Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
  • A23L33/17—Amino acids, peptides or proteins
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
  • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23K—FODDER
  • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
  • A23K20/20—Inorganic substances, e.g. oligoelements
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23K—FODDER
  • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
  • A23K50/40—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for carnivorous animals, e.g. cats or dogs
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
  • A23L33/16—Inorganic salts, minerals or trace elements
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L33/40—Complete food formulations for specific consumer groups or specific purposes, e.g. infant formula
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P13/00—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system
  • A61P13/12—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system of the kidneys
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
  • A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs

Definitions

• This invention relates generally to compositions and methods for combating kidney disease and particularly to the use of food compositions for preventing or treating kidney disease.
• Chronic kidney disease currently affects as many as 20 million Americans. Unfortunately, the incidence and prevalence of the disease have doubled in the past few years. The increase is most likely attributable to improved treatments for hypertension, diabetes, and coronary disease. These improvements have increased the longevity for affected patients and, therefore, their likelihood of developing chronic kidney disease. Estimated medical and other economic costs of chronic kidney disease are expected to approach $28 billion annually within a few years.
• diets that contain very low amounts of protein and other nutrients may be beneficial for preventing or treating kidney disease but can cause undesirable weight loss and muscle wasting.
• diets that have higher amounts of protein and other nutrients are generally not useful for preventing or treating kidney disease.
• compositions comprise one or more food ingredients containing relatively low amounts of protein, sodium, and potassium, typically protein in amounts of from about 5% to about 40%, sodium in amounts of from about 0.01% to about 1%, and potassium in amounts of from about 0.01% to about 1%.
• the methods comprise administering such compositions to patients susceptible to or suffering from kidney disease. Kits comprising a food composition in combination with renal drugs, renal diagnostic devices, and means for communicating information about and instructions for using the invention are also provided.
• the term "patient” means a human or other animal susceptible to or suffering from kidney disease, including avian, bovine, canine, equine, feline, hicrine, murine, ovine, and porcine animals.
• the patient is a canine or feline.
• relatively low amounts means amounts of protein, sodium, and potassium that prevent or treat kidney disease but not amounts that are so low that they cause undesirable weight loss and muscle wasting.
• extremely low amounts means amounts of protein, sodium, potassium that may prevent or treat kidney disease but amounts that are so low that they cause undesirable weight loss and muscle wasting.
• renal drug means any compound, composition, or drug useful for preventing or treating kidney disease.
• single package means that the components of a kit are physically associated in or with one or more containers and considered a unit for manufacture, distribution, sale, or use.
• Containers include, but are not limited to, bags, boxes, bottles, shrink wrap packages, stapled or otherwise affixed components, or combinations thereof.
• kits are associated by directions on one or more physical or virtual kit components instructing the user how to obtain the other components, e.g., in a bag containing one component and directions instructing the user to go to a website, contact a recorded message, view a visual message, or contact a caregiver or instructor to obtain instructions on how to use the kit.
• compositions and compounds e.g., renal drugs or composition components
• a patient (1) together in a food composition or (2) separately at the same or different frequency using the same or different administration routes at about the same time or periodically.
• Periodically means that the compositions, food compositions, and compounds are administered on a dosage schedule acceptable for a specific composition, food composition, and compound and that the food compositions are administered or fed to a patient routinely as appropriate for the particular patient.
• “About the same time” generally means that the compositions, composition components, renal drugs, and food compositions are administered at the same time or within about 72 hours of each other.
• conjunction specifically includes administration schemes wherein renal drugs are administered for a prescribed period and the compositions are administered indefinitely.
• the present invention provides a food composition for preventing or treating kidney disease.
• the food composition comprises one or more food ingredients containing relatively low amounts of protein, sodium, and potassium.
• the invention is based upon the novel discovery that kidney function can be altered by administering the composition to a patient and that altering kidney function with the composition can prevent or treat kidney disease.
• the composition contains a novel combination of ingredients in specific amounts that have been found to be useful to prevent and/or treat kidney disease.
• the food composition comprises one or more food ingredients containing protein in amounts of from about 5% to about 40%, sodium in amounts of from about 0.01% to about 1%, and potassium in amounts of from about 0.01% to about 1%.
• the food composition comprises one or more food ingredients containing protein in amounts of from about 8% to about 25%, sodium in amounts of from about 0.05% to about 0.6%, and potassium in amounts of from about 0.05% to about 0.6%.
