WO2006128887A1 - Glass structural building element - Google Patents

Glass structural building element Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2006128887A1
WO2006128887A1 PCT/EP2006/062775 EP2006062775W WO2006128887A1 WO 2006128887 A1 WO2006128887 A1 WO 2006128887A1 EP 2006062775 W EP2006062775 W EP 2006062775W WO 2006128887 A1 WO2006128887 A1 WO 2006128887A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
structural
glass sheets
sheets
plates
glass
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2006/062775
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Christian De La Rochefoucault
Olivier Manisse
Original Assignee
Agc Flat Glass Europe Sa
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Agc Flat Glass Europe Sa filed Critical Agc Flat Glass Europe Sa
Priority to EP06777250A priority Critical patent/EP1899544A1/en
Publication of WO2006128887A1 publication Critical patent/WO2006128887A1/en

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C11/00—Pivots; Pivotal connections
    • F16C11/02—Trunnions; Crank-pins
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10009—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets
    • B32B17/10036—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets comprising two outer glass sheets
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10165—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10293—Edge features, e.g. inserts or holes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
    • B32B17/10761—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer containing vinyl acetal
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
    • B32B17/10788—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer containing ethylene vinylacetate
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
    • E04B2/88—Curtain walls
    • E04B2/885—Curtain walls comprising a supporting structure for flush mounted glazing panels
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/28—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of materials not covered by groups E04C3/04 - E04C3/20
    • E04C3/285—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of materials not covered by groups E04C3/04 - E04C3/20 of glass
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/30—Columns; Pillars; Struts
    • E04C3/36—Columns; Pillars; Struts of materials not covered by groups E04C3/32 or E04C3/34; of a combination of two or more materials
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
    • E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
    • E06B1/00—Border constructions of openings in walls, floors, or ceilings; Frames to be rigidly mounted in such openings
    • E06B1/04—Frames for doors, windows, or the like to be fixed in openings
    • E06B1/36—Frames uniquely adapted for windows
    • E06B1/38—Frames uniquely adapted for windows for shop, show, or like large windows
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
    • E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
    • E06B3/00—Window sashes, door leaves, or like elements for closing wall or like openings; Layout of fixed or moving closures, e.g. windows in wall or like openings; Features of rigidly-mounted outer frames relating to the mounting of wing frames
    • E06B3/54—Fixing of glass panes or like plates
    • E06B3/5436—Fixing of glass panes or like plates involving holes or indentations in the pane
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C11/00—Pivots; Pivotal connections
    • F16C11/04—Pivotal connections
    • F16C11/06—Ball-joints; Other joints having more than one degree of angular freedom, i.e. universal joints
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2350/00—Machines or articles related to building

