WO2007071340A1 - A steel wire rope for use in a drive system - Google Patents
A steel wire rope for use in a drive system Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2007071340A1 WO2007071340A1 PCT/EP2006/012069 EP2006012069W WO2007071340A1 WO 2007071340 A1 WO2007071340 A1 WO 2007071340A1 EP 2006012069 W EP2006012069 W EP 2006012069W WO 2007071340 A1 WO2007071340 A1 WO 2007071340A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- zinc
- wire rope
- magnesium oxide
- metallic wire
- coating
- Prior art date
Links
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 52
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 52
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Inorganic materials [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 68
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 67
- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 66
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 55
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 229910001297 Zn alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000002480 mineral oil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 235000010446 mineral oil Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical group [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 abstract description 26
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 14
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 10
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 6
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 230000008092 positive effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 4
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alumina Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229930040373 Paraformaldehyde Natural products 0.000 description 3
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920006324 polyoxymethylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000640 Fe alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005538 encapsulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 2
- -1 greases Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- KFZAUHNPPZCSCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron zinc Chemical compound [Fe].[Zn] KFZAUHNPPZCSCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium carbonate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-]C([O-])=O ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000001095 magnesium carbonate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000014380 magnesium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910000021 magnesium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Mg+2] VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000000347 magnesium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001862 magnesium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- HCWCAKKEBCNQJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium orthosilicate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Mg+2].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] HCWCAKKEBCNQJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000391 magnesium silicate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052919 magnesium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000019792 magnesium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000344 soap Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005491 wire drawing Methods 0.000 description 2
- HYZJCKYKOHLVJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1H-benzimidazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2NC=NC2=C1 HYZJCKYKOHLVJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052582 BN Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron nitride Chemical compound N#B PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000060350 Citronella moorei Species 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000677 High-carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001122 Mischmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000475481 Nebula Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910000990 Ni alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920002292 Nylon 6 Polymers 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001128 Sn alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000611 Zinc aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003082 abrasive agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- HXFVOUUOTHJFPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane;zinc Chemical compound [AlH3].[Zn] HXFVOUUOTHJFPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012267 brine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010349 cathodic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003518 caustics Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce] ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008199 coating composition Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 description 1
- MHJAJDCZWVHCPF-UHFFFAOYSA-L dimagnesium phosphate Chemical compound [Mg+2].OP([O-])([O-])=O MHJAJDCZWVHCPF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000395 dimagnesium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010891 electric arc Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- UOVKYUCEFPSRIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-D hexamagnesium;tetracarbonate;dihydroxide;pentahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.[OH-].[OH-].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O UOVKYUCEFPSRIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-D 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum atom Chemical compound [La] FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940031958 magnesium carbonate hydroxide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000012254 magnesium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960000816 magnesium hydroxide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- QELJHCBNGDEXLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel zinc Chemical compound [Ni].[Zn] QELJHCBNGDEXLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002161 passivation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002028 premature Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011253 protective coating Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;chloride;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Na+].[Cl-] HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012086 standard solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008685 targeting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- GZCWPZJOEIAXRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin zinc Chemical compound [Zn].[Sn] GZCWPZJOEIAXRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- LRXTYHSAJDENHV-UHFFFAOYSA-H zinc phosphate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[Zn+2].[Zn+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O LRXTYHSAJDENHV-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 229910000165 zinc phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- MQWLIFWNJWLDCI-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc;carbonate;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Zn+2].[O-]C([O-])=O MQWLIFWNJWLDCI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C2/00—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor
- C23C2/26—After-treatment
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C2/00—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor
- C23C2/04—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor characterised by the coating material
- C23C2/06—Zinc or cadmium or alloys based thereon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
- C23C28/32—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer
- C23C28/321—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer with at least one metal alloy layer
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
- C23C28/32—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer
- C23C28/322—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer only coatings of metal elements only
- C23C28/3225—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer only coatings of metal elements only with at least one zinc-based layer
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
- C23C28/34—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates
- C23C28/345—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates with at least one oxide layer
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
- C23C28/34—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates
- C23C28/347—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates with layers adapted for cutting tools or wear applications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C30/00—Coating with metallic material characterised only by the composition of the metallic material, i.e. not characterised by the coating process
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
- D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
- D07B1/00—Constructional features of ropes or cables
- D07B1/06—Ropes or cables built-up from metal wires, e.g. of section wires around a hemp core
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
- D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
- D07B1/00—Constructional features of ropes or cables
- D07B1/06—Ropes or cables built-up from metal wires, e.g. of section wires around a hemp core
- D07B1/0606—Reinforcing cords for rubber or plastic articles
- D07B1/0666—Reinforcing cords for rubber or plastic articles the wires being characterised by an anti-corrosive or adhesion promoting coating
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
- D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
- D07B2201/00—Ropes or cables
- D07B2201/20—Rope or cable components
- D07B2201/2001—Wires or filaments
- D07B2201/201—Wires or filaments characterised by a coating
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
- D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
- D07B2201/00—Ropes or cables
- D07B2201/20—Rope or cable components
- D07B2201/2001—Wires or filaments
- D07B2201/201—Wires or filaments characterised by a coating
- D07B2201/2011—Wires or filaments characterised by a coating comprising metals
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
- D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
- D07B2201/00—Ropes or cables
- D07B2201/20—Rope or cable components
- D07B2201/2001—Wires or filaments
- D07B2201/201—Wires or filaments characterised by a coating
- D07B2201/2013—Wires or filaments characterised by a coating comprising multiple layers
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
- D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
- D07B2205/00—Rope or cable materials
- D07B2205/30—Inorganic materials
- D07B2205/3021—Metals
- D07B2205/3071—Zinc (Zn)
Definitions
- the invention relates to the field of steel wire ropes more in particular to steel wire ropes that have to withstand corrosive circumstances during operation.
- steel wire ropes can be found in many drive systems such as a window elevator in a car door, or a drive system for a sliding door, or a canvas roof drive, or a garage door opener drive system, or a hoisting rope to name just a few.
- the invention offers a more corrosion resistant kind of rope while maintaining good fatigue properties and improved friction properties. Background of the invention.
- Steel wire ropes are in many cases the preferred means to convey force and displacement (i.e. work) over a distance between meters and kilometres at a low cost.
