WO2007012690A1 - Separación de fluidos utilizando la zeolita itq-32 - Google Patents
Separación de fluidos utilizando la zeolita itq-32 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2007012690A1 WO2007012690A1 PCT/ES2006/070113 ES2006070113W WO2007012690A1 WO 2007012690 A1 WO2007012690 A1 WO 2007012690A1 ES 2006070113 W ES2006070113 W ES 2006070113W WO 2007012690 A1 WO2007012690 A1 WO 2007012690A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- fluid separation
- component
- itq
- butene
- separation method
- Prior art date
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- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 69
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 65
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 51
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 51
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 title claims description 67
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 70
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propene Chemical compound CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 69
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 44
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 33
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 33
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 33
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 claims description 26
- VQTUBCCKSQIDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isobutene Chemical compound CC(C)=C VQTUBCCKSQIDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Butene Chemical compound CCC=C VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- IAQRGUVFOMOMEM-ONEGZZNKSA-N trans-but-2-ene Chemical compound C\C=C\C IAQRGUVFOMOMEM-ONEGZZNKSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- IAQRGUVFOMOMEM-ARJAWSKDSA-N cis-but-2-ene Chemical compound C\C=C/C IAQRGUVFOMOMEM-ARJAWSKDSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical compound CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000000383 tetramethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 abstract description 21
- 239000002156 adsorbate Substances 0.000 description 7
- BOTDANWDWHJENH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetraethyl orthosilicate Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)OCC BOTDANWDWHJENH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- -1 polyethylene, ethylene Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 5
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 5
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorane Chemical compound F KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000003463 adsorbent Substances 0.000 description 4
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- YNQLUTRBYVCPMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylbenzene Chemical compound CCC1=CC=CC=C1 YNQLUTRBYVCPMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004523 catalytic cracking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 2
- OVNNQWSSKFXNHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-cyclohexyl-1,1-dimethylpiperazin-1-ium Chemical compound C1C[N+](C)(C)CCN1C1CCCCC1 OVNNQWSSKFXNHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XXBUQDRMSUXLRV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 4-cyclohexyl-1,1-dimethylpiperazin-1-ium;hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].C1C[N+](C)(C)CCN1C1CCCCC1 XXBUQDRMSUXLRV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylonitrile Chemical compound C=CC#N NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GOOHAUXETOMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene oxide Chemical compound CC1CO1 GOOHAUXETOMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001767 cationic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002178 crystalline material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001411 inorganic cation Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002808 molecular sieve Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006384 oligomerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- OGHBATFHNDZKSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-2-olate Chemical compound CC(C)[O-] OGHBATFHNDZKSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium aluminosilicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002336 sorption--desorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009331 sowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfuric acid Substances OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004227 thermal cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C7/00—Purification; Separation; Use of additives
- C07C7/12—Purification; Separation; Use of additives by adsorption, i.e. purification or separation of hydrocarbons with the aid of solids, e.g. with ion-exchangers
- C07C7/13—Purification; Separation; Use of additives by adsorption, i.e. purification or separation of hydrocarbons with the aid of solids, e.g. with ion-exchangers by molecular-sieve technique
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01D53/02—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography
- B01D53/04—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography with stationary adsorbents
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- B01D53/02—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography
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- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
- B01J20/10—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising silica or silicate
- B01J20/16—Alumino-silicates
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- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
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- B01J20/18—Synthetic zeolitic molecular sieves
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- B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
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- B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
- B01J29/70—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of types characterised by their specific structure not provided for in groups B01J29/08 - B01J29/65
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- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B39/00—Compounds having molecular sieve and base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites; Their preparation; After-treatment, e.g. ion-exchange or dealumination
