WO2006018914A1 - 有機半導体レーザ装置および有機エレクトロルミネッセンス装置 - Google Patents
有機半導体レーザ装置および有機エレクトロルミネッセンス装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2006018914A1 WO2006018914A1 PCT/JP2005/003246 JP2005003246W WO2006018914A1 WO 2006018914 A1 WO2006018914 A1 WO 2006018914A1 JP 2005003246 W JP2005003246 W JP 2005003246W WO 2006018914 A1 WO2006018914 A1 WO 2006018914A1
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- semiconductor laser
- organic semiconductor
- layer
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- laser device
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/30—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region
- H01S5/36—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region comprising organic materials
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/04—Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping, e.g. by electron beams
- H01S5/042—Electrical excitation ; Circuits therefor
- H01S5/0425—Electrodes, e.g. characterised by the structure
- H01S5/04252—Electrodes, e.g. characterised by the structure characterised by the material
- H01S5/04253—Electrodes, e.g. characterised by the structure characterised by the material having specific optical properties, e.g. transparent electrodes
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an organic semiconductor laser device in which an anode and a cathode are arranged with an organic semiconductor laser active layer interposed therebetween, and an organic electoluminescence device in which an anode and a p-beam are arranged with an organic semiconductor light emitting layer interposed therebetween.
- the structure of the semiconductor laser device is disclosed in, for example, the publication of Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 20 04- 1 8 6 59 9.
- the organic semiconductor laser device includes a substrate, an anode layer disposed on the substrate, a light emitting layer disposed on the positive electrode SS, and a negative electrode layer disposed on the light emitting layer. .
- holes are injected from the positive to the light-emitting layer, and electrons are transmitted from the negative ⁇ to the light-emitting layer, so that holes and electrons recombine in the light-emitting layer and emit light. It is described that light is amplified by being repeatedly reflected on the transversal surface of the positive and light emitting layers and on the transversal surface of the light and il layers and emitted as laser light.
- ITO indium tin oxide
- negative layer material 10 ⁇ ⁇ ! Metals such as Mg Ag alloy with a thickness of ⁇ 1 ⁇ m are listed.
- the transmission loss is large, and the threshold value (ASE threshold value) for generating amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) Will become expensive. Therefore, in actuality, it is difficult to cause ASE oscillation due to the electromotive force from the anode and illuminator.
- An object of the present invention is to provide an organic semiconductor laser device capable of suppressing laser propagation at the cathode and maintaining a high current 3 ⁇ 4 ⁇ efficiency, thereby enabling a laser oscillation by current excitation to be performed smoothly.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide an organic semiconductor laser device that can prevent thermal destruction due to a large current ⁇ , and thereby can perform laser oscillation by electromotive force.
- Still another object of the present invention is to provide an organic electroluminescence device which prevents thermal destruction due to a large current of ⁇ and thereby realizes light emission with high luminance.
- An organic semiconductor laser device includes an organic semiconductor laser active layer, a first transparent conductive layer, a positive electrode that supplies holes to the organic semiconductor laser active layer, and a self It is stacked on the male semiconductor laser active layer, and includes supplying electrons to the organic semiconductor laser active layer.
- the cathode comprises a metal-containing thin film having a thickness of less than 10 nm (preferably 3. O nm or less, more preferably 2.5 nm or less), and a second transparent layer laminated on the metal-containing thin film layer. It consists of a laminated structure film with a lot of conductive MS. In this laminated structure film, the ift self-metal-containing thin film layer is arranged more than the second transparent conductive film.
- the ⁇ that supplies electrons to the semiconductor laser active tt is arranged with a metal-containing thin film layer having a thickness of less than 10 nm on the organic semiconductor laser active '
- An electron injection barrier to the active layer 1 to the living layer can be relaxed by the metal-containing thin film layer, and the electron injection efficiency can be increased.
- the threshold and value (ASE threshold, value) for amplified spontaneous emission by current excitation can be reduced, so that it is possible to achieve a configuration that is ⁇ for laser oscillation by current excitation.