• the food composition comprises one or more food ingredients containing protein in amounts of from about 10% to about 16%, sodium in amounts of from about 0.1% to about 0.5%, and potassium in amounts of from about 0.1% to about 0.5%.
• the food composition comprises one or more food ingredients containing protein in amounts of from about 5% to about 30%, sodium in amounts of from about 0.01% to about 2%, potassium in amounts of from about 0.01% to about 2%, and phosphorous in amounts of from about 0.2% to about 1%.
• the food ingredients useful in the present invention include any food ingredient suitable for consumption by a patient.
• Typical food ingredients include but are not limited to fats, carbohydrates, proteins, fibers, and nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, and trace elements.
• Skilled artisans can select the amount and type of food ingredients for a typical food based upon the dietary requirements of the patient, e.g., the patient's species, age, size, weight, health, and function.
• the food composition can comprise 100% of any particular food ingredient of can comprise a mixture of food ingredients in various proportions, in preferred embodiments, the food composition comprises a combination of food ingredients in amounts of from about 5% to about 40% protein, from about 0.01% to about 1% sodium, from about 0.01% to about 1% potassium, from about 0% to about 50% fat, from about 0% to about 75% carbohydrate, from about 0% to about 40% dietary fiber, and from about 0% to about 15% of one or more nutrients.
• the fat and carbohydrate food ingredient is obtained from a variety of sources such as animal fat, fish oil, vegetable oil, meat, meat by-products, grains, other animal or plant sources, and mixtures thereof. Grains include wheat, corn, barley, and rice.
• the protein food ingredient is obtained from a variety sources such as plants, animals, or both.
• Animal protein includes meat, meat by-products, dairy, and eggs. Meats include the flesh from poultry, fish, and animals such as cattle, swine, sheep, goats, and the like.
• Meat by-products include lungs, kidneys, brain, livers, stomachs, and intestines.
• the protein food ingredient may also be free amino acids and/or peptides.
• the protein food ingredient comprises meat, a meat byproduct, dairy products, or eggs.
• the fiber food ingredient is obtained from a variety of sources such as vegetable fiber sources, e.g., cellulose, beet pulp, peanut hulls, and soy fiber.
• vegetable fiber sources e.g., cellulose, beet pulp, peanut hulls, and soy fiber.
• the nutrients are obtained from a variety of sources known to skilled artisans, e.g., vitamin and mineral supplements and food ingredients. Vitamins and minerals can be included in amounts required to avoid deficiency and maintain health. These amounts are readily available in the art.
• the National Research Council (NRC) provides recommended amounts of such nutrients for farm animals. See, e.g., Nutrient Requirements of Swine (10th Rev. Ed., Nat'l Academy Press, Wash. D.C., 1998), Nutrient Requirements of Poultry (9th Rev. Ed., Nat'l Academy Press, Wash. D.C., 1994), Nutrient Requirements of Horses (5th Rev. Ed., Nat'l Academy Press, Wash. D.C., 1989).
• Vitamins generally useful as food additives include vitamin A, vitamin Bl, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, vitamin B 12, vitamin D, biotin, vitamin K, folic acid, inositol, niacin, and pantothenic acid.
• Minerals and trace elements useful as food additives include calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium, copper, zinc, chloride, iron, selenium, iodine, and iron.
• the food compositions may contain additions ingredients such as vitamins, minerals, fillers, palatability enhancers, binding agents, flavors, stabilizers, emulsif ⁇ ers, sweeteners, colorants, buffers, salts, coatings, and the like known to skilled artisans.
• Stabilizers include substances that tend to increase the shelf life of the composition such as preservatives, synergists and sequestrants, packaging gases, stabilizers, emulsifiers, thickeners, gelling agents, and humectants.
• emulsif ⁇ ers and/or thickening agents include gelatin, cellulose ethers, starch, starch esters, starch ethers, and modified starches.
• composition component food ingredient, and other ingredients will depend on a variety of factors such as the particular components and ingredients included in the composition; the species of patient; the patient's age, body weight, general health, sex, and diet; the patient's consumption rate; the type of kidney disease being treated; and the like. Therefore, the component and ingredient amounts may vary widely and may deviate from the preferred proportions described herein.
• the food compositions may be prepared in a canned or wet form using conventional food preparation processes known to skilled artisans.
