WO2006099293A2 - Melange carburant/lubrifiant renouvelable pour moteur deux temps a combustion interne - Google Patents

Melange carburant/lubrifiant renouvelable pour moteur deux temps a combustion interne Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2006099293A2
WO2006099293A2 PCT/US2006/008897 US2006008897W WO2006099293A2 WO 2006099293 A2 WO2006099293 A2 WO 2006099293A2 US 2006008897 W US2006008897 W US 2006008897W WO 2006099293 A2 WO2006099293 A2 WO 2006099293A2
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
fuel
mixture
fatty acid
lubricating
lubricant
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PCT/US2006/008897
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English (en)
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WO2006099293A3 (fr
Inventor
William Todd French
Larry Christopher Tate
Mark E. Zappi
Rafael A. Hernandez
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Mississippi State University
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Publication of WO2006099293A2 publication Critical patent/WO2006099293A2/fr
Publication of WO2006099293A3 publication Critical patent/WO2006099293A3/fr

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M101/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a mineral or fatty oil
    • C10M101/04—Fatty oil fractions
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
    • C10L10/02—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for reducing smoke development
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
    • C10L10/08—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving lubricity; for reducing wear
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M105/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound
    • C10M105/08—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound containing oxygen
    • C10M105/22—Carboxylic acids or their salts
    • C10M105/24—Carboxylic acids or their salts having only one carboxyl group bound to an acyclic carbon atom, cycloaliphatic carbon atom or hydrogen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M105/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound
    • C10M105/08—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound containing oxygen
    • C10M105/32—Esters
    • C10M105/34—Esters of monocarboxylic acids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M129/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen
    • C10M129/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen having a carbon chain of less than 30 atoms
    • C10M129/26—Carboxylic acids; Salts thereof
    • C10M129/28—Carboxylic acids; Salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
    • C10M129/38—Carboxylic acids; Salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms having 8 or more carbon atoms
    • C10M129/40—Carboxylic acids; Salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms having 8 or more carbon atoms monocarboxylic
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M129/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen
    • C10M129/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen having a carbon chain of less than 30 atoms
    • C10M129/68—Esters
    • C10M129/70—Esters of monocarboxylic acids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/1802—Organic compounds containing oxygen natural products, e.g. waxes, extracts, fatty oils
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/188—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof
    • C10L1/1881—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof carboxylic group attached to an aliphatic carbon atom
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/19—Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/19—Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters
    • C10L1/191—Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters of di- or polyhydroxyalcohols
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/26—Organic compounds containing phosphorus
    • C10L1/2633—Organic compounds containing phosphorus phosphorus bond to oxygen (no P. C. bond)
    • C10L1/2641—Organic compounds containing phosphorus phosphorus bond to oxygen (no P. C. bond) oxygen bonds only
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/10—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof
    • C10M2207/12—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
    • C10M2207/125—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms having hydrocarbon chains of eight up to twenty-nine carbon atoms, i.e. fatty acids
    • C10M2207/126—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms having hydrocarbon chains of eight up to twenty-nine carbon atoms, i.e. fatty acids monocarboxylic
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/28—Esters
    • C10M2207/281—Esters of (cyclo)aliphatic monocarboxylic acids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/28—Esters
    • C10M2207/281—Esters of (cyclo)aliphatic monocarboxylic acids
    • C10M2207/2815—Esters of (cyclo)aliphatic monocarboxylic acids used as base material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/28—Esters
    • C10M2207/283—Esters of polyhydroxy compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/28—Esters
    • C10M2207/283—Esters of polyhydroxy compounds
    • C10M2207/2835—Esters of polyhydroxy compounds used as base material
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    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
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    • C10M2207/28—Esters
    • C10M2207/287—Partial esters
    • C10M2207/289—Partial esters containing free hydroxy groups
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    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
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    • C10M2207/289—Partial esters containing free hydroxy groups
    • C10M2207/2895—Partial esters containing free hydroxy groups used as base material
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    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/40—Fatty vegetable or animal oils
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/40—Fatty vegetable or animal oils
    • C10M2207/401—Fatty vegetable or animal oils used as base material
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    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2223/10—Phosphatides, e.g. lecithin, cephalin
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines
    • C10N2040/255—Gasoline engines
    • C10N2040/26—Two-strokes or two-cycle engines

Definitions

  • the invention relates to lubricating fuels, their preparation, and their use.