- Transparent refers to the case where the transmittance of light of the emission wavelength of the organic semiconductor laser active layer is 50% or more (more preferably, 80% or more).
- the “metal-containing thin film layer” is, for example, a thin film layer having a metal content of 0.1% or more, and includes a layer having a metal content of 100% (that is, a metal layer).
- the second transparent conductor ms enormous Eff laminated on the metal-containing thin Bi is preferably 40 nm or less in order to suppress the light propagation loss in the second transparent conductor, and it is preferably 30 nm or less. More preferably, ⁇ .
- the thickness of the first transparent conductive film constituting the anode is preferably 40 nm or less, and more preferably 30 nm or less.
- first and second transparent conductive materials include transparent conductive materials such as ITO (indium tin oxide), IZO (indium zinc oxide) or Zn (zinc oxide).
- the braided metal-containing thin film layer preferably contains one or more of MgAg alloy, alkali metal and alkaline earth metal. These metals are neo-materials that can relax the electron 3 ⁇ 4 ⁇ emblem to the organic semiconductor laser activity and increase the electron 3 ⁇ 4 ⁇ efficiency.
- Alkali metals include Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, and Fr.
- Alkali earth metals include Ca, Sr, Ba, and Ra.
- the metal-containing thin film layer may include a mixture of at least one of an alkali metal and an alkaline earth metal and a material.
- the organic substance include BPC (phenanthrene derivative), Bphen (basocuproin derivative), an aluminum quinoline derivative, a triazole derivative, and the like.
- BPC phenanthrene derivative
- Bphen basic quinoline derivative
- a triazole derivative a material that can also relax the electron injection barrier to the organic semiconductor laser 14 and increase the electron injection efficiency.
- the organic semiconductor laser can be protected from damage when forming the second transparent conductor.
- the organic semiconductor laser active device includes an electron transport layer that receives electrons from an IfrlE cathode, a hole transport layer that receives holes from an anode, and the electron transport layer and the hole transport layer. It is preferable to include a light-emitting layer disposed between the layers and having a refractive index higher than that of the braided electron transport layer and the hole transport layer.
- the organic semiconductor laser activity has a double hetero structure in which the light emitting layer is sandwiched between the electron transport layer and the hole transport layer, and the light emitting layer includes the electron transport layer and the hole transport layer. It has a larger refractive index. Therefore, light is confined well in the light emitting layer. As a result, the A S ⁇ threshold can be lowered.
- the light emitting layer is an organic semiconductor having a higher energy gap of H OMO (highest occupied molecular orbital) and LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) energy than that of the electron transport layer and hole transport layer. f It is preferable that it consists of materials. As a result, the carrier can be efficiently confined in the light emitting layer, so that the A S E threshold value can be further reduced.
- organic material constituting the electron transport layer examples include metal complexes such as Alq 3 (quinolinol complexes such as 8-hydroxyquinoline aluminum), PBD (2- (4-tert-Butylphenyl) -5- ( 4-biphenyly 1) -1, 3, 4-oxadiazole) and oxaziazole derivatives such as TAZ (1, 2, 4-triazole derivatives), triazole derivatives, and BCP (2, 9-dimethyl-4, 7- Illustrative are phenanthrophylline (electron transport 'hole' Sit materials) such as diphenyl_l, 10-phenanthroline (phenanthrene derivatives) and B phen (vasocuproin).
- metal complexes such as Alq 3 (quinolinol complexes such as 8-hydroxyquinoline aluminum), PBD (2- (4-tert-Butylphenyl) -5- ( 4-biphenyly 1) -1, 3, 4-oxadiazole) and oxaziazole derivatives
- the organic material constituting the hole transport layer is one NPD (4,4′-bis [N-naphthyl) -N-phenyl-amino] biphenyl.
- Low molecular weight allylamin derivative m MTDATA (4 '4, 4, 4 "-tris [3-methylphenyl- (phenyl) -amino]- triphenyl—amine), TPD ((N-methylphenyl) -1,4-biphenyl) -4,4, -diamine.
