and Flubendiamide are provided simultaneously to at least a part of a plant, e.g. in form of a tank mix (i.e. the active ingredients NPV and Flubendiamide were mixed before applied to at least a part of a plant) or in form of two separated compositions which, however, are simultaneously applied to at least a part of a plant.
- a tank mix i.e. the active ingredients NPV and Flubendiamide were mixed before applied to at least a part of a plant
- two separated compositions which, however, are simultaneously applied to at least a part of a plant.
- “simultaneously” means in this context the time difference between the application of the first active ingredient and the second active ingredient is 1 minute (min) or less than 1 min (e.g., simultaneous application of both active ingredients by two different spray nozzles).
- Flubendiamide and a NPV are provided separately, whereas Flubendiamide is prov ided, e.g., as a first application and NPV as a second application to at least a part of a plant.
- the time difference between the application of Flubendiamide (or one of the other diamide compounds) and the follow ing application of the NPV is from more than 1 minute up to 7 days, preferably up to 1 day, such as up to 12 hours, up to 6 hours, up to 3 hours, up to 2 hours or up to 1 hour.
- the skilled person understands that conditions such as heavy rain may reduce the time period between the two applications to still achieve a synergistically active combination on at least a part of a plant. In the latter case, the first active compound must still be present on the plant in an effective amount when delivering the second active compound.
- the amount of Flubendiamide or NPV can be determined by a skilled person by the methods described herein.
- the amount of NPV delivered per hectar is in the range from lxlO 10 OBs/ha to 1 ,5x 10" OBs/ha, preferably 5x 10 10 OBs/ha to 6xl0 12 OBs/ha, more preferably in the range from l x l O 1 1 OBs/ha to 3x10' 2 OBs/ha, more preferably in the range from l x l O 1 1 OBs/ha to l,5xl0 12 OBs/ha.
- the amount of Flubendiamide delivered per hectar is in the range from 0,01875 g/ha to 175 g ha.
- a combination in the context of the present invention refers to the physical combination comprising the active ingredients NPV and a diamide compound, preferably Flubendiamide (mixture), e.g. on a plant (NPV and diamide compound can be provided at the same time or at different times as long as the first active compound is still present in the required amount when the second compound is provided) or a formulation (e.g. a tank mix).
- a combination can comprise at least one further active ingredient (an insecticide and/or fungicide) and/or further compounds having no insecticidal or fungicidal activity.
- a mixture means a physical combination of NPV and one of the diamide compounds, especially Flubendiamide
- a formulation means a combination of the mixture together with further additives, such as surfactants, solvents, carriers, pigments, anti foams, thickeners and extenders, in a form as suitable for agrochemical application.
- the final used formulation is usually prepared by mixing the NPV with a diamide compound, preferably Flubendiamide or Tetraniliprole, more preferably Flubendiamide, and an inert carrier, and if necessary, by adding a surfactant and/or another auxiliary for formulation, such as an extender, and by formulating the mixture into oil formulation, emulsifiable concentrate, flowable formulation, wcttablc powder, water dispersible granules, powder, granules, or the like.
- the formulation which is used alone or by adding another inert component, can be used as a pesticide.
- the "formulation" can be prepared by formulating the NPV and a diamide compound and then making the formulations or their diluents.
- the present invention also relates to combinations, especially formulations, for controlling pests, especially harmful insects, mites, arachnids and nematodes, comprising an effective and non-phytotoxic amount of the inventive combinations, mixtures or formulations.
- pesticidal formulations which comprise agriculturally suitable auxiliaries, solvents, carriers, surfactants or extenders.
- control of pests means a reduction in infestation by harmful pests, compared with the untreated plant measured as pesticidal efficacy, preferably a reduction by 25-50 %, compared with the untreated plant ( 100 %), more preferably a reduction by 50-80 %, compared with the untreated plant ( 100 %); even more preferably, the infection by pests is entirely suppressed (by 80- 100 %).
- the control may be curative, i.e. for treatment of already infected plants, or protectiv e, for protection of plants which have not yet been infected.
- the present invention also relates to a method for controlling pests, comprising contacting said pests or their habitat with the above-described composition.
- "habitat” means a field, a plantation or a wood.
- the present invention also relates to a method for controlling pests, comprising contacting said pests or their habitat with the above-described formulation.
- the present invention relates further to a method for treating seeds, comprising contacting said seeds with the above-described formulation.
- the invention refers to a seed coating comprising a NPV and a diamide compound.
- the present invention also relates to seed treated with the above-mentioned composition. Crop protection - types of treatment
- the treatment of the plants and plant parts with the compounds of the formula (I) is carried out directly or by action on their surroundings, habitat or storage space using customary treatment methods, for example by dipping, spraying, atomizing, irrigating, evaporating, dusting, fogging, broadcasting, foaming, painting, spreading-on, injecting, watering (drenching), drip irrigating and, in the case of propagation material, in particular in the case of seed, furthermore as a powder for dry seed treatment, a solution for liquid seed treatment, a water-soluble powder for slurry treatment, by incrusting, by coating with one or more coats, etc.
- customary treatment methods for example by dipping, spraying, atomizing, irrigating, evaporating, dusting, fogging, broadcasting, foaming, painting, spreading-on, injecting, watering (drenching), drip irrigating and, in the case of propagation material, in particular in the case of seed, furthermore as a powder for dry seed treatment, a solution for
- a preferred direct treatment of the plants is foliar application, i.e. the compounds of the formula (I) are applied to the foliage, where treatment frequency and the application rate should be adjusted according to the level of infestation with the pest in question.
- the compounds of the formula (I) also access the plants via the root system.
- the plants are then treated by the action of the compounds of the formula (I) on the habitat of the plant. This may be done, for example, by drenching, or by mixing into the soil or the nutrient solution, i.e. the locus of the plant (e.g. soil or hydroponic systems) is impregnated with a liquid form of the compounds of the formula (I), or by soil application, i.e. the compounds of the formula (I) according to the invention are introduced in solid form (e.g. in the form of granules) into the locus of the plants. In the case of paddy rice crops, this can also be done by metering the compound of the formula (I) in a solid application form (for example as granules) into a flooded paddy field.
- Suitable organic solvents include all polar and non-polar organic solvents usually employed for formulation purposes.
- the solvents are selected from ketones, e.g. methyl -i sobutyi -ketone and cyclohexanone, amides, e.g. dimethyl formamide and alkanecarboxylic acid amides, e.g. N,N-dimethyl decaneamide and ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethyl octanamide, furthermore cyclic solvents, e.g.
