WO2006106770A1 - 送信システム、送信方法、受信システム及び受信方法 - Google Patents
送信システム、送信方法、受信システム及び受信方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2006106770A1 WO2006106770A1 PCT/JP2006/306541 JP2006306541W WO2006106770A1 WO 2006106770 A1 WO2006106770 A1 WO 2006106770A1 JP 2006306541 W JP2006306541 W JP 2006306541W WO 2006106770 A1 WO2006106770 A1 WO 2006106770A1
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- code stream
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
- H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
- H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
- H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
- H04B7/0613—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission
- H04B7/0667—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of delayed versions of same signal
- H04B7/0669—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of delayed versions of same signal using different channel coding between antennas
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
- H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
- H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
- H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
- H04B7/0613—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission
- H04B7/0678—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission using different spreading codes between antennas
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
- H04L1/02—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by diversity reception
- H04L1/06—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by diversity reception using space diversity
- H04L1/0618—Space-time coding
- H04L1/0637—Properties of the code
- H04L1/0643—Properties of the code block codes
Definitions
- Transmission system transmission method, reception system, and reception method
- the present invention relates to transmission / reception of a space-time transmission sequence in a multi-antenna CDMA wireless communication system. Specifically, the transmission sequence has orthogonality, and a received signal is detected with low complexity on the receiving side.
- the present invention relates to a transmission system, a transmission method and a reception system corresponding to the transmission method.
- MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
- 3G and 4G cellular systems fixed wireless access systems and wireless local area networks
- Non-patent Document 1 wireless local area networks.
- MIMO systems are broadly divided into two types: spatial diversity systems and multiple access systems, each with different characteristics and advantages.
- STTD Space-Time block coding based Transmit Diversity
- STTD has a special orthogonal design, and it has attracted widespread attention in academia and industry due to its superior performance and feasibility, and is now the most studied and used space-time coding and modulation technology.
- the codec method adopted and adopted formally in WCDMA Proposal 3G TS 25.221 (Non-Patent Document 6) is a typical 2 ⁇ 2 space-time block code.
- a multiple access system transmits a bit stream after serial Z parallel (S / P) conversion using different antennas, identifies different data transmitted simultaneously using the independence of different antenna radio channels, and Increase capacity.
- a multi-access system is the V — BLAST system.
- the V-BLAST system has a large capacity, has spatial diversity capability, and receives more than the number of transmit antennas to distinguish different data transmitted at the same time.
- the number of antennas on the side is required.
- the size and portability requirements of mobile phones limit the number of antennas.
- MPD Multi-Path Diversity
- 3GPP Non-Patent Document 2
- Non-Patent Document 4 Non-Patent Document 5
- MPD does not require more receiving antennas than the number of transmitting antennas that have the same throughput rate as V—BLAST.
- the SZP conversion unit 81 performs SZP conversion on the code stream from the data source, and the two codes of the first code stream s and the second code stream s are obtained. Get the stream.
- the first code stream s and the second code stream s are branched, and one of them is split.
- the first normalization means 82 performs normality processing such as multiplying the codes of the first code stream and the second code stream by a constant 1/2 so that the power of the transmitted code is 1. Is called.
- the normalized code stream is then spread by the first spreading means 83. For example, a specific spreading code and a code to be spread are multiplied to output the first spreading sequence and the second spreading sequence of the first pass.
- the code stream of the other branch is input to the STTD code input means 84, and the following processing (1) is performed.
- the STTD code key means 84 outputs a code stream s * and s through the STTD code key.
- Normalization processing such as multiplication by 2 is performed.
- the output code stream is subjected to spreading processing by the second spreading means 86, and the first spreading sequence of the second pass is multiplied by the specific spreading code and the code stream to be spread. Two spreading sequences are output.
- the first spreading sequence and the second spreading sequence of the second path are delayed by one chip by the delay means 87, and then the first spreading sequence of the second path delayed by the synthesizing means 88.
- the second spreading sequence is added to the first spreading sequence and the second spreading sequence in the first pass after spreading, respectively. Sent through antenna.
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing a configuration of the MPD receiving system.
- a signal that has also received the receiving antenna force is input to the despreading means 91 and subjected to despreading processing. That is, the inner product is taken using the corresponding spreading code vector and the chip vector of the received code.
- Non-Patent Document 1 TS Rappaport, A. Annamalai, RMBuehrer, and WH Tranter, "W ireless communications: past events and a luture perspective," IEEE Commun. Mag., Vol. 40, no. 5, Part: Anniversary, pp. 148 -161, May 2002.