- Triphenylamine derivatives and CBP (4,4 Examples include arylamines (hole injection 'transport materials) such as' -di (N-carbazolyl) biphenyl) and metal complexes (hole injection materials) such as CuP c (copper lid cyanine). '
- the tfit self-emitting layer includes a styrylbenzene derivative (for example, BSB (1, 4-dimethoxy-2, 5-bis [p- ⁇ N-phenyl-N- (m-tolyl) amino ⁇ styryl] benzene) as a laser dye (dopant for the light-emitting layer) and a phenylcarbazole derivative (for example, CBP of the following chemical formula (H-1), mC P of the following chemical formula Ol-2),
- CD BP phenylcarbazole derivative
- An organic semiconductor mixture layer using CD BP of the following chemical formula (H-3) as a host material can be exemplified.
- laser dyes include DCM2 of the following chemical formula (D-2) (Dimethylenpyran derivative: red), Coumarin 6 (green) of the following chemical formula (D-3), and the following chemical formula (D -4) Pe ryle ne (blue).
- DCM2 of the following chemical formula (D-2) (Dimethylenpyran derivative: red), Coumarin 6 (green) of the following chemical formula (D-3), and the following chemical formula (D -4) Pe ryle ne (blue).
- Other examples of the host material include aryl silanes such as UGH1 of the following chemical formula (H-4) and UGH2 of the following chemical formula (H-5).
- the S male semiconductor laser device is further made of a material having an acceptance rate of 4 OW / m, K or more (preferably 1 O OW / m 'K or more), and further includes a self-supporting anode or a substrate supporting Is preferred. According to this configuration, the heat generated in the organic semiconductor laser can be radiated well. Because of this, with a large current density It becomes possible to inject current into the semiconductor laser active ail, and it is possible to achieve spontaneous spontaneous emission due to electricity.
- the ttif self-substrate is preferably a transparent substrate.
- the substrate is a transparent substrate, light can be well confined in the organic semiconductor laser active layer, and the A S E threshold can be kept low.
- an opaque substrate may be used as the lift substrate. It is preferable that a self-anode or a cathode is laminated on the substrate via a transparent light confinement layer. In this configuration, an opaque substrate is used as the substrate. By placing a transparent optical confinement layer on this substrate, the optical propagation loss is suppressed, and the ASE threshold and the value are kept low. Can do.
- the optical confinement layer can be composed of silicon oxide, alumina, sapphire, diamond, ceramic or amorphous carbon.
- the light confinement layer can efficiently confine light by setting the refractive index of the light confinement layer to n and the thickness represented by at least L Z 2 n or more, where the emission wavelength is taken into account.
- the substrate is made of one or more materials selected from the group consisting of sapphire, silicon, compound semiconductors (GaAs, InP, etc.), metals (copper, stainless steel, etc.), graphite, diamond, and amorphous carbon. It is preferable to include.
- a thermal conductivity 40 W / m ⁇ K or more, so that a current of the order of 100 amperes / cm 2 is destroyed. It is possible to inject it into the organic semiconductor laser active layer without causing this. As a result, amplified spontaneous emission by current excitation can be realized.
- the amorphous carbon may be so-called diamond-like carbon (DLC: Diamond Like Carbon). Diamond-like carbon forms an amorphous carbon thin film mainly composed of carbon and hydrogen. When using this amorphous carbon as the substrate material, it is preferable to form an amorphous carbon thin film on the surface of the support substrate. Good.
- DLC Diamond Like Carbon
- a semiconductor laser device comprises: an organic semiconductor laser active layer 4; a first transparent conductive layer; an anode for supplying holes to the organic semiconductor laser active layer; A transparent electrode having a large capacity, including a cathode for supplying electrons to the ffifS organic semiconductor laser active tt, and a cathode made of a material having a thermal conductivity of 4 OW / m ⁇ K or more and supporting the anode or the cathode.
- the heat generated by the organic semiconductor laser can be radiated satisfactorily.