- propylcneglycol-monomethylether acetate adipic acid dibutylester, acetic acid hexylester, acetic acid heptylester, citric acid tri- «-butylester and phthalic acid di- «-butylester, and also alkohols, e.g. benzyl alcohol and 1 -methoxy-2-propanol.
- a carrier is a natural or synthetic, organic or inorganic substance with which the active ingredients are mixed or combined for better applicability, in particular for application to plants or plant parts or seed.
- the carrier which may be solid or liquid, is generally inert and should be suitable for use in agriculture.
- Useful solid or liquid carriers include: for example ammonium salts and natural rock dusts, such as kaolins, clays, talc, chalk, quartz, attapulgite, montmorillonite or diatomaceous earth, and synthetic rock dusts, such as finely div ided silica, alumina and natural or synthetic silicates, resins, waxes, solid fertilizers, water, alcohols, especially butanol, organic solvents, mineral and vegetable oils, and deriv atives thereof. Mixtures of such carriers can likewise be used.
- natural rock dusts such as kaolins, clays, talc, chalk, quartz, attapulgite, montmorillonite or diatomaceous earth
- synthetic rock dusts such as finely div ided silica, alumina and natural or synthetic silicates, resins, waxes, solid fertilizers, water, alcohols, especially butanol, organic solvents, mineral and vegetable oils, and deriv atives thereof. Mixtures of such carriers can
- Suitable solid filler and carrier include inorganic particles, e.g. carbonates, silikates, sulphates and oxides with an average particle size of between 0.005 and 20 ⁇ , preferably of between 0.02 to 10 ⁇ , for example ammonium sulphate, ammonium phosphate, urea, calcium carbonate, calcium sulphate, magnesium sulphate, magnesium oxide, aluminium oxide, silicium dioxide, so-called fine-particle silica.
- Useful solid carriers for granules include: for example crushed and fractionated natural rocks such as calcite, marble, pumice, sepiolite, dolomite, and synthetic granules of inorganic and organic meals, and also granules of organic material such as sawdust, coconut shells, maize cobs and tobacco stalks.
- Useful liquefied gaseous extenders or carriers are those liquids which are gaseous at standard temperature and under standard pressure, for example aerosol propellants such as halohydrocarbons, and also butane, propane, nitrogen and carbon dioxide.
- tackifiers such as carboxymethylcellulose, and natural and synthetic polymers in the form of powders, granules or latices, such as gum arabic, polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl acetate, or else natural phospholipids, such as cephalins and lecithins, and synthetic phospholipids.
- Further additives may be mineral and vegetable oils.
- Useful liquid solvents are essentially: aromatics such as xylene, toluene or alkylnaphthalenes, chlorinated aromatics and chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as chlorobenzenes, chloroethylenes or dichloromethane, aliphatic hydrocarbons such as cyclohexane or paraffins, for example mineral oil fractions, mineral and vegetable oils, alcohols such as butanol or glycol and their ethers and esters, ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone or cyclohexanonc, strongly polar solvents such as dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulphoxide, and also water.
- aromatics such as xylene, toluene or alkylnaphthalenes
- chlorinated aromatics and chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as chlorobenzenes, chloroethylenes or dichloromethane
- inventive compositions may additionally comprise further components, for example surfactants.
- useful surfactants are emulsifiers and or foam formers, dispersants or wetting agents having ionic or nonionic properties, or mixtures of these surfactants. Examples of these are salts of polyacrylic acid, salts of lignosulphonic acid, salts of phenolsulphonic acid or naphthalenesulphonic acid, polycondensates of ethylene oxide with fatty alcohols or with fatty acids or with fatty amines, substituted phenols (preferably alkylphenols or arylphenols), salts of sulphosuccinic esters, taurine derivatives (preferably alky!
- taurates phosphoric esters of polyethoxylated alcohols or phenols, fatty esters of polyols, and derivatives of the compounds containing sulphates, sulphonates and phosphates, for example alkylaryl polyglycol ethers, alkyl sulphonates, alkylsulphates, aryl sulphonates, protein hydrolysates, lignosulphitc waste liquors and methylcellulose.
- a surfactant is necessary if one of the active ingredients and/or one of the inert carriers is insoluble in water and when application is effected in water.
- the proportion of surfactants is between 5 and 40 per cent by weight of the inventive composition.
- Suitable surfactants include all common ionic and non-ionic substances, for example ethoxylated nonylphenols, polyalkyl glycoiether of linear or branched alcohols, reaction products of alkyl phenols with ethylene oxide an d or propylene oxide, reaction products of fatty acid amines with ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide, furthermore fattic acid esters, alkyl sulfonates, alkyl sulphates, alkyl ethersulphates, alkyl etherphosphates, arylsulphate, ethoxylated arylalkylphenols, e.g.
- tristyryl-phenol-ethoxylates furthermore ethoxylated and propoxylated arylalkylphenols like sulphated or phosphated arylalkylphenol-ethoxylates and -ethoxy- and -propoxylates.
- arylalkylphenols like sulphated or phosphated arylalkylphenol-ethoxylates and -ethoxy- and -propoxylates.
- Further examples are natural and synthetic, water soluble polymers, e.g.
- lignosulphonates gelatine, gum arable, phospholipides, starch, hydrophobic modified starch and cellulose derivatives, in particular cellulose ester and cellulose ether, further polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid and co-polymerisates of (meth)acrylic acid and (meth)acrylic acid esters, and further co-polymerisates of methacrylic acid and methacrylic acid esters which are neutralized with alkalimetal hydroxide and also condensation products of optionally substituted naphthalene sulfonic acid salts with formaldehyde.
- dyes such as inorganic pigments, for example iron oxide, titanium oxide and Prussian Blue, and organic dyes such as alizarin dyes, azo dyes and metal phthalocyanine dyes, and trace nutrients such as salts of iron, manganese, boron, copper, cobalt, molybdenum and zinc.
- Anti foams which may be present in the formulations include e.g. silicone emulsions, longchain alcohols, fattiy acids and their salts as well as fluoroorganic substances and mixtures therof.
- thickeners arc polysaccharides, e.g. xanthan gum or veegum, silicates, e.g. attapulgite, bentonite as well as fine-particle silica.
- protective colloids for example protective colloids, binders, adhesives, thickeners, thixotropic substances, penetrants, stabilizers, sequestrants, complexing agents.