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to structural structural elements subjected to significant mechanical stresses, such as beams or braces, made of glass materials.
  • the glass materials offer architects original aesthetic qualities in addition to interesting mechanical properties. Their use nevertheless requires special provisions related to their rigidity and their sensitivity to the spill when they are subjected to efforts directed in plans that are not those of the leaves that constitute them.
  • the realization of the building elements is dependent on the imposed shape.
  • the materials are necessarily based on flat glass sheets whose thickness is variable but which usually does not exceed twenty millimeters, the largest commercially available thickness being of the order of 25 millimeters.
  • the leaves are normally used by ensuring that the efforts are directed in their plan. Efforts supported in directions that are not in the plane of the sheets should be as limited as possible.
  • the glass structural elements require specific means of implementation for their integration in buildings. Both the assembly of several glass elements and the junction with other structural elements, for example metal or concrete, involves junction means, which in addition to their intrinsic mechanical qualities, must ensure assembly that does not risk not to compromise the intrinsic qualities of the glass sheet, in particular by subjecting it to excessive localized stresses.
  • the larger dimensions of the glass sheets are a function of their method of manufacture. This also determines the dimensions of the structural elements that can be implemented.
  • the practice described for example in the patent publication FR-A-2 792 347, proposes the assembly of several sheets in the extension of each other.
  • the sheets are assembled by means of fishplates formed of metal plates arranged on either side of the sheet which they enclose.
  • the plates are held on the sheet by connecting rods passing through holes in the glass sheet.
  • a sleeve of a ductile material is interposed between the rod and the wall of the hole. This socket is fixed to the glass by means of a mortar.
  • the thicknesses available are limited. For greater thicknesses it is necessary to associate several sheets. Furthermore, the regulation concerning the use in the form of glass girders, in other words as a substantially horizontal support element, for security reasons requires the use of laminated products.
  • laminated products in other words the combination of several sheets of glass by means of one or more interlayers, is incompatible with the compression in the thickness imposed by the splints.
  • the intermediate material has a tendency to flow, altering the stability of the assembly.
  • the choice of the method of fixing the sleeves by means of mortar is an inconvenient implementation On the one hand the time required for hardening is too long, and on the other hand the brittle character of the mortar does not improve the distribution of forces on the walls of the holes, not to mention the corrosive nature that the mortar presents vis-à-vis the glass.
  • the invention aims to provide significant improvements to the structural elements made with glass sheets.
  • the invention also relates to the production of structural elements consisting of laminated assemblies.
  • the invention provides structural elements consisting of glass sheets, for which the mechanical means assembling the sheets avoid compression in the thickness of the glass sheets.
  • These means consist of rigid plates located on either side of the faces of the glass sheets, interconnected by fixing assemblies passed through holes in the glass sheets, the fixing of the plates being carried out in such a way that that the forces are exerted essentially in planes corresponding to those of the sheets, from the walls of the holes formed in the leaves, by means of the fixing sets.
  • the set of fasteners arranged axially with respect to the holes, together with the rods or sleeves, is preferably axially slightly longer than the thickness of the sheets so that the plates do not wear. pressure on the faces of these leaves.
  • the contact surface of the plates with the axial fastening assemblies is preferably larger than the section of the holes in the glass sheets.
  • the plates rest in a manner on the body of the rods or sleeves, advantageously via a ferrule, which may also be formed by an insert on the rod.
  • the plates are fixed to the sleeves or rods rigidly by conventional means of assembly, examples of which are given later in the description.
  • the rods or sleeves are also sealed to the walls of the holes of the sheets by bonding means of a nature compatible with that of the glass sheets and any spacers. It is preferably rapidly crosslinkable materials to simplify the implementation.
  • a third element with respect to the glass sheets also maintains the arrangement of the plates relative to each other, which element provides the necessary triangulation.
  • Such an element is for example used to fix the structural element to the glass panel that the element contravenes or supports. In the absence of such an element, it is preferable to have at least three rods or sleeves per sheet or assembled laminated assembly.
  • the fastening assemblies comprising the sleeves or rods may have slight misalignments with respect to the axis of the holes of the sheets into which they are inserted. These misalignments are detrimental to a good distribution of forces on the walls of the holes. To overcome these potential misalignments it is advantageous to have means for their systematic correction. Such means consist for example of a set forming a ball disposed on the body of the rod or the sleeve.
  • the thickness of the glass sheets is a function of the desired performance.
  • sheets of at least 8 mm thick are advantageously used, this thickness being up to 25 mm. Beyond it is necessary in all cases, whether beams or bracing, to use laminated structures gathering several sheets of glass.
  • the laminates used are of the traditional type.
  • the materials for assembling the glass sheets together are well known.
  • Materials of this type are for example polyvinyl butyral (PVB) sheets, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) resins, resins easily polymerizable by exposure to UV etc.
  • the assembly of the glass sheets by means of these dividers is carried out according to equally traditional methods.
  • the assembly is done for example by autoclaving under pressure.
  • the elements according to the invention advantageously comprise two or more glass sheets, associated by means of interlayer sheets.
  • the multiple sheet structure provides improved resistance to constant total glass thickness, due to the surface stresses of each sheet.
  • the multiplication of the leaves quickly brings about certain difficulties of assembly. For this reason a compromise is necessary.
  • the elements according to the invention most often comprise two or three sheets.
  • the laminated structural elements may further comprise additional components intended to improve the mechanical properties thereof or to constitute decorative motifs. It is possible in particular to insert in the laminates reinforcement means, metal wires, ribbons, plates, etc. In the same way, the glass sheets being most often transparent, elements inserted into the laminates can form purely decorative patterns.
  • the glass sheets, the dividers can also be colored.
  • the sheets can also be coated with patterns, especially in the form of enamelled layers.
  • the structural elements made according to the invention can reach very large dimensions given the quality of the assemblies used. If in practice, the largest available lengths of a single piece of glass do not exceed 6 meters, the implementation of the invention leads to structures that can reach or even exceed fifteen meters by association of several sheets ( three or four) in the extension of each other.
  • FIG. la is a side view of a brace according to the invention, of small size such that a sheet suffice for the entire length;
  • brace is formed of three elements assembled by means of two intermediate splints;
  • FIG. 2 shows an embodiment of the attachment of a splice in the case of a laminated element consisting of two glass sheets joined by a spacer sheet;
  • FIG. 3 similar to FIG. 2, presents another embodiment of attachment according to the invention.
  • FIG. 4a shows the positioning of a splint according to the invention on a brace
  • Figure 4b shows the splint of Figure 4a front view
  • FIG. 5a shows a higher attachment mode of a brace according to the invention
  • FIG. 5b is a front view of FIG. 5a
  • FIGS. 6a and 6b are similar to FIGS. 5a and 5b, for one embodiment of a lower attachment of the brace;
  • FIGS. 7a and 7b illustrate a method of fixing the braces according to the invention to the walls along which these braces are arranged.
  • Figure la shows a typical use of bracing as used according to the invention. These braces are usually associated with large vertical windows used in building facades.
  • the bracing 1 is arranged vertically between elements 2, 3 of the building structure, in the upper and lower part, by means of splicing plates 4, 5 detailed later with reference to Figures 5 and 6.
  • the bracing 1 is disposed in a plane perpendicular to that of the glazing 6 that it reinforces. In its length, it is fixed at several points of the glazing, by means of fixing lugs 7, 8, 9, 10.
  • the bracing is formed of three elements assembled by means of two fishplates 11, 12. In the form shown, the fishplates are also used to fix the brackets to the brace 6.
  • FIG. 2 One embodiment of the sheet fastening elements constituting the structural elements according to the invention is illustrated in FIG. 2.
  • FIG. 2 shows a partially sectional detail of this method of assembly.
  • the glass sheets 13, 14 are joined by means of an interlayer sheet 15, for example PVB, EVA or the like.
  • the fixing assembly comprises a central rod 17 on which are fixed the plates 18, 19 such as those forming the struts 4, 5, 11, 12 or the fixing lugs 7,
  • the plates 18, 19 by construction are maintained so as not to squeeze the surface of the glass sheets 13 and 14. For this, the plate 19 rests on a flange 20 of the central rod 17 presented unhatched. A washer 21 tightens the plate 19 on the flange 20 by means of a screw 22. which is housed in the thread formed for this purpose in the central rod 17.
  • the plate 18 is held in position by means of a shell 23, and a ball 24, against the shoulder 25 of the central rod.
  • a washer 26 and the screw 27 which is housed in the corresponding thread of the rod 17, ensure the clamping of this plate 18.
  • the ferrule 23 is threaded as is the corresponding part of the rod 17.
  • the collar 23 blocks the ball 24 directly against the shoulder 25, independently of the action of the screw 27.
  • Washers 28, 29 center the plates 18 and 19 with respect to the rod 17.
  • the fastening assembly 16 comprises a ball 24 and a cylindrical ring 30 in which the ball is housed. This set is such that it allows an adjustment angular to catch the alignment irregularities in the axis of the hole.
  • a simplified assembly would consist of a cylindrical sleeve inserted into a corresponding ring or ring.
  • the spherical system a little more complex is however preferred, because it avoids the risks of poorly distributed efforts due to misalignment always possible.
  • the sealing of the ring 30 in the hole formed in the glass sheets is obtained by means of a resin 31, polymerized in situ.
  • the axial retention of the ring 30 with respect to the glass sheets is obtained by providing for example chamfers 32, 33 corresponding to the reduction of the internal edges of the hole on each of the glass sheets. These joined chamfers form a kind of groove that the resin comes to fill. After curing, the resin is consequently blocked axially preventing any displacement. In the same way the ring 30 has either a groove or a rib 34, which prevents axial displacements.
  • the washers 28 and 29 may be eccentric type as shown in Figure 3.
  • the method of assembly according to the invention makes efforts not on the faces of the glass sheets 13 and 14, but on the walls of the hole in which this assembly 16 is housed. In practice most of the effort is carried in the plane of the sheets, and through the ring 30 and the sealing resin 33 is distributed evenly over the entire surface of the walls. The risk of punctual supports that can initiate breakage of the glass sheets is thus avoided.
  • the plates are spaced apart from the glass sheets avoiding any effort on the faces thereof.
  • the dimensions of the elements constituting the fastening assembly 16 are chosen accordingly.
  • the plates can also be arranged in contact with the faces of the glass sheets, but in all cases the choice of the fixing assembly 16, must be such that the pressure exerted remains without significant impact on the efforts made for the fixation in question.
  • Figures 4a and 4b show the detail of an intermediate splint as shown at 11 and 12 in Figure Ib.
  • the splint 34 consists of two plates 18, 19 perforated to best limit the surfaces of the glass masked by these plates while maintaining the necessary rigidity.
  • the plates are advantageously made of stainless steel.
  • the plates are arranged so that they cover the ends of two elements 35, 36 of the brace.
  • Each element is constituted, in the form shown, by two sheets of glass joined by an interlayer.
  • the elements 35, 36 are in the extension of each other leaving only a gap to prevent contact between the ends of the sheets.
  • the size and position of the fasteners and therefore of the passages in the glass sheets, especially with respect to the edges of the sheets, is a function of the strength of the sheets.
  • FIGS. 4a and 4b also show the possible use of anti-spill cables or rodes 38, 39 which extend transversely to the bracing, and are fixed on the splice 34.
  • These cables, and particularly that which is situated distal to the braced glass walls prevent lateral deflection.
  • the use of these cables is of course advantageous only for beams with very large dimensions.
  • the arrangement represented substantially perpendicular to the plane of the bracing is not the only possible.
  • These cables or rodes may be arranged more or less inclined relative to the plane of the brace.
  • FIG. 4a also shows a tab 40 for fixing the
  • This tab is for example formed of two elements coming in fixing on the glass wall. The detail of an embodiment of this tab is shown in FIGS.
  • Fixing the bracing at the top on the JO building structure can be performed as shown in Figures 5a and 5b.
  • the bracing is maintained by means of an end splice 41, comprising two rigid plates 42, 43 fixed to the end of the glass sheets 13, 14, by means of fixing assemblies 16, such as described above in FIG. 2 or in FIG. 3.
  • Three sets 16 are arranged to guarantee the arrangement of the rigid plates 42, 43 with respect to the glass sheets without compressing them.
  • Fixing the splint 41 on the structural element of the building, for example a metal beam 44, is produced, in the example presented, by an assembly of a threaded rod and nuts in a conventional manner for this type of assembly.
  • the glass sheets are held by an end splice 45, comprising two rigid sheets 46, 47 fixed to the glass sheets by means of assemblies 16 of the type previously described.
  • the upper splint 41 at least three fastening assemblies 16 are necessary to hold the plates 46, 47 in position relative to the glass sheets 13, 14.
  • the splint 45 is attached to the structural element of the building 48 as previously for example by means of a rod threaded and nuts.
  • the fastening is provided with a slideway leaving a longitudinal clearance sufficient to allow dimensional variations, in particular as a function of the relative expansion of the bracing and the structure on which it is fixed.
  • the tabs 40 have the role of ensuring the attachment of the brace to the wall 51, consisting for example of a glass sheet.
  • the tab 40 like the ribs, is attached to the leaves constituting the brace via a fastening assembly 16 of the type shown in FIG. 2.
  • a fastening assembly 16 of the type shown in FIG. 2.
  • the plates 49, 50 of the tab are also kept at a distance from the sheets and the one part relative to the other by a spacer 52 on which they are fixed by means for example of screws.
  • the attachment to the wall 51 is via the spacer 52 on which the wall is also maintained by means of screws 55.
  • Complementarily cable or rode 56 can complete the set.
  • This cable 56 extends along the bracing and is fixed at both ends on the structural elements of the building. The use of this cable is advantageous for supporting the weight of the wall 51 at intermediate points of its height.
  • the beams according to the invention are subjected to stress and strain tests.
  • the beams consist of two sheets of tempered glass 15mm thick each. They are assembled in a traditional way using a sheet of ethylene vinyl acetate 0.4 mm thick.
  • a beam 12 m in length is made according to the model shown in Figure Ib. It consists of three parts assembled by means of two intermediate splints and fixed at its ends.
  • the beams according to the invention are made of preferably tempered glass sheets, to guarantee in the event of breakage the formation of pieces of small dimensions. Nevertheless, the leaves can also be hardened or annealed glass.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Joining Of Glass To Other Materials (AREA)
  • Load-Bearing And Curtain Walls (AREA)
  • Securing Of Glass Panes Or The Like (AREA)

Abstract

The invention concerns glass structural building elements. The inventive structural building element comprises one or more monolithic or laminated glass sheets (13, 14), such as a beam or a wind bracing, characterized in that it comprises means for being fixed (16) to the building structure or the braced wall, said means optionally serving to combine several elements in the extension of one another, said fixing means being made such that they do not cause the glass sheets to be compressed in their thickness.