- Non-Patent Document 2 Nortel, “Multi-paths diversity for MIMO (MPD)", 3GPP TSG RAN W Gl, Rl-030565
- Non-Patent Document 3 Nortel, “Multi-paths diversity for MIMO (MPD)", 3GPP TSG RAN W Gl, NY, Rl-030760
- Non-Patent Document 4 Nortel, “Further results on Multi-Paths Diversity for MIMO (MPD))", 3GPP TSG RAN WG1, NY, Rl- 031102
- Non-Patent Document 5 Nortel, "Rate Control for MPD", 3GPP TSG RAN WG1, NY, Rl- 031 316.
- Non-Patent Document 6 3G TS 25.221 V3.2.0 (2000-03) [online] available from http : ⁇ www.3 gpp.org
- the MPD employs chip-level delay diversity
- the orthogonality of the spread code is lost, and many other users' interference signals remain in the spread signal.
- the desired signal-to-interference and noise ratio (SINR) decreases.
- SINR signal-to-interference and noise ratio
- intersymbol interference still exists in the despread signal even in a flat fading environment.
- IC interference cancellation
- the interference removal means 92 performs the above-described interference removal processing. Then, the code stream from which the interference is removed is demodulated by the demodulating means 93 using, for example, the MMSE method, and the first code stream s and the second code stream are processed. Number stream s is output. Next, PZS conversion is performed by the PZS conversion means 94, and finally
- a code stream used for subsequent processing is output.
- the MPD method described above greatly increases the complexity on the receiving side, and the system can effectively reduce various interferences due to the restriction of the degree of freedom. I can't.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a transmission system, a transmission method, a reception system, and a reception method capable of realizing detection of a received signal with lower complexity by using orthogonality of a transmission sequence on the reception side. It is to be.
- the transmission system of the present invention performs S / P conversion on an input code stream and outputs a first code stream and a second code stream, and a first spreading code using a specific spreading code.
- 1st spreading means for spreading the 1st code stream and 2nd code stream and outputting the 1st and 2nd spreading sequences of the 1st pass
- STTD code for the 1st code stream and the 2nd code stream
- the STTD encoding means for outputting the encoded first code stream and the second code stream, and the first code stream and the second code stream encoded using the specific spreading code.
- the second spreading means for spreading and outputting the first and second spread sequences of the second pass and the negative number of the odd-numbered chips of the first and second spread sequences of the second pass.
- orthogonal transform means for outputting the first and second spread sequences subjected to orthogonal transform and the first and second spread sequences of the first pass are added to the first and second spread sequences subjected to orthogonal transform, respectively.
- a combining means for transmitting the added result from each antenna.
- the reception system of the present invention performs despreading on a signal transmitted from the transmission system and input from the reception antenna cover, and outputs a first code stream and a second code stream.
- STTD decoding means for performing STTD decoding on the first code stream and the second code stream and outputting the decoded code stream.
- a step of outputting a spread sequence a step of performing STTD coding on the first code stream and the second code stream, and outputting the encoded first code stream and second code stream, and the specific code Spreading the first code stream and the second code stream encoded using the spreading code and outputting the first and second spreading sequences of the second pass; and the first of the second pass And taking the negative of the odd-numbered chips of the second spreading sequence, then exchanging the order of the odd-numbered and even-numbered chips, and outputting the orthogonally transformed first and second spreading sequences; And adding the first and second spreading sequences of one pass to the first and second spreading sequences orthogonally transformed, and transmitting the result of the addition to the respective antenna power.
- the reception method of the present invention includes a step of despreading a signal transmitted by the transmission method and having received reception antenna power, and outputting a first code stream and a second code stream; Performing a STTD decoding on the first code stream and the second code stream and outputting the decoded code stream.
- each code is transmitted through two antennas, spatial diversity can be realized.
- the system can transmit the contents of two codes at the same time in one code period, multiple access can be realized and transmission efficiency can be improved.
- each code transmitted in one code period can be obtained by one reception antenna and the corresponding detection algorithm.
- FIG. 1 A block diagram showing a configuration of a conventional MPD transmission system.
- FIG. 2 Block diagram showing the configuration of a conventional MPD receiving system
- FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing a transmission system according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing a receiving system according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a flowchart of a transmission method according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a flowchart of a receiving method according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing another transmission system using three or more transmission antennas according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing the detection performance of the system of the present invention under different spreading gain conditions.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram showing the detection performance of the system of the present invention in the situation of different numbers of users.
