WO2006037910A1 - Dispositif pour realiser la separation dielectrophoretique de particules contenues dans un fluide - Google Patents
Dispositif pour realiser la separation dielectrophoretique de particules contenues dans un fluide Download PDFInfo
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- WO2006037910A1 WO2006037910A1 PCT/FR2005/050745 FR2005050745W WO2006037910A1 WO 2006037910 A1 WO2006037910 A1 WO 2006037910A1 FR 2005050745 W FR2005050745 W FR 2005050745W WO 2006037910 A1 WO2006037910 A1 WO 2006037910A1
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C5/00—Separating dispersed particles from liquids by electrostatic effect
- B03C5/02—Separators
- B03C5/022—Non-uniform field separators
- B03C5/026—Non-uniform field separators using open-gradient differential dielectric separation, i.e. using electrodes of special shapes for non-uniform field creation, e.g. Fluid Integrated Circuit [FIC]
Definitions
- the invention relates to a device for performing the dielectrophoretic separation of a fluid, and in particular a liquid, in particular to allow the isolation or collection of particles in the broad sense, contained in such a fluid.
- these particles consist, without limitation, of biological cells, such as bacteria (a few tens of micrometers) and / or biomolecules (DNA, enzymes, proteins, liposomes ...), whose sizes can go down to a few tens of nanometers, even a few nanometers.
- these objects can consist of molecules, or aggregates of molecules (micelles).
- these objects may consist of solid particles in a liquid medium (suspension), colloids or even aerosols.
- o convection the principle is based on the entrainment of particles by the fluid itself, and therefore imposes the implementation moving of it.
- the control of the movement of the particles imposes the control of the movement of the fluid; o the implementation of the physical properties of the particles, and in particular: the magnetic properties: magnetophoresis.
- the application of a magnetic field then makes it possible to control their displacement; - the electrical properties:
- the particles polarized under the effect of the electric field move either towards the areas where the electric field is the most intense, and one speaks then of positive dielectrophoresis, or towards the zones where the electric field is weakest, and one speaks then of negative dielectrophoresis, depending on whether the particles are more or less polarizable with respect to the fluid in which they are immersed.
- the particles subjected to the electric field gradient do not "see” the change of sign of the applied electric field. In doing so, it is possible to move a polarizable particle by dielectrophoresis with an alternating signal.
- the implementation of the alternating electric field makes it possible to reduce or even eliminate parasitic electrochemical reactions, which may occur in particular at the level of the electrodes in electrical systems in ionic liquid solution. We try to fight against these phenomena, insofar as they generally induce gaseous releases to the electrodes, and also modify locally the chemical characteristics of the media.
- electrodes generating an electric field gradient are deposited on a flat surface (glass, passive silicon, etc.) thus leading to planar configuration systems.
- the fluid and the particles contained therein are in contact with the upper plane of the electrodes.
- FIG. 2 also shows a cross section of a planar configuration with interdigitated electrodes. Planar configurations, however, have a number of major disadvantages, which will be described below.
- the dielectrophoretic force F DEP has a small range in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the electrodes, that is to say in the volume of the fluid containing the particles (axis oz in the figures).
- the force is maximal in contact with the edge of the electrode.
- d is the distance between the center of the space separating two adjacent electrodes and the center of the electrode
- V 0 is the peak amplitude of the voltage applied to the electrode
- z is the distance along the axis oz separating the measurement of the force from the plane of the electrodes.
- the edge of the electrode creates a wedge effect, at which the electric field is maximum. It is further demonstrated that the range of the dielectrophoretic force according to oz is effective in a zone of radius equal to about 40% of the parameter d, that is to say the distance between the center of the inter-electrode gap and the center of the electrode in question.
- the collection of particles under the effect of dielectrophoretic forces is effective in volume, if the dimension h of the fluid located above the electrodes is of the order of magnitude of the pattern d of the electrodes. In other words, this efficiency is more limited, or requires working with very limited volumes of the fluid to be treated.
- the direction of the dielectrophoretic force developed by the planar electrodes depends, on the one hand, on the frequency of the electrical signal applied to the electrodes, but also on parameters independent of the actual power supply, namely the electrical properties of the particle pair. /fluid.