• ground animal proteinaceous tissues are mixed with the other ingredients such as fish oils, cereal grains, balancing ingredients, special purpose additives (e.g., vitamin and mineral mixtures, inorganic salts, cellulose and beet pulp, bulking agents, and the like) and water in amounts sufficient for processing.
• special purpose additives e.g., vitamin and mineral mixtures, inorganic salts, cellulose and beet pulp, bulking agents, and the like
• water in amounts sufficient for processing.
• These ingredients are mixed in a vessel suitable for heating while blending the components. Heating of the mixture is effected using any suitable manner, e.g., direct steam injection or using a vessel fitted with a heat exchanger.
• the mixture is heated to a temperature of from about 5O 0 F to about 212 0 F.
• compositions of the present invention can be added to the food compositions before, during, or after preparation.
• the food compositions may be prepared in a dry form using conventional processes known to skilled artisans. Typically, dry ingredients such as animal protein, plant protein, grains, and the like are ground and mixed together. Moist or liquid ingredients, including fats, oils, animal protein, water, and the like are then added to and mixed with the dry mix. The mixture is then processed into dry food pieces.
• dry ingredients such as animal protein, plant protein, grains, and the like are ground and mixed together.
• Moist or liquid ingredients, including fats, oils, animal protein, water, and the like are then added to and mixed with the dry mix. The mixture is then processed into dry food pieces.
• the food compositions can be in any form useful for feeding the composition to a patient, e.g., kibbles, treats, and toys for animal food.
• Kibbles are generally formed using an extrusion process in which the mixture of dry and wet ingredients is subjected to mechanical work at a high pressure and temperature and forced through small openings and cut off into kibble by a rotating knife. The wet kibble is then dried and optionally coated with one or more topical coatings such as flavors, fats, oils, powders, and the like. Kibble also can be made from the dough using a baking process, rather than extrusion, wherein the dough is placed into a mold before dry-heat processing.
• Treats include compositions that are given to an animal to entice the animal to eat during a non-meal time, e.g., dog bones or biscuits for canines. Treats may be nutritional wherein the composition comprises one or more nutrients or and may have a food-like composition. Non-nutritional treats encompass any other treats that are non-toxic.
• the composition or components are coated onto the treat, incorporated into the treat, or both. Treats of the present invention can be prepared by an extrusion or baking process similar to those used for dry food. Other processes also may be used to either coat the composition on the exterior of existing treat forms or inject the composition into an existing treat form. Toys include chewable toys such as artificial bones and food compositions shaped to resemble natural foods that are appealing to the animal.
• the food composition of the present invention can comprise the toy or can form a coating on the surface of the toy or on the surface of a component of the toy.
• the composition can be incorporated partially or fully throughout the toy or both.
• the composition is orally accessible by the intended user.
• suitable toys known to skilled artisans, e.g., as shown in US Patent Nos. 5,339,771 and 5,419,283.
• the present invention encompasses partially consumable toys, e.g., toys comprising plastic components, and fully consumable toys, e.g., various artificial bones and similar foods. Further, the invention encompasses toys for both human and non-human use, particularly toys for companion, farm, and zoo animal use, and more particularly for feline and canine use.
• the present invention provides the food compositions of the present invention further comprising one or more renal drugs.
• Renal drugs useful in the invention are any renal drugs known to skilled artisans to be useful for combating kidney disease.
• Preferred drugs include lysosome-activating compounds such as those described in US Patent Number (USPN) 6,589,748, triterpene saponins such as those described in USPN 6,784,159, activin inhibitors such as those described in USPN 6,599,876 and US Patent Application Number (USPAN) 20020028762, integrin receptor inhibitors and TGF inhibitors such as those described in USPN 6,492,325, TGF activation inhibitors such as those described in USPN 6,458,767, and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) as described in USPN 5,723,441.
• USPN US Patent Number
• TGF insulin-like growth factor
• Most Preferred drugs include Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, androgens, erythropoiten, and calcitriol.
• Angiotensin and endothelin are potent systemic vasoconstrictors with specific intrarenal effects that contribute to progressive renal injury.
• a variety of renal drugs are used to mitigate the effect of these vasoconstrictors.
• Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors enalapril - Enacard and Vasotec and benazepril - Lotensin
• the ACE inhibitor enalapril limits glomerular and systemic hypertension, proteinuria, and glomerular and tubulointerstitial lesions.
• Angiotensin blockers and endothelin inhibitors have beneficial effects in renal disease.