- the operation principle of the present invention will be described using a system having two transmission antennas as an example, and then applied to a situation where the number of transmission antennas is increased.
- the number of receiving antennas is not limited, but in the present embodiment, a single receiving antenna is described as an example for simplification.
- FIG. 3 shows a configuration of the transmission system according to the embodiment of the present invention, and two transmission antennas are used.
- the SZP conversion means 11 performs S for the input code stream.
- ZP conversion is performed to output the first code stream s and the second code stream s, which are normal signals.
- the first code stream s and the second code stream described above are used.
- first normalization means 12 is an example.
- the first code stream s and the second code stream s are set so that the power of the transmitted code is 1.
- the first diffusion means 13 performs diffusion on the output of the first normalization means 12.
- the first spreading means 13 performs the output code s after the SZP conversion and normalization in the nth code period.
- the STTD encoding means 14 performs STTD encoding on the first code stream s and the second code stream s Z. For example, by performing the STTD code spoon against s and s in the code period of the STTD code I spoon unit 14 forces the n, to obtain an output s and s. In other words, the following (3):
- the processing shown is performed.
- the second normalization means 15 performs normalization processing, and the second spreading means 16 spreads the two output codes using the same spreading code as the first normalization means 12.
- the second pass spreading sequence (4) of the following two codes is obtained.
- the orthogonal transform means 17 uses an odd number in the second path spreading sequence of each code. Taking the negative for the tip of the eye, the following spreading sequence (5) is obtained.
- combining means 18 adds the first spreading sequence and the first spreading sequence of the second path obtained by orthogonally transforming the first spreading sequence and the second spreading sequence of the first pass, respectively.
- the transmitting antenna and the second transmitting antenna force are also transmitted.
- the signal transmitted from the first transmission antenna is the spreading sequence (7) shown below
- the signal transmitted from the second transmission antenna is the spreading sequence (8) shown below. ).
- the first normalization means 12 and the second normalization means 15 can be configured using a multiplier, and the synthesis means of the present invention can be configured using an adder.
- the main distinction between the transmission system of the present invention and the MPD system lies in the difference in processing for both spread outputs.
- the STTD spread is delayed by one chip, and then superimposed on the SZP conversion direct spread to obtain a 2-pass transmission sequence.
- This process is called MPD diffusion.
- 3 chips of information are included for every 2 chips of MPD, and due to the effect of delay, intersymbol interference and interuser interference exist in the output after spreading and interference cancellation, and the output code matrix Is not orthogonal.
- the orthogonal transform means 17 takes a negative value for the odd-numbered chip of the spread signal, exchanges the order of the odd and even numbers, and the combining means 18 adds the two spread outputs. Each is transmitted through two antennas. This process is called STTD diffusion. This allows each s
- the matrix constructed for every 2n chip still has an orthogonal structure, and the signal has the STTD orthogonal characteristics even if the interference after inter-symbol interference and inter-user interference is not removed from the despread signal.
- the STTD orthogonal structure allows the system to obtain the maximum diversity gain, and realizes maximum likelihood reception by simple matrix linear transformation when receiving is detected.
- the transmission system of the present invention since each code is transmitted through two antennas, the transmission system of the present invention has a spatial diversity capability. Since the system can transmit the contents of two codes simultaneously in one code period, multiple access can be realized and transmission efficiency can be improved.
- FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing a receiving system of the present invention.
- the despreading means 21 performs despreading on the received antenna force received signal, that is, is constituted by a chip stream of one code of the right force received signal using the despreading matrix (9) shown below.
- the first code stream and the second code stream are output.
- the STTD decoding means 22 directly performs decoding using an STTD detection algorithm, that is, obtains a conjugate with respect to the second code stream, forms a row vector with the first code stream, and
- the transmitted code stream can be obtained by multiplying the vector by the STTD channel matrix.
- the receiving system has one antenna, and h and h
- n (nN + 2m ⁇ 1) is a noise signal received within the code period and has a zero mean value, and the noise distribution on each chip is independent of each other.
- the present invention it is possible to obtain a solution of the contents of each code transmitted within one code period in a situation where there is one receiving antenna.
- the distinction between the receiving system of the present invention and the MPD system is that no interference cancellation processing is required.
- the input of the STTD decoding means is intersymbol interference and between users. There is no interference.
- the complexity of the configuration of the receiving system of the present invention is lower than that of the MPD system by eliminating complicated interference cancellation processing.