- the influence of the value of the electrical conductivity of the carrier fluid of the particles on the dielectrophoresis regime is particularly significant.
- a component designed to collect particles by dielectrophoretic attraction is inefficient if the electrical conditions, and in particular the nature of the particle - fluid pair, make the dielectrophoresis regime always negative.
- a too conductive fluid can render a planar configuration component incapable of any collection on its electrodes.
- this kind of problem is commonly encountered in biology, where the liquids are generally aqueous ionic solutions, therefore highly conductive.
- the dielectrophoretic forces can be inhibited by concurrent forces also from the applied electric field, and in particular electro-convection.
- electro-convection we mean all the phenomena of setting in motion of the fluid (convection because of the existence of an electric field which is applied to it) and in particular the setting in movement by electro ⁇ osmosis (presence of charges on the electrodes) and Joule warm-up (presence of an electric current in the fluid).
- the moving fluid causes the particles because of their small size: this convection movement is then superimposed on the dielectrophoretic movement, which can sometimes be completely inhibited if the accumulation zones associated with each phenomenon are not the same.
- Electro-convection then constitutes a parasitic phenomenon, which is found especially in planar configuration systems, where the electro-convective drive generally goes against dielectrophoretic forces: for example in interdigital electrode systems, the electro-convection induces the creation of accumulation zones situated in the middle of the electrodes and / or in the center of the inter-electrode space, which are not located at the same place as those due to dielectrophoresis, constituted, as already mentioned, by the edge of said electrodes.
- This phenomenon of electro-convection is a phenomenon that depends on the power supply frequency of the electrodes, and which is all the more important that the particles are small.
- this phenomenon decreases as the frequency increases, whereas the positive dielectrophoresis requires not to work above the cutoff frequency, corresponding to the frequency marking the change from positive dielectrophoresis regime to negative dielectrophoresis.
- the object of the present invention therefore aims to separate particles from a fluid by dielectrophoresis, overcoming all of these various disadvantages.
- the device according to the invention for the dielectrophoretic separation comprises two types of electrodes, each of the two types of electrodes being brought to a different potential, so as to generate an electric field within said fluid, both types of electrodes.
- electrode being positioned within a chamber or pipe receiving the fluid subjected to dielectrophoretic separation, said enclosure itself being provided with a particle collecting surface.
- each of the two types of electrodes is immersed in the fluid within the enclosure or pipe and are located in different planes from that of the collection surface; in that the two types of electrodes are supplied with electrical current in opposite phases; and in that the potential of each of the two types of electrodes has a distance-dependent gradient in the direction perpendicular to the collection surface.
- the invention consists in: positioning the two groups or types of electrodes in the direction oz, the two groups being supplied in phase opposition; to make each of the electrode groups capable of delivering a variable electrical potential along that direction oz; and finally, imposing a potential profile such that the resulting dielectrophoretic force is always oriented along the oz direction.
- the electrodes lose their role of collection surface and have only a limited electrical role, namely to deliver a non-uniform electric field, in order to produce effective dielectrophoretic forces for collection and directed to the collection surface, and thus to the bottom of the enclosure or the pipe.
- the two types of electrodes are alternately supplied with electric current.
- FIGS. 1a, 1b and 1c are diagrammatic representations seen from above of three planar electrode configurations according to the prior art, respectively interdigitated, crenated, and quadrupole.
- Figure 2 is a schematic cross-sectional representation of the electrodes of Figure la.
- FIGS. 3a and 3b schematically illustrate the general principle underlying the invention.
- FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating the relative variation of the dielectrophoretic force as a function of the distance of its measurement with respect to the collection surface, respectively for an interdigitated configuration, for a beveled electrode configuration, and for a stacked electrode configuration .
- Fig. 5 is a schematic representation illustrating the invention according to the beveled electrode configuration of the invention.
- Fig. 6 is a schematic representation illustrating the invention according to the inclined electrode configuration of the invention.
- FIGS. 7a, 7b and 7c illustrate the possibility of collecting on a defined surface according to the dielectrophoresis regime implemented, respectively in positive mode and in negative mode by means of the beveled electrode configuration of the invention.