• Vasopeptide inhibitors are agents that inhibit both ACE and neutral endopeptidase, an enzyme involved in the breakdown of natriuretic peptides, adrenomedullin, and bradykinin. These renal drugs decrease angiotenin II production and increase accumulation of vasodilators.
• Renal patients with systemic hypertension respond to calcium channel blockers such as amlodipine (Norvasc).
• Uremic gastritis (esophagitis, gastritis, gastric ulceration and hemorrhage) is treated with H2 receptor antagonists (cimetidine - Tagamet, famotidine - Pepcid), proton pump blockers (omeprazole - Prilosec), cytoprotective agents (misoprostol - Cytotec), and antiemetic drugs that effect the emetic center (chlorpromazine - Thorazine, perchlorperazine - Compazine, metoclopramide - Reglan). Androgens or anabolic steroids (Stanozol, Winstrol-V) are used in the treatment of anemia associated with chronic renal failure.
• Hormone replacement therapy using recombinant human (or other species) erythropoiten is the treatment of choice for severe anemia associated with renal failure.
• Phosphate binders aluminum hydroxide - Amphojel, aluminum carbonate - Basaljel
• Calcitriol (1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) (Rocaltrol) and vitamin D analogues cause a calcium- independent suppression of parathyroid hormone (PTH).
• Administration of phosphate binders, calcitriol and related compounds has been advocated in chronic renal failure to prevent multi-system toxicity caused by PTH.
• Potassium depletion and hypokalemia are common in cats with chronic renal failure. Oral supplementation of potassium in the form of potassium gluconate (Tumil K, RenaKare, Kolyum) or citrate is recommended.
• Holistic renal drugs and compositions are also included in the present invention.
• Preferred holistic renal drugs include cranberry extract and mannose. Cranberry extract is purported to reduce the prevalence of urinary tract infection which is a common risk factor for long-term decline of renal function. Renal drugs include typical small molecule pharmaceuticals, small proteins, macromolecular proteins and molecules, and antibodies and further include vaccines designed to prevent renal disease.
• Antibodies include polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies and immunoglobulin fragments such as Fv, Fab, Fab', F(ab')2, or other antigen-binding antibody subsequences that interact with an antigen and perform the same biological function as a native antibody.
• the renal drugs are administered to the patient using any method appropriate for the renal drug and in amounts known to skilled artisans to be sufficient to treat or prevent renal disease.
• the present invention provides a method for preventing or treating kidney disease.
• the method comprises feeding a patient a food composition comprising one or more food ingredients containing relatively low amounts of protein, sodium, and potassium.
• the method further comprises feeding a patient a food composition comprising one or more food ingredients containing relatively low amounts of protein, sodium, and potassium in conjunction with a kidney disease preventing or treating amount of a renal drug.
• the present invention provides a method for preventing or treating kidney disease.
• the method comprises feeding a patient a food composition comprising one or more food ingredients containing relatively low amounts of protein.
• This aspect of the invention is based upon the novel discovery that food compositions containing protein is certain amounts can prevent or treat kidney disease while not causing the undesirable weight loss and muscle wasting characteristic of previously known food compositions having very low amounts of protein.
• the food composition useful in the method comprises one or more food ingredients containing protein in amounts of from about 5% to about 40%, preferably from about 8% to about 25%, most preferably from about 10% to about 16%.
• the invention also provides a food composition for preventing or treating kidney disease comprising one or more food ingredients containing relatively low amounts of protein, preferably in amounts of from about 5% to about 40%, more preferably from about 8% to about 25%, most preferably from about 10% to about 16%.
• the method comprises feeding a patient a food composition comprising one or more food ingredients containing protein in amounts of from about 5% to about 30%, sodium in amounts of from about 0.01% to about 2%, potassium in amounts of from about 0.01% to about 2%, and phosphorous in amounts of from about 0.2% to about 1%.
• the present invention provides a method for manufacturing a food composition suitable for preventing or treating renal disease.
• the method comprises admixing a food composition containing extremely low amounts of one or more of protein, sodium, and potassium and one or more supplements containing sufficient protein, sodium, or potassium to produce a food composition containing relatively low amounts of protein, sodium, and potassium when the supplement(s) are admixed with the food composition containing extremely low amounts of one or more of protein, sodium, and potassium.
• the food composition comprises one or more food ingredients containing protein in amounts of from about 5% to about 40%, sodium in amounts of from about 0.01% to about 1%, and potassium in amounts of from about 0.01% to about 1%.
