Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
  • G02B5/18—Diffraction gratings
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
  • B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
  • B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
  • B42D25/20—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof characterised by a particular use or purpose
  • B42D25/29—Securities; Bank notes
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
  • B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
  • B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
  • B42D25/30—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery
  • B42D25/324—Reliefs
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
  • B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
  • B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
  • B42D25/30—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery
  • B42D25/328—Diffraction gratings; Holograms
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
  • B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
  • B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
  • B42D25/30—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery
  • B42D25/351—Translucent or partly translucent parts, e.g. windows
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B44—DECORATIVE ARTS
  • B44F—SPECIAL DESIGNS OR PICTURES
  • B44F7/00—Designs imitating three-dimensional [3D] effects
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
  • G02B5/18—Diffraction gratings
  • G02B5/1861—Reflection gratings characterised by their structure, e.g. step profile, contours of substrate or grooves, pitch variations, materials
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
  • G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
  • G03H1/0005—Adaptation of holography to specific applications
  • G03H1/0011—Adaptation of holography to specific applications for security or authentication
• • B42D2035/36—

Definitions

• the invention relates to a security document having a transparent security element arranged in a window or in a transparent region of the security document, which has a transparent structural layer and a diffractive relief structure shaped into a first surface of the structural layer.
• OVDs optically variable elements which, depending on the viewing angle, form different optical effects that are difficult to copy.
• a security and / or value document which has a security feature and a verification element at different locations, wherein the verification element is brought into coincidence with the security feature in order to determine the authenticity of the security feature.
• the verification element is in one Window of the security and / or value document and contains optical elements, such as lenses, cylindrical lenses or Fresnel lenses, which allow the verification of the security feature. It may also be provided that the verification and the security element when superimposed form moire structures or produce color changes.
• DE 100 40 785 A1 describes a security system in which a first security element reconstructs a hologram in the event of incidence of light outside the carrier plane, whose encrypted information is made readable by a second security element which is brought into the hologram plane by folding the security element.
• DE 101 29 939 A1 describes an optically variable surface pattern with relief structures for the production of at least two representations which are perceptible separately from a viewer and which are all transferred to the copy when a copy is produced by means of a color copier.
• WO 03/059643 A1 discloses a diffractive security element with integrated optical waveguide.
• DE 102 54 499 A1 discloses a layer arrangement with a structure which produces a lenticular effect and has a diffraction-optically effective structure.
• the film has a carrier layer and a replication layer, wherein a diffractive relief structure for orientation of a liquid crystal material is introduced into the replication layer.
• EP 0 012 375 A2 describes an identification card comprising a plurality of layers, which have security features in the form of grating images and whose card core has a window into which a grating image carrier for the grating image is inserted.
• the invention is based on the object to provide a security document that can be produced inexpensively and which unfolds only by looking at a window of a security element an observer eye-catching and typical for the authenticity optical effect.
• a security document having a carrier substrate and a transparent security element arranged in a window or in a transparent region of the carrier substrate, which has a transparent structure layer and a diffractive relief structure shaped into a first surface of the structure layer, wherein in a first embodiment Area of the structure layer, a first relief structure is formed in the first surface of the structural layer, which is formed as an asymmetric diffractive relief structure with a period length up to 20 microns and an alphanumeric and / or visual information or representation contains, for a viewer on a front and / or a back side of the security element is visible, wherein on the side of the first surface of the structure layer adjacent to one or more layers, which are formed as reflective, transparent layers and / or as compared to the struct Ur Anlagen a refractive index difference> 0.2 having, transparent layers are formed, so that both on the front as well as the light incident on the back of the security element in the first region of the first relief structure is diffracted, and wherein the first
• the appearance on the front is unexpectedly different from the one on the back, with different representations, brightnesses, contrasts, color effects, magnification or reduction effects, 3-D effects, etc. visible alone or in combination could be.
• the transparent security element does not have to be locally transparent everywhere, but only appears to be essentially transparent to the viewer.
• opaque background or pattern areas may also be present or a raster image of opaque and transparent areas may be present without losing the transparent character of the security element for the viewer.
• asymmetric diffractive relief structure in striking light.
• Such a relief structure has a sawtooth-shaped periodic profile, wherein the two sawtooth edges of a period differ significantly in their slope from one another.
• the relief structure within a period is therefore asymmetrical.