- the current can be reduced to a large current density in the organic semiconductor laser activity, and amplification self-output (A S E) by current excitation can be achieved.
- the organic electoluminescence device of the present invention has an organic semiconductor light emitting layer, a first transparent conductive layer, an anode for supplying holes to the organic semiconductor light emitting layer, and a second transparent conductive layer.
- the selfish substrate includes at least one material selected from the group consisting of silicon, silicon semiconductor, metal, graphite, diamond, ceramics, and amorphous carbon.
- the shelf semiconductor light emitting layer can be constructed in the same manner as the semiconductor laser active layer described above.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view for explaining the configuration of an organic semiconductor laser device according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view for explaining the configuration of an organic semiconductor laser device according to another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 shows the organic semiconductor laser device with the configuration shown in Fig. 1!
- FIG. 6 is a characteristic diagram showing a result of measuring a characteristic of emission intensity at a wavelength to be measured.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a measurement result of the emitted light intensity with respect to the excitation light intensity in the organic semiconductor laser device having the configuration of FIG.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the results of measuring the change in current density with respect to Mffi for the apparatus of one example and the apparatus of the comparative example.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the results of measuring the characteristics of current density with respect to voltage for the organic semiconductor device of the reference example using the sub-eye substrate.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the results of measuring current density with respect to voltage for an organic semiconductor device of a reference example using a silicon substrate.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view for explaining the configuration of an organic semiconductor laser device according to an embodiment of the invention.
- This organic semiconductor laser device is formed by laminating an organic semiconductor laser activity '2 on an anode 1 as a first transparent conductor I supported by a transparent substrate 10, and further on the organic semiconductor laser activity' 2.
- the cathode 3 is stacked on top of each other.
- the cathode 3 is composed of an organic semiconductor laser active '[3 ⁇ 412 in contact with the ultrathin IlMgAg layer 3 1 and this ultrathin MMgAg layer 3 1 (second transparent conductor 3 ⁇ 4SI) 3 2 It consists of a laminated structure film.
- the transparent lead 32 is disposed on the semiconductor laser active 14) 12 with the ultrathin StMgAg layer 31 interposed therebetween.
- the anode 1 and the transparent conductor «113 2 are both made of ITO (indium tin oxide), and the anode 1 has an HJ ⁇ of 30 nm, for example.
- 2 is considered to be 2 O nm ⁇ .
- the ultra-thin BlM g A g layer 31 is, for example, a BU of 2.5 nm.
- the transparent substrate 10 is made of, for example, a sapphire substrate, and its thermal conductivity is 46 W / m′K.
- the shelf semiconductor laser active ffiJl 2 is composed of a hole transport layer 21, a light emitting layer 2 2 (active layer), and an electron transport layer 22 2 in order from the anode 1 side. It is made up of semi-conducted material. More specifically, the hole transport layer 2 1 is For example, it consists of ⁇ -NPD, which is, for example, 2 Onm.
- the light-emitting layer 22 is composed of an organic semiconductor mixture layer using BSB as a laser dye and CBP as a host material, and its thickness is, for example, 7 Onm. The content of BSB is, for example, 6% by weight.
- the electron transport layer 23 includes a B CP layer (B3 ⁇ 4 ⁇ 20 nm) that forms a first electron transport layer 2 31 (hole blocking layer) in contact with the light emitting layer 22, and the first electron transport layer 231. It has a laminated structure with A 1 q 3 (for example, 22 Onm) constituting the second electron transport layer 232 sandwiched between the cathode 3.
- B CP layer B3 ⁇ 4 ⁇ 20 nm
- a 1 q 3 for example, 22 Onm
- the organic semiconductor laser active layer 2 has a double hetero structure in which the light emitting layer 22 is sandwiched between the hole transport layer 21 and the electron transport layer 23.
- the light emitting layer 22 has a higher refractive index n than the deviation between the hole transport layer 21 and the first electron transport layer 231 disposed on both sides thereof, and therefore, the light is confined in the light emitting layer 22. It has an easy structure. In other words, it can be said that the light emitting layer 22 is sandwiched between the hole transport layer 21 and the first electron transport layer 231 as the light confinement layer.