- the active ingredients can be combined with any solid or liquid additive commonly used for formulation purposes.
- inventive mixtures or compositions can be used as such or, depending on their particular physical and/or chemical properties, in the form of their formulations or the use forms prepared therefrom, such as aerosols, capsule suspensions, cold-fogging concentrates, warm-fogging concentrates, encapsulated granules, fine granules, flowable concentrates for the treatment of seed, ready-to-use solutions, dustable powders, emulsifiable concentrates, oil -in -water emulsions, water-in -oil emulsions, macrogranules, microgranules, oil-dispcrsible powders, oil-miscible flowable concentrates, oil-miscible liquids, gas (under pressure), gas generating product, foams, pastes, pesticide coated seed, suspension concentrates, suspocmulsion concentrates, soluble concentrates, suspensions, wettable powders, soluble powders, dusts and granules, water-soluble and water-
- inventive compositions include not only formulations which are already ready for use and can be applied with a suitable apparatus to the plant or the seed, but also commercial concentrates which hav e to be diluted with water prior to use.
- Customary applications are for example dilution in water and subsequent spraying of the resulting spray liquor, application after dilution in oil, direct application without dilution, seed treatment or soil application of granules.
- the inventive mixtures, compositions and formulations generally contain between 0.05 and 99 % by weight, 0.01 and 98 % by weight, preferably between 0.1 and 95 % by weight, more preferably between 0.5 and 90 % of active ingredient, most preferably between 10 and 70 % by weight.
- inventive mixtures, compositions and formulations generally contain between 0.0001 and 95 % by weight, preferably 0.001 to 60 % by weight of active ingredient.
- the contents of active ingredient in the application forms prepared from the formulations may vary in a broad range.
- the concentration of the active ingredients in the application forms is generally between 0.000001 to 95 % by weight, preferably between 0.0001 and 2 % by weight.
- the formulations mentioned can be prepared in a manner known per sc. for example by mixing the active ingredients with at least one customary extender, solvent or diluent, adjuvant, emulsi ier, dispersant, and/or binder or fixative, wetting agent, water repellent, if appropriate desiccants and UV stabilizers and, if appropriate, dyes and pigments, anti foams, preservatives, inorganic and organic thickeners, adhesives, gibberellins and also further processing auxiliaries and also water.
- further processing steps are necessary, e.g. wet grinding, dry grinding and granulation.
- the inv entive mixtures or compositions may be present as such or in their (commercial) formulations and in the use forms prepared from these formulations as a mixture with other (known) active ingredients, such as insecticides, attractants, sterilants, bactericides, acaricides, nematicides, fungicides, growth regulators, herbicides, fertilizers, safeners and/or semiochemicals.
- active ingredients such as insecticides, attractants, sterilants, bactericides, acaricides, nematicides, fungicides, growth regulators, herbicides, fertilizers, safeners and/or semiochemicals.
- the inventive treatment of the plants and plant parts with the mixtures or compositions is effected directly or by action on their surroundings, habitat or storage space by the customary treatment methods, for example by dipping, spraying, atomizing, irrigating, evaporating, dusting, fogging, broadcasting, foaming, painting, spreading-on, watering (drenching), drip irrigating and, in the case of propagation material, especially in the case of seeds, also by dry seed treatment, wet seed treatment, slurry treatment, incrustation, coating with one or more coats, etc. It is also possible to deploy the mixtures or compositions by the ultra-low volume method or to inject the mixtures or compositions preparation or the mixtures or compositions itself into the soil.
- the combinations according to the invention can preferably be used as pesticidal combinations. They are active against normally sensitive and resistant species and against all or some stages of development.
- the abovementioned pests include:
- pests from the phylum of the Arthropoda in particular from the class of the Arachnida, for example Acarus spp., for example Acarus siro, Aceria kuko, Aceria sheldoni, Aculops spp., Aculus spp., for example Aculus fockeui, Aculus pointedendali, Amblyomma spp., Amphitetranychus viennensis, Argas spp., Boophilus spp., Brevipalpus spp., for example Brevipalpus phoenicis, Bryobia graminum, Bryobia praetiosa, Centruroides spp., Chorioptes spp., Dermanyssus gallinae, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farinae, Dermacentor spp., Eotetranychus spp., for example
- the Insccta for example from the order of the Blattodea, for example Blatta orientalis, Blattella asahinai, Blattella germanica, Leucophaea maderae, Loboptera decipiens, Neostylopyga rhombifolia, Panchiora spp., Parcoblatta spp., Periplaneta spp., for example Periplaneta americana, Periplaneta australasiae, Pycnoscelus surinamensis, Supella longipalpa;
- Oulema spp. for example Oulema melanopus, Oulema oryzae, Oxycetonia jucunda, Phaedon cochleariae, Phyllophaga spp., Phyllophaga helleri, Phyllotreta spp., for example Phyllotreta armoraciae, Phyllotreta pusilla, Phyllotreta ramosa, Phyllotreta striolata, Popillia japonica, Premnotrypes spp., Prostephanus truncatus, Psylliodes spp., for example Psylliodes affinis, Psylliodes chrysocephala, Psylliodes franata, Ptinus spp., Rhizobius ventralis, Rhizopertha dominica, Rhynchophorus spp., Rhynchophorus
- Aedes spp. for example Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Aedes sticticus, Aedes vexans, Agromyza spp., for example Agromyza frontella, Agromyza parv icornis, Anastrepha spp., Anopheles spp., for example Anopheles quadrimaculatus, Anopheles gambiae, Asphondylia spp., Bactrocera spp., for example Bactrocera cucurbitae, Bactrocera dorsalis, Bactrocera oleae, Bibio hortulanus, Calliphora erythrocephala, Calliphora vicina, Ceratitis capitata, Chironomus spp., Chrysomya spp., Chrysops spp., Chrysozona pluvi
- Hcmiptcra for example Acizzia acaciacbaileyanac, Acizzia dodonacae, Acizzia uncatoides, Acrida turrita, Acyrthosipon spp., for example Acyrthosiphon pisum, Acrogonia spp., Acneolamia spp., Agonosccna spp., Aleurocanthus spp., Alcyrodes prolctclla, Alcurolobus barodcnsis, Alcurothrixus floccosus.