• the one flank has a finite and the other flank an infinite slope. Due to this asymmetry, the asymmetrical relief structure shows when considering the Front and back have a different visual appearance.
• asymmetric relief structure When looking at the security document arranged in the first region of the security element asymmetric relief structure is visible due to diffraction of the incident light from one side and invisible from the other side. It may also be a clear difference in brightness, which may have the diffractive relief structures in different viewing direction.
• the first area can not be visible in transmitted light with appropriate training. Consequently, it can not be copied with an optical copier.
• the relief structure of the first region is a diffractive asymmetric relief structure with non-constant spatial frequency
• the relief structure may be visible from the front as well as the back of the security document, but when viewed in striking light, it shows for each Page a different optical effect, as explained in more detail below.
• a non-constant spatial frequency is equivalent to a non-constant period length, because the spatial frequency is inversely proportional to the period length.
• a second region of the structure layer has a second relief structure, which is formed as asymmetric diffractive relief structure and whose course is formed substantially mirror-inverted to the molded in the first region first relief structure, the second region in the incident light in the front view and in the rear view has different optical effect.
• the first area and the second area form nested patterns.
• the screening allows the areas to appear to be superimposed on each other without disturbing each other. Only one area is visible and the other area is invisible. With enough fine screening, i. in the case of screening which is not resolvable with an unarmed human eye, the respectively visible area appears as a homogeneous area. It can be provided that the screen width is ⁇ 300 microns, preferably 50 microns.
• the first region and the second region form nested linear grids.
• any other raster principle for example a square grid with square pixels.
• the relief structure of the first and / or second region is a Blazegitter.
• the blaze grating is a diffraction grating. Between the incident angle ⁇ e i n and the exit angle ⁇ is composed of a blazed grating as a function of lattice constant d, the wavelength ⁇ and the diffraction order n following relationship:
• the Blazegitter an achromatic Blazegitter with a lattice constant of 20 .mu.m to 3 .mu.m, preferably 10 .mu.m and with a profile depth of 0.3 .mu.m to 5 .mu.m, preferably 1, 5 microns. Depending on the profile depth higher diffraction orders can form a higher intensity than the first diffraction order.
• Blazegitter with a lattice constant of less than 2 microns, preferably 1 micron.
• the blaze grille illuminates when illuminated with daylight when tilted in the rainbow colors.
• the blaze grating is held so that the finite pitch flanks bend the incident light and direct it into an observer's eye. Therefore, the effect occurs depending on the viewing direction always only on the first or on the second relief structure, wherein the two relief structures formed the same and can be arranged mirror images of each other. Then only one relief structure is aligned so that the diffracted by her light enters the eye of the observer and makes visible in this way filled with the relief structure area.
• the structural layer is at least partially coated with a reflective metallic layer.
• the metallic layer forms a reflection layer, which exhibits a significantly improved degree of reflection as compared to the interfacial reflection at the interface between two layers having different refractive indices.
• the boundary surface may also be, for example, an outer surface of a layer adjacent to air.
• the interface reflection can be observed, for example, on shop windows, which can make it difficult to look at the goods presented behind the shop window. This interface reflection is clearly polarization- and angle-dependent.
• the reflective metallic layer is partially formed of different materials, in particular for producing different colors, preferably that the first region with a first metallic layer and the second region is coated with a second metallic layer.
• the metals may be aluminum and gold such that the structural layer appears silver when viewed from one side and golden when viewed from the other side.
• two metallic layers are arranged one above the other, so that the one metallic layer is visible from one side and the other metallic layer is visible from the other side.
• an Al layer may be coated with a Cu layer in this manner.
• the metallic layer is patterned opaque. Such a feature may constitute another difficult to imitate security feature.
• the opaque metallic layer regions are to be formed with such a thickness that they do not appear transparent in transmitted light, for example with a thickness of 400 nm. In particular, however, the thickness is only about 50 nm.
• the metallic layer is at least partially formed with a thickness such that it appears transparent in transmitted light.
• a transparent metallic layer has a thickness of a few nm, for example 20 nm.
• the optimum value is material-dependent and wavelength-dependent and can preferably be determined by experiment because of the complex relationships of the influencing variables.