- Figure 8 is a schematic representation illustrating the invention in the isolated electrode configuration of the invention.
- FIG. 9 is a schematic representation illustrating the invention in the stacked electrode configuration of the invention.
- FIGS. 10a to 10d illustrate the principle implemented for the operation of the preceding configuration, with spatio-temporal variation of the potential V.
- FIGS. 11a, 11b and 11c illustrate schematically different electrical circuits capable of allowing the operation of the electrodes in a stacked configuration .
- Figures 12a and 12b illustrate a configuration of the invention in checkerboard mode, respectively in cross section and viewed from above.
- One of the objectives of the invention is to obtain, on the one hand, a dielectrophoretic force parallel to the oz axis, ie perpendicular to the collection plane, and on the other hand, distributed in a controlled manner according to ounces
- the intensity of the di-electrophoretic force may be of substantially constant intensity along the axis oz.
- FIG. 4 shows the variation of the dielectrophoretic force along the oz axis for three different configurations: the interdigitated electrodes of the prior art; a pyramid type configuration with stacked electrodes; a pyramidal configuration with beveled electrodes.
- the two configurations of pyramidal type above, according to the invention, will be described below in more detail.
- the electrodes no longer constitute a collection surface of the particles to be separated, the dimensions of said electrodes therefore no longer constitute a limiting factor for the reading step. their size can be adapted to the volume of fluid to be treated.
- the device can operate both in positive dielectrophoresis and in negative dielectrophoresis, thus making it possible to significantly increase the fields of application of the present invention. Indeed, it is possible to impose a non-constant profile of the potential V (z), on each of the two groups of electrodes A and B, thus conferring an additional degree of freedom for controlling the phenomenon of dielectrophoresis.
- the efficiency of the device of the invention is no longer dependent on the type of dielectrophoresis regime. It should be remembered in this respect that the aforementioned planar configurations necessarily require a positive dielectrophoresis regime, to perform the collection on a solid surface. Thus, in a first case, for example in a positive dielectrophoresis regime and for a fixed collection surface, the potential V (z) will be decreasing with oz, and applicable to a determined particle-fluid set and with a signal frequency of electrodes also determined.
- the signal V (z) is inverted with respect to the preceding configuration, in order to maintain a dielectrophoretic force always directed toward the collection surface, especially if the fluid becomes very conductive, or if wants to work with another frequency.
- the pyramidal device can adopt three possible configurations that correspond to three types of electrodes comprising the groups: the stacked electrodes; beveled electrodes; and the isolated electrodes. These three configurations make it possible to eliminate the disadvantages associated with interdigitated systems, and more generally with planar configuration systems. Although the performances of these three types of electrodes are not equal, the advantages related to the pyramidal structure that they implement and mentioned above are retained.
- the choice of the type of electrodes in the separation device depends on the performance objectives to be achieved, as well as the available manufacturing techniques.
- microelectronics techniques already used to produce the planar systems can be preserved for the realization of these electrodes. They can be assembled in a macrosystem which contains the collection surface and which must provide all the other non-electrical functions (sealing, fluid supply, connection to a reading system, etc.) associated with the component according to its type of use ( capture, separation, sorting, etc.). They can also be made in a micro system.
- the invention recommends, according to a first embodiment, called “beveled electrodes", according to FIG. 5, that the electrode groups A and B are each composed of a single electrode. , supplied with the peak value potential Vo, whose respective surface in contact with the fluid has an inclination of an angle ⁇ with respect to the horizontal, giving them a bevelled appearance.
- the electrodes have a rectangular trapezoidal longitudinal section, whose inclined face is in contact with the fluid. The angle ⁇ depends on the volume of fluid to be treated and the nature of the particle-fluid pair: it must satisfy the condition 0 ⁇ ⁇ 90 °.
- Beveled electrodes is equivalent to the configuration obtained with two facing flat electrodes, which are inclined at an angle ⁇ , always with respect to the horizontal illustrated in relation with FIG.
- the compensation of the transition from a positive dielectrophoresis regime to a negative dielectrophoresis regime can be done either by inverting the inclination of the electrodes (FIG. 7b) or by moving the collection surface C on the upper part of the component as shown in FIG. 7c.