- Hcmiptcra for example Acizzia acaciacbaileyanac, Acizzia dodonacae, Acizzia uncatoides, Acrida turrita, Acyrthosipon spp., for example Acyrthosiphon pisum, Acrogonia spp., Acneolamia spp., Agonosc
- Alloc aridara malayensis Amrasca spp., for example Amrasca bigutulla, Amrasca devastans, Anuraphis cardui, Aonidiclla spp., for example Aonidiella aurantii, Aonidiclla citrina, Aonidiclla inornata, Aphanostigma piri, Aphis spp., for example Aphis citricola, Aphis craccivora. Aphis fabac, Aphis forbesi, Aphis glycines, Aphis gossypii. Aphis hedcrae, Aphis illinoiscnsis.
- Aphis middletoni Aphis nasturtii. Aphis ncrii, Aphis pomi, Aphis spiraecola.
- Aphis viburniphila, Arboridia apical is, Arytainilla spp., Aspidiclla spp., Aspidiotus spp., for example Aspidiotus nerii, Atanus spp., Aulacorthum solani, Bemisia tabaci, Blastopsylla occidentalis, Boreioglycaspis melaleucae, Brachycaudus helichrysi, Brachycolus spp., Brevicoryne brassicae, Cacopsylla spp., for example Cacopsylla pyricola, Calligypona marginata, Capulinia spp., Carneocephala fulgida, Ceratovacuna lanigera, Cercopid
- Coccus spp. for example Coccus hesperidum. Coccus longulus, Coccus pseudomagnoliarum. Coccus viridis, Cryptomyzus ribis, Cryptoneossa spp., Ctenarytaina spp., Dalbulus spp., Dialeurodes chittendeni, Dialeurodes citri, Diaphorina citri, Diaspis spp., Diuraphis spp., Doralis spp., Drosicha spp., Dysaphis spp., for example Dysaphis apiifolia, Dysaphis plantaginea, Dysaphis tulipae, Dysmicoccus spp., Empoasca spp., for example Empoasca abrupta, Empoasca fabae, Empoasca maligna, Empoasca solana, Empoasca stevensi, Eriosoma
- Nephotettix spp. Myzus nicotianae, Nasonovia ribisnigri, Neomaskellia spp., Nephotettix spp., for example Nephotettix cincticeps,, Nephotettix nigropictus, Nettigoniclla spectra, Nilaparvata lugens, Oncometopia spp., Orthezia praelonga, Oxya chinensis, Pachypsylla spp., Parabemisia myricae, Paratrioza spp., for example Paratrioza cockerelli, Parlatoria spp., Pemphigus spp., for example Pemphigus bursarius.
- Phylloxera spp. for example Phylloxera devastatrix, Phylloxera notabilis, Pinnaspis aspidistrae, Planococcus spp., for example Planococcus citri, Prosopidopsylla flava, Protopulvinaria pyriformis, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona, Pseudococcus spp., for example Pseudococcus calceolariae, Pseudococcus comstocki, Pseudococcus longispinus, Pseudococcus maritimus, Pseudococcus viburni, Psyllopsis spp., Psylla spp., for example Psylla buxi, Psylla mali, Psylla pyri, Pteromalus spp., Pulvinaria spp., Pyrilla spp., Quadrasp
- Hymenoptera for example Acromyrmex spp., Athalia spp., for example Athalia rosae, Atta spp., Camponotus spp., Dolichovespula spp., Diprion spp., for example Diprion similis, Hoplocampa spp., for example Hoplocampa cookei, Hoplocampa testudinea, Lasius spp., Linepithcma (Iridiomyrmex) humile, Monomorium pharaonis, Paratrechina spp., Paravespula spp., Plagiolepis spp., Sirex spp., for example Sirex noctilio, Solenopsis invicta. Tapinoma spp., Technomyrmex albipes, Urocerus spp., Vespa spp., for example Vespa crabro, Wasmanni
- Coptotermes spp. for example Coptotermes formosanus, Cornitermes cumulans, Cryptotermcs spp., Incisitermes spp., Kalotermes spp., Microtermes obesi, Nasutitermes spp., Odontotermes spp., Porotermes spp., Reticulitermes spp., for example Reticulitermes flavipes, Reticulitermes hesperus;
- Adoxophyes spp. for example Adoxophyes orana
- Acdia leucomelas Agrotis spp., for example Agrotis segetum, Agrotis ipsilon, Alabama spp., for example Alabama argil lacea, Amyelois transitella, Anarsia spp., Anticarsia spp., for example Anticarsia gemmatalis, Argyroploce spp.
- Autographa spp. Barathra brassicae, Blastodacna atra, Borbo cinnara, Bucculatrix thurberiella, Bupalus piniarius, Busseola spp., Cacoecia spp., Caloptilia thcivora, Capua reticulana, Carpocapsa pomonella, Car
- Tinea cloacclla Tinea pcllionella, Tincola bisselliclla, Tortrix spp., Trichophaga tapctzella, Trichoplusia spp., for example Trichoplusia ni, Tryporyza inccrtulas, Tuta absoiuta, Virachola spp.;
- Ctenocephalides spp. for example Ctenocephalides canis, Ctenocephalides felis, Pulex irritans, Tunga penetrans, Xenopsyila cheopis;
- Thysanoptera for example Anaphothrips obscurus, Baliothrips biformis, Chaetanaphothrips leeuweni, Drepanothrips reuteri, Enneothrips flavens, Frankliniella spp., for example Frankliniella fuse a, Frankliniella occiden talis, Frankliniella sehultzei, Frankliniella tritici, Frankliniella vaccinii, Frankliniella williamsi, Haplothrips spp., Heliothrips spp., Hercinothrips femoralis, Kakothrips spp., Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus, Scirtothrips spp., Taeniothrips cardamomi, Thrips spp., for example Thrips pal mi, Thrips tabaci;
- Gastropoda for example Arion spp., for example Arion ater rufus, Biomphalaria spp., Bulinus spp., Deroceras spp., for example Deroceras laeve, Galba spp., Lymnaea spp., Oncomelania spp., Pomacea spp., Succinea spp.;
- Arion spp. for example Arion ater rufus, Biomphalaria spp., Bulinus spp.
