WO2006095381A1 - 光電変換素子 - Google Patents
光電変換素子 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2006095381A1 WO2006095381A1 PCT/JP2005/002281 JP2005002281W WO2006095381A1 WO 2006095381 A1 WO2006095381 A1 WO 2006095381A1 JP 2005002281 W JP2005002281 W JP 2005002281W WO 2006095381 A1 WO2006095381 A1 WO 2006095381A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- layer
- metal
- photoelectric conversion
- conversion element
- terminal
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F77/00—Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass
- H10F77/10—Semiconductor bodies
- H10F77/14—Shape of semiconductor bodies; Shapes, relative sizes or dispositions of semiconductor regions within semiconductor bodies
- H10F77/146—Superlattices; Multiple quantum well structures
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y20/00—Nanooptics, e.g. quantum optics or photonic crystals
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F30/00—Individual radiation-sensitive semiconductor devices in which radiation controls the flow of current through the devices, e.g. photodetectors
- H10F30/20—Individual radiation-sensitive semiconductor devices in which radiation controls the flow of current through the devices, e.g. photodetectors the devices having potential barriers, e.g. phototransistors
- H10F30/21—Individual radiation-sensitive semiconductor devices in which radiation controls the flow of current through the devices, e.g. photodetectors the devices having potential barriers, e.g. phototransistors the devices being sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a photoelectric conversion element such as a light receiving element, and more particularly to a photoelectric conversion element capable of converting an optical signal in a wavelength band suitable for optical fiber transmission into an electric signal and capable of being generated by a silicon process.
- Optical signals suitable for optical fiber transmission have a wavelength band of 1.3-1.55 / zm, which is longer than visible light and less energy.
- optical signals in optical transmission cannot excite carriers beyond the band gap of silicon semiconductors, and optical communication has not realized light receiving elements that use silicon semiconductors.
- Conventional optical transmission detectors are generally compound semiconductors with a smaller band gap than silicon due to their long wavelength band and low energy.
- Powerful compound semiconductor light-receiving elements cannot be embedded in an integrated circuit manufactured by a silicon process, and cannot be integrated into a single chip. Modulators that transmit a transmission signal to a single laser beam can be manufactured by the silicon process, but as described above, there is no light-receiving element by the silicon process, and one-chip silicon is not realized.
- Infrared light has a wavelength longer than that of visible light and has less energy, so it has problems similar to those of optical signals for optical communications.
- FIG. 1 is an energy band diagram of an infrared sensor using a conventional silicon semiconductor.
- This infrared sensor forms platinum silicide PtSi, which is a thin metal electrode, on a P-type silicon semiconductor substrate Si-Sub, and forms a Schottky barrier ⁇ b between the silicon semiconductor Si-Sub and the metal electrode PtSi. .
- PtSi platinum silicide
- PtSi a thin metal electrode
- Ec is the bottom of the conduction band
- Ev is the top of the valence band
- Ef Each Fermi level is shown.
- This infrared sensor can increase the quantum efficiency, which indicates the efficiency with which holes excited by incident infrared rays are emitted to the silicon semiconductor side by forming a thin metal electrode.
- its quantum efficiency is about 5% at most in the wavelength band of optical communications, and is suitable for special applications such as infrared sensors.
- it is a light receiving element for optical communications that receives weak optical signals. Not suitable for.
- Patent Document 1 in order to control the height of the Schottky barrier of the infrared sensor to an arbitrary height, the semiconductor layer bonded to the metal electrode has a silicon semiconductor superlattice structure. The use of quantum levels generated by superlattice structures is described. Even in this case, the quantum efficiency cannot be so high.
- Patent Document 2 discloses that an avalanche 'photodiode is formed by providing a silicon superlattice structure between an anode and a force sword. However, it uses silicon semiconductors to the last, and is an APD for visible light, and cannot be used as a light receiving element for optical communications.
- Non-Patent Document 1 "Development Trends of Infrared Solid-State Image Sensors” Sensor Technology, March 1987 (Vol.7. No.3)
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Publication No. 8-31619
- Patent Document 2 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 10-65203
- a metal electrode can be formed on a silicon semiconductor described in Patent Document 1, and a Schottky barrier at the interface can be used.
- the quantum efficiency which is the ratio of carriers generated with respect to the amount of light, is only about 5% as described above, it is not suitable as a light-receiving element that detects optical signals for weak optical communications.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a photoelectric conversion element that can be formed by a silicon process and can detect a weak optical signal in optical communication.
- a metal layer or a metal silicide is formed on a silicon substrate.