- C01B39/02—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof; Direct preparation thereof; Preparation thereof starting from a reaction mixture containing a crystalline zeolite of another type, or from preformed reactants; After-treatment thereof
- C01B39/04—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof; Direct preparation thereof; Preparation thereof starting from a reaction mixture containing a crystalline zeolite of another type, or from preformed reactants; After-treatment thereof using at least one organic template directing agent, e.g. an ionic quaternary ammonium compound or an aminated compound
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- C01B39/02—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof; Direct preparation thereof; Preparation thereof starting from a reaction mixture containing a crystalline zeolite of another type, or from preformed reactants; After-treatment thereof
- C01B39/46—Other types characterised by their X-ray diffraction pattern and their defined composition
- C01B39/48—Other types characterised by their X-ray diffraction pattern and their defined composition using at least one organic template directing agent
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C7/00—Purification; Separation; Use of additives
- C07C7/12—Purification; Separation; Use of additives by adsorption, i.e. purification or separation of hydrocarbons with the aid of solids, e.g. with ion-exchangers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G25/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils in the absence of hydrogen, with solid sorbents
- C10G25/02—Refining of hydrocarbon oils in the absence of hydrogen, with solid sorbents with ion-exchange material
- C10G25/03—Refining of hydrocarbon oils in the absence of hydrogen, with solid sorbents with ion-exchange material with crystalline alumino-silicates, e.g. molecular sieves
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G53/00—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by two or more refining processes
- C10G53/02—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by two or more refining processes plural serial stages only
- C10G53/08—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by two or more refining processes plural serial stages only including at least one sorption step
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L3/00—Gaseous fuels; Natural gas; Synthetic natural gas obtained by processes not covered by subclass C10G, C10K; Liquefied petroleum gas
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- C10L3/10—Working-up natural gas or synthetic natural gas
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L3/00—Gaseous fuels; Natural gas; Synthetic natural gas obtained by processes not covered by subclass C10G, C10K; Liquefied petroleum gas
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- C10L3/10—Working-up natural gas or synthetic natural gas
- C10L3/101—Removal of contaminants
- C10L3/102—Removal of contaminants of acid contaminants
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01D53/02—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography
- B01D53/04—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography with stationary adsorbents
- B01D53/047—Pressure swing adsorption
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/10—Feedstock materials
- C10G2300/1081—Alkanes
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
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- C10G2300/10—Feedstock materials
- C10G2300/1088—Olefins
- C10G2300/1092—C2-C4 olefins
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/80—Additives
- C10G2300/805—Water
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2400/00—Products obtained by processes covered by groups C10G9/00 - C10G69/14
- C10G2400/20—C2-C4 olefins
Definitions
- the present invention belongs to the technical field of microporous crystalline materials of a zeolitic nature, useful as adsorbents in processes of adsorption and separation of fluid mixtures.
- Light olefins are generally obtained by catalytic cracking of diesel oil, catalytic cracking in the presence of water vapor or by means of the so-called MTO process (Methanol to olefins).
- MTO process Methanol to olefins
- mixtures of different hydrocarbons which include linear and branched paraffins and olefins of different molecular weight, whereby said mixture has to be subjected to distillation processes to obtain pure hydrocarbons.
- the particular case of the purification of light olefins by means of distillation processes is especially difficult due to the relatively low boiling points of these olefins and their similarity with those of the corresponding paraffins. This is especially true in the case of propylene and propane.
- ethylene and propylene are the raw material used in the production of plastics and many other chemical compounds.
- ethylene is the base reagent for the production of polyethylene, ethylene oxide, chloro vinyl and ethyl benzene among others.
- Propylene is used for the production of polypropylene, propylene oxide, acrylonitrile, etc.
- the acidic properties of zeolites are derived from the presence of trivalent elements in their composition, which generate a negative charge in the microporous network that is compensated by cations (usually alkaline, alkaline earth, protons or organic) that are located inside of the channels and cavities of the zeolites. These compensation cations are responsible for the acidic properties of these materials, particularly when the cations are protons. In this case, the acid strength of the zeolites can be comparable to that of concentrated sulfuric acid.
- inorganic cations such as Na + , K + , Ca 2+ etc ..., generates weak Lewis-type acid centers and are responsible for the high hydrophilicity of these materials, since cations tend to coordinate with molecules of Water.
- these zeolites are severely limited in their application in separation processes as a result of their high hydrophilicity, since water existing in hydrocarbon streams, even in very low concentrations, tends to be adsorbed on the cations located inside the zeolite channels, thus reducing the effective diameter of its pores.
- the ITQ-32 zeolite (P200500245), which comprises pores formed by rings of 8 and 12 members, allows, thanks to its structure and topology, to preferentially adsorb propylene against propane and, in general, olefins in front of paraffins provided its size allows diffusion.