- FIG. 5 is a flowchart of the transmission method according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- step S31 S / P conversion is performed on the code stream input in step S31 to convert the code stream into two code streams of a first code stream s and a second code stream s.
- step S32 normalization processing is performed on the first code stream s and the second code stream s so that the power of the transmitted code can be maintained at 1.
- step S33 the code stream normalized using a specific spreading code is subjected to spreading processing to obtain first and second spreading sequences of the first pass.
- step S34 STT is applied to the first code stream s and the second code stream s.
- step S35 for example, normal key processing such as multiplication by a constant 1/2 is performed.
- step S35 for example, normal key processing such as multiplication by a constant 1/2 is performed.
- step S37 orthogonal transformation is performed on the first and second spreading sequences of the second pass, that is, negative is taken for the odd-numbered chips therein, and then the odd-numbered and even-numbered chips therein. The order of the chips in the eye is exchanged, and the first and second spreading sequences of the second pass after orthogonal transformation are obtained.
- step S38 the first and second spread sequences of the first nose described above are combined with the first and second spread sequences of the second path after orthogonal transformation, and the respective transmission antenna power transmissions are performed. To do.
- FIG. 6 is a flowchart of the reception method according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- step S41 the received antenna force is despread on the received signal, and the first code stream and the second code stream are output.
- decoding is performed directly using the STTD detection algorithm to obtain the transmitted code stream.
- FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing a transmission system employing three or more transmission antennas.
- the code stream of one user terminal and the code stream of the second user terminal are divided into two groups of transmission antennas. However, if the code stream from the data source is the code stream of each user terminal, it is only necessary to select an antenna for the code stream of each user terminal without having to group the code stream.
- each code stream is input to the S / P conversion means 52, and the first code stream s and the second code stream s used for the first user terminal, and the third code stream used for the second user terminal.
- the stream s is input to the STTD diffusion part 53A to perform diffusion processing.
- the fourth code stream s is input to the STTD spreading part 53B for spreading processing. STT here Since the D diffusion parts 53A and 53B have the same configuration as the STTD diffusion part 19 shown in FIG. 3, they are omitted here.
- the optimum criterion for realizing a combination of transmitting antennas depends on the statistical characteristics of antenna channel fading. The correlation between two antenna channel fadings is obtained within a certain period, and The antenna with the lowest correlation is selected as the antenna grouping method.
- the number of receiving antennas must be greater than the number of antenna sets to ensure that sufficient information can be acquired by the receiving system and the content transmitted by each transmitting antenna can be estimated. Also, if there is only one receive antenna, different sets of transmit antennas should choose different spreading codes. In addition, the system should adjust the user's signal transmission rate according to the specific situation in order to guarantee immediate communication of more users.
- the number of users doubles
- the SNR approaches the minimum value to ensure communication quality.
- the transmission method and rate of each user may be compromised.
- FIGS. 8 and 9 are diagrams showing Monte Carlo simulation results of the transmission system of the present invention.
- the number of experiments is 300,000 times.
- the noise is zero-mean Gaussian white noise, the energy is variable, and there are two transmit antennas and one receive antenna in the entire MIMO system, and the channel fading to each receive antenna force and receive antenna is independent of each other.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing a curve in which the bit error rate changes with SNR when the spreading gain is 4 and 8 for a single user.
- the figure power for STTD diffusion systems, the system performance increases by 2 to 3 dB when the diffusion gain is doubled.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram showing a curve in which the bit error rate changes with SNR when the spreading gain is 8 and there are one user and two users.
- the multi-user system is a synchronous multi-user system.
- the present invention can improve the code transmission rate of the system by increasing the number of receiving antennas and, in some cases, realizing multiple access and spatial diversity using the spread signal of the CDMA system. it can.