- a positive dielectrophoresis regime is implemented, according to the beveled electrode configuration of the type previously described, and increasing variation of the potential V as a function of oz.
- a negative dielectrophoresis regime is implemented in FIGS. 7b and 7c, respectively by inverting the profile of the electrodes, in order to arrive at a decreasing variation of the potential as a function of oz, and by positioning the collection surface at upper level of the chamber for storing or moving the liquid to be treated and keeping the increasing variation of the potential with the axis oz.
- the invention proposes a second embodiment called "isolated electrodes", more particularly described in relation to FIG. 8.
- the electrode groups A and B are each composed of a single electrode, supplied at the peak value Vo, each of said electrodes being coated at its face in contact with the fluid, with a layer made of an insulating material electrical I.
- the deposition of this layer of insulating material is made such that the surface of said insulator in contact with the fluid has an inclination of an angle ⁇ relative to the horizontal. In other words, this amounts to varying the thickness of the insulation layer along the axis oz.
- the invention consists in playing on the thickness of the insulating layer to create a variable potential V (z) along the electrode and along the axis oz.
- V (z) variable potential
- the actual electrode has a surface parallel to the direction oz and it is the variable thickness insulation with z that creates the non-constant function V (z).
- the nature of the insulating material is not predefined. It must be chosen so that it ensures a good mechanical adhesion on the electrode, a good homogeneity to the impermeability of the electrical charges and mechanical properties which make it easily machinable.
- the use of isolated electrodes can bring a very clear improvement in the performance of a dielectrophoresis system.
- the presence of electric fields in the conductive fluids can induce electric charge transfers at the electrodes, thus capable of generating electrochemical reactions.
- These electrochemical reactions to the electrodes are all limiting factors to the efficiency of the separation, because they generally cause gaseous releases that quickly degrade the electrical performance of the component.
- the intensities of the applied electric fields are mainly limited by these electrochemical effects. However, if the intensity of the applied fields is increased, the intensity of the dielectrophoretic forces resulting therefrom are also increased, thus optimizing the effectiveness of the component.
- the insulating layer prevents electrical charges from passing between the fluid and the electrode in question. It thus limits the appearance of electrochemical reactions to the electrodes and allows to work with higher electric field levels (ie applied potential levels V 0 ) than those usually obtained with uninsulated electrodes.
- the increase in the intensity of the electric field leads to more intense dielectrophoretic forces.
- the performance of the devices implementing such insulated electrodes are better, regardless of their geometric configuration.
- each group of The electrodes A and B consist of a stack of electrodes, fed by an electrical signal individually, and separated by an insulating material.
- the number N of stacked electrodes in each group and their size according to oz are not fixed. Each group must have at least two electrodes and their increasing number N enhances the desired performance of the component.
- the values of the potentials Vi applied to each electrode positioned at the coordinate zi determines the global function V (z) such that:
- V (z) l, N
- the stacked electrode configuration can be used either by simultaneously applying to each of the two groups A and B of electrodes a different potential (V 1 , V 2 , V 3 ) on each electrode (spatial variation of the potential), or by applying a potential (constant or not) sequentially on each electrode (temporal variation of the potential).
- V 1 , V 2 , V 3 a different potential
- V 3 a potential sequentially on each electrode
- the electrodes are consecutively "lit” one after the other, ie they are brought to the same potential consecutively, inducing a spatio-temporal gradient of the potential and a dielectrophoretic force which, in time, moves towards the capture surface, conferring a piston effect on the particles.
- each electrode of each group is indicated on the electrical diagrams shown in relation to FIGS. 1a, 1 Ib and 1 Ic.
- an impedance Z 1 composed of a combination of resistance and inductance R 1 L 1 , is placed across the terminals of each electrode.
- a phase-shifted configuration is obtained with the electrical diagram of FIG. 11b, limitingly implementing a resistor, and thus causing a spatial variation of the potential V.
- the electrical diagram of FIG. 11c implementing inductances, a spatio-temporal variation of the potential V is obtained, the inductance inducing a delay.