- Deroceras spp. for example Deroceras laeve, Galba spp., Lymnaea spp., Oncomelania spp., Pomacea spp., Succinea spp.;
- plant pests from the phylum of the Nematoda i.e. phytoparasitic nematodes, in particular Aglenchus spp., for example Aglenchus agricola, Anguina spp., for example Anguina tritici, Aphelenchoides spp., for example Aphelenchoides arachidis, Aphelenchoides fragariae, Belonolaimus spp., for example Belonolaimus gracilis, Belonolaimus longicaudatus, Belonolaimus nortoni, Bursaphelenchus spp., for example Bursaphelenchus cocophilus, Bursaphelenchus eremus, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, Cacopaurus spp., for example Cacopaurus pestis, Criconemella spp., for example Criconemella curvata, Criconemella ono
- the combinations according to the invention can be used against pests from the order of the Lepidoptera, for example Achroia grisella, Acronicta major, Adoxophyes spp., for example Adoxophyes orana, Aedia leucomelas, Agrotis spp., for example Agrotis segetum, Agrotis ipsilon, Alabama spp., for example Alabama argillacea, Amyelois transitella, Anarsia spp., Anticarsia spp., for example Anticarsia gemmatalis, Argyroploce spp., Autographa spp., Barathra brassicae, Blastodacna atra, Borbo cinnara, Buccuiatrix thurberiella, Bupalus piniarius, Busscola spp., Cacoccia spp., Caloptilia theivora, Capua reticulana
- Pseudoplusia includens, Pyrausta nubilalis, Rachiplusia nu, Schoenobius spp., for example Schoenobius bipunctifer, Scirpophaga spp., for example Scirpophaga innotata, Ontario segetum, Sesamia spp., for example Sesamia inferens.
- Sparganothis spp. Spodoptera spp., for example Spodoptera eradiana, Spodoptera exigua, Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera praefica, Stathmopoda spp., Stenoma spp., Stomopteryx subseciveila, Synanthedon spp., Tccia solanivora, Thaumetopoea spp., Thermesia gemmatalis, Tinea cloacella.
- Tinea pellionella Tineola bisselliella, Tortrix spp., Trichophaga tapetzella, Trichoplusia spp., for example Trichoplusia ni, Tryporyza incertulas, Tuta absoluta, Virachola spp.
- the combinations according to the invention can be used against Helicoverpa spp., for example Helicoverpa armigera, Helicoverpa zea, Helicoverpa virescens, and Helicoverpa punctigera, especially Helicoverpa armigera and Helicoverpa zea.
- plants and plant parts can be treated in accordance with the invention.
- plants are to be understood to mean all plants and plant parts such as wanted and unwanted wild plants or crop plants (including naturally occurring crop plants), for example cereals (wheat, rice, triticale, barley, rye, oats), maize, soya bean, potato, sugar beet, sugar cane, tomatoes, pepper, cucumber, melon, carrot, watermelon, onion, lettuce, spinach, leek, beans, Brassica oleracea (e.g. cabbage) and other vegetable species, cotton, tobacco, oilseed rape, and also fruit plants (with the fruits apples, pears, citrus fruits and grapevines).
- Crop plants can be plants which can be obtained by conventional breeding and optimization methods or by biotechnological and genetic engineering methods or combinations of these methods, including the transgenic plants and including the plant varieties which can or cannot be protected by varietal property rights.
- Plants should be understood to mean all developmental stages, such as seeds, seedlings, young (immature) plants up to mature plants.
- Plant parts should be understood to mean all parts and organs of the plants above and below ground, such as shoot, leaf, flower and root, examples given being leaves, needles, stalks, stems, flowers, fruit bodies, fruits and seeds, and also tubers, roots and rhizomes. Parts of plants also include harvested plants or harvested plant parts and vegetative and generative propagation material, for example seedlings, tubers, rhizomes, cuttings and seeds.
- Treatment according to the invention of the plants and plant parts with the compounds of the formula (1) is carried out directly or by allowing the compounds to act on the surroundings, environment or storage space by the customary treatment methods, for example by immersion, spraying, evaporation, fogging, scattering, painting on, injection and, in the case of propagation material, in particular in the case of seeds, also by applying one or more coats.
- plants and their parts it is possible to treat all plants and their parts according to the invention.
- wild plant species and plant cultivars, or those obtained by conventional biological breeding methods, such as crossing or protoplast fusion, and also parts thereof. arc treated.
- transgenic plants and plant cultivars obtained by genetic engineering methods, if appropriate in combination with conventional methods (genetically modified organisms), and parts thereof are treated.
- the terms "parts” or “parts of plants” or “plant parts” have been explained above.
- the invention is used with particular preference to treat plants of the respective commercially customary cultivars or those that are in use.
- Plant cultivars are to be understood as meaning plants having new properties ("traits") and which have been obtained by conventional breeding, by mutagenesis or by recombinant DNA techniques. They can be cultivars, varieties, bio- or genotypes.
- plants and their parts are treated.
- wild plant species and plant cultiv ars, or those obtained by conventional biological breeding methods, such as crossing or protoplast fusion, and also parts thereof are treated.
- transgenic plants and plant cultivars obtained by genetic engineering methods, if appropriate in combination with conventional methods (Genetically Modified Organisms), and parts thereof are treated.
- the terms "parts” or “parts of plants” or “plant parts” have been explained above. More preferably, plants of the plant cultivars which are commercially av ailable or are in use are treated in accordance with the invention.
- Plant cultivars are understood to mean plants which have new properties ("traits") and have been obtained by conventional breeding, by mutagenesis or by recombinant DNA techniques. They can be cultivars, varieties, bio- or genotypes.
- the method of treatment according to the invention can be used in the treatment of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), e.g. plants or seeds.
- GMOs genetically modified organisms
- Genetically modified plants are plants of which a heterologous gene has been stably integrated into genome.
- the expression "heterologous gene” essentially means a gene which is provided or assembled outside the plant and when introduced in the nuclear, chloroplastic or mitochondrial genome gives the transformed plant new or improved agronomic or other properties by expressing a protein or polypeptide of interest or by downregulating or silencing other gene(s) which arc present in the plant (using for example, antisense technology, cosuppression technology, RNA interference - RNAi - technology or microRNA - miRNA - technology).
- a heterologous gene that is located in the genome is also called a transgene.
- a transgene that is defined by its particular location in the plant genome is called a transformation or transgenic event.
- the treatment according to the invention may also result in superadditive (“synergistic") effects.
- superadditive for example, reduced application rates and'or a widening of the activity spectrum and'or an increase in the activ ity of the active compounds and compositions which can be used according to the invention, better plant growth, increased tolerance to high or low temperatures, increased tolerance to drought or to water or soil salt content, increased flowering performance, easier harvesting, accelerated maturation, higher harvest yields, bigger fruits, larger plant height, greener leaf color, earlier flowering, higher quality and/or a higher nutritional value of the harvested products, higher sugar concentration within the fruits, better storage stability and/or processability of the harv ested products are possible, which exceed the effects which were actually to be expected.