- Zeolites can be classified as extra large, medium, or small pore zeolites according to the opening of their channels.
- the small pore zeolites will have channels with openings formed by 8 tetrahedra, while those with a medium pore will be 10 tetrahedra, the large ones with 12 and finally, the extra large ones will have channels with openings larger than 12 tetrahedra.
- the zeolite Nu-87 (Shannon, MD, Casci, JL, Cox, PA and Andrews, SJ "Structure of the 2-Dimensional Medium-Pore High-Silica Zeolite NU- 87", Nature, 353, 417 -420 (1991)) is characterized by a system of pores formed by rings of 10 tetrahedra and other pores formed by rings of 12 tetrahedra.
- This zeolite formed by pores of 10 x 12 MR (from the English expression "member rings”) is considered.
- the ZSM-5 zeolite all pores are formed by rings of 10 tetrahedra and it is considered a zeolite formed by 10 MR.
- a zeolite has been synthesized, which is called ITQ-32 and, after being calcined to remove the organic compounds occluded therein, has an X-ray diffraction pattern that is unique and presents, at least, the values of angle 2 ⁇ (degrees) and relative intensities (I / lo) indicated in Table I.
- d is a weak relative intensity between 0 and 20%
- m is an average relative intensity between 20 and 40%
- mf is a very strong relative intensity between 60 and 100%.
- the determination of the structure of the ITQ-32 zeolite shows the presence of pores formed by rings of 8 tetrahedra and pores formed by rings of 12 tetrahedra. More specifically, the pores formed by rings of 8 tetrahedra are communicated with each other through pores with rings of 12 tetrahedra that interconnect adjacent and parallel pores of 8 tetrahedra.
- This zeolite can be synthesized in a wide range of compositions and, in any case, with T (IV) / T (III) ratios greater than 10, T (IV) / T (III) ratios greater than 200 and T (IV ratios ) / T (III) above 2000, where T (IV) refers to the tetravalent elements that make up the structure and T (III) to trivalent elements that could isomorphically replace other tetravalent elements in the zeolite network.
- the present invention relates to a fluid separation process that is characterized in that it comprises: a. contact the ITQ-32 zeolitic material with the fluid mixture, b. adsorption of one or more of the components in the zeolitic material ITQ-32, c. extraction of non-adsorbed components, and d. recovery of one or more of the components adsorbed on the ITQ-32 zeolitic material.
- said method comprises: a. contact the ITQ-32 zeolitic material with the fluid mixture selected from:
- the separation process of this invention implies that a certain amount of ITQ-32 zeolite is contacted with a mixture of fluids, of which one or more are desired, or on the contrary one or more are undesired, and that preferably they are adsorbed inside the ITQ-32 zeolite.
- the components of said mixture may be in the gas phase or in the liquid phase.
- the mixture and the ITQ-32 zeolite are kept in contact for the time necessary to enable the adsorption process to take place and, finally, the mixture of components that have not been adsorbed is removed.
- the component (s) adsorbed on the zeolite are recovered for later use or disposal, depending on the desired or unwanted products.
- the recovery of said adsorbed components can be carried out by means of techniques such as dragging with another gas, temperature increase, evacuation or combination of the above methods among others.
- the component or components that have been preferably adsorbed are recovered.
- the component or components that have not been preferably adsorbed are recovered.
- the efficiency of an adsorbent in separation processes is determined from the quotient value of the diffusion coefficients of the products to be separated, called R D.
- the process is characterized in that the ITQ-32 zeolitic material used it has a higher diffusion rate for the component that is preferentially adsorbed, compared to which it is not preferentially adsorbed.
- the ratio of the diffusion coefficients (R D ) of the components that are separated in the ITQ-32 zeolite is preferably greater than 50, more preferably greater than 100 and more preferably greater than 1000.
- the diffusion coefficients are very different between linear and branched hydrocarbons, preferably between linear and branched olefins, and also between olefins and paraffins, which allows their application in processes of separation of said hydrocarbons.
- the ITQ-32 zeolitic material used in the process of the present invention is characterized in that it comprises a low content of trivalent elements in its composition. It can also be characterized by the absence of these trivalent elements.