Description

Elément structurel de construction en verre Structural component of glass construction
La présente invention concerne des éléments structurels de construction soumis à des sollicitations mécaniques importantes, tels que les poutres ou contreventements, réalisés en matériaux verriers.The present invention relates to structural structural elements subjected to significant mechanical stresses, such as beams or braces, made of glass materials.
Les matériaux verriers offrent aux architectes des qualités notamment esthétiques originales parallèlement à des propriétés mécaniques intéressantes. Leur emploi requiert néanmoins des dispositions particulières liées à leur rigidité et à leur sensibilité au déversement lorsqu'ils sont soumis à des efforts dirigés dans des plans qui ne sont pas ceux des feuilles qui les constituent.The glass materials offer architects original aesthetic qualities in addition to interesting mechanical properties. Their use nevertheless requires special provisions related to their rigidity and their sensitivity to the spill when they are subjected to efforts directed in plans that are not those of the leaves that constitute them.
La réalisation des éléments de construction est tributaire de la forme imposée. Les matériaux sont nécessairement à base de feuilles de verre planes dont l'épaisseur est variable mais qui ne dépasse pas ordinairement une vingtaine de millimètres, la plus forte épaisseur commercialement disponible étant de l'ordre de 25 millimètres.The realization of the building elements is dependent on the imposed shape. The materials are necessarily based on flat glass sheets whose thickness is variable but which usually does not exceed twenty millimeters, the largest commercially available thickness being of the order of 25 millimeters.
Compte tenu de cette limitation d'épaisseur, les feuilles sont normalement utilisées en faisant en sorte que les efforts soient dirigés dans leur plan. Les efforts supportés dans des directions qui ne se situent pas dans le plan des feuilles doivent être aussi limités que possible.Given this limitation of thickness, the leaves are normally used by ensuring that the efforts are directed in their plan. Efforts supported in directions that are not in the plane of the sheets should be as limited as possible.
Par ailleurs les éléments de structure en verre requièrent des moyens spécifiques de mise en œuvre pour leur intégration dans les bâtiments. Aussi bien l'assemblage de plusieurs éléments en verre que la jonction avec d'autres éléments de structure, par exemple métalliques ou en béton, implique des moyens de jonction, qui en plus de leurs qualités mécaniques intrinsèques, doivent assurer un assemblage qui ne risque pas de compromettre les qualités propres de la feuille de verre, notamment en soumettant celle-ci a des contraintes localisées excessives.In addition, the glass structural elements require specific means of implementation for their integration in buildings. Both the assembly of several glass elements and the junction with other structural elements, for example metal or concrete, involves junction means, which in addition to their intrinsic mechanical qualities, must ensure assembly that does not risk not to compromise the intrinsic qualities of the glass sheet, in particular by subjecting it to excessive localized stresses.
Les plus grandes dimensions des feuilles de verre sont fonction de leur mode de fabrication. Ceci conditionne aussi les dimensions des éléments de structure que l'on peut mettre en œuvre. Lorsque les éléments sont de dimensions importantes, la pratique, décrite par exemple dans la publication de brevet FR-A- 2 792 347, propose l'assemblage de plusieurs feuilles dans le prolongement les unes des autres. L'assemblage des feuilles est réalisé au moyen d'éclisses formées de plaques métalliques disposées de part et d'autre de la feuille qu'elles enserrent. Les plaques sont maintenues sur la feuille par des tiges de liaison passant dans des trous ménagés dans la feuille de verre. Pour éviter que les tiges en question ne reposent directement sur les parois des trous et risquent d'endommager la feuille de verre, une douille d'un matériau ductile est interposée entre la tige et la paroi du trou. Cette douille est fixée au verre au moyen d'un mortier.The larger dimensions of the glass sheets are a function of their method of manufacture. This also determines the dimensions of the structural elements that can be implemented. When the elements are of significant size, the practice, described for example in the patent publication FR-A-2 792 347, proposes the assembly of several sheets in the extension of each other. The sheets are assembled by means of fishplates formed of metal plates arranged on either side of the sheet which they enclose. The plates are held on the sheet by connecting rods passing through holes in the glass sheet. To prevent the rods in question from resting directly on the walls of the holes and causing damage to the glass sheet, a sleeve of a ductile material is interposed between the rod and the wall of the hole. This socket is fixed to the glass by means of a mortar.
Ces dispositions comportent cependant des inconvénients et des limitations.These provisions, however, have disadvantages and limitations.
La mise en œuvre dans laquelle les plaques constituant les éclisses sont appliquées sur les feuilles de verre pose des problèmes de contact. Pour cette raison la publication enseigne l'utilisation de plaque de matériau "moins rigide" que le verre afin d'éviter d'endommager la feuille de verre. Dans cette mise en œuvre néanmoins la feuille est soumise à une compression importante qui la fragilise considérablement par la modification des contraintes internes de la feuille de verre, contraintes qui résultent des traitements thermiques antérieurs. La compression extérieure exercée est telle que les contraintes superficielles qui conditionnent la résistance du verre sont relâchées.The implementation in which the plates constituting the ribs are applied to the glass sheets poses contact problems. For this reason the publication teaches the use of "less rigid" material plate than glass in order to avoid damage to the glass sheet. In this implementation, however, the sheet is subjected to a significant compression which weakens considerably by the modification of the internal stresses of the glass sheet, constraints that result from previous heat treatments. The external compression exerted is such that the surface stresses which condition the resistance of the glass are relaxed.
Comme indiqué précédemment, les épaisseurs disponibles sont limitées. Pour des épaisseurs plus importantes il est nécessaire d'associer plusieurs feuilles. Par ailleurs, la réglementation concernant l'utilisation sous forme de poutres en verre, autrement dit comme élément de support sensiblement horizontal, pour des raisons de sécurité exige la mise en oeuvre de produits feuilletés.As indicated previously, the thicknesses available are limited. For greater thicknesses it is necessary to associate several sheets. Furthermore, the regulation concerning the use in the form of glass girders, in other words as a substantially horizontal support element, for security reasons requires the use of laminated products.
La formation de produits feuilletés, autrement dit l'association de plusieurs feuilles de verre au moyen d'une ou plusieurs feuilles intercalaires, est incompatible avec la compression dans l'épaisseur imposée par les éclisses. Dans les conditions de compression mises en oeuvre le matériau intercalaire a tendance à fluer altérant la stabilité de l'assemblage. Par ailleurs le choix du mode de fixation des douilles au moyen de mortier est d'une mise en œuvre mal commode D'une part le temps nécessaire au durcissement est trop long, et d'autre part le caractère cassant du mortier n'améliore pas la distribution des efforts sur les parois des trous, sans oublier le caractère corrosif que le mortier présente vis-à-vis du verre.The formation of laminated products, in other words the combination of several sheets of glass by means of one or more interlayers, is incompatible with the compression in the thickness imposed by the splints. Under the compression conditions used, the intermediate material has a tendency to flow, altering the stability of the assembly. Moreover, the choice of the method of fixing the sleeves by means of mortar is an inconvenient implementation On the one hand the time required for hardening is too long, and on the other hand the brittle character of the mortar does not improve the distribution of forces on the walls of the holes, not to mention the corrosive nature that the mortar presents vis-à-vis the glass.
L'invention vise à proposer des améliorations significatives aux éléments de structure réalisés avec des feuilles de verre. L'invention vise aussi la production d'éléments de structure constitués d'ensemble feuilletés.The invention aims to provide significant improvements to the structural elements made with glass sheets. The invention also relates to the production of structural elements consisting of laminated assemblies.