- a superlattice structure consisting of a polysilicon layer and a polysilicon layer is formed, with the metal layer or metal silicide layer at the top of the superlattice structure as the first terminal, the bottom of the superlattice structure as the second terminal, and the silicon substrate as the first
- a superlattice structure in which a metal layer (or metal silicide layer) of about several nanometers and at least a thicker polysilicon layer are alternately layered is formed on a silicon semiconductor substrate.
- the metal layer is made of a platinum layer (or the silicide layer), and hot holes are made of polysilicon for incident light. Released to the con layer.
- the platinum silicide layer is stacked with the polysilicon layer, the Schottky barrier on the valence band side is lowered, and hot holes easily exceed the Schottky barrier for light in the wavelength band of optical communications.
- the hot holes released into the polysilicon layer in this way are accelerated by the electric field and have high energy, so that the current flows through the third terminal beyond the second terminal region.
- new hot holes are excited from the platinum silicide layer, and an amplification effect is expected.
- the metal layer is formed of a rare earth metal layer (or silicide layer thereof), and is a hot-elect aperture for incident light. Are released into the polysilicon layer. Laminating rare earth metal silicide layers with polysilicon layers As a result, the Schottky barrier on the conduction band side is lowered, and hot electrons are likely to cross the Schottky barrier for light in the wavelength band of optical communications. And since hot electrons have high energy, the current of the third terminal exceeds the second terminal area.
- the silicon semiconductor has a high ionization rate with respect to electrons, and amplification occurs due to the avalanche phenomenon in which electrons are newly excited in the silicon substrate, and electrical signals can be generated with higher sensitivity.
- a silicon substrate on which a collector electrode is formed A metal layer or metal silicide layer base electrode formed on the silicon substrate, a polysilicon layer formed on the base electrode, and a metal layer or metal silicide layer emitter formed on the polysilicon layer
- a photoelectric conversion element in which a bias voltage is applied between the base emitter electrodes a photoelectric conversion element that generates an electric signal with respect to incident light
- hot carriers can be used as a detection current with higher quantum efficiency, and a photoelectric conversion element with high sensitivity can be provided.
- FIG. 1 is an energy band diagram of an infrared sensor using a conventional silicon semiconductor.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a photoelectric conversion element in the present embodiment.
- FIG. 3 is a band diagram of a photoelectric conversion element in the present embodiment.
- FIG. 4 is another band diagram of the photoelectric conversion element in the present embodiment.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a photoelectric conversion element in the present embodiment and a band diagram corresponding thereto.
- Si—Sub silicon semiconductor layer, silicon semiconductor substrate MSi: Metal layer or metal silicide layer
- E Emitter electrode, first electrode
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the photoelectric conversion element in the present embodiment.
- This photoelectric conversion element is a phototransistor having an emitter E, a collector C, and a base B.
- a superlattice structure of multiple metal layers (or metal silicide layers) MSi and multiple polysilicon layers PSi is formed on a substrate Si-Sub, which is a silicon semiconductor layer.
- Metal layer (or metal silicide layer) (hereinafter simply referred to as metal silicide layer) MSi is a thin layer of about several nanometers (eg, 1 Onm or less), and the polysilicon layer PSi formed between them is at least a metal silicide.
- Layer MSU is thick, for example, a thin layer of about 10-50 nm.
- the metal silicide layer MSi at the top of the super lattice structure is the emitter electrode E, and the metal silicide layer MSi at the bottom (silicon substrate side) is the base electrode B.
- the electrode layer MET is formed on the silicon semiconductor substrate Si-Sub to form the collector electrode C.
- the polysilicon layer PSi having a superlattice structure is an N-type doped semiconductor layer.
- the surface side of the substrate Si—Sub which is a silicon semiconductor layer, also has an N-type doped region N, on which a metal silicide layer MSi that forms the base electrode B is formed.
- the collector electrode MET side of the silicon substrate Si-Sub is the P-type doped region P.
- the incident light OPT is incident on the superlattice structure as indicated by an arrow while a predetermined bias voltage is applied between the emitter and the base and a predetermined bias voltage is also applied between the emitter and the collector. .
- This incident light OPT excites carriers in multiple metal silicide layers MSi. Excited carriers have a very thin metal silicide layer MSi of several nanometers, so many carriers move when they move through that layer, and a Schottky barrier against the adjacent polysilicon layer PSi. It is released as a hot carrier. This hot carrier has high kinetic energy and jumps over the base region B to become the collector current. The operating principle will be described below with reference to the band diagram.
- FIG. 3 is a band diagram of the photoelectric conversion element in the present embodiment.