- the mixtures or compositions according to the invention may also have a strengthening effect in plants. Accordingly, they are also suitable for mobilizing the defense system of the plant against attack by harmful microorganisms. This may, if appropriate, be one of the reasons of the enhanced activity of the mixtures or compositions according to the invention, for example against fungi.
- Plant-strengthening (resistance-inducing) substances are to be understood as meaning, in the present context, those substances or combinations of substances which are capable of stimulating the defense system of plants in such a way that, when subsequently inoculated with harmful microorganisms, the treated plants display a substantial degree of resistance to these microorganisms.
- harmful microorganisms are to be understood as meaning phytopathogenic fungi, bacteria and viruses.
- the mixtures or compositions according to the inv ention can be employed for protecting plants against attack by the abov ementioned pathogens within a certain period of time after the treatment.
- the period of time within which protection is effected generally extends from 1 to 10 days, preferably 1 to 7 days, after the treatment of the plants with the active compounds.
- Plants and plant cultivars which are preferably to be treated according to the invention include all plants which have genetic material which impart particularly advantageous, useful traits to these plants (whether obtained by breeding and/or biotechnological means).
- Plants and plant cultiv ars which are also preferably to be treated according to the invention are resistant against one or more biotic stresses, i.e. said plants show a better defense against animal and microbial pests, such as against nematodes, insects, mites, phytopathogenic fungi, bacteria, viruses and/or viroids.
- Plants and plant cultivars which may also be treated according to the inv ention are those plants which are resistant to one or more abiotic stresses.
- Abiotic stress conditions may include, for example, drought, cold temperature exposure, heat exposure, osmotic stress, flooding, increased soil salinity, increased mineral exposure, ozone exposure, high light exposure, limited availability of nitrogen nutrients, limited av ailability of phosphorus nutrients, shade av oidance.
- Plants and plant cultivars which may also be treated according to the invention are those plants characterized by enhanced yield characteristics. Increased yield in said plants can be the result of, for example, improved plant physiology, growth and development, such as water use efficiency, water retention efficiency, improved nitrogen use, enhanced carbon assimilation, improved photosynthesis, increased germination efficiency and accelerated maturation.
- Yield can furthermore be affected by improved plant architecture (under stress and non-stress conditions), including but not limited to, early flowering, flowering control for hybrid seed production, seedling vigor, plant size, internode number and distance, root growth, seed size, fruit size, pod size, pod or car number, seed number per pod or ear, seed mass, enhanced seed filling, reduced seed dispersal, reduced pod dehiscence and lodging resistance.
- Further yield traits include seed composition, such as carbohydrate content, protein content, oil content and composition, nutritional value, reduction in anti -nutritional compounds, improved processability and better storage stability.
- Plants that may be treated according to the invention are hybrid plants that already express the characteristic of heterosis or hybrid vigor which results in generally higher yield, vigor, health and resistance towards biotic and abiotic stresses). Such plants are typically made by crossing an inbred male-sterile parent line (the female parent) with another inbred male-fertile parent line (the male parent). Hybrid seed is typically harvested from the male sterile plants and sold to growers. Male sterile plants can sometimes (e.g. in corn) be produced by detasseling, i.e. the mechanical removal of the male reproductive organs (or males flowers) but, more typically, male sterility is the result of genetic determinants in the plant genome.
- cytoplasmic male sterility CMS
- WO 92/05251 WO 95/09910
- WO 98/27806 WO 05/002324, WO 06/021972 and US 6,229,072
- genetic determinants for male sterility can also be located in the nuclear genome.
- Male sterile plants can also be obtained by plant biotechnology methods such as genetic engineering.
- a particularly useful means of obtaining male-sterile plants is described in WO 89/10396 in which, for example, a ribonuclease such as barnase is selectively expressed in the tapetum cells in the stamens. Fertility can then be restored by expression in the tapetum cells of a ribonuclease inhibitor such as barstar (e.g. WO 91/02069).
- Plants or plant cultivars obtained by plant biotechnology methods such as genetic engineering which may be treated according to the invention are herbicide-tolerant plants, i.e. plants made tolerant to one or more given herbicides. Such plants can be obtained either by genetic transformation, or by selection of plants containing a mutation imparting such herbicide tolerance.
- Plants or plant cultivars obtained by plant biotechnology methods such as genetic engineering which may also be treated according to the invention are insect-resistant transgenic plants, i.e. plants made resistant to attack by certain target insects. Such plants can be obtained by genetic transformation, or by selection of plants containing a mutation imparting such insect resistance.
- An "insect-resistant transgenic plant”, as used herein, includes any plant containing at least one transgene comprising a coding sequence encoding: ) an insecticidal crystal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis or an insecticidal portion thereof, such as the insccticidal crystal proteins listed by Crickmore et al. (1998, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 62: 807-813), updated by Crickmore et al.
- insecticidal portions thereof e.g., proteins of the Cry protein classes CrylAb, Cry 1 Ac, Cry I B, Cryl C, Cry I D, Cry I F, Cry2Ab, Cry3Aa, or Cry3Bb or insecticidal portions thereof (e.g. EP-A 1 999 141 and WO 2007/107302), or such proteins encoded by synthetic genes as e.g. described in and U.S.
- Patent Application 12/249,016 or ) a crystal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis or a portion thereof which is insecticidal in the presence of a second other crystal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis or a portion thereof, such as the binary toxin made up of the Cry34 and Cry 35 crystal proteins (Nat. Biotechnol. 2001 , 19, 668-72; Applied Environm. Microbiol. 2006, 71, 1765-1774) or the binary toxin made up of the Cryl A or Cryl F proteins and the Cry2Aa or Cry2Ab or Cry2Ae proteins (U.S.
- proteins from the VIP3Aa protein class e.g., proteins from the VIP3Aa protein class; or ) a secreted protein from Bacillus thuringiensis or Bacillus cereus which is insecticidal in the presence of a second secreted protein from Bacillus thuringiensis or B.