L'invention propose des éléments de structure constitués de feuilles de verre, pour lesquels les moyens mécaniques assemblant les feuilles évitent la compression dans l'épaisseur des feuilles de verre. Ces moyens sont constitués par des plaques rigides situées de part et d'autre des faces des feuilles de verre, reliées entre elles par des ensembles de fixation passés dans des trous ménagés dans les feuilles de verre, la fixation des plaques étant réalisée de telle sorte que les efforts s'exercent essentiellement dans des plans correspondant à ceux des feuilles, à partir des parois des trous ménagés dans les feuilles, par l'intermédiaire des ensembles de fixation.The invention provides structural elements consisting of glass sheets, for which the mechanical means assembling the sheets avoid compression in the thickness of the glass sheets. These means consist of rigid plates located on either side of the faces of the glass sheets, interconnected by fixing assemblies passed through holes in the glass sheets, the fixing of the plates being carried out in such a way that that the forces are exerted essentially in planes corresponding to those of the sheets, from the walls of the holes formed in the leaves, by means of the fixing sets.
Pour éviter la compression des feuilles, l'ensemble des éléments de fixation disposés axialement par rapport aux trous, ensemble comportant les tiges ou manchons, de préférence est axialement de longueur légèrement supérieure à l'épaisseur des feuilles de sorte que les plaques ne portent pas de pression sur les faces de ces feuilles.To avoid compression of the sheets, the set of fasteners arranged axially with respect to the holes, together with the rods or sleeves, is preferably axially slightly longer than the thickness of the sheets so that the plates do not wear. pressure on the faces of these leaves.
La surface de contact des plaques avec les ensembles de fixation axiaux est de préférence plus importante que la section des trous ménagés dans les feuilles de verre. A cet effet les plaques reposent de façon sur le corps des tiges ou manchons, de façon avantageuse par l'intermédiaire d'une virole, laquelle peut aussi être formée par un élément rapporté sur la tige.The contact surface of the plates with the axial fastening assemblies is preferably larger than the section of the holes in the glass sheets. For this purpose the plates rest in a manner on the body of the rods or sleeves, advantageously via a ferrule, which may also be formed by an insert on the rod.
Les plaques sont fixées sur les manchons ou tiges de manière rigide par des moyens traditionnels d'assemblage dont il est donné des exemples plus loin dans la description. Les tiges ou manchons sont par ailleurs scellés aux parois des trous des feuilles par des moyens de collage de nature compatible avec celle des feuilles de verre et des éventuels intercalaires. Il s'agit de préférence de matériaux réticulables rapidement pour simplifier la mise en oeuvre.The plates are fixed to the sleeves or rods rigidly by conventional means of assembly, examples of which are given later in the description. The rods or sleeves are also sealed to the walls of the holes of the sheets by bonding means of a nature compatible with that of the glass sheets and any spacers. It is preferably rapidly crosslinkable materials to simplify the implementation.
Pour conférer à l'ensemble une rigidité satisfaisante, les plaques constituant une éclisse sont fixées l'une à l'autre au moins en trois points. Il va de soi que la rigidité est d'autant mieux assurée que les éléments de fixation sont plus nombreux et plus distants les uns des autres. Néanmoins ces ensembles de fixation sont d'un coût relativement élevé, et l'on s'efforce donc d'en limiter le nombre au strict nécessaire.To give the assembly a satisfactory rigidity, the plates constituting a splint are fixed to one another at least in three points. It goes without saying that the rigidity is all the better ensured that the fasteners are more numerous and more distant from each other. Nevertheless, these fastening assemblies are relatively expensive, and efforts are therefore made to limit their number to what is strictly necessary.
Le cas échéant deux tiges ou manchons suffisent lorsqu'en plus de ceux-ci, un élément tiers par rapport aux feuilles de verre maintien également la disposition des plaques l'une par rapport à l'autre, élément qui assure la triangulation nécessaire. Un tel élément est par exemple utilisé pour fixer l'élément de structure au panneau de verre que l'élément contrevente ou supporte. En l'absence d'un tel élément, il est préférable de disposer au moins trois tiges ou manchons par feuille ou ensemble feuilleté assemblé.Where appropriate two rods or sleeves are sufficient when in addition to these, a third element with respect to the glass sheets also maintains the arrangement of the plates relative to each other, which element provides the necessary triangulation. Such an element is for example used to fix the structural element to the glass panel that the element contravenes or supports. In the absence of such an element, it is preferable to have at least three rods or sleeves per sheet or assembled laminated assembly.
Lors de la mise en œuvre, les ensembles de fixation comprenant les manchons ou tiges peuvent présenter de légers défauts d'alignement vis-à-vis de l'axe des trous des feuilles dans lesquels ils sont insérés. Ces défauts d'alignement sont préjudiciables à une bonne distribution des efforts sur les parois des trous. Pour pallier ces défauts éventuels d'alignement il est avantageux de disposer de moyens permettant leur correction systématique. De tels moyens sont par exemple constitués d'un ensemble formant rotule disposée sur le corps de la tige ou du manchon.In the implementation, the fastening assemblies comprising the sleeves or rods may have slight misalignments with respect to the axis of the holes of the sheets into which they are inserted. These misalignments are detrimental to a good distribution of forces on the walls of the holes. To overcome these potential misalignments it is advantageous to have means for their systematic correction. Such means consist for example of a set forming a ball disposed on the body of the rod or the sleeve.
Comme indiqué précédemment, l'épaisseur des feuilles de verre est fonction des performances recherchées. Pour les éléments structurels de construction devant supporter des charges élevées, on utilise avantageusement des feuilles d'au moins 8 mm d'épaisseur cette épaisseur pouvant aller jusqu'à 25 mm. Au-delà il est nécessaire dans tous les cas, qu'il s'agisse de poutres ou de contreventement, d'utiliser des structures feuilletées rassemblant plusieurs feuilles de verre.As indicated above, the thickness of the glass sheets is a function of the desired performance. For structural structural elements that must withstand high loads, sheets of at least 8 mm thick are advantageously used, this thickness being up to 25 mm. Beyond it is necessary in all cases, whether beams or bracing, to use laminated structures gathering several sheets of glass.
Les feuilletés utilisés sont de type traditionnel. Les matériaux d'assemblages des feuilles de verre entre elles sont bien connus. Des matériaux de ce type sont par exemple des feuilles de polyvinyle butyral (PVB), des résines d'éthylène vinyle acétate (EVA), des résines facilement polymérisables par exposition aux UV etc.The laminates used are of the traditional type. The materials for assembling the glass sheets together are well known. Materials of this type are for example polyvinyl butyral (PVB) sheets, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) resins, resins easily polymerizable by exposure to UV etc.
L'assemblage des feuilles de verre au moyen de ces intercalaires est effectué selon les méthodes également traditionnelles. Pour les matériaux de type PVB l'assemblage se fait par exemple par passage à l'autoclave sous pression.The assembly of the glass sheets by means of these dividers is carried out according to equally traditional methods. For PVB-type materials, the assembly is done for example by autoclaving under pressure.
L'association de plusieurs feuilles de verre au moyen de ces intercalaires conduit à des structures beaucoup plus "épaisses" et donc offrant une grande résistance aux efforts mécaniques dans le plan des feuilles, mais en outre accroît de façon sensible la résistance auThe combination of several sheets of glass by means of these spacers leads to structures much "thicker" and therefore offering great resistance to mechanical forces in the plane of the sheets, but also significantly increases the resistance to
"flambage" de ces éléments."buckling" of these elements.
Les éléments selon l'invention comportent avantageusement deux feuilles de verre ou plus, associées au moyen de feuilles intercalaires.The elements according to the invention advantageously comprise two or more glass sheets, associated by means of interlayer sheets.
La structure en feuilles multiples confère une résistance améliorée à épaisseur totale de verre constante, en raison des contraintes de surface propre à chaque feuille. Cependant la multiplication des feuilles entraîne vite des difficultés certaines d'assemblage. Pour cette raison un compromis est nécessaire. Les éléments selon l'invention comportent le plus souvent deux ou trois feuilles.The multiple sheet structure provides improved resistance to constant total glass thickness, due to the surface stresses of each sheet. However, the multiplication of the leaves quickly brings about certain difficulties of assembly. For this reason a compromise is necessary. The elements according to the invention most often comprise two or three sheets.
