Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
  • A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
  • A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
  • A61F2/24—Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body
  • A61F2/2442—Annuloplasty rings or inserts for correcting the valve shape; Implants for improving the function of a native heart valve
  • A61F2/2445—Annuloplasty rings in direct contact with the valve annulus
  • A61F2/2448—D-shaped rings

Definitions

• the present invention refers to a prosthetic annuloplasty ring for a mitral valve, in particular for correcting pathologies associated with Barlow's syndrome or myxomatous disease.
• Mitral regurgitation is one of the most common valvular ⁇ malfunctions in the adult population. Mitral valve prolapse is the most common cause of mitral regurgitation in North America and is believed to affect at least 5 to 10 percent of the population in the U.S. Women are affected about twice as often as men. Mitral valve prolapse has been diagnosed as Barlow's disease, billowing or balloon mitral valve, floppy mitral valve, floppy-valve syndrome, myxomatous mitral valve, prolapsing mitral leaflet syndrome, or systolic click- murmur syndrome.
• mitral valve prolapse Some forms of mitral valve prolapse seem to be hereditary, though the condition has been associated with Marfan's syndrome, Grave's disease, and other disorders.
• Barlow's disease is characterized by myxoid degeneration and appears early in life, often before the age of fifty. Patients typically present with a long history of systolic murmur and may experience valve infection, arrhythmias and atypical chest pain. Some cases are asymptomatic, but a pronounced midsystolic click with or without late systolic murmur, usually indicates the presence of this disorder.
• South African cardiologist John B. Barlow was the first to interpret this auscultation syndrome, known for decades as an expression of a mitral valve prolapse.
• Fig. 1 is an enlarged view of the left ventricle LV illustrating mitral valve prolapse, such as with Barlow's syndrome.
• One of the leaflets 20 of the mitral valve MV is shown thickened and lengthened from its normal configuration.
• a rigid support ring e.g., Carpentier-Edwards Classic TM
• a semi-flexible ring e.g., Carpentier-Edwards Physio TM
• a flexible ring e.g., Cosgrove-Edwards TM
• repair techniques include: quadrangular resection of the prolapsing portion of the posterior leaflet; transposition of the posterior leaflet to the anterior leaflet to correct anterior- leaflet prolapse; commissurotomy combined with ring annuloplasty; replacement of a chordae tendinae with sutures; and plication (or resection) of the anterior leaflet.
• a commonly used repair is the so-called “sliding technique” introduced by Dr. Alain Carpentier, which involves quadrangular resection followed by cutting the posterior leaflet and reconstruction to shorten this leaflet.
• mitral valve repair is performed in less than half of surgical procedures involving the mitral valve, and even fewer repairs are performed in patients with complex mitral regurgitation (e.g., Barlow's disease, bileaflet prolapse and annular calcification).
• mitral regurgitation e.g., Barlow's disease, bileaflet prolapse and annular calcification.
• annuloplasty ring or band patients may have residual mitral regurgitation associated with systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the anterior leaflet.
• SAM systolic anterior motion
• LVOT left ventricular outflow tract
• Fig. 2A is a plan view of the mitral valve annulus in which the anterior leaflet 22 and posterior leaflet 24 do not properly coapt in the middle of the annulus. A somewhat smile-shaped gap is seen between the two leaflets. As mentioned above, this condition can result from a number of pathologies, though the particular pathology corrected by the present invention is that which typically results from Barlow's syndrome.
• Fig. 2B shows the posterior leaflet 24 after the portion indicated in Fig. 2A has been resected and an incision for sliding annuloplasty has been performed
• Figs. 2C-2E illustrate a progression of suturing operations in which first stabilizing sutures 28 are passed through the annulus 30 and then a plurality of fixation sutures 32 are used to reapproximate the posterior leaflet 24, thus shortening the posterior leaflet relative to the annulus 30.
• an annuloplasty ring 34 has been implanted around the posterior aspect 36 of the annulus 30, generally corresponding to the perimeter of the posterior leaflet 24.
• the present invention provides a mitral annuloplasty ring comprising a ring body made of a material that will substantially resist distortion when subjected to the stress imparted thereon by an operating human heart.
• the ring body defines an anterior segment and a posterior portion opposite the anterior segment. Right and left sides are located between the anterior segment and posterior portion.
• a central flow axis has an upward direction and a downward direction, the downward direction corresponding to the direction of blood flow through the mitral valve annulus when the annuloplasty ring is implanted.
• the ring body has a modified oval shape with a minor axis extending between the anterior segment and posterior portion, and a major axis extending between the sides.
• a mitral annuloplasty ring of the present invention comprises a ring body made of a material that will substantially resist distortion when subjected to the stress imparted thereon after implantation in the mitral valve annulus of an operating human heart.
• the ring body defines a rounded ring body having an anterior segment and a posterior portion.
• the ring body is oriented about a central flow axis, the flow axis defining an upward direction and a downward direction, the downward direction corresponding to the direction of blood flow through the mitral valve annulus.