- the ITQ-32 zeolitic material has a T (IV) / T (III) ratio greater than 10. More preferably, said T (IV) / T (III) ratio is greater than 200. In a manner more preferably still, said ratio T (IV) / T (III) is greater than 2000.
- the fluid mixture further comprises water.
- zeolites Another important parameter in the adsorption properties of the zeolites is their equilibrium adsorption capacity, which can be expressed as weight of adsorbed component per unit weight of adsorbent.
- the equilibrium condition is reached when the amount of adsorbate does not increase over time at fixed hydrocarbon pressure conditions. and temperature
- the greater the adsorption capacity of a zeolite the lesser amount of zeolite will be required to separate a given amount of hydrocarbon mixture.
- the zeolites have high R D values and high or moderate adsorption capacities.
- the adsorption capacity of the component that is preferably adsorbed in the ITQ-32 zeolite according to the process of the present invention varies depending on the temperature and pressure of said process.
- the adsorption capacity at 25 ° C and the vapor pressure at this temperature of the gas being adsorbed is greater than 4.5% by weight.
- ITQ-32 zeolite with low content of trivalent elements in its composition and even in the absence thereof, has different diffusion rates in the adsorption kinetics of different gases.
- said gases may be hydrocarbons, such as propane / propene.
- the ITQ-32 zeolitic material has a propene adsorption capacity at 800 mbar and 60 ° C close to 4% by weight for adsorption times of three minutes, with propane adsorption being in these conditions of the order of 0.2 %. From these results it can be concluded that the ITQ-32 zeolite is a very suitable adsorbent to carry out propene and propane separation processes and, in general, for olefin / paraffin or hydrocarbon systems in general that can diffuse through its pores
- the ITQ-32 zeolite with low content of trivalent elements in its composition and even in the absence of these has a adsorption capacity of less than 0.5% by weight for branched olefins even under equilibrium conditions, which also makes it possible to use linear branched hydrocarbon separation processes, preferably branched linear olefins.
- the ITQ-32 zeolite used in the process of the present invention has a water adsorption capacity of less than 1% by weight which evidences its hydrophobic character, allowing the separation of fluids in the presence of significant amounts of water.
- the fluid mixture of the present invention is a mixture of at least two hydrocarbons.
- said hydrocarbons comprise at least one olefin and one paraffin.
- the olefin is selected from ethene, propene, 1-butene, trans-2- butene, cis-2-butene, 1,4-butadiene, isobutene and combinations thereof and the paraffin is selected from ethane, propane, n-butane and combinations thereof.
- the olefin is propene and the paraffin is propane.
- the olefin is selected from 1-butene, trans-2-butene, cis-2-butene, 1,4-butadiene, isobutene and combinations thereof and the paraffin is n-butane.
- the fluid mixture comprises at least one olefin and one paraffin
- the olefin is the component that is preferably adsorbed while paraffin is the component that is not preferentially adsorbed.
- the fluid mixture comprises at least one linear hydrocarbon and at least one branched hydrocarbon.
- the linear hydrocarbon is the component that is preferably adsorbed and the branched hydrocarbon is the component that is not preferably adsorbed.
- the fluid mixture comprises at least two olefins.
- said olefins are trans-2-butene and cis-2-butene.
- trans-2-butene is the one that is preferentially adsorbed and cis-2-butene is the component that is not preferentially adsorbed.
- the fluid mixture comprises at least 2 olefins
- said olefins are preferably 1-butene and isobutene.
- 1-butene is the component that is preferably adsorbed and isobutene is the component that is not preferably adsorbed.
- the embodiments of the present invention in which the fluid mixture is preferably a mixture of hydrocarbons are characterized in that they are carried out in a temperature range between -100 and 300 ° C, preferably between -30 and 200 ° C.
- said fluids are methane and CO2. This procedure is preferably carried out in a temperature range between -196 and 150 ° C.
- the fluid separation process of the present invention is characterized in that said fluids are nitrogen and oxygen in air mixtures.
- the process of separation and recovery of the desired gas can be carried out by at least one of the processes selected from pressure swing adsorption (PSA), pressure swing adsorption multi-stage (multi-stage pressure swing adsorption, PSA multi-stage), membrane separation in one step, membrane separation in more than one step, and a flow type system.