- the ropes can be made very flexible - so that the rope can accommodate small bending pulleys - by using fine wire diameters.
- the strength of the rope can be increased thus enabling the transmittal of higher forces.
- the modulus of elasticity is close to that of steel and the elongation of the cord can be minimised thus eliminating slack out of the drive system.
- the ropes can be designed to withstand the repeated bending, torsion or stretch movements that occur in such drive systems.
- steel wire ropes are reliable because the fatigue limit can be accurately predicted by means of tests that simulate the real live usage of the ropes.
- the steel wire ropes show a favourable friction coefficient with respect to wear pieces, a property that in many cases allows the replacement of bending pulleys with fixed rope guides with considerable cost savings in the drive system as a consequence.
- most steels tend to rust when subjected to conditions that enhance corrosion (such as outdoor usage, but also in the inside of an elevator shaft, or the inside of an automobile door). Corrosion is in that respect detrimental that it can reduce the predicted fatigue level dramatically leading to premature, fatal fractures.
- Such a mechanism is known in the field as 'corrosion fatigue' i.e. the fatigue phenomena that occur when dynamic loading of the cord is performed in a corrosive environment.
- a few standard solutions are known to the skilled person to reduce this corrosion:
- the corrosion progress is regularly (e.g. every 24 hours) visually monitored and graded into a number of classes ('dots of light brown rust', 'spots of light brown rust', 'dots of dark brown rust', 'spots of dark brown rust' and '5% surface coverage with dark brown rust').
- 'dots of light brown rust', 'spots of light brown rust', 'dots of dark brown rust', 'spots of dark brown rust' and '5% surface coverage with dark brown rust' the number of hours salt spray withstood in this test is until 'spots of dark brown rust' appear on the sample.
- wire ropes must withstand a minimum of 72 hours of salt spray before being accepted in the automobile industry.
- the lubricant is chosen in order to optimise the fatigue life. Estimates for the fatigue life can be obtained through dedicated test procedures that simulate the real life usage of the rope in the drive system. Hence, there are a number of proprietary test benches available to determine this fatigue life. A publicly available test is the MIL-W-
- the inventors have searched for a particularly simple corrosion inhibitor adapted to the specific use of wire ropes in drive systems that is effective, cheap, environmentally friendly and easy to apply: another object of their invention.
- a metallic wire rope is provided that is intended for use in a drive system.
- Such wire ropes have a diameter smaller than 5 mm, although sizes below 3 mm are more preferred while nowadays sizes of 2 mm and 1.5 mm are most popular.
- the inventors believe that the trend towards smaller diameter wire ropes will continue and foresee that 1 mm diameter ropes will become possible in the foreseeable future.
- the metallic wire rope is assembled out of zinc or zinc alloy coated steel wires.
- the steel used to produce these wires is - as high strength is needed - a high carbon steel.
- Such steels have compositions according following lines: a carbon content between 0.35 and 1.15 wt.
- % preferably between 0.60 and 1.00 wt.% carbon, a manganese content between 0.30 and 0.70 wt. %, a silicon content between 0.10 and 0.60 wt.%, a maximum sulphur content of 0.05 wt. %, a maximum phosphorus content of 0.05 wt.%.
- Micro-alloying with particular elements such a chromium, nickel, vanadium, boron, cobalt, copper, molybdenum are not excluded for amounts ranging from 0.01 to 0.08 wt.% as this alloying may help to reach higher strength levels.
- Particularly popular coatings for these steel wires are: - a coating of technically pure zinc whereby the unavoidable impurities are also included
- zinc-iron alloys such as those comprising 0.3 to 1.5 wt.% of Fe or those comprising 15 to 25 wt. of Fe, the remainder being zinc.
- the iron can originate from the steel substrate itself.
- Zinc-nickel alloys such as those comprising 20 to 30 wt. % nickel, the remainder being zinc.
- the coating of the wire is usually done on an intermediate diameter steel wire that is subsequently drawn to finer diameters through a series of dies. During drawing the tensile strength of the wire gradually increases, an increase that is outspoken for steel wires with a high carbon content such as the ones envisaged in this application.
- the steel wires have tensile strengths in excess of 1750 N/mm 2 , typically above 2500 N/mm 2 , or more preferred in excess of 2750 N/mm 2 , or even in excess of 3000 N/mm 2 .
- Such higher tensile strengths are necessary to be able to further reduce the wire rope diameter.
- the diameters of the wires for this kind of rope are rarely above 0.25 mm and by preference below 0.22, even more preferred below 0.15 mm.
- fine diameter wires results in a wire rope that is better fatigue resistant than a rope with less wires that have a larger diameter.
- the wires are assembled into strands that may or may not be further assembled into wire ropes.
- Typical configurations that are common in the field are 7x7, 7x19, 19+8x7, 19W+8x7, 7x8, 8x7, 8x8 19+9x7, 1x3+5x7 to name just a few.
- 7x8 designates a rope consisting of 7 strands that each consist of 8 wires.
- a strand consists of a core wire around which 7 outer wires are helically twisted with a certain pitch. Six of said strands are twisted around a central core strand, again with a defined pitch.
- the diameters of the outer wires are by preference chosen such that they easily fit around the core wire.
- the diameter of the core strand can be so chosen as to be adapted to the diameter of the outer strands.
- the strands can be produced layer by layer by twisting wires around intermediate strands leading to an exemplary configuration of a core wire surrounded by six wires again surrounded by twelve wires giving a 1+6+12 configuration that is shortened to a 19 wire strand.
- a special case is where the wire diameters are so chosen as to fit nicely together as in a Warrington configuration (as in the core of the 19W+8x7 construction). All 19 wires are then assembled together with the same pitch.
- strands are compacted prior to cabling or even complete cables are compacted.
- a fibre replaces the core wire. The inventive idea of this application is equally well applicable to all these variations.
- the amount of coating on the wire is expressed in grams of coating per square meter of wire surface. As the coating does not add to the strength of the cord, it must be as thin as possible without jeopardising the corrosion resistance.