En dehors des feuilles de verre et des matériaux intercalaires, les éléments de structure feuilletés peuvent encore comporter des composants additionnels destinés à en améliorer les qualités mécaniques ou à constituer des motifs décoratifs. Il est possible en particulier d'insérer dans les feuilletés des moyens de renfort, fils métalliques, rubans, plaques etc. De la même façon, les feuilles de verre étant le plus souvent transparentes, des éléments insérés dans les feuilletés peuvent former des motifs à caractère purement décoratif. Les feuilles de verre, les intercalaires peuvent aussi être de couleur. Les feuilles peuvent aussi être revêtues de motifs notamment sous forme de couches émaillées.Apart from glass sheets and interlayer materials, the laminated structural elements may further comprise additional components intended to improve the mechanical properties thereof or to constitute decorative motifs. It is possible in particular to insert in the laminates reinforcement means, metal wires, ribbons, plates, etc. In the same way, the glass sheets being most often transparent, elements inserted into the laminates can form purely decorative patterns. The glass sheets, the dividers can also be colored. The sheets can also be coated with patterns, especially in the form of enamelled layers.
Les éléments de structure réalisés selon l'invention peuvent atteindre des dimensions très importantes compte tenu de la qualité des assemblages utilisés. Si en pratique, les plus grandes longueurs disponibles d'une seule pièce de verre ne dépassent pas 6 mètres, la mise en œuvre de l'invention conduit à des structures qui peuvent atteindre ou même dépasser une quinzaine de mètres par association de plusieurs feuilles (trois ou quatre) dans le prolongement les unes des autres.The structural elements made according to the invention can reach very large dimensions given the quality of the assemblies used. If in practice, the largest available lengths of a single piece of glass do not exceed 6 meters, the implementation of the invention leads to structures that can reach or even exceed fifteen meters by association of several sheets ( three or four) in the extension of each other.
L'invention est décrite dans la suite de façon détaillée à l'aide d'exemples et en faisant référence aux figures dans lesquelles:The invention is described in detail below with the aid of examples and with reference to the figures in which:
- la figure la est une vue de côté d'un contreventement selon l'invention, de petite dimension telle qu'une feuille suffise pour toute la longueur;- Figure la is a side view of a brace according to the invention, of small size such that a sheet suffice for the entire length;
- la figure Ib est analogue à la précédente, mais pour une dimension sensiblement plus grande le contreventement est formé de trois éléments assemblés au moyen de deux éclisses intermédiaires;- Figure Ib is similar to the previous one, but for a significantly larger dimension the brace is formed of three elements assembled by means of two intermediate splints;
- la figure 2 montre un mode de réalisation de la fixation d'une éclisse dans le cas d'un élément feuilleté composé de deux feuilles de verre réunies par une feuille intercalaire;- Figure 2 shows an embodiment of the attachment of a splice in the case of a laminated element consisting of two glass sheets joined by a spacer sheet;
- la figure 3, analogue à la figure 2, présente un autre mode de fixation selon l'invention;FIG. 3, similar to FIG. 2, presents another embodiment of attachment according to the invention;
- la figure 4a présente le positionnement d'une éclisse selon l'invention sur un contreventement;- Figure 4a shows the positioning of a splint according to the invention on a brace;
- la figure 4b montre l'éclisse de la figure 4a vue de face;- Figure 4b shows the splint of Figure 4a front view;
- la figure 5a montre un mode de fixation supérieur d'un contreventement selon l'invention;- Figure 5a shows a higher attachment mode of a brace according to the invention;
- la figure 5b est une vue de face de la figure 5a - les figures 6a et 6b sont analogues aux figures 5a et 5b, pour un mode de réalisation d'une fixation inférieure du contreventement;FIG. 5b is a front view of FIG. 5a FIGS. 6a and 6b are similar to FIGS. 5a and 5b, for one embodiment of a lower attachment of the brace;
- les figures 7a et 7b illustrent un mode de fixation des contreventements selon l'invention aux parois le long desquelles ces contreventements sont disposés.FIGS. 7a and 7b illustrate a method of fixing the braces according to the invention to the walls along which these braces are arranged.
La figure la montre une utilisation typique d'un contreventement tel qu'utilisé selon l'invention. Ces contreventements sont ordinairement associés à des vitrages verticaux de grandes dimensions utilisés en façade de bâtiments.Figure la shows a typical use of bracing as used according to the invention. These braces are usually associated with large vertical windows used in building facades.
Le contreventement 1, est disposé verticalement entre des éléments 2, 3 de structure du bâtiment, en partie haute et basse, par l'intermédiaire d'éclisses 4, 5 de fixation détaillées ultérieurement à propos des figures 5 et 6.The bracing 1, is arranged vertically between elements 2, 3 of the building structure, in the upper and lower part, by means of splicing plates 4, 5 detailed later with reference to Figures 5 and 6.
Le contreventement 1 est disposé dans un plan perpendiculaire à celui du vitrage 6 qu'il renforce. Dans sa longueur, il est fixé en plusieurs points du vitrage, par l'intermédiaire de pattes de fixation 7, 8, 9, 10.The bracing 1 is disposed in a plane perpendicular to that of the glazing 6 that it reinforces. In its length, it is fixed at several points of the glazing, by means of fixing lugs 7, 8, 9, 10.
Le même type de construction est présenté à la figure Ib. Pour cet exemple correspondant à une hauteur qui peut typiquement atteindre jusqu'à 15 mètres de hauteur (contre au plus 6 mètres pour la configuration de la figure la), le contreventement est formé de trois éléments assemblés au moyen de deux éclisses 11, 12. Dans la forme présentée, les éclisses sont aussi utilisées pour fixer au contreventement les pattes de fixation au vitrage 6.The same type of construction is shown in Figure Ib. For this example corresponding to a height that can typically reach up to 15 meters in height (against at most 6 meters for the configuration of Figure la), the bracing is formed of three elements assembled by means of two fishplates 11, 12. In the form shown, the fishplates are also used to fix the brackets to the brace 6.
Un mode de mise en œuvre des éléments de fixation des feuilles constituant les éléments de structure selon l'invention est illustré à la figure 2.One embodiment of the sheet fastening elements constituting the structural elements according to the invention is illustrated in FIG. 2.
Dans cette réalisation, de même que toute dans toutes celles faisant l'objet des figures, on a choisi de montrer des poutres ou contreventements constitués de deux feuilles de verre assemblées au moyen d'une feuille intercalaire. Cette configuration n'est pas restrictive.In this embodiment, as well as in all those in the figures, it has been chosen to show beams or braces consisting of two sheets of glass assembled by means of an interlayer sheet. This configuration is not restrictive.
Les mêmes éléments faisant l'objet des figures 2 et 3 peuvent être mis en œuvre avec des feuilles simples ou des feuilletés comportant plus de deux feuilles de verre.The same elements shown in Figures 2 and 3 can be implemented with single sheets or laminates comprising more than two sheets of glass.
La figure 2 montre un détail partiellement en coupe de ce mode d'assemblage. Les feuilles de verre 13, 14 sont réunies au moyen d'une feuille intercalaire 15, par exemple de PVB, EVA ou analogue.Figure 2 shows a partially sectional detail of this method of assembly. The glass sheets 13, 14 are joined by means of an interlayer sheet 15, for example PVB, EVA or the like.
Elles sont percées d'un trou cylindrique dans lequel vient s'insérer l'ensemble de fixation 16.They are pierced with a cylindrical hole in which is inserted the fixing assembly 16.
L'ensemble de fixation comporte une tige centrale 17 sur laquelle viennent se fixer les platines 18, 19 telles que celles entrant dans la constitution des éclisses 4, 5,11, 12 ou les pattes de fixation 7,The fixing assembly comprises a central rod 17 on which are fixed the plates 18, 19 such as those forming the struts 4, 5, 11, 12 or the fixing lugs 7,
8, 9 ou 10. Dans la suite, par mesure de simplicité, il est fait référence seulement aux éclisses.8, 9 or 10. In the following, for the sake of simplicity, reference is made only to fishplates.