• a translucent transparent layer is particularly effective because different representations are visible in the incident light, depending on the page, depending on the situation. It is particularly well copy protected. It should further be noted that the degree of transparency also depends on the depth-to-width ratio of the relief structure arranged below the metallic layer.
• HRI High Refractive Index
• the dielectric layer may be a protective lacquer which is scrape-dried or printed on and completely fills the relief structures of the structural layer.
• the first relief structure or the second relief structure is a diffractive relief structure, which is formed starting from a reference point in at least two directions with changing spatial frequency or depth, and to which a reflection layer is applied.
• Spatialfrequenz also changes the edge slope of the asymmetric relief structure, ie, formed between the flank and a parallel to the surface of the relief structure main plane flank angle increases with increasing edge slope or slope.
• increases the Spatialfrequenz starting from the reference point preferably continuously increased.
• the edge steepness thus increases to the edge of the relief structure.
• the inclined flanks can also be sections of continuous curves.
• the above-described relief structure can act as a concave mirror.
• a diffractive relief structure acting as a concave mirror appears viewed from one side as a convex mirror and viewed from the other side as a concave mirror. This effect can be observed, for example, on a coffee spoon.
• the concave effect can also be observed on an uncoated transparent or semi-transparent relief structure, if the refractive indices of the structural layer and the adjacent medium sufficiently differ from each other.
• the structure layer has a third region which exhibits the same optical effect when viewed from the front side and the rear side. Such an area can act as a background area. It can be provided that the third portion is formed with a symmetric diffractive relief structure, for example as a hologram or KINEGRAM ® is formed.
• the third region is designed as a matt structure or as a thin-film system.
• the matt structure is a diffuse light scattering relief structure, which therefore appears dull.
• Such a relief structure may typically have a texture depth of ⁇ 10 microns.
• a Fourier hologram or a computer-generated hologram, a so-called kinoform, with a hidden feature can also act as a matt structure. Their task is to project a hidden feature in reflection or transmission.
• Thin-film systems are formed from a sequence of thin layers with a thickness of ⁇ / 2 or KIA and show tilt-angle-dependent colored effects.
• a liquid crystal layer is arranged in the third region.
• Such an area may be formed, for example, as a black area or as a multi-colored area or be visible only in the UV or infrared range or convey the impression of a gemstone.
• the areas of the security element are in register with each other and / or to areas of the security document.
• the security element is a multilayer film body with a transparent carrier layer. It can the carrier layer is a transparent polymer film with a layer thickness of about 70 ⁇ m.
• the security element is a transfer layer of a transfer film.
• the structure layer is an outer layer of the security document or a portion of an outer layer of the security document.
• the structure layer can thus be an integral part of the security document and be arranged in a transparent region of the security document. Such a design may advantageously be provided if the security document is a plastic card.
• the structural layer is an inner layer of the security document or a portion of an inner layer of the security document. In this way, the structural layer is particularly well protected and not accessible to manipulation from the outside.
• the structural layer can also be tactile detectable with appropriate dimensioning and form in this way another security feature. It can also produce a tactile impression, which is different on the front and on the back.
• FIG. 1a, b shows a first example of application of a security document according to the invention
• FIGS. 1a and 1b shows the security element in FIGS. 1a and 1b in an enlarged schematic view
• 3a is a schematic sectional view of the relief structure along the
• Fig. 3b is a schematic sectional view of the relief structure along the
• Fig. 3a viewed from the front
• FIG. 4b shows a schematic illustration of the function of the relief structure in FIG. 3b as viewed from the front side;
• Fig. 5a is a schematic representation of the function of the relief structure in Fig. 3a viewed from the back;
• Fig. 5b is a schematic representation of the function of the relief structure in
• Fig. 3b viewed from the back; 6a shows a first arrangement example of the relief structure of a
• FIG. 6b shows a second arrangement example of the relief structure of a security element in a schematic sectional representation
• 6c shows a third arrangement example of the relief structure of a
• 6d shows a fourth arrangement example of the relief structure of a
• 8a is a schematic sectional view of a structure generated from an asymmetric relief curved mirror.
• FIG. 8b shows a second schematic sectional view of a curved mirror produced from an asymmetrical relief structure in an enlarged view
• FIG. 9a is a schematic representation of the function of the relief structure in FIG.
• Fig. 8 viewed from the front;
• Fig. 9b is a schematic representation of the function of the relief structure in
• 10a shows a third application example of a security document according to the invention up to 10c.
