WO2006021068A1 - Regulation de piles a combustile utilisant la mise a jour d’une memoire de tables - Google Patents

Regulation de piles a combustile utilisant la mise a jour d’une memoire de tables Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2006021068A1
WO2006021068A1 PCT/CA2004/001542 CA2004001542W WO2006021068A1 WO 2006021068 A1 WO2006021068 A1 WO 2006021068A1 CA 2004001542 W CA2004001542 W CA 2004001542W WO 2006021068 A1 WO2006021068 A1 WO 2006021068A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
process parameter
fuel cell
cell stack
controller
stored
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/CA2004/001542
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Akos Toth
Stephen Burany
Original Assignee
Hydrogenics Corporation
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US10/926,300 external-priority patent/US20050112426A1/en
Application filed by Hydrogenics Corporation filed Critical Hydrogenics Corporation
Publication of WO2006021068A1 publication Critical patent/WO2006021068A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04992—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the implementation of mathematical or computational algorithms, e.g. feedback control loops, fuzzy logic, neural networks or artificial intelligence
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
    • H01M8/241—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells with solid or matrix-supported electrolytes
    • H01M8/2425—High-temperature cells with solid electrolytes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/043—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems applied during specific periods
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
    • H01M8/04537—Electric variables
    • H01M8/04574—Current
    • H01M8/04589—Current of fuel cell stacks
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
    • H01M8/241—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells with solid or matrix-supported electrolytes
    • H01M8/244—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells with solid or matrix-supported electrolytes with matrix-supported molten electrolyte
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
    • H01M8/04664—Failure or abnormal function
    • H01M8/04679—Failure or abnormal function of fuel cell stacks
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