Les platines 18, 19 par construction sont maintenues de manière à ne pas presser la surface des feuilles de verre 13 et 14. Pour cela, la platine 19 repose sur une collerette 20 de la tige centrale 17 présentée non hachurée. Une rondelle 21 vient serrer la platine 19 sur la collerette 20 par l'intermédiaire d'une vis 22. qui se loge dans le filetage ménagé à cet effet dans la tige centrale 17.The plates 18, 19 by construction are maintained so as not to squeeze the surface of the glass sheets 13 and 14. For this, the plate 19 rests on a flange 20 of the central rod 17 presented unhatched. A washer 21 tightens the plate 19 on the flange 20 by means of a screw 22. which is housed in the thread formed for this purpose in the central rod 17.
De façon analogue la platine 18 est maintenue en position par l'intermédiaire d'une virole 23, et d'une rotule 24, contre l'épaulement 25 de la tige centrale. Une rondelle 26 et la vis 27 qui vient se loger dans le filetage correspondant de la tige 17, assurent le serrage de cette platine 18.Similarly, the plate 18 is held in position by means of a shell 23, and a ball 24, against the shoulder 25 of the central rod. A washer 26 and the screw 27 which is housed in the corresponding thread of the rod 17, ensure the clamping of this plate 18.
De manière préférée, la virole 23 est filetée de même que la partie correspondante de la tige 17. Dans ce cas la virole 23 bloque la rotule 24 directement contre l'épaulement 25, indépendamment de l'action de la vis 27.Preferably, the ferrule 23 is threaded as is the corresponding part of the rod 17. In this case the collar 23 blocks the ball 24 directly against the shoulder 25, independently of the action of the screw 27.
Des rondelles 28, 29, centrent les platines 18 et 19 par rapport à la tige 17.Washers 28, 29 center the plates 18 and 19 with respect to the rod 17.
Dans la forme présentée l'ensemble de fixation 16 comprend une rotule 24, et un anneau cylindrique 30 dans lequel vient se loger la rotule. Cet ensemble est tel qu'il permet un ajustement angulaire pour rattraper les irrégularités d'alignement dans l'axe du trou.In the form shown, the fastening assembly 16 comprises a ball 24 and a cylindrical ring 30 in which the ball is housed. This set is such that it allows an adjustment angular to catch the alignment irregularities in the axis of the hole.
Un assemblage simplifié consisterait en un manchon cylindrique inséré dans une bague ou anneau correspondant. Le système à rotule, un peu plus complexe est cependant préféré, en raison du fait qu'il permet d'éviter les risques liés à des efforts mal répartis en raison de défauts d'alignement toujours possibles.A simplified assembly would consist of a cylindrical sleeve inserted into a corresponding ring or ring. The spherical system, a little more complex is however preferred, because it avoids the risks of poorly distributed efforts due to misalignment always possible.
Le scellement de l'anneau 30 dans le trou ménagé dans les feuilles de verre est obtenu au moyen d'une résine 31, polymérisée in situ. Le maintien en position axiale de l'anneau 30 par rapport aux feuilles de verre est obtenu en ménageant par exemple des chanfreins 32, 33 correspondant à l'abattement des arêtes internes du trou sur chacune des feuilles de verre. Ces chanfreins réunis forment une sorte rainure que la résine vient remplir. Après durcissement la résine se trouve en conséquence bloquée axialement empêchant tout déplacement. De la même façon l'anneau 30 présente soit une rainure soit une nervure 34, qui empêche les déplacements axiaux.The sealing of the ring 30 in the hole formed in the glass sheets is obtained by means of a resin 31, polymerized in situ. The axial retention of the ring 30 with respect to the glass sheets is obtained by providing for example chamfers 32, 33 corresponding to the reduction of the internal edges of the hole on each of the glass sheets. These joined chamfers form a kind of groove that the resin comes to fill. After curing, the resin is consequently blocked axially preventing any displacement. In the same way the ring 30 has either a groove or a rib 34, which prevents axial displacements.
Additionnelle ment, pour améliorer le centrage des différents éléments les uns par rapport aux autres, les rondelles 28 et 29 peuvent être de type à excentrique comme représenté à la figure 3.Additionally, to improve the centering of the various elements relative to each other, the washers 28 and 29 may be eccentric type as shown in Figure 3.
Le mode d'assemblage selon l'invention fait porter les efforts non sur les faces des feuilles de verre 13 et 14, mais sur les parois du trou dans lequel cet ensemble 16 est logé. En pratique l'essentiel de l'effort est porté dans le plan des feuilles, et par l'intermédiaire de l'anneau 30 et de la résine de scellement 33 se distribue de façon régulière sur toute la surface des parois. Le risque d'appuis ponctuels pouvant amorcer des ruptures des feuilles de verre est ainsi évité.The method of assembly according to the invention makes efforts not on the faces of the glass sheets 13 and 14, but on the walls of the hole in which this assembly 16 is housed. In practice most of the effort is carried in the plane of the sheets, and through the ring 30 and the sealing resin 33 is distributed evenly over the entire surface of the walls. The risk of punctual supports that can initiate breakage of the glass sheets is thus avoided.
Dans les modes représentés aux figures 2 et 3, les platines sont écartées des feuilles de verre évitant tout effort sur les faces de celles-ci. Les dimensions des éléments constituant l'ensemble 16 de fixation sont choisies en conséquence. Bien évidemment les platines peuvent aussi être disposées au contact avec les faces des feuilles de verre, mais dans tous les cas le choix de l'ensemble de fixation 16, doit être tel que la pression exercée reste sans incidence significative sur les efforts mis en œuvre pour la fixation considérée.In the modes shown in Figures 2 and 3, the plates are spaced apart from the glass sheets avoiding any effort on the faces thereof. The dimensions of the elements constituting the fastening assembly 16 are chosen accordingly. Of course the plates can also be arranged in contact with the faces of the glass sheets, but in all cases the choice of the fixing assembly 16, must be such that the pressure exerted remains without significant impact on the efforts made for the fixation in question.
Les figures 4a et 4b représentent le détail d'une éclisse intermédiaire tel que représenté en 11 et 12 sur la figure Ib.Figures 4a and 4b show the detail of an intermediate splint as shown at 11 and 12 in Figure Ib.
L'éclisse 34 est constituée de deux platines 18, 19 ajourées pour limiter au mieux les surfaces du verre masquées par ces platines tout en maintenant la rigidité nécessaire. Les platines sont avantageusement en acier inox. Les platines sont disposées de telle sorte qu'elles recouvrent les extrémités de deux éléments 35, 36 du contreventement. Chaque élément est constitué, dans la forme représentée, par deux feuilles de verre réunies par un intercalaire. Les éléments 35, 36, sont dans le prolongement l'un de l'autre ne laissant qu'un intervalle destiné à éviter tout contact entre les extrémités des feuilles.The splint 34 consists of two plates 18, 19 perforated to best limit the surfaces of the glass masked by these plates while maintaining the necessary rigidity. The plates are advantageously made of stainless steel. The plates are arranged so that they cover the ends of two elements 35, 36 of the brace. Each element is constituted, in the form shown, by two sheets of glass joined by an interlayer. The elements 35, 36, are in the extension of each other leaving only a gap to prevent contact between the ends of the sheets.
Dans la forme présentée chaque extrémité des élémentsIn the form presented each end of the elements
35, 36 est tenue dans l'éclisse 34 au moyen de 4 fixations 37, du type décrit précédemment en référence aux figures 2 et 3. Le nombre de ces fixations est au moins trois pour maintenir les platines parallèlement aux feuilles de verre. Le nombre effectif tient compte des efforts que doivent supporter ces fixations, efforts s'exerçant essentiellement dans le plan du contreventement.35, 36 is held in the splice 34 by means of 4 fasteners 37, of the type described above with reference to Figures 2 and 3. The number of these fasteners is at least three to maintain the plates parallel to the glass sheets. The effective number takes into account the efforts that these fixations have to bear, efforts being exerted essentially in the plane of the bracing.
La dimension et la position des fixations et donc des passages dans les feuilles de verre notamment par rapport aux bords des feuilles, est fonction de la résistance des feuilles. Ces données d'usage, bien connues, conduisent par exemple à faire en sorte que la distance du bord des trous au bord le plus proche d'une feuille de verre, tienne compte notamment du diamètre de ces trous.The size and position of the fasteners and therefore of the passages in the glass sheets, especially with respect to the edges of the sheets, is a function of the strength of the sheets. These user data, well known, lead for example to ensure that the distance from the edge of the holes near the edge closest to a glass sheet, take into account in particular the diameter of these holes.