• the present invention provides a kit comprising in separate containers in a single package a food composition containing extremely low amounts of one or more of protein, sodium, and potassium and one or more supplements containing sufficient protein, sodium, or potassium to produce a food composition containing relatively low amounts of protein, sodium, and potassium when the supplement(s) are admixed with the food composition containing extremely low amounts of one or more of protein, sodium, and potassium.
• the supplements can be food compositions containing protein, sodium, and ⁇ or potassium or can be compounds or other compositions suitable for consumption by a patient. Foods, minerals, and trace elements known to contain enriched amounts of protein, sodium, and potassium are particularly useful.
• kits useful for other diseases such as arthritis and supplements useful for cleaning teeth and ensuring fresh breath can be included, e.g., EPA, glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and SAMe.
• the kit further comprises in separate containers in a single package or in separate containers in a virtual package, as appropriate for the kit component, at least one of (1) a renal drug, (2) a renal diagnostic device, (3) a means for communicating information about or instructions for admixing a food composition containing extremely low amounts of one or more of protein, sodium, and potassium and one or more supplements containing sufficient protein, sodium, or potassium to produce a food composition containing relatively low amounts of protein, sodium, and potassium when the supplement(s) are admixed with the food composition containing extremely low amounts of one or more of protein, sodium, and potassium, (4) a means for communicating information about or instructions for using a food composition comprising one or more food ingredients containing relatively low amounts of protein, sodium, and potassium for preventing or treating kidney disease, (5) a means for
• kit components are typically in a separate package, in or on the package with one of the other kit components, or in a virtual package, as appropriate for the type of kit component.
• kit comprises a virtual package
• the kit is limited to the instructions in a virtual environment in combination with one or more of the other physical kit components.
• the present invention provides a kit comprising in separate containers in a single package or in separate containers in a virtual package, as appropriate, a food composition comprising one or more food ingredients containing relatively low amounts of protein, sodium, and potassium and at least one of (1) a renal drug, (2) a renal diagnostic device, (3) a means for communicating information about or instructions for admixing a food composition containing extremely low amounts of one or more of protein, sodium, and potassium and one or more supplements containing sufficient protein, sodium, or potassium to produce a food composition containing relatively low amounts of protein, sodium, and potassium when the supplement(s) are admixed with the food composition containing extremely low amounts of one or more of protein, sodium, and potassium, (4) a means for communicating information about or instructions for using a food composition comprising one or more food ingredients containing relatively low amounts of protein, sodium, and potassium for preventing or treating kidney disease, (5) a means for communicating information about or instructions for administering in conjunction a food composition comprising one or more food ingredients containing relatively low
• kit components are typically in a separate package, in or on the package with one of the other kit components, or in a virtual package, as appropriate for the type of kit component.
• kit comprises a virtual package
• the kit is limited to the instructions in a virtual environment in combination with one or more of the other physical kit components.
• the food composition in a kit comprises one or more food ingredients containing relatively low amounts of protein, sodium, and potassium.
• kits contain one or more renal diagnostic devices for determining kidney function and evaluating the presence and severity of renal insufficiency or dysfunction in a patient.
• the renal diagnostic devices are typically in a separate package but may be in the package with one of the other kit components.
• the renal diagnostic devices useful in the present invention include any device suitable for determining kidney function and evaluating the presence and severity of renal insufficiency or dysfunction in an animal.
• Preferred diagnostic methods include serum urea nitrogen (SUN), creatinine levels, urine specific gravity, and DNA damage, including urine assays for albumin such as those described in USPN 6,589,748, USPN 6,447,989 and USPAN 20050026225 and comet trail assays.
• Diagnostic methods are based upon known techniques including (1) blood markers such as elevated blood urea nitrogen concentration, elevated serum creatinine concentration, hyperphosphatemia, hyperkalemia or hypokalemia, metabolic acidosis and hypoalbuminemia, (2) urine markers such as impaired urine concentrating ability, proteinuria, cylinduria, renal hematuria, inappropriate urine pH, inappropriate urine glucose concentration, and cystinuria, (3) physical, imaging, and diagnostic markers such as size, shape, location, and density, (4) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) such as those disclosed in WO 2004113570 A2, (5) genetic profiles that are indicative of renal insufficiency or dysfunction, (6) proteomic profiles that are indicative of renal insufficiency or dysfunction, and (7) metabolic profiles that are indicative of renal insufficiency or dysfunction.