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Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US11/909,434 US7826558B2 (en) | 2005-03-30 | 2006-03-29 | Transmission system, transmission method, reception system, and reception method |
EP20060730489 EP1860791A1 (en) | 2005-03-30 | 2006-03-29 | Transmission system, transmission method, reception system, and reception method |
CN2006800106480A CN101160747B (zh) | 2005-03-30 | 2006-03-29 | 发送系统和发送方法及接收系统和接收方法 |
JP2007512812A JP4709211B2 (ja) | 2005-03-30 | 2006-03-29 | 送信システム、送信方法、受信システム及び受信方法 |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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CN200510062912.2 | 2005-03-30 | ||
CNA2005100629122A CN1841962A (zh) | 2005-03-30 | 2005-03-30 | 发送系统和方法及接收系统和方法 |
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WO2006106770A1 true WO2006106770A1 (ja) | 2006-10-12 |
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PCT/JP2006/306541 WO2006106770A1 (ja) | 2005-03-30 | 2006-03-29 | 送信システム、送信方法、受信システム及び受信方法 |
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US (1) | US7826558B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1860791A1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4709211B2 (ja) |
CN (2) | CN1841962A (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2006106770A1 (ja) |
Cited By (1)
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CN104849572A (zh) * | 2015-05-24 | 2015-08-19 | 浙江大学 | 一种基于电磁场模式分解的高速信号线串扰抑制方法 |
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CN102594488B (zh) * | 2011-01-14 | 2017-12-19 | 中兴通讯股份有限公司 | 空间流向空时流映射的方法、装置及数据传输方法、装置 |
CN102684767B (zh) * | 2012-05-31 | 2014-10-15 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | 基于三维互补码的多载波miso系统的通信方法 |
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WO2003047032A1 (en) * | 2001-11-29 | 2003-06-05 | Interdigital Technology Corporation | Efficient multiple input multiple output system for multi-path fading channels |
JP2003347979A (ja) * | 2002-05-24 | 2003-12-05 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 無線通信装置および無線通信方法 |
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US6128330A (en) * | 1998-11-24 | 2000-10-03 | Linex Technology, Inc. | Efficient shadow reduction antenna system for spread spectrum |
US6594473B1 (en) * | 1999-05-28 | 2003-07-15 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Wireless system with transmitter having multiple transmit antennas and combining open loop and closed loop transmit diversities |
JP2001267982A (ja) * | 2000-03-22 | 2001-09-28 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Sttdエンコーディング方法およびダイバシティ送信機 |
US6801790B2 (en) * | 2001-01-17 | 2004-10-05 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Structure for multiple antenna configurations |
US7227905B2 (en) * | 2001-09-18 | 2007-06-05 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Open-loop diversity technique for systems employing multi-transmitter antennas |
GB2384660B (en) * | 2002-01-25 | 2004-11-17 | Toshiba Res Europ Ltd | Reciever processing systems |
KR100899735B1 (ko) * | 2002-07-03 | 2009-05-27 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 이동 통신 시스템에서 적응적 전송 안테나 다이버시티장치 및 방법 |
CN1206830C (zh) * | 2003-04-14 | 2005-06-15 | 焦秉立 | 码分多址扩频和解扩方法及其发射机、接收机和通信系统 |
JP2005012531A (ja) * | 2003-06-19 | 2005-01-13 | Intelligent Cosmos Research Institute | 送信装置および通信システム |
WO2007020563A1 (en) * | 2005-08-19 | 2007-02-22 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Method and apparatus of multiple antennas transmission |
-
2005
- 2005-03-30 CN CNA2005100629122A patent/CN1841962A/zh active Pending
-
2006
- 2006-03-29 US US11/909,434 patent/US7826558B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-03-29 EP EP20060730489 patent/EP1860791A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2006-03-29 CN CN2006800106480A patent/CN101160747B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-03-29 WO PCT/JP2006/306541 patent/WO2006106770A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2006-03-29 JP JP2007512812A patent/JP4709211B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
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WO2003047032A1 (en) * | 2001-11-29 | 2003-06-05 | Interdigital Technology Corporation | Efficient multiple input multiple output system for multi-path fading channels |
JP2003347979A (ja) * | 2002-05-24 | 2003-12-05 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 無線通信装置および無線通信方法 |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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NORTEL NETWORKS: "Multi-Paths Diversity for MIMO (MPD)", TSG-RAN WORKING GROUP 1 MEETING #33, R1-030760, 25 August 2003 (2003-08-25), XP003002295 * |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN104849572A (zh) * | 2015-05-24 | 2015-08-19 | 浙江大学 | 一种基于电磁场模式分解的高速信号线串扰抑制方法 |
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Publication number | Publication date |
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EP1860791A1 (en) | 2007-11-28 |
US7826558B2 (en) | 2010-11-02 |
US20090034586A1 (en) | 2009-02-05 |
CN101160747A (zh) | 2008-04-09 |
CN101160747B (zh) | 2012-07-04 |
JPWO2006106770A1 (ja) | 2008-09-11 |
JP4709211B2 (ja) | 2011-06-22 |
CN1841962A (zh) | 2006-10-04 |
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