Les figures 4a et 4b montrent également l'utilisation qui demeure éventuelle, de câbles ou rodes anti-déversement 38, 39 qui s'étendent transversalement au contreventement, et sont fixés sur l'éclisse 34. Ces câbles, et particulièrement celui qui se situe de façon distale par rapport aux parois vitrées contreventées, préviennent un fléchissement latéral. L'utilisation de ces câbles n'est bien entendu avantageuse que pour les poutres présentant de très grandes dimensions. Par ailleurs la disposition représentée sensiblement perpendiculaire au plan du contreventement n'est pas la seule possible. Ces câbles ou rodes peuvent être disposés de manière plus ou moins inclinée par rapport au plan du contreventement.FIGS. 4a and 4b also show the possible use of anti-spill cables or rodes 38, 39 which extend transversely to the bracing, and are fixed on the splice 34. These cables, and particularly that which is situated distal to the braced glass walls prevent lateral deflection. The use of these cables is of course advantageous only for beams with very large dimensions. Moreover, the arrangement represented substantially perpendicular to the plane of the bracing is not the only possible. These cables or rodes may be arranged more or less inclined relative to the plane of the brace.
La figure 4a montre encore une patte 40, de fixation duFIG. 4a also shows a tab 40 for fixing the
5 contreventement à la paroi contreventée. Cette patte est par exemple formée de deux éléments venant en fixation sur la paroi vitrée. Le détail d'un mode de réalisation de cette patte est représenté aux figures5 bracing to the braced wall. This tab is for example formed of two elements coming in fixing on the glass wall. The detail of an embodiment of this tab is shown in FIGS.
7a et 7b.7a and 7b.
La fixation du contreventement en partie haute sur la JO structure du bâtiment peut être réalisée comme représenté aux figures 5a et 5b.Fixing the bracing at the top on the JO building structure can be performed as shown in Figures 5a and 5b.
Le contreventement est maintenu par l'intermédiaire d'une éclisse d'extrémité 41, comprenant deux plaques rigides 42, 43 fixées à l'extrémité des feuilles de verre 13, 14, au moyen d'ensembles de J 5 fixation 16, tels que décrits précédemment à la figures 2 ou à la figure 3. Trois ensembles 16 sont disposés pour garantir la disposition des plaques rigides 42, 43 vis-à-vis des feuilles de verre sans comprimer celles-ci.The bracing is maintained by means of an end splice 41, comprising two rigid plates 42, 43 fixed to the end of the glass sheets 13, 14, by means of fixing assemblies 16, such as described above in FIG. 2 or in FIG. 3. Three sets 16 are arranged to guarantee the arrangement of the rigid plates 42, 43 with respect to the glass sheets without compressing them.
La fixation de l'éclisse 41 sur l'élément de structure du 0 bâtiment, par exemple une poutre métallique 44, est réalisée, dans l'exemple présenté, par un ensemble d'une tige filetée et d'écrous selon un mode usuel pour ce type d'assemblage.Fixing the splint 41 on the structural element of the building, for example a metal beam 44, is produced, in the example presented, by an assembly of a threaded rod and nuts in a conventional manner for this type of assembly.
Une disposition analogue peut être adoptée pour la fixation du contreventement en partie basse. Un mode de réalisation en 5 est présenté aux figures 6a et 6b.A similar provision may be adopted for fixing the bracing at the bottom. An embodiment at 5 is shown in Figures 6a and 6b.
Comme précédemment les feuilles de verre sont maintenues par une éclisse d'extrémité 45, comprenant deux feuilles rigides 46, 47 fixées aux feuilles de verre au moyen d'ensembles 16 du type décrit précédemment. Comme pour l'éclisse supérieure 41, au 0 moins trois ensembles de fixation 16 sont nécessaires pour maintenir en position les plaques 46, 47 vis-à-vis des feuilles de verre 13, 14.As previously, the glass sheets are held by an end splice 45, comprising two rigid sheets 46, 47 fixed to the glass sheets by means of assemblies 16 of the type previously described. As for the upper splint 41, at least three fastening assemblies 16 are necessary to hold the plates 46, 47 in position relative to the glass sheets 13, 14.
L'éclisse 45 est rattachée à l'élément de structure du bâtiment 48 comme précédemment par exemple au moyen d'une tige filetée et d'écrous. Dans le mode présenté la fixation est pourvue d'une glissière laissant un débattement longitudinal suffisant pour permettre les variations dimensionnelles notamment en fonction de la dilatation relative du contreventement et de la structure sur laquelle celui-ci est fixé.The splint 45 is attached to the structural element of the building 48 as previously for example by means of a rod threaded and nuts. In the presented mode the fastening is provided with a slideway leaving a longitudinal clearance sufficient to allow dimensional variations, in particular as a function of the relative expansion of the bracing and the structure on which it is fixed.
Des pattes de fixation du contreventement à la façade sont présentées aux figures 7a et 7b.Fixing brackets of the bracing to the facade are shown in Figures 7a and 7b.
Les pattes 40 ont pour rôle d'assurer la fixation du contreventement à la paroi 51, constituée par exemple d'une feuille de verre. La patte 40, comme les éclisses, est rattachée aux feuilles constituant le contreventement par l'intermédiaire d'un ensemble de fixation 16 du type représenté à la figure 2. En pratique un seul ensemble 16 est utilisé les efforts étant seulement dirigés dans le plan du vitrage, autrement dit celui des feuilles de verre 13, 14. D'autre part les plaques 49, 50 de la patte sont maintenues également à distance des feuilles et l'une part rapport à l'autre par une entretoise 52 sur laquelle elles sont fixées au moyen par exemple de vis. Le rattachement à la paroi 51 se fait par l'intermédiaire de l'entretoise 52 sur laquelle la paroi est maintenue également par l'intermédiaire de vis 55.The tabs 40 have the role of ensuring the attachment of the brace to the wall 51, consisting for example of a glass sheet. The tab 40, like the ribs, is attached to the leaves constituting the brace via a fastening assembly 16 of the type shown in FIG. 2. In practice only one set 16 is used, the forces being only directed in the plane of the glazing, in other words that of the glass sheets 13, 14. On the other hand the plates 49, 50 of the tab are also kept at a distance from the sheets and the one part relative to the other by a spacer 52 on which they are fixed by means for example of screws. The attachment to the wall 51 is via the spacer 52 on which the wall is also maintained by means of screws 55.
De manière complémentaire un câble ou rode 56, peut compléter l'ensemble. Ce câble 56 s'étend le long du contreventement et se fixe à ses deux extrémités sur les éléments de structure du bâtiment. L'usage de ce câble est avantageux pour supporter le poids de la paroi 51 en des points intermédiaires de sa hauteur.Complementarily cable or rode 56, can complete the set. This cable 56 extends along the bracing and is fixed at both ends on the structural elements of the building. The use of this cable is advantageous for supporting the weight of the wall 51 at intermediate points of its height.
Un manchon fileté 57, solidaire du câble 56, passe dans le logement cylindrique correspondant ménagé dans l'entretoise 52. Ce manchon est maintenu en position par serrage des écrous 58 situés de part et d'autre de l'entretoise 52.A threaded sleeve 57, integral with the cable 56, passes into the corresponding cylindrical housing formed in the spacer 52. This sleeve is held in position by tightening the nuts 58 located on either side of the spacer 52.
A titre d'essai des poutres selon l'invention sont soumises à des tests de résistance et de déformation. Pour ces essais les poutres sont constituées de deux feuilles de verre trempé de 15mm d'épaisseur chacune. Elles sont assemblées de façon traditionnelle au moyen d'une feuille d'éthylène vinyle acétate de 0,4mm d'épaisseur. Une poutre de 12m de longueur est réalisée selon le modèle présenté à la figure Ib. Elle est constituée de trois parties assemblées au moyen de deux éclisses intermédiaires et fixées à ses extrémités.As a test of the beams according to the invention are subjected to stress and strain tests. For these tests the beams consist of two sheets of tempered glass 15mm thick each. They are assembled in a traditional way using a sheet of ethylene vinyl acetate 0.4 mm thick. A beam 12 m in length is made according to the model shown in Figure Ib. It consists of three parts assembled by means of two intermediate splints and fixed at its ends.
Soumise à une charge distribuée en trois points de la poutre situés au niveau des éclisses et au milieu de la poutre, celle-ci résiste à une charge à la rupture de 7800 daN.Subject to a load distributed in three points of the beam located at the level of the splices and in the middle of the beam, this one withstands a breaking load of 7800 daN.
Les poutres selon l'invention sont réalisables en feuilles de verre de préférence trempé, pour garantir en cas de bris la formation de morceaux de petites dimensions. Néanmoins les feuilles peuvent aussi être en verre durci ou recuit. The beams according to the invention are made of preferably tempered glass sheets, to guarantee in the event of breakage the formation of pieces of small dimensions. Nevertheless, the leaves can also be hardened or annealed glass.