- a hybrid insecticidal protein comprising parts from different secreted proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis or Bacillus cereus, such as a hybrid of the proteins in 1 ) abov e or a hybrid of the proteins in 2) above; or 8) a protein of any one of 5) to 7) above wherein some, particularly 1 to 10, amino acids have been replaced by another amino acid to obtain a higher insccticidal activity to a target insect species, and/or to expand the range of target insect species affected, and/or because of changes introduced into the encoding DNA during cloning or transformation (while still encoding an insccticidal protein), such as the VIP3Aa protein in cotton event COT 102; or
- a secreted protein from Bacillus thuringiensis or Bacillus cereus which is insccticidal in the presence of a crystal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis, such as the binary toxin made up of VIP3 and Cry 1 A or CrylF (U.S. Patent Applications 61/126083 and 61/195019), or the binary toxin made up of the V1P3 protein and the Cry2Aa or Cry2Ab or Cry2Ae proteins (U.S. Patent Application 12/214,022 and EP-A 2 300 618).
- a crystal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis such as the binary toxin made up of VIP3 and Cry 1 A or CrylF (U.S. Patent Applications 61/126083 and 61/195019), or the binary toxin made up of the V1P3 protein and the Cry2Aa or Cry2Ab or Cry2Ae proteins (U.S. Patent Application 12/214,022 and EP-A 2 300 6
- an insect-resistant transgenic plant also includes any plant comprising a combination of genes encoding the proteins of any one of the above classes 1 to 10.
- an insect-resistant plant contains more than one transgene encoding a protein of any one of the above classes 1 to 10, to expand the range of target insect species affected when using different proteins directed at different target insect species, or to delay insect resistance development to the plants by using different proteins insccticidal to the same target insect species but having a different mode of action, such as binding to different receptor binding sites in the insect.
- An "insect-resistant transgenic plant”, as used herein, further includes any plant containing at least one transgene comprising a sequence producing upon expression a double-stranded RNA which upon ingestion by a plant insect pest inhibits the growth of this insect pest, as described e.g. in WO
- 2007/080126 WO 2006/129204
- WO 2007/074405 WO 2007/080127
- WO 2007/035650 WO 2007/080126
- Plants or plant cultivars obtained by plant biotechnology methods such as genetic engineering which may also be treated according to the invention are tolerant to abiotic stresses. Such plants can be obtained by genetic transformation, or by selection of plants containing a mutation imparting such stress resistance. Particularly useful stress tolerance plants include:
- plants which contain a transgene capable of reducing the expression and/or the activity of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) gene in the plant cells or plants as described in WO 00/04173, WO 2006/045633, EP-A 1 807 519, or EP-A 2 018 431.
- PARP poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase
- plants which contain a stress tolerance enhancing transgene capable of reducing the expression and/or the activity of the PARG encoding genes of the plants or plants cells, as described e.g. in WO 2004/090140.
- the mixtures or compositions according to the invention also exhibit a potent strengthening effect in plants. Accordingly, they can be used for mobilizing the defences of the plant against attack by undesirable microorganisms.
- Plant-strengthening (resistance-inducing) substances are to be understood as meaning, in the present context, those substances which are capable of stimulating the defence system of plants in such a way that the treated plants, when subsequently inoculated with undesirable microorganisms, develop a high degree of resistance to these microorganisms.
- the active compounds according to the invention are also suitable for increasing the yield of crops. In addition, they show reduced toxicity and are well tolerated by plants.
- plant physiology effects comprise the following:
- Abiotic stress tolerance comprising temperature tolerance, drought tolerance and recovery after drought stress, water use efficiency (correlating to reduced water consumption), flood tolerance, ozone stress and UV tolerance, tolerance towards chemicals like heavy metals, salts, pesticides (safener) etc.
- Biotic stress tolerance comprising increased fungal resistance and increased resistance against nematodes, viruses and bacteria.
- biotic stress tolerance preferably comprises increased fungal resistance and increased resistance against nematodes
- Increased yield referring to total biomass per hectare, yield per hectare, kernel/fruit weight, seed size and or hectolitre weight as well as to increased product quality, comprising:
- 10150 further comprising improved marketability relating to improved fruit/grain quality, size distribution (kernel, fruit, etc.). increased storage / shelf-life, firmness / softness, taste (aroma, texture, etc.). grade (size, shape, number of berries, etc.), number of berries/fruits per bunch, crispness, freshness, coverage with wax, frequency of physiological disorders, colour, etc.;
- [0151] further comprising increased desired ingredients such as e.g. protein content, fatty acids, oil content, oil quality, aminoacid composition, sugar content, acid content (pH), sugar/acid ratio (Brix), polyphenols, starch content, nutritional quality, gluten content/index, energy content, taste, etc.;
- increased desired ingredients such as e.g. protein content, fatty acids, oil content, oil quality, aminoacid composition, sugar content, acid content (pH), sugar/acid ratio (Brix), polyphenols, starch content, nutritional quality, gluten content/index, energy content, taste, etc.;
- Delayed senescence comprising improvement of plant physiology which is manifested, for example, in a longer grain filling phase, leading to higher yield, a longer duration of green leaf colouration of the plant and thus comprising colour (greening), water content, dryness etc..
- the specific inventive application of the active compound combination makes it possible to prolong the green leaf area duration, which delays the maturation (senescence) of the plant.
- the main advantage to the farmer is a longer grain filling phase leading to higher yield.
- sedimentation value is a measure for protein quality and describes according to Zeleny (Zeleny value) the degree of sedimentation of flour suspended in a lactic acid solution during a standard time interval. This is taken as a measure of the baking quality. Swelling of the gluten fraction of flour in lactic acid solution affects the rate of sedimentation of a flour suspension. Both a higher gluten content and a better gluten quality give rise to slower sedimentation and higher Zeleny test values.
- the sedimentation v alue of flour depends on the wheat protein composition and is mostly correlated to the protein content, the wheat hardness, and the volume of pan and hearth loav es.
- the falling number is a measure for the baking quality of cereals, especially of wheat.
- the falling number test indicates that sprout damage may have occurred. It means that changes to the physical properties of the starch portion of the wheat kernel have already happened.
- the falling number instrument analyzes viscosity by measuring the resistance of a flour and water paste to a falling plunger. The time (in seconds) for this to happen is known as the falling number.
- the falling number results are recorded as an index of enzyme activity in a wheat or flour sample and results are expressed in time as seconds.
- a high falling number for example, above 300 seconds
- a low falling number indicates substantial enzyme activity and sprout-damaged wheat or flour.
- the term "more developed root system” / "improved root growth” refers to longer root system, deeper root growth, faster root growth, higher root dry/fresh weight, higher root volume, larger root surface area, bigger root diameter, higher root stability, more root branching, higher number of root hairs, and/or more root tips and can be measured by analyzing the root archi tecture with suitable methodologies and Image analysis programmes (e.g. WinRhizo).