- Conventional coating amounts are - the number between brackets refers to the average thickness for a corresponding zinc coating having a density of 7.14 kg/dm 3 - minimum 30 g/m 2 (4.2 ⁇ m). However, lower amounts such as lower than 25 g/m 2
- the inventors have found that the reduced corrosion resistance can be compensated by the use of corrosion inhibitor applied by means of a liquid carrier.
- a very simple compound namely magnesium oxide (MgO) was best fitted to this end.
- the magnesium oxide (MgO) must be finely dispersed in the carrier.
- the carrier only serves to distribute the magnesium oxide evenly over the surface of the wire: the particles must come in close contact with the coating of the wire.
- the liquid carrier can remain in place or may evaporate: it has been found that the positive, corrosive inhibitive effects remain.
- the magnesium oxide makes it possible to use thinner zinc coatings, entailing the advantages of higher strength and better fatigue, while maintaining and even improving the corrosion resistance. Mutatis mutandis the magnesium oxide gives more certainty against corrosion when used on wires with the currently used zinc coatings.
- Magnesium oxide (MgO) is a very common product that can be obtained through a number of process routes.
- a first route is through heating of magnesite (magnesium carbonate, a natural mineral deposit) in the presence of oxygen.
- a second route uses brine containing MgCI 2 that is first converted to Mg(OH) 2 for purification through wet precipitation followed by calcination to drive out the water. The latter route is more preferred.
- the resultant magnesium oxide (MgO) can be classified in different grades:
- the 'light burned' grade is most preferred, while the 'hard burned' grade is less preferred.
- the 'dead burned' grade is hard to disperse and hence least preferred.
- the 'fused magnesium oxide' is too inert to be useful.
- an aliphatic mineral oil is most preferred. Aliphatic mineral oils are normally used to enhance the fatigue life of the wire rope by reducing the friction between the wires as they are bent over a pulley or a wear piece. As they are to be applied on the wire rope anyhow, they can conveniently be used as a carrier for the magnesium oxide dispersion.
- Other possible liquid carriers are paraphenes and more in particular isoparaphenes that are known to easily evaporate.
- MgO magnesium oxide
- MgO a cathodic inhibitor, of which the effectiveness increases with the amount of magnesium oxide present.
- the magnesium oxide is finely spread over the wire surface in order to obtain a uniform spread of the magnesium oxide floes. This is best obtained by using a finely ground magnesium oxide with an average particle size of between 1 and 100 micrometer, most preferred being 5 to 75 micrometer.
- the magnesium oxide must be in physical contact with the zinc or zinc coating layer, otherwise the corrosion protection is less effective or non- existent.
- the inventors added abrasive particles of about the same size (5 to 50 micrometer average particle size) as the magnesium oxide particles into the liquid carrier. The idea was that by adding this abrasive, the surface of the zinc coating is ground thus embedding better the magnesium oxide particles.
- Such guiding pieces are usually made of hard polymers such as polyoxymethylene (POM) or polyamide (Nylon 6).
- POM polyoxymethylene
- ylon 6 polyamide
- abrasive particles not only activate the zinc coating, but also polish the surface of the wire making it smoother.
- silicon carbide SiC
- Other abrasives quartz, cubic boron nitride, diamond and many others
- Remarkable is also that these abrasive particles do not have a negative influence on the fatigue behaviour of the steel wire rope. It has been found that between 0.1 and 10, preferably between 0.1 and 2 grams of SiC per kilogram of wire rope more than suffices to obtain the positive effects.
- a metallic wire product is defined that comprises at least one zinc or zinc alloy coated steel wire.
- this steel wire Special about this steel wire is that a corrosion inhibitor is embedded in the zinc or zinc alloy coating as a finely dispersed solid.
- this corrosion inhibitor is present in the outer surface of the coating.
- the solid corrosion inhibitor is embossed, pressed into the outer surface of said coating.
- this corrosion inhibitor is magnesium oxide (MgO) .
- a method is disclosed to protect a metallic wire product.
- the method starts from a steel wire of intermediate diameter provided with a zinc or zinc alloy coating.
- the steel and coating compositions are in line with the compositions described in the first aspect of the invention.
- On a wire drawing bench preferably a wet wire drawing bench, the wire is sequentially drawn through progressively smaller dies, a technique common in the art.
- the wire drags a finally dispersed corrosion inhibitor into one of the drawing dies.
- the corrosion inhibitor gets impressed into to the outer surface of the coating by the compressive action of the die on the wire.
- the corrosion inhibitor can be applied on the wire at one die e.g. the entrance (i.e. the largest) die or at the exit (i.e.
- the inhibitor can be fed to the wire at two or more dies, or at every die of the whole die series.
- the corrosion inhibitor can be provided in a powder form.
- the corrosion inhibitor can be mixed into powder soaps that are common in the art of steel wire dry drawing as solid lubricants.
- Such a powder mixture can be fed together with the wire into the die by guiding the wire through a soap box at the entrance of the die.
- the corrosion inhibitor can be mixed into a liquid carrier that is dragged by the wire into the die entrance.
- the corrosion inhibitor comes in intimate, electrical contact with the zinc or zinc alloy coating.
- the corrosion inhibitor therefore should not be isolated from the zinc or zinc alloy coating by drawing soap residues.
- the corrosion inhibitor is magnesium oxide (MgO).
- the magnesium oxide powder has been finely ground so as to pass a 74 micrometer mesh.
- the cord has a linear mass of 9.78 g/m and a wire surface of 33.56 m 2 /km of cord. If not indicated to the contrary, the rope wires have obtained a hot dip galvanised, technically pure zinc coating of about 100 g per kg of coated steel wire rope (i.e. 28 g/m 2 or an average thickness of 3.9 ⁇ m).
- the radius of curvature of the POM guiding piece was 15 mm while the rope covers 180° of the piece.
- the wear is evaluated after 5 000 back and forth cycles (i.e. 10 000 passages) in which the same 430 mm of rope glides over the guiding piece. No lubricant is added prior to the testing.
- the inventors want to stress that the invention is equally well applicable to all kinds of configurations of steel wire ropes and that their use is not limited to window elevator systems but to all kinds of drive systems (sliding doors, sliding rooftops, garage doors, curtain drives, brake cables, clutch cable, door latch system, a non-exhaustive list).