Claims

REVENDICATIONS
1. Elément structurel de construction comprenant une ou plusieurs feuilles de verre monolithiques ou feuilletées, tel que poutre ou contreventement, caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte des moyens de fixation à la structure du bâtiment ou de la paroi1. Construction structural element comprising one or more monolithic or laminated glass sheets, such as beam or bracing, characterized in that it comprises means for fixing the structure of the building or the wall
5 contreventée, ces moyens servant éventuellement à l'association de plusieurs éléments dans le prolongement les uns des autres, ces moyens de fixation étant réalisés de façon telle qu'ils n'impliquent pas de compression des feuilles de verre dans leur épaisseur.Braced, these means possibly serving to the association of several elements in the extension of each other, these fixing means being made in such a way that they do not involve compression of the glass sheets in their thickness.
2. Elément structurel de construction selon la JO revendication 1, dans lequel, les moyens de fixation comprennent des plaques rigides disposées de part et d'autre des feuilles de verre, plaques sensiblement parallèles à ces feuilles, ces plaques étant réunies et maintenues à distance l'une de l'autre par des ensembles de fixation les maintenant de manière rigide, ces ensembles comprenant des J 5 manchons ou tiges passant dans des trous ménagés dans les feuilles de verre, ces manchons ou tiges reposant sur des anneaux scellés dans les parois des trous des feuilles au moyen d'un liant.2. Building structural element according to OJ claim 1, wherein the fastening means comprise rigid plates arranged on either side of the glass sheets, plates substantially parallel to these sheets, these plates being joined together and maintained at a distance. from each other by fastening assemblies holding them rigidly, these assemblies comprising sleeves or rods passing through holes in the glass sheets, these sleeves or rods resting on rings sealed in the walls; leaf holes by means of a binder.
3. Elément structurel de construction selon la revendication 2, dans lequel le manchon ou la tige porte une rotule qui 0 s'articule sur l'anneau scellé dans les trous ménagés dans les feuilles de verre.A construction structural member according to claim 2, wherein the sleeve or rod carries a ball joint which articulates with the sealed ring in the holes in the glass sheets.
4. Elément structurel de construction selon la revendication 2 ou la revendication 3 dans lequel, l'anneau scellé au moyen d'un liant comporte une rainure ou nervure assurant son 5 maintien axial.4. Construction structural element according to claim 2 or claim 3 wherein the ring sealed by means of a binder comprises a groove or rib ensuring its axial retention.
5. Elément structurel de construction selon l'une des revendications 2 à 4, dans lequel une rainure est formée au sein des parois des trous des feuilles pour maintenir le matériau de scellement contre les efforts axiaux.5. Structural structural element according to one of claims 2 to 4, wherein a groove is formed within the walls of the leaf holes to maintain the sealing material against axial forces.
6. Elément structurel de construction selon l'une des revendications 2 à 5 dans lequel, le manchon est centré dans des6. Structural structural element according to one of claims 2 to 5 wherein the sleeve is centered in
5 ouvertures des plaques de fixation par un ensemble excentrique.5 openings of the fixing plates by an eccentric assembly.
7. Elément structurel de construction selon l'une des revendications 2 à 6, dans lequel les plaques sont réunies par au moins trois ensembles de fixation.7. Structural structural element according to one of claims 2 to 6, wherein the plates are joined by at least three sets of fasteners.
8. Elément structurel de construction selon l'une des JO revendications 1 à 6, rattaché à la paroi supportée ou contreventée, au moyen de pattes qui sont soit fixées directement à la poutre ou au contreventement, au moyen d'au moins un ensemble de fixation tel que ceux utilisés selon l'une des revendications 2 à 6 pour réunir les plaques rigides de ces éléments structurels.8. Structural structural element according to one of the OJ claims 1 to 6, attached to the wall supported or braced, by means of tabs which are either fixed directly to the beam or bracing, by means of at least one set of fastening such as those used according to one of claims 2 to 6 for joining the rigid plates of these structural elements.
J 5 9. Elément structurel de construction selon l'une des revendications 1 à 8, dans lequel des câbles ou rodes anti-déversement sont disposés transversalement au plan des feuilles de verre, ces câbles ou rodes étant fixés sur la ou les éclisses intermédiaires. 9. Structural structural element according to one of claims 1 to 8, wherein anti-spill cables or rodes are arranged transversely to the plane of the glass sheets, these cables or rodes being fixed on the intermediate or splints.
PCT/EP2006/062775 2005-05-31 2006-05-31 Glass structural building element WO2006128887A1 (en)

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BE2005/0267A BE1016607A3 (en) 2005-05-31 2005-05-31 Structural element of construction glass.
BE2005/0267 2005-05-31

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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2009122269A1 (en) 2008-04-03 2009-10-08 Universidade Do Minho Composite wood-glass structural panel and process for producing same
WO2009141714A2 (en) 2008-05-21 2009-11-26 Universidade Do Minho Combined wood-glass skeleton structure and process of producing same
DE102011018534A1 (en) * 2011-04-26 2012-10-31 Josef Gartner Gmbh Carrying element of glass

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0201212A1 (en) * 1985-04-16 1986-11-12 Hugh John Dutton Architectural mounting for plate glass
DE19541810A1 (en) * 1995-11-09 1997-05-15 Wagner Juergen Dipl Kaufm Clamp device for fixture of glass plates, especially bent and plain compound safety glass
FR2792347A1 (en) * 1999-04-19 2000-10-20 Scient Et Tech Du Batiment Cst Structural fixing element for glass panes and panels in the construction industry, utilizes resilient inserts between the fixing plates
DE20019188U1 (en) * 2000-11-10 2001-02-08 Orbach Joachim Device for mounting a laminated safety glass plate

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0201212A1 (en) * 1985-04-16 1986-11-12 Hugh John Dutton Architectural mounting for plate glass
DE19541810A1 (en) * 1995-11-09 1997-05-15 Wagner Juergen Dipl Kaufm Clamp device for fixture of glass plates, especially bent and plain compound safety glass
FR2792347A1 (en) * 1999-04-19 2000-10-20 Scient Et Tech Du Batiment Cst Structural fixing element for glass panes and panels in the construction industry, utilizes resilient inserts between the fixing plates
DE20019188U1 (en) * 2000-11-10 2001-02-08 Orbach Joachim Device for mounting a laminated safety glass plate

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2009122269A1 (en) 2008-04-03 2009-10-08 Universidade Do Minho Composite wood-glass structural panel and process for producing same
WO2009141714A2 (en) 2008-05-21 2009-11-26 Universidade Do Minho Combined wood-glass skeleton structure and process of producing same
DE102011018534A1 (en) * 2011-04-26 2012-10-31 Josef Gartner Gmbh Carrying element of glass

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EP1899544A1 (en) 2008-03-19
RU2007148738A (en) 2009-07-20
BE1016607A3 (en) 2007-02-06

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