• a mitral annuloplasty ring comprises a ring body made of a material that will substantially resist distortion when subjected to the stress imparted thereon after implantation in the mitral valve annulus of an operating human heart, the ring body defines a modified oval-shaped ring body oriented about a central flow axis, the flow axis defining an upward direction and a downward direction, the downward direction corresponding to the direction of blood flow through the mitral valve annulus from the left atrium to the left ventricle, and wherein in plan view as seen along the flow axis the ring body has a major axis perpendicular to a minor axis, the major and minor axes being perpendicular to the flow axis.
• the ring body having in atrial plan view an anterior segment generally defined between an anterolateral trigone and a posteromedial trigone, and a posterior portion around the remaining periphery of the ring body and between the trigones, the posterior portion being divided into three sequential segments, Pi, P 2 , and P starting from the anterolateral trigone and continuing in a counterclockwise direction, the segments generally corresponding to the size of the native posterior leaflet cusps, wherein the minor axis intersects both the anterior segment and the P 2 segment of the posterior portion.
• the ring body lies substantially in a plane defined by the major and minor axes or in a saddle- shaped three-dimensional surface except for the P 2 segment of the posterior portion located which is deflected upward and outward with respect to the adjacent sections of the ring body.
• an axial height h of the upward bow or deflection exceeds about 3 mm, more preferably between about 3-10 mm.
• the ring body In atrial plan view as seen along the flow axis, the ring body has a major axis perpendicular to a minor axis, the major and minor axes being perpendicular to the flow axis, and the minor-major dimension ratio is preferably between about 3.3:4 (82.5%) and 4:4 (100%), more preferably about 3.5:4 (87.5%).
• the bow may be centered about the minor axis and have an angular extent of between about 90-110°, for example about 100°.
• the ring body has an anterior segment generally defined between an anterolateral trigone and a posteromedial trigone, and a posterior portion around the remaining periphery of the ring body and between the trigones.
• Fig. 1 is an enlarged sectional view of the left ventricle of a human heart illustrating one configuration of distended mitral valve leaflets seen with mitral valve prolapse; [0017] Figs.
• FIGS. 2A-2F are a series of plan views of a prior art surgical procedure for correcting a mitral valve that exhibits symptoms of mitral valve prolapse;
• Figs. 3A-3B are top plan and posterior elevational views, respectively, of a mitral annuloplasty ring of the present invention having an outward and upward posterior bow;
• Fig. 4 is an enlarged sectional view of the left ventricle of a human heart illustrating another possible configuration of distended mitral valve leaflets seen with mitral valve prolapse;
• Fig. 5 is an enlarged sectional view similar to Fig. 4 illustrating implantation of a mitral annuloplasty ring of the present invention that helps insure leaflet coaptation.
• the present invention provides a novel annuloplasty ring for correcting pathologies associated with mitral valve prolapse, also known by a number of other names given above, including Barlow's syndrome. With this pathology, the mitral valve leaflets are distended, lengthened, thickened, or in general have become loose and floppy such that they do not properly coapt.
• the annuloplasty ring of the present invention reduces or eliminates the need for a sliding annuloplasty.
• the present invention accommodates the excess material of the leaflets by providing a larger support ring than has previously been utilized.
• Typical annuloplasty support rings have a long or major dimension and a short or minor dimension, with the conventional ratio of the minor to major dimension being approximately 3:4 (75%o).
• the present invention provides an annuloplasty ring that has a significantly increased minor to major dimension ratio of approximately 3.5:4 (87.5%).
• Annuloplasty rings of the present invention are desirably made of material (s) that will substantially resist distortion when subjected to the stress imparted thereon by the mitral valve annulus of an operating human heart. In this sense, "distortion" means substantial deformation from a predetermined shape.
• at least the posterior aspect of the annuloplasty rings is relatively rigid, as opposed to flexible as those made substantially of silicone.
• At least an inner core of the annuloplasty rings of the present invention is made of a suitable metal, such as titanium or its alloys, or ELGILOY made by Elgiloy, L.P. of Elgin, 111., U.S.A.
• the core may be one piece, or may include a plurality of concentric or otherwise cooperating elements.
• the addition of a silicone tube around the core and a suture- permeable fabric on the exterior of the ring are also contemplated.
• annuloplasty ring 40 is shown in plan and posterior elevational views, respectively.
• the annuloplasty ring 40 has a modified oval shape (closed) in plan view and is oriented about a central flow axis 42.
• the flow axis 42 defines an upward direction and a downward direction, the downward direction corresponding to the direction of blood flow through the mitral valve annulus from the left atrium to the left ventricle.
• upward and downward corresponds to the top and bottom of the page relative the rings as seen in Fig. 3B. Looking along the flow axis 42 in Fig.
• the ring 40 has a major axis 44 perpendicular to a minor 46 axis, the major and minor axes being perpendicular to the flow axis.
• a minor axis dimension 48a is shown extending across the interior of the ring 40 in plan view.
• the major axis dimension 48b is shown extending horizontally across the interior of the ring. Desirably, the ratio of the minor axis dimension 48a to the major axis dimension 48b is about 3.5:4
• a pair of trigone markers Ti and T 2 are shown on the ring 40 corresponding to the approximate location of the fibrous trigones of the mitral annulus when the ring is implanted.