  • a wide variety of equipment is powered by two-stroke internal combustion engines such as leaf blowers, string trimmers, outboard motors, watercraft, motorcycles, chain saws, lawnmowers, snowmobiles, etc.
  • the main reason for their wide application is their high ratio of horsepower to weight.
  • the reason for the increased horsepower is that two-stroke motors ignite on every stroke of the engine unlike four-stroke engines that ignite fuel every other stroke.
  • Another advantage to two-stroke engines over four-stroke engines is 2-stroke engines require less valves and as a consequence are much simpler and cheaper to manufacture.
  • two-stroke and four-stroke engines burn traditional gasoline fuel
  • two-stroke engine operation requires the addition of a lubricant in the fuel in ratios of 40:1 or 50:1 to reduce friction thereby preventing damage to the cylinder, piston, and rings resulting from overheating.
  • Two-stroke engines produce more horsepower and are much cheaper to produce than their four-stroke counterpart. Unfortunately, this increase in horsepower comes at the price of increased concentrations of pollutants in the exhaust gases. These engines have been able to continue to operate unregulated until recently. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has begun to enforce stricter regulations for these types of engines.
  • the design of the two-stroke engine is such that a fuel/lubricant mixture is injected into the cylinder on every stroke.
  • ethanol is not miscible with petroleum derived two-stroke engine oil and cannot be used unless a suitable lubricant is mixed in with this fuel.
  • Fuels containing other alcohols, ethers, or mixtures thereof will face the same immiscible issues.
  • FIG. 1 Base transesterification reaction of a trialkylglyceride with methanol.
  • the fuel mixture is comprised primarily of a fuel and a lubricant. Both the fuel and lubricant are completely renewable and environmentally friendly.
  • the fuel component of this mixture may include alcohols, ethers, ketones, gasoline, alcohol/gasoline blended fuels, nitromethane, or any combination of these fuels while the lubricant portion of the mixture includes one or more lipids, biodiesel, fatty acid alkyl esters, free fatty acids, or any combination thereof.
  • the composition of the lubricating fuel to be used in the engine may range from
  • a renewable fuel and renewable lubricant to produce a fuel/lubricant mixture for use, for example, in a two-stroke engine.
  • ethanol and biodiesel or other fatty acid alkyl esters could be blended in the following percent ranges 99 - 85% ethanol with 1 - 15% lipid, biodiesel, fatty acid methyl esters, or free fatty acids as the lubricant to produce the fuel mixture.
  • This invention provides an environmentally friendly fuel mixture that when burned would produce much cleaner emissions than the traditional gasoline/lubricant mixtures currently used.
  • Lipids like ethanol are considered to be a negative producer of carbon dioxide since their originals are biological in nature. Lipids originate from a variety of sources such as plant, animal, and microbial. Biodiesel and other fatty acids alkyl esters are produced via the transesterification reaction of lipids (traditionally triglycerides) to produce glycerin and fatty acid methyl esters as shown in FIG. 1. Lipids are fats that are produced by all living organisms. Biodiesel is most commonly produced from vegetable oils such as soybean and rapeseed and must pass ASTM 6751 tests. Diesel engines that have been operated using neat biodiesel or petroleum-derived diesel blended with biodiesel have shown similar performance with the following exceptions.
  • the first is the decrease in SO x and a slight increase in NO x when operated using biodiesel or biodiesel blends.
  • the second is notable decreases in engine wear when operated using neat biodiesel or biodiesel blends.