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Abstract
A steel wire rope for use in a drive system such as found on a sliding vehicle door or window elevator is revealed. Particular about this rope is that it has a remarkable corrosion resistance that is obtained by spreading magnesium oxide particles over the zinc or zinc alloy coated steel wires and bringing those particles in contact with the coating. The spreading and contacting can be achieved by means of a liquid carrier such as an aliphatic mineral oil that is commonly used as the lubricant for such steel wire ropes. The magnesium oxide ensures an equal or better corrosion resistance even when reducing the thickness of the zinc coating. Reducing the thickness of the zinc coating increases the strength of the steel wire rope, while maintaining the diameter of the cord.
Description
A STEEL WIRE ROPE FOR USE IN A DRIVE SYSTEM
Field of the invention.
The invention relates to the field of steel wire ropes more in particular to steel wire ropes that have to withstand corrosive circumstances during operation. Such steel wire ropes can be found in many drive systems such as a window elevator in a car door, or a drive system for a sliding door, or a canvas roof drive, or a garage door opener drive system, or a hoisting rope to name just a few. The invention offers a more corrosion resistant kind of rope while maintaining good fatigue properties and improved friction properties. Background of the invention.
Steel wire ropes are in many cases the preferred means to convey force and displacement (i.e. work) over a distance between meters and kilometres at a low cost. The ropes can be made very flexible - so that the rope can accommodate small bending pulleys - by using fine wire diameters. When assembled out of cold formed, hard drawn steel wires the strength of the rope can be increased thus enabling the transmittal of higher forces. In addition the modulus of elasticity is close to that of steel and the elongation of the cord can be minimised thus eliminating slack out of the drive system. The ropes can be designed to withstand the repeated bending, torsion or stretch movements that occur in such drive systems. Indeed, steel wire ropes are reliable because the fatigue limit can be accurately predicted by means of tests that simulate the real live usage of the ropes. Finally, the steel wire ropes show a favourable friction coefficient with respect to wear pieces, a property that in many cases allows the replacement of bending pulleys with fixed rope guides with considerable cost savings in the drive system as a consequence. Unfortunately most steels tend to rust when subjected to conditions that enhance corrosion (such as outdoor usage, but also in the inside of an elevator shaft, or the inside of an automobile door). Corrosion is in that respect detrimental that it can reduce the predicted fatigue level dramatically leading to premature, fatal fractures. Such a mechanism is known in the field as 'corrosion fatigue' i.e. the fatigue phenomena that occur when dynamic loading of the cord is performed in
a corrosive environment. A few standard solutions are known to the skilled person to reduce this corrosion:
- one could use stainless steels that are less prone to corrosion (such as AISI 306, AISI 314). Unfortunately, such steels often only perform well in static corrosive applications, i.e. when no dynamics is involved. When ropes are repeatedly bent over pulleys, the oxide skin that forms on the stainless steel is continually abraded away leading to excessive fretting of the filaments and inferior fatigue life, perhaps the oldest solution is to use wires that are individually coated with a protective coating. In order not to adversely influence the other properties of the wire rope, such a coating is by preference metallic. Most preferred in this respect are zinc or zinc alloy coatings that are applied through a hot dipping process onto the steel wire. Intermediate alloy layers are formed in the hot dipping ensuring a good adhesion of the coating to the steel wire. Such coatings provide a sacrificial corrosion protection to the steel.
- encapsulation of the cord in a polymer is also a known technique. Such an encapsulation must withstand the dynamics of the drive system to prevent that the corrosive atmosphere reaches the steel surface. WO 03/044267 describes such a rope. The solution provides excellent corrosion protection in combination with excellent fatigue properties, but is somewhat stiffer, has not so good friction properties and is more expensive.
- the application of corrosion inhibitive oils, greases, slurries or gels. Such gels must enable a number of properties into the steel wire rope and are in many cases a compromise between different properties (cost, environmental, fatigue performance etc.). An example can be found in US 6106741. The current state of the art for drive system ropes is therefore dominated by zinc or zinc alloy coated wire ropes that are immersed with a lubricant. The thickness of the zinc or zinc alloy coating is chosen to withstand a certain number of hours in a corrosive environment. Such
corrosion tests are widely known in the field as the ISO 9227 standard (national equivalents are ASTM B117 or DIN 50021). In this test samples as obtained from the steel wire rope manufacturer are hung in a closed chamber filled with a nebula maintained at a 100% relative humidity at a temperature of 35°C. The atmosphere in the chamber is saturated by means of a circulating spray of water containing 5% by weight of NaCI. So far to what is described in the ISO 9227 standard.
The corrosion progress is regularly (e.g. every 24 hours) visually monitored and graded into a number of classes ('dots of light brown rust', 'spots of light brown rust', 'dots of dark brown rust', 'spots of dark brown rust' and '5% surface coverage with dark brown rust'). In what follows the number of hours salt spray withstood in this test is until 'spots of dark brown rust' appear on the sample. Currently wire ropes must withstand a minimum of 72 hours of salt spray before being accepted in the automobile industry.
The lubricant is chosen in order to optimise the fatigue life. Estimates for the fatigue life can be obtained through dedicated test procedures that simulate the real life usage of the rope in the drive system. Hence, there are a number of proprietary test benches available to determine this fatigue life. A publicly available test is the MIL-W-
83420 standard that was (and is) still widely used to test 'aircraft cable'. In the industry there is a constant drive to use thinner wire ropes of equal or higher strength in order to reduce the size of the drive systems while increasing corrosion protection as well as fatigue life. With known zinc or zinc-alloy coatings one runs into a strength versus corrosion protection conflict. As the corrosion protection of the coating is roughly proportional to the thickness of the coating a minimum coating thickness must be maintained in order to meet the corrosion requirements. However, when using finer and finer wires, the coating takes up an increasing amount of wire cross sectional area. As the coating does not add to the strength of the wire, thinner ropes compared with their thicker counterparts relatively lose strength due to this.
Summarv of the invention.
It is therefore a first object of the invention to provide a steel wire rope that overcomes the problems of the past. More in particular it is an object of the invention to provide a steel wire rope that combines a good corrosion resistance without giving in on strength. It is a further object to provide a wire rope with improved frictional properties. The inventors have searched for a particularly simple corrosion inhibitor adapted to the specific use of wire ropes in drive systems that is effective, cheap, environmentally friendly and easy to apply: another object of their invention.