- the energy gap between the HOMO energy level and the LUMO energy level is the largest in CBP: BSB constituting the light emitting layer 22, and the hole transport layer 21 adjacent to the light emitting layer 22 and the first electron transport layer 231 The energy gap is smaller than that of the light emitting layer 22.
- the carrier is easily confined in the light emitting layer 22 and has a structure. That is, the hole transport layer 21 and the first electron transport layer 231 also have a function as a carrier confinement layer.
- the transparent conductor 32 is disposed on the organic semiconductor laser 'active'& ⁇ 2 with the ultrathin MgAg layer 31 sandwiched therebetween, a thick metal film is used. Therefore, light propagation loss is greatly suppressed compared to the configuration of it ⁇ . You can.
- the power is super crane!
- the MgAlg layer 31 is formed on the surface of the organic semiconductor laser activity 42, the electron injection barrier is relaxed, and the organic semiconductor laser is protected from damage when forming the transparent conductor Ml3.
- the surface of the active layer can be protected. As a result, the efficiency of the electrons to the organic semiconductor laser activity
- the threshold (ASE threshold) for generating amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) can be lowered, so that holes are generated from the anode 1 force to the organic semiconductor laser activity ' ⁇ 4 ⁇ 2.
- ASE threshold amplified spontaneous emission
- the cathode 3 by injecting electrons from the cathode 3 into the organic semiconductor laser active layer 2, laser oscillation can be caused by current excitation. That is, the holes injected from the anode 1 are transported to the light emitting layer 2 2 by the hole transport layer 21, and the electrons 3 ⁇ 4 ⁇ from the cathode 3 are transported by the electron transport layer 2 3 to the light emitting layer 2. Transported to 2. In the light emitting layer 22, recombination of holes and electrons occurs, and light emission associated therewith occurs.
- the light accompanying this is the light emitting layer 2 2, the hole transport layer 21, and the electron transport layer 2 3, the interface between the hole transport layer 2 1 and the anode 1, and 3 and the electron transport layer. It is amplified by repeating reflection at the interface with 2 3 and emitted from the end face 7.
- the organic semiconductor laser device of this embodiment can also generate laser oscillation by optical excitation instead of current excitation. That is, by using the pumping laser light 8 from the transparent substrate 10 side or the negative electrode 3 side, the laser light is repeatedly reflected and amplified by the organic semiconductor laser activity 4i! Thereby, the laser beam can be extracted from the end face 7.
- the anode 1 is supported on the transparent substrate 10, but the cathode 3 side may be supported by the transparent substrate.
- Fig. 1 The configuration in Fig. 1 is not used for laser oscillation, It can also be used as a luminescence device. Because of this: ⁇ , it can be driven at high power, so it can emit light with high brightness.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view for explaining the configuration of an organic semiconductor laser device according to another embodiment of the present invention.
- the substrate 15 that supports the anode 1 is made of an opaque substrate having a high thermal conductivity.
- the substrate 15 is made of a metal such as a silicon substrate (thermal conductivity 14 8 WZm′K) or copper (thermal conductivity 3 9 OW / m ⁇ K).
- a transparent optical confinement layer 16 is formed on the surface of the opaque substrate 15, and the anode 1 is disposed on the optical confinement layer 16.
- the optical confinement layer 16 has a film thickness to maximize the reflectance at the interface with the substrate 15; LZ 2 n or more (emission wavelength of the organic semiconductor laser active layer, where n is the light
- the refractive index of the confinement layer 16 is preferred. More specifically, the emission wavelength from the organic semiconductor laser active
- the optical confinement layer 16 can be composed of ananoremina, sapphire, diamond, DLC (diamond-like carbon), ceramics, etc., in addition to silicon oxide.
- the optical confinement layer 16 is interposed between the substrate 15 and the anode 1 to suppress the light propagation loss, thereby reducing the laser oscillation. Threshold for! / The price can be kept low. At the same time, since the range of substrate materials that require high thermal conductivity is widened, current can be injected into the organic semiconductor laser active layer 2 at a higher current density.