• FIGS. 1a and 1b show a security document 1 with a transparent security element 12 in the front view and in the rear view, respectively.
• the security document 1 is a value document, for example a banknote or a check, in the example shown in FIGS. 1a and 1b. Furthermore, it is also possible that the security document 1 forms an identification document, for example a passport.
• the security document 1 consists of a flexible carrier 11, on which the transparent security element 12 is arranged in a region 14.
• the carrier 11 is preferably a carrier made of paper material which is provided with an imprint and into which further security features, for example watermarks or security threads, are introduced. It may also be a non-flexible carrier 11 may be provided, as may be the case for example in ID cards, Pndeinlagen and the like.
• the carrier 11 is a plastic film or a laminate consisting of one or more paper and plastic layers.
• a window-shaped opening for example by punching, is introduced into the carrier 11, which is then closed again by applying the transparent security element 12.
• the security document 1 in the area 14 has a transparent window with the transparent security element 12.
• a transparent or partially transparent material is already used as the material for the carrier 11 and the carrier can thus remain in the region 14. This is the case, for example, if the carrier 11 consists of a transparent plastic film which is not provided with a haze layer in the region 14. Furthermore, it is also possible to produce the transparent window already in papermaking and to introduce the transparent security element 12 into the carrier 11 in the manner of a wide security thread.
• the letter “F” can be seen on the security element 12 when viewing the front side of the security document 1.
• the letter “T” can be seen on the security element 12 ,
• Fig. 2 shows the security element 12 in Fig. 1a and 1b in an enlarged schematic representation.
• the security element 12 has an F-shaped portion 12f and a T-shaped portion 12t which are nested and formed of raster lines 13f and 13t, respectively.
• the Grid lines have a distance of approximately 50 ⁇ m from one another and are between 5 mm and 20 mm long.
• the raster lines 13f of the F-shaped portion 12f are indicated by a simple hatching, and the raster lines 13t of the T-shaped portion 12t are emphasized by a cross-hatching.
• the raster lines 13f, 13t are not separated when viewed without optical aids, ie, from a typical viewing distance of 250 mm, so that both the F-shaped area 12f and the T-shaped area 12t appear to a viewer as homogeneous areas ,
• x, y, z coordinate systems are indicated in FIGS. 2, 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b and 9a, 9b.
• the x-axis and the y-axis denote the surface of the security element 12 and the z-axis denotes the height extent.
• Fig. 3a shows a schematic representation of a section through the security element 12 along a raster line 13f.
• the optical effect of the raster line 13f of the security element 12 is caused by two adjacent structure layers 16 and 17 having different optical refractive indices n 16 and n 17 , respectively.
• a relief structure 16f formed in the interface between the two structural layers 16, 17 can exert its optical effect.
• the structure layer 17 arranged on the structure layer 16 can also be formed by air or another surrounding medium. Decisive for the optical effect described below, which is based on reflection on the relief structure 16f, is a sufficient difference between the refractive indices n.sup.TM and nn:
• ni6 - ni7 > 0.2
• a reflection layer may advantageously be provided on the relief structure 16f, eg, Ag, Al, Au, Rh, Cu, Cr, Ti, TiO 2 or ZnS or the structural layer 17 be formed with a high refractive index.
• the structural layer 16 is at the same time a carrier layer, in which the Re running structure 16f, for example, by means of hot stamping is formed, and that the structural layer 17 is formed for example by a protective lacquer or adhesive, which is applied over the entire surface by printing or knife coating.
• the relief structure 16 f has a sawtooth-shaped, periodic profile. It forms in this way a Blazegitter that is characterized by the fact that a certain diffraction order of the incident light appears particularly bright or that a certain input and output angle results in a particularly high brightness.
• a section of the relief structure 16f is described by way of example, which extends in the region Xi to X 2 and in which the relief structure continuously drops from an initial height zi to a final height Z 2 .
• a first flank 16fa encloses an angle ⁇ with the x-axis, the so-called blaze angle.
• a second flank 16fs is formed, which runs parallel to the z-axis and at which the relief structure 16f springs back to the initial height zi.