- crop water use efficiency refers technically to the mass of agriculture produce per unit water consumed and economically to the value of product(s) produced per unit water volume consumed and can e.g. be measured in terms of yield per ha, biomass of the plants, thousand-kernel mass, and the number of ears per m2.
- nitrogen-use efficiency refers technically to the mass of agriculture produce per unit nitrogen consumed and economically to the value of product(s) produced per unit nitrogen consumed, reflecting uptake and utilization efficiency.
- Improvement in greening / improved colour and improved photosynthctic efficiency as well as the delay of senescence can be measured with well-known techniques such as a HandyPea system (Hansatech).
- Fv/Fm is a parameter widely used to indicate the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem 11 (PSII). This parameter is widely considered to be a selective indication of plant photosynthctic performance with healthy samples typically achieving a maximum Fv/Fm value of approx. 0.85.
- Fv/Fm is presented as a ratio of variable fluorescence (Fv) over the maximum fluorescence value (Fm).
- the Performance Index is essentially an indicator of sample vitality.
- the improvement in greening / improved colour and improved photosynthctic efficiency as well as the delay of senescence can also be assessed by measurement of the net photosynthctic rate (Pn), measurement of the chlorophyll content, e.g. by the pigment extraction method of Ziegler and Ehle, measurement of the photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm ratio), determination of shoot growth and final root and/or canopy biomass, determination of tiller density as well as of root mortality.
- Pn net photosynthctic rate
- Fv/Fm ratio photochemical efficiency
- plant physiology effects which are selected from the group comprising: enhanced root growth / more developed root system, improved greening, improved water use efficiency (correlating to reduced water consumption), improved nutrient use efficiency, comprising especially improved nitrogen (N)-use efficiency, delayed senescence and enhanced yield.
- the application rates can be varied within a relatively wide range, depending on the kind of application.
- the application rate of the mixtures or compositions is
- the amount of Flubendiamidc is from 0.001 to 10 000 g/ha, preferably from 0.01 to 1000 g/ha, more preferably from 5 to 500 g ha, even more preferably from 50 to 250 g ha (in the case of application by watering or dripping, it is even possible to reduce the application rate, especially when inert substrates such as rockwool or perlite are used) and the amount of NPV is from 5xl0 9 OBs/ha to 2x10 1 OBs/ha, preferably from 5x10 1 " OBs/ha to 2xl0 15 OBs/ha, more preferably from 2,5x1 ()" OBs/ha to 2,5x 10 15 OBs/ha, even more preferably from 2,5x10 OBs/ha to l ,25xl0 15 OBs/ha, wherein the ratio between NPV and Flubendiamidc is from 5xl0 9 OBs
- the inventive mixtures or compositions can thus be used to protect plants from attack by the pathogens mentioned for a certain period of time after treatment.
- the period for which protection is provided extends generally for 1 to 28 days, preferably for 1 to 14 days, more preferably for 1 to 10 days, most preferably for 1 to 7 days, after the treatment of the plants with the mixtures or compositions, or for up to 200 days after a seed treatment.
- the method of treatment according to the invention also provides the use or application of NPV and a di amide compound as defined above in a simultaneous, separate or sequential manner. If the single active ingredients are applied in a sequential manner, i.e. at different times, they are applied one after the other within a reasonably short period, such as a few hours or days.
- the order of applying the compounds according to formula (1) and the biological control agent as defined above is not essential for working the present invention. However, it is preferred to first apply a diamide compound as defined above followed by applying a NPV.
- the time difference between application of the diamide compound and applicaton of the NPV in a sequential manner is from more than 1 min to 7 days, to 5 days, to 4 days, to 3 days, to 2 days, to 1 day such as to 12 hours, to 6 hours or to 1 hour.
- the compound ratio NPV and Flubendiamide or compound (II), respectively may be advantageously chosen so as to produce a synergistic effect.
- the term synergistic effect is defined by Colby in an article entitled “Calculation of the synergistic and antagonistic responses of herbicide combinations" Weeds, (1967), 15, pages 20-22.
- X is the efficacy expressed in % mortality of the untreated control for test compound A at a concentration of m ppm or m g/ha
- Y is the efficacy expressed in % mortality of the untreated control for test compound B at a concentration of n ppm or n g/ha.
- E is the efficacy expressed in % mortality of the untreated control using the mixture of A and B at m and n ppm respectively m and n g/ha,
- OBs in a viral suspension can be done with the help of Neubauer's hemocytometer, which comprises a glass slide carrying calibrations.
- Virus suspension was diluted by a factor of 1000 and put in the groove of a haemocytometer.
- the mirror -like polished surface of the counting chamber was cleaned with lens paper.
- the coverslip was placed over the counting surface prior to putting on the cell suspension. After allowing OBs to settle down, the OBs were counted in a defined number of squares of the hemocytometer area at random under a stereomicroscope.
- Emulsifier alkylaryl polyglycol ether
- Cotton plants ⁇ Gossypium hirsutum) are treated by being sprayed with the preparation of the active compound of the desired concentration and are infested with larvae of the cotton boll worm
- the mortality in % is determined. 100 % means all caterpillars have been killed; 0 % means none of the caterpillars have been killed. The mortality values determined thus are recalculated using the Colby-formula (see paragraph 170).
- Table A-2 Heliothis armigera - spray test
- Emulsifier alkylaryl polyglycol ether
- active compound 1 part by weight of active compound is mixed with the stated amount of solvent and is diluted with water, containing an emulsifier concentration of 1 OOOppm, to the desired concentration. Further test concentrations are prepared by dilution with emulsifier containing water.
- AC53 NPV (2xl0 9 OBs/ml liquid concentrate) is diluted with water containing an emulsifier concentration of 1000 ppm to the desired concentration.
- Cotton plants (Gossypium hirsutum) are treated by being sprayed with the preparation of the active compound of the desired concentration and are infested with larvae of the cotton boll worm (Heliothis armigera).
- the mortality in % is determined. 100 % means all caterpillars have been killed; 0 % means none of the caterpillars have been killed. The mortality values determined thus are recalculated using the Colby-formula (sec paragraph 170).
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Abstract
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CN117947099A (en) * | 2024-03-25 | 2024-04-30 | 中国林业科学研究院高原林业研究所 | Transgenic method of blattaria insects |
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CN117947099A (en) * | 2024-03-25 | 2024-04-30 | 中国林业科学研究院高原林业研究所 | Transgenic method of blattaria insects |
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