According a first aspect of the invention a metallic wire rope is provided that is intended for use in a drive system. Such wire ropes have a diameter smaller than 5 mm, although sizes below 3 mm are more preferred while nowadays sizes of 2 mm and 1.5 mm are most popular. The inventors believe that the trend towards smaller diameter wire ropes will continue and foresee that 1 mm diameter ropes will become possible in the foreseeable future. The metallic wire rope is assembled out of zinc or zinc alloy coated steel wires. The steel used to produce these wires is - as high strength is needed - a high carbon steel. Such steels have compositions according following lines: a carbon content between 0.35 and 1.15 wt. %, preferably between 0.60 and 1.00 wt.% carbon, a manganese content between 0.30 and 0.70 wt. %, a silicon content between 0.10 and 0.60 wt.%, a maximum sulphur content of 0.05 wt. %, a maximum phosphorus content of 0.05 wt.%. Micro-alloying with particular elements such a chromium, nickel, vanadium, boron, cobalt, copper, molybdenum are not excluded for amounts ranging from 0.01 to 0.08 wt.% as this alloying may help to reach higher strength levels.
Particularly popular coatings for these steel wires are:
- a coating of technically pure zinc whereby the unavoidable impurities are also included
- an intentionally alloyed zinc coating of which the following are particularly envisaged: • zinc-aluminium alloys such as those comprising 2 to 12 wt.% Al and a mischmetal such as cerium or lanthanum, the remainder being zinc. These are particularly preferred for their anti-corrosive properties (see e.g. EP 0 550 005 B1)
• zinc-iron alloys such as those comprising 0.3 to 1.5 wt.% of Fe or those comprising 15 to 25 wt. of Fe, the remainder being zinc.
The iron can originate from the steel substrate itself.
• a zinc-tin alloy. This is a coating to which favourable friction properties are attributed (see e.g. DE 195 12 180 A1)
• Zinc-nickel alloys such as those comprising 20 to 30 wt. % nickel, the remainder being zinc.
Note that the coating of the wire is usually done on an intermediate diameter steel wire that is subsequently drawn to finer diameters through a series of dies. During drawing the tensile strength of the wire gradually increases, an increase that is outspoken for steel wires with a high carbon content such as the ones envisaged in this application.
Typically, the steel wires have tensile strengths in excess of 1750 N/mm2, typically above 2500 N/mm2, or more preferred in excess of 2750 N/mm2, or even in excess of 3000 N/mm2. Such higher tensile strengths are necessary to be able to further reduce the wire rope diameter. The diameters of the wires for this kind of rope are rarely above 0.25 mm and by preference below 0.22, even more preferred below 0.15 mm. Using many, fine diameter wires results in a wire rope that is better fatigue resistant than a rope with less wires that have a larger diameter. The wires are assembled into strands that may or may not be further assembled into wire ropes. Typical configurations that are common in the field are 7x7, 7x19, 19+8x7, 19W+8x7, 7x8, 8x7, 8x8
19+9x7, 1x3+5x7 to name just a few. For example the formula 7x8 designates a rope consisting of 7 strands that each consist of 8 wires. A strand consists of a core wire around which 7 outer wires are helically twisted with a certain pitch. Six of said strands are twisted around a central core strand, again with a defined pitch. The diameters of the outer wires are by preference chosen such that they easily fit around the core wire. Likewise the diameter of the core strand can be so chosen as to be adapted to the diameter of the outer strands. The strands can be produced layer by layer by twisting wires around intermediate strands leading to an exemplary configuration of a core wire surrounded by six wires again surrounded by twelve wires giving a 1+6+12 configuration that is shortened to a 19 wire strand. A special case is where the wire diameters are so chosen as to fit nicely together as in a Warrington configuration (as in the core of the 19W+8x7 construction). All 19 wires are then assembled together with the same pitch. Sometimes strands are compacted prior to cabling or even complete cables are compacted. Sometimes a fibre replaces the core wire. The inventive idea of this application is equally well applicable to all these variations.
Typically the amount of coating on the wire is expressed in grams of coating per square meter of wire surface. As the coating does not add to the strength of the cord, it must be as thin as possible without jeopardising the corrosion resistance. Conventional coating amounts are - the number between brackets refers to the average thickness for a corresponding zinc coating having a density of 7.14 kg/dm3 - minimum 30 g/m2 (4.2 μm). However, lower amounts such as lower than 25 g/m2
(3.5 μm), or lower than 20 g/m2 (2.8 μm) or even lower as 15 g/m2 (2.1 μm) are more preferred for this inventive wire rope. The inventors think that acceptable corrosion results could even be obtained with zinc coatings targeting 5 g/m2 (0.7 μm) of zinc. Although in principle there is no limitation on the type of process used to coat these steel wires, hot-dip processes are preferred as they provide a solid coating welded to the steel. Due to the hot dip, an alloy
layer will form between the steel and the coating that entails additional protection to the steel. Particularly preferred from the viewpoint of strength and fatigue is the coating as described in EP 1 280 958 B1. There a zinc coating with a reduced thickness of below 2 micrometer (14.3 g zinc per m2 of wire) inclusive the zinc-iron alloy layer is described together with the associated process to coat the wires. Such a wire has a reduced thickness of zinc, which is favourable to obtain a higher breaking load of the cord. In addition, the roughness of the zinc to steel transition layer is much reduced what results in an improved fatigue. Unfortunately, the coating on itself does not protect sufficiently against corrosion.
However, the inventors have found that the reduced corrosion resistance can be compensated by the use of corrosion inhibitor applied by means of a liquid carrier. Much to their surprise they found that a very simple compound namely magnesium oxide (MgO) was best fitted to this end. The magnesium oxide (MgO) must be finely dispersed in the carrier. The carrier only serves to distribute the magnesium oxide evenly over the surface of the wire: the particles must come in close contact with the coating of the wire. The liquid carrier can remain in place or may evaporate: it has been found that the positive, corrosive inhibitive effects remain. The magnesium oxide makes it possible to use thinner zinc coatings, entailing the advantages of higher strength and better fatigue, while maintaining and even improving the corrosion resistance. Mutatis mutandis the magnesium oxide gives more certainty against corrosion when used on wires with the currently used zinc coatings.