- the band diagram is when the metal silicide layer MSi is composed of a platinum silicide layer.
- the band diagram in Fig. 3 shows not the energy level in the vertical direction but the opposite potential level. In other words, it is upside down from the normal energy band diagram, and upside down from the band diagram in Fig. 1. Therefore, in the band diagram of Fig. 3, the conduction band Ec is located below the valence band Ev force, and the forbidden band FB is located between them. Evl is the upper end of the valence band Ev, and Eel is the bottom of the conduction band Ec.
- FIG. 3 shows the band structure of the superlattice structure of the silicon substrate Si-Sub, the metal silicide layer MSi, and the polysilicon layer PSi. Fermi-level Ef is shown in the metal silicide layer MSi.
- the barrier height ⁇ i) b of the polysilicon layer PSi with respect to the Fermi level Ef of the metal silicide layer MSi is less than the conduction band Ec side. Is lower. This uniquely determines the work function of the platinum silicide layer.
- the base 'emitter voltage VBE force Between the emitter E and the base B, the base 'emitter voltage VBE force.
- the collector's emitter voltage VCE is applied between the collector C and the emitter E, and the emitter side force is incident on the superscalar structure.
- the energy of the incident light excites carrier pairs of electrons and holes in the metal silicide layer MSi. Many of these holes, HOLE, are excited as shown by the upward arrow in the metal silicide layer MSi in Fig. 3 and have an energy level exceeding the Schottky barrier ⁇ b with the adjacent polysilicon layer PSi. Released to the silicon layer PSi side.
- the emitted hole HOLE is accelerated by the electric field due to the base-emitter voltage, becomes a hot hole with high potential energy, jumps over the base electrode B, flows to the collector C side, and becomes the collector current Ic.
- the metal silicide layer MSi is very thin, a few nanometers, so that many holes excited there move to the polysilicon layer side within the mean free process, and second, a plurality of metal silicide layers. Since it has a superlattice structure with layer MSi, more holes become hot holes. Therefore, incident The quantum efficiency, which is the ratio of hot holes generated to photons, increases, and a large collector current Ic can be generated.
- the polysilicon layer PSi constituting the superlattice structure has a polycrystalline structure, it has many interface states. Therefore, by applying a bias between the emitter and base, as indicated by the white arrow, many holes flow from the emitter electrode E to the base electrode due to the tunnel effect, resulting in a leakage current IL.
- the holes that cause this leakage current are cold holes that do not have high potential energy like excited hot holes, so most of them are absorbed as base current lb on the base electrode B side. . Therefore, the leakage current IL is not included in the collector current Ic and does not become a large dark current.
- the photoelectric conversion element of this embodiment solves the dark current problem associated with the superlattice structure by using a three-terminal structure.
- an amplifying effect of the hot holes is expected due to the avalanche phenomenon in which new holes are excited from the white metal silicide layer by the generated hot holes between the emitters.
- a large detection current can be generated from a small optical signal like an APD (avalanche photodiode).
- FIG. 4 is another band diagram of the photoelectric conversion element in the present embodiment.
- the band diagram is when the metal silicide layer MSi is composed of a rare earth metal silicide layer such as erbium Er.
- the vertical direction is the energy level, which is the opposite of Fig. 3 and the same as Fig. 1. Therefore, the conduction band Ec is on the upper side and the valence band Ev is on the lower side.
- the polysilicon layer PSi is doped with a P-type impurity to form a silicon substrate Si—
- the Sub base electrode side is doped to P-type
- the collector electrode side is doped to N-type.
- rare earth metals such as erbium
- electrons are likely to be emitted, so it is desirable to make the base electrode side of the polysilicon and semiconductor layers P-type and the collector side N-type.
- the rare earth metal silicide layer MSi is as thin as several nm, most of the excited electrons move to the adjacent polysilicon layer PSi side. In addition, since many rare earth metal silicide layers MSi are provided, the number of excited electrons is large and the collector current Ic becomes large.
- the hot electrons EL move in the silicon semiconductor layer Si-Sub, so that new electrons are excited in the silicon semiconductor Si-Sub due to the high ionic ratio of electrons in the silicon semiconductor.
- An electronic avalanche phenomenon occurs. This avalanche phenomenon is a decrease that has already been confirmed in APD of visible light, and it certainly occurs. This avalanche phenomenon amplifies hot electrons and increases the collector current Ic. Therefore, in the case of Fig. 4, the quantum efficiency is higher.