• the distance XiX 2 denotes the lattice constant d of the relief structure 16f. It is in the illustrated Embodiment 10 microns. From the lattice constants d, the spatial frequency f of the relief structure 16f can be calculated as follows:
• the height Z 1 Z 2 of the second flank 16fs denotes the profile depth of the relief structure 16f. It is in the illustrated embodiment 1, 5 microns.
• FIG. 3b now shows a section through the security element 12 along the raster line 13t in an analogous schematic illustration to FIG. 3a.
• the structure layer 16 in the region of the raster line 13t on a Re structure 16t which differs from the relief structure 16f in Fig. 3a differs in that a first edge 16ta is formed with a positive slope, ie between xi and X. 2 continuously from the initial height zi on the
• End height Z 2 rises and along a vertical second edge 16ts at point X 2 drops back to the initial height Zi.
• the first flank 16ta includes a blaze angle ⁇ 'with the x-axis.
• the comparison of the relief structures 16f and 16t shown in FIGS. 3a and 3b shows that the relief structure 16t is the relief structure 16f mirrored on the z-axis, with both relief structures having the same blaze angle in terms of magnitude.
• the relief structures 16f and 16t shown in FIGS. 3a and 3b are dimensioned so that the striking polychromatic light, for example daylight, is split so that the colored partial beams produced on the relief structure overlap and again form a colorless beam. It is therefore an achromatic blaze grating, which in the illustrated embodiment, as shown above, a Lattice constant of 10 microns and a profile depth of 1, 5 microns. It can reflect over 90% of the radiated light in a limited angular range and thus forms a very high contrast.
• FIGS. 4a and 4b now show the effect of the relief structures described above.
• Fig. 4a shows the security document 1 (see Fig. 1), the front side of which is illuminated by a light source 40, in a schematic sectional view.
• the security element 12 is arranged, wherein in Fig. 4a, the section is shown by a strip-shaped portion into which the relief structure 18f is molded.
• the first flanks 16fa of the relief structure 16f direct rays emitted by the light source 40 into an eye 42 of an observer.
• the emitted from the light source 40 steel include with the line of sight of the observer at an angle of 30 °.
• the viewing direction of the observer is directed perpendicular to the surface of the security document 1.
• first flanks 16ta of the relief structure 16f are now placed in such a position in FIG. 5b that they drop off like the first flanks 16fa in FIG. 4a.
• the rays emanating from the light source 40 are directed into the eye 42 of the observer, and the letter "T" stands out brightly from its surroundings.
• FIGS. 4a to 5b thus show that the transparent security element 12, depending on the viewing direction, provides different optical information from the front or from the back, in the example chosen the letters "F" or "T".
• Such a security feature is particularly effective because it contradicts “common sense” that different characters appear on a transparent surface, depending on which side the transparent surface is viewed from.
• the relief structure 16f and 16t are dimensioned differently, for example, that they differ from each other in the lattice constants and / or in the tread depth. It may be provided, for example, that the relief structure 16f forms an achromatic blazed grating and the relief structure 16t forms a chromatic blazed grating.
• the relief structure 16 t have a lattice constant of 1 micron. In this way, the region 12t appears as a region shimmering in the spectral colors.
• FIGS. 6a to 6d now show arrangement examples of a structure layer 66 which has on its upper side a relief structure 66r which is formed in a transparent security element 62 in the interface between the structure layer 66 and a layer 66k, for example an adhesive layer, disposed thereon.
• the two layers are formed with different refractive indices, as previously described in detail in FIGS. 2 to 5b.
• the structural layer 66 may be, for example, a hot stamping layer.
• the relief structure 66r may be coated with Al or ZnS. It may thus be provided that in the hot embossing layer first the relief structure 66r is molded, which is then coated with Al or ZnS, wherein finally the coated relief structure 66r is covered with the adhesive layer 66k.
• Fig. 6a shows a carrier 60, which may be for example made of a paper-like material and is provided with a window-shaped opening 6Of, over which the security element 62 is arranged. In this way, the security element 62 can be viewed both from its front side and from its rear side.
• Fig. 6b shows a carrier 61, which is formed as a multilayer body. For example, it may be an identification card or a plastic banknote laminated from several layers.
• the carrier 61 has a transparent window area 61t, on which the security element 62 is arranged on the front side of the carrier 61.
• Security element 62 can be viewed from both its front side and through the transparent window portion 61t of the carrier 61 from its rear side.