Definitions

  • Embodiments of the invention relate generally to fuel cell systems, and more particularly, to systems and methods for regulating the operation of fuel cell systems.
  • Fuel cell systems are seen as a promising alternative to traditional power generation technologies due to their low emissions, high efficiency and ease of operation.
  • Fuel cells operate to convert chemical energy into electrical energy.
  • Proton exchange membrane fuel cells comprise an anode, a cathode, and a selective electrolytic membrane disposed between the two electrodes.
  • a fuel such as hydrogen
  • the proton exchange membrane facilitates the migration of protons from the anode to the cathode.
  • the electrons cannot pass through the membrane and are forced to flow through an external circuit thus providing an electrical current.
  • oxygen reacts at the catalyst layer, with electrons returned from the electrical circuit, to form anions.
  • the anions formed at the cathode react with the protons that have crossed the membrane to form liquid water as the reaction product.
  • the proton exchange membrane of a fuel cell requires a wet surface to facilitate the conduction of protons from the anode to the cathode, and to otherwise maintain the membrane electrically conductive.
  • a further consideration is that there is an increasing interest in using fuel cells in transport and like applications, e.g. as the basic power source for cars, buses and even larger vehicles.
  • Automotive applications are quite different from many stationary applications.
  • fuel cell stacks are commonly used as an electrical power source and are expected to run at a relatively constant power level for an extended period of time.
  • the actual power required from a fuel cell stack can vary widely.
  • the fuel cell stack supply unit is expected to respond rapidly to changes in power demand, whether these are demands for increased or reduced power, while maintaining high efficiencies.
  • a fuel cell power unit may be expected to operate under an extreme range of ambient temperature and humidity conditions.
  • Embodiments of the invention relate generally to a fuel cell management system that can facilitate rapid and accurate dynamic control of fuel cell system devices, and provide process control over varying operating conditions.
  • a fuel cell system comprising: a fuel cell stack comprising at least one fuel cell and electric outputs for driving a load; a balance of plant system for supplying and withdrawing process fluids to and from the fuel cell stack; and a controller that controls the operation of the fuel cell stack and the balance of plant system by measuring and setting process parameters, wherein the controller comprises a storage device for storing one or more process parameter control tables, each comprising stored values associated with a first process parameter as a function of a second process parameter; wherein in operation, the controller obtains a measured value for the second process parameter, and sets the first process parameter in the control of the fuel cell stack and the balance of plant system based on at least the measured value by retrieving, from at least one parameter control table, the stored value associated with the first process parameter that is a function of the second process parameter for which the measured value is obtained.
  • a fuel cell system comprising: a fuel cell stack having at least one fuel cell, the fuel cell stack having electric outputs for driving a load; a balance of plant system for supplying and withdrawing process fluids to and from the fuel cell stack; and a controller that controls the operation of the fuel cell stack and the balance of plant system by measuring and setting process parameters; the controller having a storage device which is adapted to, for at least one of the process parameters, store at least one current table of set values of the process parameter and to store at least one correction table of correction values of the process parameter; wherein correction table values are stored in real-time as changes are made to the process parameter by the controller according to information calculated from at least one of the current tables of at least one process parameter, and a value is calculated by the controller utilizing a set value read from the appropriate current table and which set value is re-calculated using a read correction value from an appropriate correction table for the process parameter.
  • a fuel cell system comprising: a fuel cell stack having at least one fuel cell, the fuel cell stack having electric outputs for driving a load; a balance of plant system for supplying and withdrawing process fluids to and from the fuel cell stack; and a controller that controls the operation of the fuel cell stack and the balance of plant system by measuring and setting process parameters; the controller having a storage device which is adapted to, for at least one of the process parameters, store at least one current table of set values of the process parameter; wherein current table values are stored in real-time as changes are made to the process parameter by the controller according to information calculated from at least one of the current tables of at least one process parameter.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a fuel cell system in an embodiment of the invention
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic x-y diagram illustrating the data of an example current table for a process parameter graphically
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic x-y diagram illustrating the data of an example correction table for a process parameter graphically; and
  • FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating steps in a method of regulating the operation of a fuel cell system in an embodiment of the invention.
  • Fuel cell system 1 comprises a fuel cell stack 10 having at least one fuel cell 20. Fuel cell stack 10 also provides electric outputs 30 for driving a load 40. A balance of plant system 50 (BOP) supplies and withdraws process fluids to and from fuel cell stack 10.
  • the process fluids may include water, hydrogen and air, for example.
  • Fuel cell system 1 also comprises a controller 60, which controls various process devices [not shown] of fuel cell system 1 , such as coolant pumps, blowers, and pressure regulators, for example.
  • Controller 60 can be either a central controller, or comprise one or more local controllers, each typically controlling the operation of one or a few process devices.
  • Controller 60 controls the operation of fuel cell stack 10 and
  • BOP 50 by measuring and setting process parameters, such as temperature ' (e.g. which may be controlled via coolant flows), air blower speed, current and voltage, for example.
  • process parameters such as temperature ' (e.g. which may be controlled via coolant flows), air blower speed, current and voltage, for example.
  • process parameter e.g. which may be controlled via coolant flows
  • controller 60 Another example of a process parameter that can be controlled by controller 60 is stoichiometry, for example, the amount of hydrogen gas provided to fuel cell stack 10 in relation to the theoretical value of gas that would be consumed under ideal conditions at the particular temperature and pressure.
  • controller 60 when controller 60 reads measured process parameter values indicating fuel cell stack 10 is operating under normal conditions, the stoichiometric balance of the hydrogen gas may be changed so that the stoichiometric relation is lowered (e.g. by lowering the hydrogen pressure in the hydrogen in-feed [not shown] to fuel cell stack 10). Conversely, when controller 60 reads measured process parameters indicating that fuel cell stack 10 is not operating under normal conditions, the stoichiometric balance of the hydrogen gas may be changed so that the stoichiometric relation is increased (e.g. by increasing the hydrogen pressure in the hydrogen in-feed to fuel cell stack 10).
  • Controller 60 comprises a storage device 65 for storing at least one process parameter control table.
  • Storage device 65 may be provided as a separate device coupled to controller 60, or may exist as a memory store integrated into controller 60, for example.