- electrons that move due to the tunnel effect are absorbed with the base current lb because they do not have high potential energy with respect to the base electrode. Therefore, the leakage current between the base and emitter is prevented from being included in the collector current Ic as a dark current.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the photoelectric conversion element in the present embodiment and a band diagram corresponding thereto.
- the superlattice structure between the emitter and the base is a three-layer structure consisting of a platinum silicide layer PtSi serving as the emitter electrode E, a polysilicon layer PSi, and a platinum silicide layer PtSi serving as the base electrode B.
- the configuration of the silicon substrate S and Sub on which the collector electrode C is formed is the same as the example in Figs.
- the superlattice structure is only a three-layer structure, the number of metal silicide layers that excite hot carriers is reduced, but in principle, it has multiple metal silicide layers and has a three-terminal structure. Therefore, it has high quantum efficiency and low dark current!
- the superlattice structure including the platinum silicide layer and the polysilicon layer and the superlattice structure including the rare earth metal silicide layer and the polysilicon layer have been described as examples.
- the present invention is not limited to these materials, but can be applied to nickel and noradium instead of platinum.
- a superlattice structure composed of one of titanium, cobalt, and tungsten or its silicide layer and polysilicon layer, and a superlattice structure composed of a semiconductor layer doped with impurities such as a P-type germanium layer and a polysilicon layer provided that And the base can also be applied to platinum silicide layers).
- the collector electrode is formed on the back side of the silicon semiconductor substrate Si-Sub. You may provide in the surface side of a board
- a photoelectric conversion element that can be used for optical signals in the wavelength band (1.3-1.55 m) used in optical communication by optical fiber and can be manufactured by a silicon process can be provided. .
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Nanotechnology (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Biophysics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Light Receiving Elements (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2005/002281 WO2006095381A1 (ja) | 2005-02-15 | 2005-02-15 | 光電変換素子 |
| JP2007506916A JPWO2006095381A1 (ja) | 2005-02-15 | 2005-02-15 | 光電変換素子 |
| US11/889,365 US20080023779A1 (en) | 2005-02-15 | 2007-08-13 | Photoelectric conversion element |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2005/002281 WO2006095381A1 (ja) | 2005-02-15 | 2005-02-15 | 光電変換素子 |
Related Child Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US11/889,365 Continuation US20080023779A1 (en) | 2005-02-15 | 2007-08-13 | Photoelectric conversion element |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2006095381A1 true WO2006095381A1 (ja) | 2006-09-14 |
Family
ID=36952992
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2005/002281 Ceased WO2006095381A1 (ja) | 2005-02-15 | 2005-02-15 | 光電変換素子 |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20080023779A1 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JPWO2006095381A1 (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO2006095381A1 (ja) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2010067398A1 (ja) * | 2008-12-10 | 2010-06-17 | 株式会社Si-Nano | 薄膜光電変換素子と薄膜光電変換素子の製造方法 |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS63314422A (ja) * | 1987-06-17 | 1988-12-22 | Nikon Corp | 赤外線検出素子 |
| JPH1065203A (ja) * | 1996-08-21 | 1998-03-06 | Fuji Xerox Co Ltd | 半導体受光素子の製造方法 |
-
2005
- 2005-02-15 JP JP2007506916A patent/JPWO2006095381A1/ja active Pending
- 2005-02-15 WO PCT/JP2005/002281 patent/WO2006095381A1/ja not_active Ceased
-
2007
- 2007-08-13 US US11/889,365 patent/US20080023779A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS63314422A (ja) * | 1987-06-17 | 1988-12-22 | Nikon Corp | 赤外線検出素子 |
| JPH1065203A (ja) * | 1996-08-21 | 1998-03-06 | Fuji Xerox Co Ltd | 半導体受光素子の製造方法 |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| KIMATA M. ET AL.: "Sekigaisen Kotai Satsuzo Soshi no Kaihatsu Doko", SENSOR GIJUTSU, vol. 7, no. 3, March 1987 (1987-03-01), pages 81 - 84, XP003002063 * |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2010067398A1 (ja) * | 2008-12-10 | 2010-06-17 | 株式会社Si-Nano | 薄膜光電変換素子と薄膜光電変換素子の製造方法 |
| JP5147935B2 (ja) * | 2008-12-10 | 2013-02-20 | nusola株式会社 | 薄膜光電変換素子と薄膜光電変換素子の製造方法 |
| US8436444B2 (en) | 2008-12-10 | 2013-05-07 | Si-Nano Inc. | Thin film photoelectric conversion device and method for manufacturing thin film photoelectric conversion device |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20080023779A1 (en) | 2008-01-31 |
| JPWO2006095381A1 (ja) | 2008-08-07 |
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