- the force substrate 15 and the optical confinement layer 16 are supported on the substrate 3 via the optical confinement layer 16 via the optical confinement layer 16 on the ⁇ 3 side. Therefore, the cathode 3 may be supported.
- the configuration in FIG. 2 can also be used as an organic electoluminescence device, not for laser oscillation, and can be driven at a high current density. Light emission with high luminance is possible.
- a glass substrate was used as the transparent substrate 10, and 30 nm BJ-enjoyed IT ⁇ was deposited as an anode 1 on the surface in a vacuum of about 3 ⁇ 10 3 Pa.
- Four organic layers 21, 22, 231, and 232 constituting the organic semiconductor laser active layer 2 were sequentially formed on the anode 1 made of ITO by vacuum deposition.
- the hole transport layer 21 was made of one NPD with i ⁇ 20 nm.
- the light emitting layer 22 was formed by co-evaporation so that 6% by weight of BSB as a laser dye was added to CBP as a host material, and its Siff was 70 nm.
- the cathode 3 is deposited by depositing a 2.5 nm thick IM g Ag layer 31 on the shelf semiconductor laser active I4S 2 by vapor deposition in a vacuum of about 3 X 10 1 3 Pa, and then 1 X
- a transparent lead 32 consisting of ITO was formed by magnetron sputtering in a 10 _1 Pa vacuum under a gas flow of anoregon (11.4 sccm) and oxygen (0.6 sccm). The thickness of S was 20nm.
- Bosepin glazer light 8 was incident from the glass transparent substrate 10 side and laser oscillation was performed by optical excitation.
- AS E threshold value E th 4.7 7 0. 9 ⁇ J / cm 2 .
- the ASE threshold value Eth 5.1 ⁇ 1.0 JZ cm 2 was obtained, and it was composed of an ultrathin StMgAg layer 31 and a transparent conductive layer 32 laminated film. The formation of ⁇ 3 also helped almost no increase in light propagation loss.
- Fig. 3 shows the characteristics of the emission intensity with respect to the wavelength (Wavelength) at various excitation intensity (ie, emission intensity) in the organic semiconductor laser device having the above-described configuration (in which the cathode 3 is formed). The results of measuring the emission spectrum are shown.
- FIG. 4 shows the measurement result of the emitted light intensity with respect to the excitation light intensity in the organic semiconductor laser device having the above-described configuration.
- Table 2 below shows the measurement of AS E threshold value by varying the moon ff of the ultra-thin g Ag layer 31 with the Ilff of transparent conductor 32 made of ITO fixed at 30 nm. The results are shown. From Table 2, if the Slff of the ultra-thin BlMgAg layer 31 is 3. Onm, the AS threshold value becomes unclear, so the ii? Of this ultra-thin SlMgAg layer 31 should be set above 3. Onm. For example, the fact that the optical propagation loss is hindered and the optical amplification is hampered is translated.
- a laminated structure of 3 nm Ag layers of 10 nm and 100 mg of Mg Ag layer is used for the cathode.
- an apparatus as described in the above example was prepared.
- FIG. 5 shows the results of measuring the change in current density with respect to the apparatus of the example of the present invention and the apparatus of the comparative example.
- ITO film (swelled 11 Onm) as anode, CuP c (copper phthalocyanine) layer Ii ⁇ 25nm on sapphire substrate, MgAg layer (10 On m) as cathode and Ag layer (Hi? 1 as cathode) Onm) was stacked to produce a semiconductor device.
- Figure 6 shows the results of measuring the current density characteristics with respect to W ⁇ (Voltage) for this organic semiconductor device.
- the voltage vs. current density characteristic ft was measured for this organic semiconductor device.
- the negative electrode was formed into a circular shape, and the individual characteristics were measured with ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ r of 25 im, 50 ⁇ m, 100 ⁇ , 200 ⁇ m, and 50 ⁇ m.
Abstract
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