• blood markers such as elevated blood urea nitrogen concentration, elevated serum creatinine concentration, hyperphosphatemia, hyperkalemia or hypokalemia, metabolic acidosis and hypoalbuminemia
• urine markers such as impaired urine concentrating ability,
• kits provide a food composition comprising one or more food ingredients containing protein in amounts of from about 5% to about 40%, sodium in amounts of from about 0.01% to about 1%, and potassium in amounts of from about 0.01% to about 1%.
• the present invention provides a means for communicating information about or instructions for (1) using a food composition containing relatively low amounts of protein, sodium, and potassium for preventing or treating kidney disease, (2) administering in conjunction a food composition comprising one or more food ingredients containing relatively low amounts of protein, sodium, and potassium and a renal drug for preventing or treating kidney disease, (3) admixing and administering a food composition containing extremely low amounts of one or more of protein, sodium, and potassium and one or more supplements containing sufficient protein, sodium, or potassium to produce a food composition containing relatively low amounts of protein, sodium, and potassium when the supplement(s) are admixed with the food composition containing extremely low amounts of one or more of protein, sodium, and potassium, (4) using a kit of the present invention for preventing or treating renal disease, and (5) administering in conjunction a food composition comprising one or more food ingredients containing relatively low amounts of protein, sodium, and potassium and using renal diagnostic devices for determining kidney function and evaluating the presence and severity of renal insufficiency or
• the communicating means comprises a document, digital storage media, optical storage media, audio presentation, or visual display containing the information or instructions.
• the communication is a displayed web site or a brochure, product label, package insert, advertisement, or visual display containing such information or instructions.
• Useful information includes one or more of (1) methods and techniques for manufacturing and/or administering the food compositions of the invention and renal drugs, (2) information for using the renal diagnostic devices, (3) details about the side effects, if any, caused by using the present invention in combination with other drugs, and (4) contact information for patients to use if they have a question about the invention and its use.
• Useful instructions include dosages, administration amounts and frequency, and administration routes.
• the communication means is useful for instructing a patient on the benefits of using the present invention and communicating the approved methods for administering the invention to a patient.
• compositions, methods, and kits are useful for decreasing the morbidity and mortality for patients susceptible to or suffering from kidney disease.
• Study Design This study utilized 10 healthy geriatric beagle dogs (10 years old or over) per group (40 dogs total). The dogs were determined to be healthy by physical exam and blood chemistry screen. Dogs with confirmed renal failure, cancer, arthritis, hypothyroidism or other diseases were excluded. The dogs were cared for in accordance with Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee protocols. The study design utilized a 30 day pre-feeding period followed by a 6 month test feeding period for a total of 7 months.
• Urine Samples Microabluminuria were performed on all urine samples collected during the study.
• Blood Samples Blood samples collected on days 0, 30 and 90 were analyzed for arthritic markers, antioxidant status markers, fatty acids, amino acids and chemistry screen to ensure the health of all animals on the study.
• Optimal feeding amounts may vary with age, temperament and environment.
• Study Design This study utilized 10 healthy geriatric cats (12 years old or over) per group (40 cats total). The cats were determined to be healthy by physical exam and blood chemistry screen. Cats with confirmed renal failure, cancer, arthritis, hyperthyroidism or other diseases were excluded. The cats were located in the Hill's Pet Nutrition Center (Topeka, KS) and were cared for in accordance with Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee protocols. The study design utilized a 30 day pre-feeding period followed by a 6 month test feeding period for a total test period of 7 months.
• Urine Samples Microablumeria were performed on all urine samples collected during the study.
• Blood Samples Blood samples collected on days 30, 59 and 120 and 210 were analyzed for arthritic markers, antioxidant status markers, fatty acids, amino acids and chemistry screen to ensure the health of all animals on the study. Feeding and/or Treatment Administration Food 61526
• the chart lists the approximate amount of food your cat will need daily to maintain a healthy body weight (Portions are based on the use of a standard 8 ounce measuring cup). Your cat may eat more or less depending on age, temperament and activity. Adjust to maintain ideal body weight.
• Standard 8 oz measuring cup 102 grams. Optimal feeding amounts may vary according to your cat's temperament, activity level, and environment.

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• Acyclic And Carbocyclic Compounds In Medicinal Compositions (AREA)

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