Magnesium oxide (MgO) is a very common product that can be obtained through a number of process routes. A first route is through heating of magnesite (magnesium carbonate, a natural mineral deposit) in the presence of oxygen. A second route uses brine containing MgCI2 that is first converted to Mg(OH)2 for purification through wet precipitation followed by calcination to drive out the water. The latter
route is more preferred. The resultant magnesium oxide (MgO) can be classified in different grades:
1. 'Fused magnesium oxide' is calcinated MgO that has been melted in an electric arc furnace at temperatures in excess of 27500C. It is the most stable and strongest of all types of magnesia.
2. 'Dead burned magnesium oxide' has been calcinated at temperatures between 15000C and 20000C and has a surface area of less than 0.1 m2 per gram. 3. 'Hard burned magnesium oxide' has been calcinated at temperatures between 10000C to 15000C and has a surface area of 0.1 to 1.0 m2 per gram. 4. 'Light burned or caustic magnesium oxide' has been heated at
700 to 10000C and has a surface area of 1.0 to 250 m2 per gram.
The 'light burned' grade is most preferred, while the 'hard burned' grade is less preferred. The 'dead burned' grade is hard to disperse and hence least preferred. The 'fused magnesium oxide' is too inert to be useful. As a carrier, an aliphatic mineral oil is most preferred. Aliphatic mineral oils are normally used to enhance the fatigue life of the wire rope by reducing the friction between the wires as they are bent over a pulley or a wear piece. As they are to be applied on the wire rope anyhow, they can conveniently be used as a carrier for the magnesium oxide dispersion. Other possible liquid carriers are paraphenes and more in particular isoparaphenes that are known to easily evaporate.
The effect of the corrosion protection of magnesium oxide (MgO) is already apparent when only minute quantities are applied on the zinc or zinc alloy coated surface. Indeed, at a minimum of 100 milligram of MgO per square meter of wire surface, already positive effects on the number of hours survived in the salt spray test can be identified.
Compared to the amount of the zinc coating (present in an amount of typically 15 000 to 30 000 mg/m2) this is remarkable. The effects
increase linear with the amount of MgO applied on the zinc or zinc alloy coating. An amount of 200 mg /m2 MgO is therefore more preferred. Higher quantities of 1 000 mg/m2 or 2 000 mg/m2 or even 4 000 mg/m2 MgO still lead to improved results. At present, no levelling off of the positive effects has been detected. One of the inventors hypothesises that - without being bound by this theory - the presence of MgO on the zinc coating suppresses the cathodic reaction (i.e. the electron consuming reaction) in the corrosion process. Due to this the MgO is converted to a product that enhances the passivation behaviour of the zinc coating. Consequently corrosion will only start at MgO free spots .
This would make MgO a cathodic inhibitor, of which the effectiveness increases with the amount of magnesium oxide present.
It has therefore been found important that the magnesium oxide is finely spread over the wire surface in order to obtain a uniform spread of the magnesium oxide floes. This is best obtained by using a finely ground magnesium oxide with an average particle size of between 1 and 100 micrometer, most preferred being 5 to 75 micrometer. The magnesium oxide must be in physical contact with the zinc or zinc coating layer, otherwise the corrosion protection is less effective or non- existent.
In order to improve this contact even further, the inventors added abrasive particles of about the same size (5 to 50 micrometer average particle size) as the magnesium oxide particles into the liquid carrier. The idea was that by adding this abrasive, the surface of the zinc coating is ground thus embedding better the magnesium oxide particles.
Much to their surprise they found that adding such an abrasive reduced the wear of polymer guiding pieces in the drive system. Such guiding pieces are usually made of hard polymers such as polyoxymethylene (POM) or polyamide (Nylon 6). For a description of the test reference is made to EP 0 550 005 B1 , page 14 and FIGURES 13, 14 and 15.
Applicant presumes - without being bound by this hypothesis - that the abrasive particles not only activate the zinc coating, but also polish the
surface of the wire making it smoother. As an abrasive, silicon carbide (SiC) is most preferred as it is cheap and easily available in all grain sizes. Other abrasives (quartz, cubic boron nitride, diamond and many others) could probably function as well. Remarkable is also that these abrasive particles do not have a negative influence on the fatigue behaviour of the steel wire rope. It has been found that between 0.1 and 10, preferably between 0.1 and 2 grams of SiC per kilogram of wire rope more than suffices to obtain the positive effects.
It will be clear from the above that the inventors have searched for particular simple chemicals and additives. Many of the commercial available corrosion inhibitors are for general-purpose use and are not specifically oriented towards wire ropes for drive systems. As such they contain more than five ingredients, many of these ingredients being complex and not readily available. The inventors intentionally searched for a simple solution that is above all effective, cheap, environmentally friendly and easy to implement. The number of constituents remains below five namely: a liquid carrier (that may or may not disappear after application), magnesium oxide (MgO), silicon carbide (SiC) and maybe some kind of dispersant or floatant that might be added. According a second aspect of the invention, a metallic wire product is defined that comprises at least one zinc or zinc alloy coated steel wire. Special about this steel wire is that a corrosion inhibitor is embedded in the zinc or zinc alloy coating as a finely dispersed solid. By preference this corrosion inhibitor is present in the outer surface of the coating. Even more preferred is that the solid corrosion inhibitor is embossed, pressed into the outer surface of said coating. Preferably this corrosion inhibitor is magnesium oxide (MgO) .
According a third aspect of the invention a method is disclosed to protect a metallic wire product. The method starts from a steel wire of intermediate diameter provided with a zinc or zinc alloy coating. The steel and coating compositions are in line with the compositions described in the first aspect of the invention. On a wire drawing bench,
preferably a wet wire drawing bench, the wire is sequentially drawn through progressively smaller dies, a technique common in the art. Particular about the method is that the wire drags a finally dispersed corrosion inhibitor into one of the drawing dies. The corrosion inhibitor gets impressed into to the outer surface of the coating by the compressive action of the die on the wire. The corrosion inhibitor can be applied on the wire at one die e.g. the entrance (i.e. the largest) die or at the exit (i.e. the smallest) die. Or the inhibitor can be fed to the wire at two or more dies, or at every die of the whole die series. The corrosion inhibitor can be provided in a powder form. In that case the corrosion inhibitor can be mixed into powder soaps that are common in the art of steel wire dry drawing as solid lubricants. Such a powder mixture can be fed together with the wire into the die by guiding the wire through a soap box at the entrance of the die. Or the corrosion inhibitor can be mixed into a liquid carrier that is dragged by the wire into the die entrance. Important is that the corrosion inhibitor comes in intimate, electrical contact with the zinc or zinc alloy coating. The corrosion inhibitor therefore should not be isolated from the zinc or zinc alloy coating by drawing soap residues. By preference the corrosion inhibitor is magnesium oxide (MgO).