  • the process parameter control tables stored in storage device 65 comprise at least one baseline table and at least one correction table. These tables are discussed in greater detail with reference to the example depicted by FIGS. 2 and 3.
  • each baseline table is a current table 70 of set values of a particular process parameter as a function of fuel cell stack current.
  • each correction table is a table of correction values 72 of the particular process parameter as a function of fuel cell stack current.
  • the process parameter control tables may be used to control the operations of BOP 50. For instance, based on the values read from current table 70 and a corresponding correction table 72, the cathode flow rate and/or the anode purge rate within fuel cell stack 10 can be adjusted.
  • the process parameter control tables may store values of process parameters that are a function of a different reference parameter. For example, values associated with a cathode stoichiometric offset as a function of stack temperature may be stored in a process parameter control table, for example.
  • a new current table would have to be calculated according to new process data, and the new table stored in storage device 65.
  • the values in a current table 70 may be determined initially at the time of manufacture of fuel cell system 1 , and new current tables may be subsequently calculated as necessitated by changes to the process (i.e. how BOP 50 is operated) or when new-found knowledge is had relating to the fuel cell system regulation process.
  • FIG. 2 a schematic x-y diagram illustrating the data of an example current table for a process parameter is shown graphically as 70.
  • current table 70 illustrates stoichiometric values as a function of measured fuel cell stack current.
  • FIG. 2 shows how the set value of the stoichiometric value of hydrogen gas (y-axis), as defined in a particular current table 70, slowly approaches a theoretical value S 0 as the value of the measured fuel cell stack current (x-axis) increases.
  • data in current table 70 (and corresponding correction table 72) can be stored in bins (e.g. 0-25, 25-50, 50- 75, etc.); when the fuel cell stack current falls within a particular bin, the corresponding value of that bin (e.g. for the cathode flow rate and/or the anode purge rate) can be applied.
  • bins e.g. 0-25, 25-50, 50- 75, etc.
  • FIG. 3 a schematic x-y diagram illustrating the data of an example correction table for a process parameter is shown graphically as 72.
  • FIG. 3 shows an example correction table 72 used for stoichiometric value adjustments for hydrogen gas.
  • correction table 72 stores incremental (+/-) adjustments, which are used with baseline operating values (e.g. from current table 70) to produce a final setpoint.
  • controller 60 calculates a new stoichiometric value for a given set of operating conditions, the value is stored in storage device 65 as a correction value in correction table 72.
  • controller 60 can retrieve the appropriate stoichiometric values from current table 70 and correction table 72, apply the correction value from correction table 72 to the value from current table 70, and accordingly, set the process parameter in operating BOP 50 to control fuel cell stack 10. In this way, controller 60 is adapted to "learn" how to run fuel cell system 1 efficiently, even as the system degrades with time or when other factors make it necessary to compensate the set values from the current table(s) 70.
  • correction tables 72 may be set or adjusted if fuel cell stack 10 is unstable at a current operating point, or if performance of fuel cell stack 10 can be improved.
  • Other data stored in storage device 65 pertaining to stack health parameters measured by controller 60 e.g. stack impedance, minimum/maximum/average stack voltage
  • S1 and S2 respectively may be designated.
  • stored values from different correction tables may also be used by controller 60 to calculate correction values for a correction table 72, and possibly to generate additional correction tables for other process parameters, for example.
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 illustrate an example of stoichiometric value control, embodiments of the invention can be applied to the regulation of other process parameters.
  • controller 60 makes changes to process parameters governing fuel cell stack 10 according to operating conditions, and can be changed to optimize system performance and stability. Performance may be defined as system efficiency, system response and system durability. In one embodiment, process parameters are changed based on calculations made using data from at least one current table 70 of at least one process parameter, and possibly from other measured process data.
  • FIG. 4 a flowchart illustrating steps in a method of regulating the operation of a fuel cell system in an embodiment of the invention is shown generally as 80.
  • controller 60 receives measurements of process parameters relating to current operating conditions of fuel cell stack 10, and determines, for example, that fuel cell stack 10 is becoming unstable.
  • controller 60 adjusts one or more process parameters and monitors the effect of the adjustments (e.g., controller 60 may increase the anode purge rate by 2% from a baseline value as stored in current table 70, and check for the effect of the increased purge rate).
  • controller 60 makes a determination if the fuel cell stack 10 has become stable. If the fuel cell stack 10 is stable, the corresponding correction table 72 is updated to indicate what adjustments are needed at the current fuel cell stack current setting at step 88 (e.g., the purge rate is to be set 2% higher than the associated baseline value at the given fuel cell stack current). If the fuel cell stack 10 is not stable, further adjustments to process parameters can be made.
  • process parameters may be set by controller 60 based upon stored values in correction table 72 (used to store adjustments to baseline values stored in current table 70, in this example), when fuel cell stack 10 operates under similar conditions (e.g. at the same fuel cell stack current setting). Controller 60 may make further adjustments to process parameters (and update correction table 72 accordingly), if it determines that further adjustments are necessary to keep the fuel cell stack 10 stable or to otherwise improve performance.
  • correction table 72 used to store adjustments to baseline values stored in current table 70, in this example
  • controller 60 may store a re-calculated operating value determined based on actual operating conditions for a particular process parameter directly in the appropriate location of a baseline table (e.g. current table 70), replacing the most recently set value.
  • a separate correction table e.g. correction table 72 is not required.
  • one process parameter control table is provided for a particular process parameter, where the process parameter control table includes both an area for storing calculated correction values and an area for storing current table values.
  • back-up versions of any of the process parameter control tables used may be made and stored.
  • controller 60 can retrieve a back-up table should the original table being used become corrupt or un-readable, for instance.
  • Process parameter control tables may be saved in non-volatile storage as updates are made.
  • process parameter control tables may be stored in a volatile memory during operation, and saved either at regular intervals and/or when controller 60 is shut down.
  • Embodiments of the invention provide some advantages over existing fuel cell systems. For example, by utilizing a fuel cell system constructed in accordance with an embodiment of the invention, sensor measurement errors may be eliminated to a large degree since the system can automatically adapt to changing conditions efficiently, and control process parameters to improve system performance and stability accordingly.
  • embodiments of the invention may have applicability in different types of fuel cells, which include but are not limited to, solid oxide, alkaline, molten- carbonate, and phosphoric acid.