  • the present inventors have found that biodiesel has a much better lubricity factor than petroleum-derived diesel and as a consequence extends the life of the engine.
  • a fuel comprised of alcohols, ethers, gasoline, ketones, alcohol/gasoline blended fuels, or any combination of these fuels with a lubricant comprised of lipid, biodiesel, fatty acid alkyl esters, or free fatty acids provide similar performance with improved emissions and engine wear.
  • a lubricant comprised of lipid, biodiesel, fatty acid alkyl esters, or free fatty acids
  • the embodiments disclosed herein are significantly better in terms of environmental impact because soil microorganisms would easily degrade raw product released into the environment and the emissions would not contribute to the greenhouse effect like petroleum-derived fuels and lubricants. Emissions are greatly improved through the use of environmentally friendly fuels such as renewable fuels and lubricants. The release of hydrocarbons in the exhaust could be reduced to well below the EPA's required levels. Although the lubricant in the lubricating fuel would still be introduced into the environment, it would be environmentally benign.
  • the lubricating fuel includes a mixture comprised of 85 - 99% denatured ethanol or other primary alcohol as the fuel and 1 - 15% lipid, biodiesel, fatty acid methyl esters, or free fatty acids as the lubricant.
  • the lipids, fatty acid alkyl esters, and free fatty acids are distinctly different from the alkyl esters disclosed by Norton et al. which are not disclosed as components in a self- lubricating fuel.
  • the present inventors found that combinations of these materials with ethanol provide a self-lubricating fuel.
  • Such a fuel can be used in any internal combustion engine and are particularly well-suited to use in two-cycle engines with or without the use of additional lubricants. Further, a range of lubricating fuel compositions is available, which can also include ethers, ketone, nitromethane. etc.
  • the fuel may be suitably selected from one or more alcohol, gasoline, ether, ketone, nitromethane, or combination thereof.
  • the fuel may be present in the lubricating fuel in an amount ranging from 40% to less than 100% by weight of the lubricating fuel. This range includes all values and subranges therebetween, including 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 56, 57, 48, 49,
  • the alcohol may include a C 1-6 alcohol or a C 1 or C 3-6 alcohol.
  • the alcohol may be branched or unbranched, denatured, neat, anhydrous, aqueous, fuel grade, or other alcohol.
  • Nonlimiting examples of the alcohol include hexanol, pentanol, butanol, isobutanol, propanol, isopropanol, ethanol, methanol. Combinations of alcohols are possible.
  • the alcohol may be ethanol.
  • the fuel excludes ethanol.
  • the alcohol may include a mixture of ethanol, methanol, isopropanol and pentanol.
  • the gasoline may include a blended or unblended gasoline. It may be leaded or unleaded. Combinations of gasoline are possible.
  • the fuel is a gasoline/alcohol blend, for example, gasohol.
  • the fuel may include a mixture of 90% by weight gasoline and 10% by weight ethanol.
  • the ether may include any volatile or inflammable ether.
  • the ether may be an dialkyl ether, alkyl-aryl ether, or aryl-aryl ether. Some nonlimiting examples of the ether include dimethyl ether, methoxyethane, and diethyl ether. Combinations of ethers are possible.
  • the ketone may include any volatile or inflammable ketone. Some nonlimiting examples of ketones include acetone, butanone, and acetophenone. Combinations of ketones are possible.
  • the fuel may include a mixture of alcohol/ether/ketone. In one embodiment, the lubricating fuel may include a mixture of alcohol/ether/ketone in combination with biodiesel.
  • the fuel may include nitromethane alone, or in combination with one or more of the C 1-6 alcohols, gasoline, ether, and/or ketone.
  • the lubricant may be suitably selected from one or more biodiesel, lipid, fatty acid alkyl ester, fatty acid, or combination thereof.