- PSA pressure swing adsorption
- PSA multi-stage multi-stage pressure swing adsorption, PSA multi-stage
- membrane separation in one step membrane separation in more than one step
- a flow type system a flow type system
- the separation conditions will depend on the precise composition of the fluids that are intended to be separated, preferably having an upper temperature limit corresponding to the start of the thermal cracking reaction of the hydrocarbons, and a lower limit that corresponds to its freezing point.
- the process of this particular embodiment of this invention has to be carried out between -100 and 300 ° C, preferably between -30 and 200 ° C.
- ITQ-32 zeolite with a T (IV) / T (III) ratio greater than 10, preferably greater than 200 and more preferably greater than 2000, is used is the separation of nitrogen and oxygen from mixtures of air and separation of methane and CO2. Since the ITQ-32 zeolite used in this invention is characterized by its high hydrophobic character, it allows the separation of nitrogen and oxygen from mixtures of air, as well as methane and CO2, in the presence of water.
- TEOS tetraethylorthosilicate
- R '(OH) 4-cyclohexyl-1, 1-dimethyl-piperazinium hydroxide containing 1 equivalent of hydroxide in 1000 g.
- the mixture is left evaporating under stirring until complete elimination of the ethanol from the hydrolysis of the TEOS plus the amount of water necessary until reaching the final composition indicated.
- 0.80 g of a solution of hydrofluoric acid (50% HF by weight) and a suspension in water of 0.22 g of ITQ-32 zeolite prepared as described in example 1 are added.
- the gel composition is:
- Example 3 Adsorption of propene at 25 ° C in the ITQ-32 material of Example 2.
- the measurement of the propene adsorption capacity of the ITQ-32 material, prepared according to example 2, at 25 ° C and 900 mbar corresponds to 5.5% by weight.
- the value obtained after performing 20 adsorption / desorption cycles is 5.3% by weight, which demonstrates that the ITQ-32 material retains its adsorption capacity indicating that no oligomerization processes occur that block the pores of the zeolite
- Example 4 Adsorption of propene at 60 0 C in the ITQ-32 material of example 2.
- the measurement of the propene adsorption capacity of the ITQ-32 material, prepared according to example 2, at 60 0 C and 900 mbar corresponds to 5.1% by weight.
- Example 5 Adsorption of propane at 60 0 C in the ITQ-32 material of example 2.
- the measurement of the propane adsorption capacity of the ITQ-32 material, prepared according to example 2, at 60 ° C and 900 mbar corresponds to 2.5% by weight, after balancing for three hours at this temperature and pressure without reaching weight constant.
- Example 6 Adsorption of propane at 25 ° C in the ITQ-32 material of example 2.
- the measurement of the propane adsorption capacity of the ITQ-32 material, prepared according to example 2, at 25 ° C and 900 mbar corresponds to 1.85% by weight after balancing for three hours at this temperature and pressure without constant weight being reached .
- the lower adsorption capacity under these conditions with respect to that observed in example 5 indicates the low diffusion capacity of propane through the pores of the ITQ-32 zeolite.
- Example 7 Determination of diffusion ratio R 0 propene / propane at 60 0 C and 800 mbar in the ITQ-32 material of example 2.
- the relative coefficients of the diffusion rates of both products in the ITQ-32 zeolite can be calculated.
- D / r 2 where D is the diffusion coefficient and r is the radius of the particle, are obtained from the kinetic adsorption measurements assuming a flat sheet diffusion model that roughly describes the process.
- Q the Q / Q ⁇ , where Q ⁇ is the quantity of adsorbate adsorbed in 1 equilibrium, is mathematically related to (Dt / r 2) 0 '5, where t is the time seconds required for a Q quantity to be adsorbed in the sample (J. Crank in The mathematics of diffusion, Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK, 1975).
- the relative diffusion coefficients (D / r 2 ) obtained in the ITQ-32 zeolite synthesized according to example 2 were 7.49 x 10 ⁇ 3 and 5.06 x 10 '6 S -1 for propene and propane, respectively. Being the quotient between them (R D ) of 1481.