Preferred is that the magnesium oxide powder has been finely ground so as to pass a 74 micrometer mesh.
Description of the preferred embodiments of the invention.
In the following a series of tests on lab scale and in a production environment are described that have been performed on a zinc coated steel wire rope of type 19+8x7 of diameter 1.5 mm for use in a window elevator system. The cord is of the following make:
{[(0.15+6χ0.14)35 s+12χ0.14]8 5 s +8x(0.14++6x0.14)48z}i2 S
the different bracket levels indicating single operations, the subscripts indicating lay lengths and lay directions. The cord has a linear mass of 9.78 g/m and a wire surface of 33.56 m2/km of cord. If not indicated to the contrary, the rope wires have obtained a hot dip galvanised, technically pure zinc coating of about 100 g per kg of coated steel wire rope (i.e. 28 g/m2 or an average thickness of 3.9 μm).
In a first series of tests, a number of substances have been evaluated in the laboratory. Clean cord samples were coated with mixtures of compounds with the standard aliphatic mineral oil as used on the standard production cords. Six samples of each were hung in the salt spray test chamber and visually inspected on a daily basis. The day on which the first dark brown spots became visible was noted. The result mentioned in TABLE 1 is the average (hSS AVG), the minimum (hSS min) and the maximum (hSS MAX) of the six samples. The compounds were present in the mixture according the indicated weight percentages on the total mixture. Based on these findings MgO was selected for further investigation.
hSS hSS hSS Nr. Mixture
Avg min MAX
1 Lubricant 84 72 96
2 Lubricant + 5% Benzimidazole 116 96 144
3 Lubricant + 10% Magnesium oxide 324 312 336
4 Lubricant + 10% Zinc oxide 108 96 120
5 Lubricant + 10% Zinc carbonate hydroxide 116 96 144
6 Lubricant + 10% Magnesium carbonate hydroxide 180 168 192
7 Lubricant + 10% Hydrated zinc phosphate 84 72 96
8 Lubricant + 10% Aluminium oxide 84 72 96
9 Lubricant + 10% Hydrated magnesium silicate 84 72 96
10 Lubricant + 5% Magnesium oxide 1,56 144 168
+ 5% hydrated magnesium silicate
11 Lubricant + 10% Magnesiumhydroxide 156 144 168
12 Lubricant + 10% Magnesium stearaat 132 120 144
13 Lubricant + 10% Magnesium hydrogen phosphate 100 72 120
TABLE 1
In a second series of lab experiments the influence of the MgO was ascertained by applying mixtures on the bare and degreased cable with increasing amounts of magnesium oxide in them. Again the samples were tested in the salt spray chamber, the results of which are summarised in TABLE 2. hSS hSS hSS Nr. Mixture
Avg min MAX
14 Lubricant 108 96 120
15 Lubricant + 15% MgO 556 432 648
16 Lubricant + 20% MgO 716 672 792
17 Lubricant + 25% MgO 884 816 1005
18 Lubricant + 30% MgO 828 816 840
19 Lubricant + 40% MgO 1140 1032 1248
TABLE 2
In a third series of experiments, a series of mixtures was tested on an industrial scale. Wire ropes with two levels of zinc coating amount were tested: one with the standard coating of 28.0 g/m2 of wire surface
and one with a reduced coating of 24.3 g/m2. Also a different kind of liquid carrier was used namely a liquid isoparaphine wax. lsoparaphines with low molecular weight easily evaporate. In this case the paraphine merely acts as a distributor for the magnesium oxide over the wire surface of the cable. From the result it can be deduced that the positive effects of the MgO remain.
Nr Liquid carrier Zn (gr/m2) mg/m2 MgO hSS Avg
20 Lubricant 24.3 0 65
21 459 120
22 885 136
23 989 168
24 1138 256
25 28.0 0 85
26 72 144
27 272 248
28 504 248
29 1362 248
30 Paraphine 28.0 180 280
TABLE 3
In a fourth series of experiments, an amount of silicon carbide (grain size between 8 and 32 micron) was added to the lubricant in an attempt to activate the surface of the zinc coating for the action of the magnesium oxide by slight abrasion of the surface. Although the corrosion resistance as measured in the salt spray chamber did not deteriorate nor improve by the action of the silicon carbide, another positive effect was surprisingly found. It was found that the cutting wear of fixed guiding pieces that are sometimes used to replace pulleys virtually disappeared: if the normal level of wear was 100, the influence of the SiC reduced this to 40 and even to 25. The test was performed with a load of 120 N and a rope vs. guiding piece speed of 7.5 m/minute. The radius of curvature of the POM guiding piece was 15 mm while the rope covers 180° of the piece. The wear is evaluated after 5
000 back and forth cycles (i.e. 10 000 passages) in which the same 430 mm of rope glides over the guiding piece. No lubricant is added prior to the testing.
The inventors want to stress that the invention is equally well applicable to all kinds of configurations of steel wire ropes and that their use is not limited to window elevator systems but to all kinds of drive systems (sliding doors, sliding rooftops, garage doors, curtain drives, brake cables, clutch cable, door latch system, a non-exhaustive list).
Claims
1. A metallic wire rope comprising zinc or zinc alloy coated steel wires, said steel wires further comprising a liquid carrier coating comprising a corrosion inhibitor characterised in that said corrosion inhibitor is magnesium oxide, said magnesium oxide being finely dispersed in said liquid carrier.
2. The metallic wire rope of claim 1 wherein said liquid carrier is an aliphatic mineral oil.
3. The metallic wire rope of claim 1 or 2 whereon at least 100 milligrams of magnesium oxide per square meter of wire surface of said metallic wire rope is present.