  • the lubricant may be present in the lubricating fuel in an amount ranging from greater than 0% to 60% by weight of the lubricating fuel. This range includes all values and subranges therebetween, including greater than 0, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 25, 27, 30, 32, 35, 37, 40, 45, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, and 60% by weight.
  • the lipid may include any lubricating lipid.
  • Some nonlimiting examples of lipids include trialkylglycerol, vegetable oil, soya oil, corn oil, peanut oil, chemically oxidized oil, diakylglyceride, monoalkylglyceride, and phospholipid. Combinations of lipids are possible.
  • the lubricating fuel may include a mixture of one or more lipids such as trialkylglycerol (for example vegetable oil, soya oil, corn oil, peanut oil, etc.) dialkylglyceride, monoalkylglyceride, and/or phospholipid, in combination with one or more alcohols.
  • the lubricating fuel may include a mixture of one or more lipids (for example trialkylglycerol, dialkylglyceride, monoalkylglyceride, and/or phospholipid) in combination with a mixture of alcohols (for example ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, and pentanol).
  • the lubricating fuel may include a mixture of one or more lipids (for example trialkylglycerol, dialkylglyceride, monoalkylglyceride, and/or phospholipid) and an alcohol/gasoline blend.
  • the lubricating fuel may include a mixture of one or more lipids (for example trialkylglycerol, dialkylglyceride, monoalkylglyceride, and/or phospholipid, etc.) in combination with a gasoline blended fuel.
  • the lubricating fuel may include a mixture of one or more lipids (for example trialkylglycerol, dialkylglyceride, monoalkylglyceride, and/or phospholipid) in combination with one or more ethers (for example dimethyl ether, methoxyethane, and/or diethyl ether).
  • the lubricating fuel may include a mixture of one or more lipids (for example trialkylglycerol, dialkylglyceride, monoalkylglyceride, and/or phospholipid) in combination with one or more ketones (for example acetone, butanone, acetophenone, etc.).
  • the lubricating fuel may include a mixture of one or more lipids (for example trialkylglycerol, dialkylglyceride, monoalkylglyceride, and/or phospholipid) in combination with an alcohol/ether/ketone mixture.
  • the fatty acid alkyl ester may include any lubricating fatty acid alkyl ester.
  • fatty acid alkyl ester examples include those having the formula RCHOOR' wherein R is a straight chain, saturated or unsaturated C 3-2I alkyl group and R' is a straight or branched, saturated or unsaturated C 1-6 alkyl group.
  • fatty acid alkyl ester examples include methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, or hexyl esters of butyric, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, or arachidic acid. Combinations of fatty acid alkyl esters are possible.
  • the lubricating fuel may include a mixture of one or more fatty acid alkyl esters and one or more C 1-6 alcohol. In one embodiment, the lubricating fuel may include a mixture of one or more fatty acid alkyl esters and ethanol. In one embodiment, the lubricating fuel may include a mixture of one or more fatty acid alkyl esters and one or more alcohols other than ethanol (for example hexanol, pentanol, butanol, isobutanol, propanol, isopropanol, methanol, etc.).
  • the lubricating fuel may include a mixture of one or more fatty acid alkyl esters and a mixture of ethanol, methanol, isopropanol and pentanol. In one embodiment, the lubricating fuel may include a mixture of one or more fatty acid alkyl esters and an alcohol/gasoline blended fuel. In one embodiment, the lubricating fuel may include a mixture of one or more fatty acid alkyl esters and gasoline or a gasoline blended fuel. In one embodiment, the lubricating fuel may include a mixture of one or more fatty acid alkyl esters and one or more ether.
  • the lubricating fuel may include a mixture of one or more fatty acid alkyl esters and one or more ketone. In one embodiment, the lubricating fuel may include a mixture of one or more fatty acid alkyl esters and an alcohol/ether/ketone mixture.
  • the fatty acid may include any lubricating free fatty acid. Some nonlimiting examples of fatty acid include those having the formula RCHOOH wherein R is a straight chain, saturated or unsaturated C 3-21 alkyl group. Some examples of fatty acids include butyric, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, or arachidic acid. Combinations of fatty acids are possible.