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  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract

L’invention concerne un système et un procédé utilisés pour réguler le fonctionnement de systèmes à piles à combustible. Dans un mode de réalisation, un système à piles à combustibles comprend un empilement de piles à combustible, l’empilement de piles à combustible comprenant au moins une pile à combustible et des sorties électriques pour attaquer une charge ; une module d’équilibrage d’une installation pour fournir/extraire des fluides de traitement à/de l’empilement de piles de combustible ; et un module de commande qui commande le fonctionnement de l’empilement de piles de combustible et le module d’équilibrage de l’installation en mesurant et en fixant des paramètres de traitement. L’invention est caractérisée en ce que le module de commande comprend un dispositif de mémorisation conçu pour mémoriser, pour l’un au moins des paramètres de traitement, au moins une table de référence contenant des valeurs de consigne du paramètre de traitement et pour mémoriser éventuellement au moins une table de correction contenant des valeurs de correction du paramètre de traitement. Les valeurs de correction sont mémorisées en temps réel au fur et à mesure des modifications apportées au paramètre de traitement au cours du fonctionnement de l’empilement de piles de combustible.
PCT/CA2004/001542 2004-08-26 2004-08-30 Regulation de piles a combustile utilisant la mise a jour d’une memoire de tables WO2006021068A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US10/926,300 US20050112426A1 (en) 2003-08-26 2004-08-26 Fuel cell regulation using updating table storage
US10/926,300 2004-08-26

Publications (1)

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WO2006021068A1 true WO2006021068A1 (fr) 2006-03-02

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Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH09245826A (ja) * 1996-02-29 1997-09-19 Aqueous Res:Kk 燃料電池スタックの運転状態判別方法及び運転制御方法
US6650968B2 (en) * 2000-12-27 2003-11-18 Plug Power Inc. Technique to regulate an efficiency of a fuel cell system
US20030215677A1 (en) * 2002-05-14 2003-11-20 Frost Gordon Scott System for monitoring and controlling fuel cell-based power generation units
US6692851B2 (en) * 1999-07-06 2004-02-17 General Motors Corporation Fuel cell stack monitoring and system control
CA2450849A1 (fr) * 2002-11-27 2004-05-27 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Appareil de diagnostic et methode diagnostique pour pile a combustible
CA2450619A1 (fr) * 2002-11-27 2004-05-27 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Appareil de diagnostic et methode diagnostique pour pile a combustible

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH09245826A (ja) * 1996-02-29 1997-09-19 Aqueous Res:Kk 燃料電池スタックの運転状態判別方法及び運転制御方法
US6692851B2 (en) * 1999-07-06 2004-02-17 General Motors Corporation Fuel cell stack monitoring and system control
US6650968B2 (en) * 2000-12-27 2003-11-18 Plug Power Inc. Technique to regulate an efficiency of a fuel cell system
US20030215677A1 (en) * 2002-05-14 2003-11-20 Frost Gordon Scott System for monitoring and controlling fuel cell-based power generation units
CA2450849A1 (fr) * 2002-11-27 2004-05-27 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Appareil de diagnostic et methode diagnostique pour pile a combustible
CA2450619A1 (fr) * 2002-11-27 2004-05-27 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Appareil de diagnostic et methode diagnostique pour pile a combustible

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