- FIG. 12a and 12b illustrate a pyramidal checkerboard structure obtained from a beveled electrode configuration, respectively in cross-section and viewed from above.
- the checkered structure component can be adapted to microwell plates already used for this type of application. These plates have microcuvettes, generally distributed in matrix. The flanks of the cuvettes may constitute the support of the electrodes implemented in accordance with the invention.
- Each well consists of an elementary pyramidal component and acts as a pad capable of chemically differentiating, by the nature of the capture surface positioned at the bottom of the well, a desired molecule.
- the individual ignition (addressing) of each pad consists in applying an electric potential on each group of electrodes. Ignition of the wells simultaneously or sequentially promotes the capture of molecules by dielectrophoresis.
- the main interest of this particular configuration is to find the operation of a planar system while separating the electrical surfaces of the capture surfaces.
- the collection is improved if an insulating base is used as the collection surface. Indeed, it is demonstrated that with such a collection surface, it avoids the concentration of particles collected at the electrodes, that is to say at the place where the electric field is the most intense.
- the insulating base then acts as a stopping or confinement zone, which is no longer in contact with the electrodes.
- this insulating base is replaced by a base made of a conductive material, electrically isolated from the electrodes, and carried for example to ground or polarized.
- the practice then demonstrates that the collection of particles occurs at the central part of said base, and no longer at the edges, as the previous case using an insulating base.
- This embodiment has a number of advantages, among which may be mentioned:
- the substrate to be conductive it advantageously has a layer made of gold, silver, platinum, aluminum or chromium.
- a layer made of gold, silver, platinum, aluminum or chromium To be more transparent, it can be made in ITO (generic term designating the oxides of Indium) or polyaniline.
- the detection can thus be carried out optically, and in particular by fluorescence, whether the base is transparent or not. In the latter case, we go through the excitation of fluorescence via a surface plasmon. This detection can also be carried out in surface plasmon resonance. It can also be performed electrically then using the base as an active electrode during a read operation.
- the device of the present invention is of interest inasmuch as, first and foremost, it makes it possible to define a field of dielectrophoretic forces extending within the entire volume of fluid, which the could not be obtained with the devices of the prior art.
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Abstract
Description
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Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT05800525T ATE520467T1 (de) | 2004-10-04 | 2005-09-15 | Vorrichtung zur dielektrophoretischen trennung von partikeln in einer flüssigkeit |
JP2007535209A JP4931822B2 (ja) | 2004-10-04 | 2005-09-15 | 流体に含まれている粒子を電気泳動分離するための装置 |
US11/576,211 US8034226B2 (en) | 2004-10-04 | 2005-09-15 | Device for dielectrophoretic separation of particles contained in a fluid |
EP05800525A EP1796843B1 (fr) | 2004-10-04 | 2005-09-15 | Dispositif pour realiser la separation dielectrophoretique de particules contenues dans un fluide |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR0410443A FR2876045B1 (fr) | 2004-10-04 | 2004-10-04 | Dispositif pour realiser la separation dielectrophoretique de particules contenues dans un fluide |
FR0410443 | 2004-10-04 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2006037910A1 true WO2006037910A1 (fr) | 2006-04-13 |
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ID=34949448
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/FR2005/050745 WO2006037910A1 (fr) | 2004-10-04 | 2005-09-15 | Dispositif pour realiser la separation dielectrophoretique de particules contenues dans un fluide |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8034226B2 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP1796843B1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP4931822B2 (fr) |
AT (1) | ATE520467T1 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2876045B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2006037910A1 (fr) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2008175812A (ja) * | 2006-12-19 | 2008-07-31 | Furuido:Kk | マイクロ流体デバイスおよびそれを用いた分析装置 |