  • the lubricating fuel may include a mixture of one or more fatty acids and one or more C 1-6 alcohols. In one embodiment, the lubricating fuel may include a mixture of one or more fatty acids and one or more alcohols other than ethanol (for example hexanol, pentanol, butanol, isobutanol, propanol, isopropanol, methanol, etc.). In one embodiment, the lubricating fuel may include a mixture of one or more fatty acids and a mixture of ethanol, methanol, isopropanol and pentanol).
  • the lubricating fuel may include a mixture of one or more fatty acids and an alcohol/gasoline blended fuel. In one embodiment, the lubricating fuel may include a mixture of one or more fatty acids and one or more gasoline blended fuel. In one embodiment, the lubricating fuel may include a mixture of one or more fatty acids and one or more ether. In one embodiment, the lubricating fuel may include a mixture of one or more fatty acids and one or more ketone. In one embodiment, the lubricating fuel may include a mixture of one or more fatty acids and an alcohol/ether/ketone mixture.
  • the lubricating fuel may optionally contain one or more fuel conditioners to improve the properties of the resulting fuel mixture. Examples of these include cold flow improvement agents, ignition improvement agents, and the like.
  • the lubricating fuel may optionally contain one or more compounds which improve engine compatibility (for example corrosion inhibiting agent, anitmicrobial agent, and the like).
  • the lubricating fuel may optionally contain 0-40% by weight two-stroke engine oil.
  • the lubricating fuel may optionally contain 0-40% by weight water. Mixtures are possible.
  • nitromethane may be present as an additive, though in a smaller amount. In such an embodiment, the nitromethane is present in an amount less than 40% by weight.
  • the lubricating fuel includes a lipid lubrication component and one or more of the following fuel components: a) ethanol b) one or more C 1 and/or C 3-6 alcohols (for example hexanol, pentanol, butanol, isobutanol, propanol, isopropanol, methanol, etc.) c) gasoline d) ether (for example dimethyl ether, methoxyethane, and/or diethyl ether) e) ketone (for example, acetone, butanone, and/or acetophenone) f) nitromethane g) or any combination thereof [035]
  • the lubricating fuel in the preceding paragraph additionally comprises a fatty acid alkyl ester.
  • the lubricating fuel in the preceding paragraph additionally comprises a free fatty acid.
  • the lubricating fuel includes an alkyl ester lubrication component and one or more of the following fuel components: a) ether (for example dimethyl ether, methoxyethane, and/or diethyl ether) b) ketones (for example, acetone, butanone, and/or acetophenone) c) nitromethane d) or any combination thereof
  • ether for example dimethyl ether, methoxyethane, and/or diethyl ether
  • ketones for example, acetone, butanone, and/or acetophenone
  • Suitable applications include both small and large engines.
  • small engines such as string trimmers, chain saws, leaf blowers, lawn mowers, etc.
  • the lubricating fuel could be sold in prepackaged gallon/s quantities.
  • larger engines such as outboard motors, personal water crafts, all terrain vehicles, motorcycles, cars, etc.
  • the lubricating fuel could be sold through metered pumps.

Abstract

L'invention porte sur un procédé d'utilisation d'un moteur deux-temps avec un carburant lubrifiant comprenant: (i) au moins un carburant choisi parmi de l'alcool C1-6, de l'essence, de l'éther, de la cétone, du nitrométhane ou leur mélange, et (ii) au moins un lubrifiant choisi parmi un biodiesel, un lipide, un ester alkylique d'acide gras, un acide gras ou leur mélange. L'invention porte également sur des compositions de carburants lubrifiants.
PCT/US2006/008897 2005-03-11 2006-03-13 Melange carburant/lubrifiant renouvelable pour moteur deux temps a combustion interne WO2006099293A2 (fr)

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