- Example 8 Determination of diffusion ratio R 0 propene / propane at 25 ° C and 800 mbar in the ITQ-32 material of example 2. Adsorption of propene and propane as a function of time in the ITQ-32 material, prepared according to Example 2, at 25 ° C and 800 mbar is shown in Figure 3.
- the relative diffusion coefficients of propane and propene, as well as the ratio R D was calculated as in example 7.).
- the relative diffusion coefficients (D / r 2 ) obtained in the ITQ-32 zeolite synthesized according to example 2 were 2.92 x 10 "3 and 1.72 x 10 " 6 s "1 for propene and propane, respectively.
- Example 9 Determination of diffusion ratio R 0 propene / propane at 25 ° C and 300 mbar in the ITQ-32 material of example 2.
- the relative diffusion coefficients of propane and propene, as well as the ratio R D was calculated as in example 7.).
- the relative diffusion coefficients (D / r 2 ) obtained in the ITQ-32 zeolite synthesized according to example 2 were 1.35 x 10 "3 and 7.02 x 10 " 7 s "1 for propene and propane, respectively.
- Example 10 Determination of diffusion ratio R 0 propene / propane at 25 ° C and 100 mbar in the ITQ-32 material of example 2. The adsorption of propene and propane as a function of time in the ITQ-32 material, prepared according to example 2, at 25 ° C and 100 mbar is shown in Figure 5.
- Example 11 Determination of the adsorption capacity of iso-butene at 25 ° C in the ITQ-32 material of example 2.
- the measurement of the isobutene adsorption capacity of the ITQ-32 material, prepared according to example 2, at 25 ° C and 900 mbar corresponds to 0.27% by weight.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Solid-Sorbent Or Filter-Aiding Compositions (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Separation Of Gases By Adsorption (AREA)
- Silicates, Zeolites, And Molecular Sieves (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (7)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU2006273997A AU2006273997B2 (en) | 2005-07-25 | 2006-07-24 | Separation of fluids using zeolite ITQ-32 |
EP06778466A EP1918012A4 (en) | 2005-07-25 | 2006-07-24 | SEPARATION OF FLUIDS WITH ZEOLITH ITQ-32 |
JP2008523389A JP2009502467A (ja) | 2005-07-25 | 2006-07-24 | Itq−32ゼオライトを使用する流体の分離 |
CA002616705A CA2616705A1 (en) | 2005-07-25 | 2006-07-24 | Separation of fluids using zeolite itq-32 |
CN2006800352517A CN101351257B (zh) | 2005-07-25 | 2006-07-24 | 使用沸石itq-32的流体分离方法 |
US11/989,330 US8187469B2 (en) | 2005-07-25 | 2006-07-24 | Separation of fluids using zeolite ITQ-32 |
BRPI0614173-0A BRPI0614173A2 (pt) | 2005-07-25 | 2006-07-24 | método de separação de fluidos |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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ESP200501918 | 2005-07-25 | ||
ES200501918A ES2275422B1 (es) | 2005-07-25 | 2005-07-25 | Separacion de gases utilizando la zeolita itq-32. |
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WO2007012690A1 true WO2007012690A1 (es) | 2007-02-01 |
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PCT/ES2006/070113 WO2007012690A1 (es) | 2005-07-25 | 2006-07-24 | Separación de fluidos utilizando la zeolita itq-32 |
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Country | Link |
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US (1) | US8187469B2 (es) |
EP (1) | EP1918012A4 (es) |
JP (1) | JP2009502467A (es) |
KR (1) | KR20080071548A (es) |
CN (1) | CN101351257B (es) |
AU (1) | AU2006273997B2 (es) |
BR (1) | BRPI0614173A2 (es) |
CA (1) | CA2616705A1 (es) |
ES (1) | ES2275422B1 (es) |
RU (1) | RU2008107031A (es) |
UA (1) | UA89836C2 (es) |
WO (1) | WO2007012690A1 (es) |
ZA (1) | ZA200801734B (es) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN102036734A (zh) * | 2008-02-21 | 2011-04-27 | 埃克森美孚研究工程公司 | 使用沸石咪唑酯骨架结构材料分离甲烷和较高碳数的烃 |
AU2009296912B2 (en) * | 2008-09-26 | 2014-06-19 | Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc | Predictive geo-temporal advertisement targeting |