US20090032398A1 (en) * | 2007-05-14 | 2009-02-05 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Small volume liquid manipulation, method, apparatus and process |
US20100018861A1 (en) * | 2007-03-26 | 2010-01-28 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Electromotive liquid handling method and apparatus |
Families Citing this family (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JP2008003074A (ja) * | 2006-05-26 | 2008-01-10 | Furuido:Kk | マイクロ流体デバイス、計測装置及びマイクロ流体撹拌方法 |
KR100942364B1 (ko) * | 2008-02-26 | 2010-02-12 | 광주과학기술원 | 미세 입자분리 장치 |
KR101023040B1 (ko) * | 2008-11-13 | 2011-03-24 | 한국항공대학교산학협력단 | 고속 입자분리 장치 및 그 방법 |
EP2682683B1 (fr) * | 2011-10-21 | 2019-06-05 | Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | Appareil de climatisation |
US8926816B2 (en) | 2011-11-08 | 2015-01-06 | Rarecyte, Inc. | Systems and methods to analyze materials of a suspension by means of dielectrophoresis |
KR101583633B1 (ko) * | 2015-01-12 | 2016-01-08 | 한국항공대학교산학협력단 | 음의 유전 영동력 기반의 입자 분리 장치 및 이를 이용한 입자 분리 방법 |
WO2021053896A1 (fr) * | 2019-09-20 | 2021-03-25 | 株式会社村田製作所 | Filtre, unité de filtre et dispositif de filtre |
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US6610188B1 (en) * | 1996-12-20 | 2003-08-26 | Evotec Biosystems Ag | Electrode array for field cages |
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JP2910224B2 (ja) * | 1990-11-07 | 1999-06-23 | 石川島播磨重工業株式会社 | 気液分離装置 |
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US5993630A (en) * | 1996-01-31 | 1999-11-30 | Board Of Regents The University Of Texas System | Method and apparatus for fractionation using conventional dielectrophoresis and field flow fractionation |
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JP2002519176A (ja) * | 1998-06-26 | 2002-07-02 | エボテック バイオシステムズ アクチェン ゲゼルシャフト | マイクロシステムに機能電界障壁を発生させるための電極構造 |
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ATE261114T1 (de) * | 2002-02-01 | 2004-03-15 | Leister Process Tech | Mikrofluidisches bauelement und verfahren für die sortierung von partikeln in einem fluid |
DE10234487A1 (de) * | 2002-07-29 | 2004-02-26 | Evotec Oai Ag | Impedanzmessung in einem fluidischen Mikrosystem |
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- 2004-10-04 FR FR0410443A patent/FR2876045B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
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- 2005-09-15 AT AT05800525T patent/ATE520467T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2005-09-15 US US11/576,211 patent/US8034226B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-09-15 EP EP05800525A patent/EP1796843B1/fr active Active
- 2005-09-15 JP JP2007535209A patent/JP4931822B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-09-15 WO PCT/FR2005/050745 patent/WO2006037910A1/fr active Application Filing
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US3162592A (en) * | 1960-04-20 | 1964-12-22 | Pohl Herbert Ackland | Materials separation using non-uniform electric fields |
US6610188B1 (en) * | 1996-12-20 | 2003-08-26 | Evotec Biosystems Ag | Electrode array for field cages |
US20040112748A1 (en) * | 2002-12-12 | 2004-06-17 | Lee Richard Stanley | Dielectrophoretic particle profiling system and method |
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JP2008175812A (ja) * | 2006-12-19 | 2008-07-31 | Furuido:Kk | マイクロ流体デバイスおよびそれを用いた分析装置 |
US8313626B2 (en) | 2006-12-19 | 2012-11-20 | Fluid Incorporated | Microfluidic device and analyzing device using the same |
US20100018861A1 (en) * | 2007-03-26 | 2010-01-28 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Electromotive liquid handling method and apparatus |
US20090032398A1 (en) * | 2007-05-14 | 2009-02-05 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Small volume liquid manipulation, method, apparatus and process |
US8246802B2 (en) * | 2007-05-14 | 2012-08-21 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Small volume liquid manipulation, method, apparatus and process |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1796843A1 (fr) | 2007-06-20 |
FR2876045B1 (fr) | 2006-11-10 |
ATE520467T1 (de) | 2011-09-15 |
JP2008516215A (ja) | 2008-05-15 |
JP4931822B2 (ja) | 2012-05-16 |
US8034226B2 (en) | 2011-10-11 |
FR2876045A1 (fr) | 2006-04-07 |
US20080011608A1 (en) | 2008-01-17 |
EP1796843B1 (fr) | 2011-08-17 |
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