• Fig. 6c now shows a carrier 63, which is formed as a multilayer body, and which, as in Fig. 6b may be a multi-layer laminated card identity.
• a carrier 63 which is formed as a multilayer body, and which, as in Fig. 6b may be a multi-layer laminated card identity.
• areas of two layers arranged inside the carrier 63 form the security element 62.
• all other layers of the carrier 63 are made transparent, so that the security element 62 can be viewed both from its front side and from its rear side.
• the layer 66k may be an adhesive layer as described above.
• FIG. 6d shows a carrier 64 which, like the carriers 61 and 63 described in FIGS. 6b and 6c respectively, forms a multilayered body.
• the relief structure 66r is molded into the uppermost layer of the carrier 64 and thus forms a security element 62 ', which consists of only one layer.
• the cover layer with different refractive index necessary for the optical function is formed by the air surrounding the security element 64.
• the relief structure 66r can also form a tactile security feature in the embodiment shown in FIG. 6d. It may be provided to cover the surface of the relief structure 66r with a few nm thick metallic reflection layer in order to improve the reflection of the surface of the relief structure 66r.
• a thin metallic layer appears more or less transparent in the transmitted light, so that the optical security feature of the security element 62 or 62 'in the transmitted light is imperceptible.
• Figs. 7a and 7b show a second example of application of a security element according to the invention with asymmetric relief structure.
• FIG. 7 a shows a security document 7 with a security element 72 in the front view and FIG. 7 b shows the security document 7 in the rear view.
• the security document 7 is a value document, for example a banknote or a check, in the example illustrated in FIGS. 7a and 7b.
• the security document 7 consists of a flexible carrier 71, which has a window-shaped opening 74, which is closed again by applying the transparent security element 72.
• the carrier 71 may otherwise be formed like the carrier 11 described in FIGS. 1a and 1b.
• a pictorial representation in the form of a region 72a can be seen on the security element 72 when viewing the front side of the security document 7.
• the region 72a is arranged in a region 72b. Both areas differ in brightness and / or color when the security document is viewed in the incident light in the manner described in Figs. 4a and 4b becomes. Both areas have the same asymmetric relief structure, wherein the relief structure is rotated in the area 72 b relative to the relief structure formed in the region 72 a by 180 ° about the y-axis. But it can also be different asymmetric relief structures that light up in a similar angle range. In the example shown in FIG. 7a, therefore, only the light reflected by the sawtooth edges of the relief structure formed in the region 72b falls into the eye of the observer, not shown, so that the region 72b illuminates brightly while the region 72a appears dark.
• the area 72a is now aligned so that the light reflected from its sawtooth edges reaches the eye of the observer. Therefore, the area 72a now lights up brightly and the area 72b appears dark.
• FIGS. 7a and 7b it can be seen that the pictorial representation on the security element 72 on the rear side is not only mirror-inverted relative to the pictorial representation recognizable on the front side, but that a contrast reversal is visible.
• the relief structures provided in regions 72a and 72b of FIGS. 7a and 7b have a lattice constant of approximately 1 ⁇ m. They therefore deflect the diffracted light in different directions, depending on the wavelength of the light, so that the areas 72a and 72b, respectively, illuminate in rainbow colors when illuminated with daylight.
• Such relief structures can also be used in unfavorable lighting conditions, for example in diffuse lighting. They can be used in the manner of watermarks in current KINEGRAM ® designs and can therefore also be called diffractive watermarks. You can be imitated by symmetrical relief structures, for example, with sinusquadratic course, if at all, very difficult. It can thus be provided that the security element 72 is formed outside of the areas 72a and 72b as a KINEGRAM ® , which forms an image background, which gives the same visual impression both when viewed from the front and from the back.
• both relief structures are asymmetrical relief structures. But it can also be provided that only one of the two relief structures is asymmetrical and the second relief structure is a symmetrical relief structure, a matt structure or simply a flat surface.
• sawtooth is used here in connection with the asymmetric relief structure, it is not limited to relief structures with constant edge width x-ix 2 or on flanks which are formed as straight lines. They may also be edges which can be described by non-linear functions, provided that the first edge differs from the following second edge, ie both edges are not symmetrical to one another. It may further be relief structures in which the edge width increases or decreases over its extension, ie in which the spatial frequency is not constant and / or the depth varies.