• An anterior segment extends around the upper portion of the ring 40 in Fig. 3 A between the trigone markers Ti, T 2 .
• the anterior segment will coincide with the anterior aspect of the mitral annulus.
• the anterior segment is shown planar, though it may be upwardly curved or bowed to better conform to the anterior aspect of the native annulus.
• the remainder of the ring 40 aside from the anterior segment will be termed the posterior portion, and is shown broken up into three sequential segments denoted Pi, P 2 , and P 3 (moving counter-clockwise from the first trigone marker Ti).
• the precise angular dividing line between these three segments is not standardized, though they are intended to generally correspond to the three visible cusps of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve.
• the three segments are approximately equal in angular dimension, and the middle segment P 2 is symmetric about the minor axis 46.
• the annuloplasty ring 40 has a modified oval shape in plan view because of an outward bow 50 within the middle segment P 2 of the posterior portion of the ring.
• the middle segment P 2 of the posterior portion of the ring has an outward curve (convexity) more pronounced than adjacent sections (which are also convex).
• a dashed outline 52 of a conventional 3:4 ratio annuloplasty ring is shown to illustrate the outward bow 50 of the present ring 40.
• the outward bow 50 preferably results in a minor-major dimension ratio of 3.5:4 (87.5%>), although the present invention encompasses rings having an outward bow 50 that produces ratios of between about 3.3:4 (82.5%) and 4:4 (100%).
• the minor axis dimension 48a increases relative to conventional rings (i.e., dashed outline 52), the major axis dimension 48b will remain substantially the same.
• the outward bow 50 is shown within the middle segment P 2 of the posterior portion of the ring, the posterior portion below the major axis 44 may be affected. That is, the outward bow 50 may extend into one or both of the first and third segments Pi and P 3 of the posterior portion.
• the annuloplasty ring 40 only diverges from a conventional oval- or D-shaped ring (such as the Carpentier-Edwards classic ring ) within the middle segment P 2 .
• the angular extent of the outward bow 50 centered about the central axis 42 is between 90-110°, and more preferably about 100°.
• the annuloplasty ring 40 also includes an upward bow 60 seen in Fig. 3B.
• the term "upward bow” refers to either an upward divergence from a planar ring, or an upward divergence from a so-called “saddle-shaped" ring. Therefore, the present invention encompasses both planar and saddle-shaped rings having an outward and upward posterior bow.
• a height h of the upward bow 60 is indicated in Fig.
• the upward bow 60 may or may not be formed in the ring 40 around the same angular extent as the outward bow 50. In a preferred embodiment, both the outward bow 50 and upward bow 60 start and end at the same location around the ring 40, which is preferably within an included angle of about 90-110° centered along the minor axis 46. Alternatively, the upward bow 60 may extend farther around the ring into the first and third segments Pi and P 3 of the posterior portion. [0031] Fig.
• FIG. 4 is a further sectional illustration of the left ventricle LV showing a different configuration of the leaflets of the mitral valve in the presence of Barlow's syndrome than that shown in Fig. 1.
• the chordae tendinae are not shown for clarity.
• One of the leaflets 70 is shown extending much farther into the left ventricle LV than the other leaflet 72. In this condition, the leaflets 70, 72 may not fully coapt, resulting in mitral regurgitation.
• Fig. 5 illustrates the implantation of the annuloplasty ring 40 in the mitral annulus to correct the condition of Fig. 4.
• the outward and upward bow 50, 60 of the ring 40 is shown located at the posterior aspect of the annulus.
• the leaflets 70,72 are shown properly coapting to prevent regurgitation.
• the annuloplasty ring 40 is believed to more effectively correct the pathology seen with Barlow's syndrome because it accommodates the longer and/or thicker leaflets instead of attempting to perform a sliding annuloplasty, which is more surgical art than an exact science.
• the combination of the outward bow and the upward bow on the posterior side of the ring is believed to provide rigid support for the posterior leaflet from which it can more effectively coapt with the anterior leaflet.
• the annuloplasty ring 40 essentially "pulls" the posterior leaflet outward and upward which reduces its slack or floppiness. Furthermore, the ring 40 should pull the coaptation point outward and upward and away from the LVOT.

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• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Cardiology (AREA)
• Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
• Transplantation (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Biomedical Technology (AREA)
• Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
• Vascular Medicine (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
• General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Public Health (AREA)
• Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
• Prostheses (AREA)

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• 2004
  • 2004-04-29 US US10/834,556 patent/US7294148B2/en active Active
• 2005
  • 2005-04-27 BR BRPI0510249-9A patent/BRPI0510249A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 2005-04-27 EP EP05742149A patent/EP1740126B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 2005-04-27 CA CA2561716A patent/CA2561716C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 2005-04-27 WO PCT/US2005/014585 patent/WO2005110290A1/en not_active Ceased
  • 2005-04-27 AU AU2005244145A patent/AU2005244145A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2005-04-27 JP JP2007510969A patent/JP4642841B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related

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