4. The metallic wire rope of claim 1 or 2 whereon at least 200 milligrams of magnesium oxide per square meter of wire surface of said metallic wire rope is present.
5. The metallic wire rope of claim 1 or 4 wherein the average particle size of said finely dispersed magnesium oxide is between 1 and 100 micrometer.
6. The metallic wire rope according any one of claims 1 to 5 wherein said liquid carrier further comprises an abrasive powder with a particle size between 5 and 50 micron.
7. The metallic wire rope according claim 6 wherein said abrasive powder is silicon carbide.
8. The metallic wire rope according claim 7 whereon between 0.1 and 10 grams of silicon carbide per kilogram of said metallic wire rope is present.
9. A metallic wire product comprising at least one steel wire coated with zinc or a zinc alloy coating characterised in that said zinc or zinc alloy coating further comprises a corrosion inhibitor solidly embedded in said zinc or zinc alloy coating.
10. The metallic wire product of claim 9 wherein said corrosion inhibitor is magnesium oxide.
11. A method to protect a steel wire product from corrosion comprising the steps of: > Providing a steel wire coated with zinc or zinc alloy
> Sequentially drawing said zinc or zinc alloy coated steel wire through successively smaller dies characterised in that at the entrance of at least one of said dies, a finally dispersed corrosion inhibitor is dragged by said metallic wire into said at least one die and subsequently impressed into said zinc or zinc alloy.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein said finely dispersed corrosion inhibitor is carried by a liquid carrier and said carrier is dragged by said wire into said at least one die.
13. The method of claim 12 wherein said corrosion inhibitor is magnesium oxide
14. The method of claim 13 wherein said magnesium oxide has passed a 74 micrometer mesh.
Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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SI200631177T SI1963543T1 (en) | 2005-12-21 | 2006-12-11 | A steel wire rope for use in a drive system |
CN2006800489971A CN101346490B (en) | 2005-12-21 | 2006-12-11 | A steel wire rope for use in a drive system and method for protecting wire of the wire rope |
PL06829620T PL1963543T3 (en) | 2005-12-21 | 2006-12-11 | A steel wire rope for use in a drive system |
AT06829620T ATE523611T1 (en) | 2005-12-21 | 2006-12-11 | STEEL WIRE ROPE FOR USE IN A DRIVE SYSTEM |
EP06829620A EP1963543B1 (en) | 2005-12-21 | 2006-12-11 | A steel wire rope for use in a drive system |
KR1020087014606A KR101404645B1 (en) | 2005-12-21 | 2006-12-11 | A steel wire rope for use in a drive system |
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EP05112555.7 | 2005-12-21 | ||
EP05112555 | 2005-12-21 |
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WO2007071340A1 true WO2007071340A1 (en) | 2007-06-28 |
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PCT/EP2006/012069 WO2007071340A1 (en) | 2005-12-21 | 2006-12-11 | A steel wire rope for use in a drive system |
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EP (2) | EP2365108B1 (en) |
KR (1) | KR101404645B1 (en) |
CN (2) | CN102162077B (en) |
AT (1) | ATE523611T1 (en) |
ES (2) | ES2674405T3 (en) |
PL (2) | PL1963543T3 (en) |
PT (2) | PT2365108T (en) |
SI (2) | SI1963543T1 (en) |
TR (1) | TR201809596T4 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2007071340A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
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---|---|---|---|---|
WO2019115860A1 (en) * | 2017-12-15 | 2019-06-20 | Kone Corporation | Paste type lubrication |
WO2020058756A1 (en) * | 2018-09-17 | 2020-03-26 | Leggett & Platt Canada Co. | Corrosion resistant cable |
Families Citing this family (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FI20115246A0 (en) | 2011-03-11 | 2011-03-11 | Kone Corp | Elevator system |
CN102975422B (en) * | 2012-12-12 | 2015-04-22 | 华勤钢丝绳有限公司 | High-strength steel wire, preparation method of high-strength steel wire and super-high-strength steel wire rope for conveyer belt |
CN103541250B (en) * | 2013-10-14 | 2016-03-02 | 无锡通用钢绳有限公司 | A kind of steel wire rope |
CN107815784A (en) * | 2017-10-25 | 2018-03-20 | 江阴市蒋氏汽摩部件有限公司 | A kind of wear-resisting high-strength degree drag-line and preparation method thereof |
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- 2006-12-11 KR KR1020087014606A patent/KR101404645B1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2006-12-11 EP EP11169291.9A patent/EP2365108B1/en active Active
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Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2019115860A1 (en) * | 2017-12-15 | 2019-06-20 | Kone Corporation | Paste type lubrication |
US11078439B2 (en) | 2017-12-15 | 2021-08-03 | Kone Corporation | Paste type lubrication |
WO2020058756A1 (en) * | 2018-09-17 | 2020-03-26 | Leggett & Platt Canada Co. | Corrosion resistant cable |
US11066783B2 (en) | 2018-09-17 | 2021-07-20 | Leggett & Platt Canada Co. | Corrosion resistant cable |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP1963543A1 (en) | 2008-09-03 |
EP2365108B1 (en) | 2018-05-23 |
CN102162077B (en) | 2013-03-13 |
CN102162077A (en) | 2011-08-24 |
EP2365108A2 (en) | 2011-09-14 |
KR101404645B1 (en) | 2014-06-09 |
ES2674405T3 (en) | 2018-06-29 |
CN101346490A (en) | 2009-01-14 |
ES2371777T3 (en) | 2012-01-10 |
SI1963543T1 (en) | 2012-06-29 |
SI2365108T1 (en) | 2019-02-28 |
CN101346490B (en) | 2012-05-23 |
PT1963543E (en) | 2011-12-15 |
PL2365108T3 (en) | 2018-10-31 |
PT2365108T (en) | 2018-07-05 |
EP2365108A3 (en) | 2011-09-21 |
KR20080077984A (en) | 2008-08-26 |
EP1963543B1 (en) | 2011-09-07 |
ATE523611T1 (en) | 2011-09-15 |
TR201809596T4 (en) | 2018-07-23 |
PL1963543T3 (en) | 2012-01-31 |
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