• FIG. 8 a shows a transparent security element 92 having a structure layer 96 which has a relief structure 96 r which produces the visual impression of a lens or a concave mirror.
• the relief structure 96r is an asymmetrical relief structure whose Flank width or period length increases or decreases over its extension and the flanks are formed non-linear. However, the same effect can also be achieved with linear flanks and generally with diffractive relief structures with non-constant spatial frequency. With the change of Spatialfrequenz and / or the depth of a change in edge steepness is also connected, ie the slope increases with increasing Spatialfrequenz, as shown below in Fig. 8b in detail.
• the structural layer 96 is covered with a structural layer 97.
• the structural layer 97 may be, for example, a protective lacquer layer. However, it may also be a layer with a high refractive index, so that the reflectance of the relief structure 96r is improved. It can thus be provided that the difference between the refractive indices of the two structural layers 96 and 97 is high, for example 0.8. It can further be provided that the structural layer 97 is a hot stamping layer and the structural layer 96 is an adhesive layer or vice versa.
• Security element 92 ' shown with a structural layer 96', which has an asymmetric relief structure 96r ', the period length increases or decreases over its extension.
• ⁇ i is a flank angle of an inner flank
• cc 2 is a flank angle of a flank further outside. As can be seen in Fig. 8b, the relationship applies
• the spatial frequency increases with decreasing period length, because the spatial frequency is inversely proportional to the period length or edge width.
• a change in the depth with a constant flank width causes a change in the flank angle, wherein the flank angle increases with increasing depth.
• the relief structure 96r can act as a convex or concave concave mirror in incident light.
• Design elements, such as images, logos or text can be arranged with the help of the concave mirror for the viewer seemingly above or below the surface of the security element.
• FIGS. 9a and 9b explain this optical effect in more detail.
• FIG. 9a shows a security document 9 which is provided with the transparent security element 92 described in FIG. 8a.
• the security document 9 consists of a flexible carrier 91, on which the security element 92 is arranged in a window-shaped opening 94.
• the carrier 91 may otherwise be formed like the carrier 11 described in FIGS. 1a and 1b. He has in the area 94 a window-shaped opening, which is closed by applying the security element 92 again.
• the relief structure 96r of the structure layer 96 is coated with a thin metallic layer 96m in the embodiment for improving the reflection shown in FIGS. 9a and 9b.
• the metallic layer 96m has a thickness of several nm and therefore appears transparent in translucent light. However, it reflects striking light. In some areas, a nontransparent metallic layer may also be present.
• the security element 92 forms in the position shown in Fig. 9a a convex concave mirror, which generates in the eye 42 of the observer from an object arranged in front of the concave mirror a reduced virtual image, which is located behind the surface of the support 91.
• the object may be, for example, an image or text or an OVD located at a suitable distance from the surface of the carrier. The distance, which is essentially after the
• Focal length of the concave mirror is selected, for example, be generated by a transparent support layer with appropriate thickness. It can also be provided to arrange the object in a second window-shaped opening of the security document 9 and to bring the second window-shaped opening by folding the security document 9 into a position such that the object to be imaged in the concave mirror is above the window-shaped opening 94.
• Fig. 9b now shows the security document 9 after a rotation through 180 °, that is, now the eye 42 of the observer is on the back of the
• the relief structure 96r now simulates a concave concave mirror.
• the concave mirror generates an enlarged real image, which is located in front of the surface of the carrier 91, from an object arranged in front of the concave mirror.
• FIGS. 10a to 10c now show an application example for the security element 92 described above in three successive production steps.
• Fig. 10a shows a security document 10 consisting of a flexible carrier
• the security document 10 is a banknote.
• FIG. 10b now shows the security document 10 to which a security strip 103 has been applied after the second production step.
• the security strip 103 has a security element in the upper section
• Fig. 10c shows the security document 10 after its completion.
• a graphical security element 106 is provided, which is applied so that it covers a portion of the security strip 103 and is therefore destroyed upon detachment of the security strip 103.

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• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Optics & Photonics (AREA)
• Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
• Accounting & Taxation (AREA)
• Finance (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
• Credit Cards Or The Like (AREA)
• Diffracting Gratings Or Hologram Optical Elements (AREA)
• Inspection Of Paper Currency And Valuable Securities (AREA)
• Transition And Organic Metals Composition Catalysts For Addition Polymerization (AREA)

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• 2005
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