Families Citing this family (4)
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ES2346627B1 (es) * | 2009-04-17 | 2011-08-08 | Universidad Politecnica De Valencia | Uso de un material cristalino microporoso de naturaleza zeolitica conestructura rho en tratamiento de gas natural. |
ES2660887T3 (es) * | 2012-12-10 | 2018-03-26 | Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company | Síntesis de tamiz molecular ITQ-32 |
ES2554648B1 (es) * | 2014-06-20 | 2016-09-08 | Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas (Csic) | Material ITQ-55, procedimiento de preparación y uso |
US11980841B2 (en) | 2022-05-04 | 2024-05-14 | International Business Machines Corporation | Two-system gas stream separation |
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US6488741B2 (en) * | 2001-01-23 | 2002-12-03 | The Trustess Of The University Of Pennsylvania | Light hydrocarbon separation using 8-member ring zeolites |
US6730142B2 (en) * | 2002-03-19 | 2004-05-04 | Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company | Separation of propylene from hydrocarbon mixtures |
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ES2160058B1 (es) * | 1999-06-17 | 2002-06-16 | Univ Valencia Politecnica | Sintesis de zeolitas. |
ES2263369B1 (es) * | 2005-02-02 | 2007-12-16 | Universidad Politecnica De Valencia | Material cristalino microporoso de naturaleza zeolitica, zeolita itq-32, procedimiento de preparacion y uso. |
-
2005
- 2005-07-25 ES ES200501918A patent/ES2275422B1/es not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2006
- 2006-07-24 ZA ZA200801734A patent/ZA200801734B/xx unknown
- 2006-07-24 WO PCT/ES2006/070113 patent/WO2007012690A1/es active Application Filing
- 2006-07-24 BR BRPI0614173-0A patent/BRPI0614173A2/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2006-07-24 CA CA002616705A patent/CA2616705A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2006-07-24 RU RU2008107031/15A patent/RU2008107031A/ru not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2006-07-24 EP EP06778466A patent/EP1918012A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2006-07-24 CN CN2006800352517A patent/CN101351257B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-07-24 KR KR1020087004087A patent/KR20080071548A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2006-07-24 AU AU2006273997A patent/AU2006273997B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2006-07-24 US US11/989,330 patent/US8187469B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-07-24 JP JP2008523389A patent/JP2009502467A/ja active Pending
- 2006-07-24 UA UAA200801465A patent/UA89836C2/ru unknown
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ES2092762T3 (es) * | 1992-05-29 | 1996-12-01 | Boc Group Inc | Separacion de mezclas de hidrocarburos. |
US6488741B2 (en) * | 2001-01-23 | 2002-12-03 | The Trustess Of The University Of Pennsylvania | Light hydrocarbon separation using 8-member ring zeolites |
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CN102036734A (zh) * | 2008-02-21 | 2011-04-27 | 埃克森美孚研究工程公司 | 使用沸石咪唑酯骨架结构材料分离甲烷和较高碳数的烃 |
AU2009296912B2 (en) * | 2008-09-26 | 2014-06-19 | Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc | Predictive geo-temporal advertisement targeting |
Also Published As
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BRPI0614173A2 (pt) | 2011-03-15 |
ES2275422B1 (es) | 2008-06-01 |
CA2616705A1 (en) | 2007-02-01 |
CN101351257B (zh) | 2012-07-04 |
EP1918012A4 (en) | 2011-11-16 |
ZA200801734B (en) | 2009-05-27 |
RU2008107031A (ru) | 2009-09-10 |
AU2006273997B2 (en) | 2010-12-23 |
JP2009502467A (ja) | 2009-01-29 |
EP1918012A1 (en) | 2008-05-07 |
CN101351257A (zh) | 2009-01-21 |
US8187469B2 (en) | 2012-05-29 |
US20090202416A1 (en) | 2009-08-13 |
AU2006273997A1 (en) | 2007-02-01 |
UA89836C2 (ru) | 2010-03-10 |
ES2275422A1 (es) | 2007-06-01 |
KR20080071548A (ko) | 2008-08-04 |
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