WO2005102040A1 - Tlrリガンド及びil-1応答障害性モデル動物 - Google Patents
Tlrリガンド及びil-1応答障害性モデル動物 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005102040A1 WO2005102040A1 PCT/JP2005/007304 JP2005007304W WO2005102040A1 WO 2005102040 A1 WO2005102040 A1 WO 2005102040A1 JP 2005007304 W JP2005007304 W JP 2005007304W WO 2005102040 A1 WO2005102040 A1 WO 2005102040A1
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- tlr ligand
- human animal
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- C07K14/46—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates
- C07K14/47—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals
- C07K14/4701—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals not used
- C07K14/4702—Regulators; Modulating activity
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K67/00—Rearing or breeding animals, not otherwise provided for; New or modified breeds of animals
- A01K67/027—New or modified breeds of vertebrates
- A01K67/0275—Genetically modified vertebrates, e.g. transgenic
- A01K67/0276—Knock-out vertebrates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
- C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
- C12N15/85—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for animal cells
- C12N15/8509—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for animal cells for producing genetically modified animals, e.g. transgenic
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/5005—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
- G01N33/5008—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics
- G01N33/5082—Supracellular entities, e.g. tissue, organisms
- G01N33/5088—Supracellular entities, e.g. tissue, organisms of vertebrates
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K2217/00—Genetically modified animals
- A01K2217/07—Animals genetically altered by homologous recombination
- A01K2217/075—Animals genetically altered by homologous recombination inducing loss of function, i.e. knock out
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K2227/00—Animals characterised by species
- A01K2227/10—Mammal
- A01K2227/105—Murine
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K2267/00—Animals characterised by purpose
- A01K2267/03—Animal model, e.g. for test or diseases
- A01K2267/0393—Animal model comprising a reporter system for screening tests
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a model (non-human animal) with impaired response to ligand (TLR ligand) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) response to a Toll-like receptor (TLR) in which the ⁇ - ⁇ gene has been knocked out.
- TLR Toll-like receptor
- the present invention relates to a method for screening a substance that promotes or suppresses a response to a TLR ligand or IL-1 using such a model non-human animal.
- the innate immune system is a biological defense system that detects and eliminates invasion of pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. Once the innate immune system detects the presence of microorganisms, it produces inflammatory cytokines that cause inflammation in vivo. At the same time, it induces the activation of lymphocytes such as T cells and B cells and establishes a defense mechanism against invading microorganisms.
- the TLR family is known as a receptor involved in the recognition of microorganisms in the innate immune system.
- TLR inflammatory interleukin-1 receptor
- IL-1R inflammatory interleukin-1 receptor
- IKB-- nuclear protein
- MAIL and ⁇ nuclear protein having an ankyrin repeat at its C-terminal site, and shows high homology to Bel-3, a member of the I ⁇ family (for example, see Non-Patent Documents 4 to 6).
- I ⁇ B- ⁇ is a nuclear protein having an ankyrin repeat at its C-terminal site, and shows high homology to Bel-3, a member of the I ⁇ family (for example, see Non-Patent Documents 4 to 6).
- I ⁇ B- ⁇ suppresses the activity of NF- ⁇ B-responsive reporters. This suggests that I ⁇ B- ⁇ has a negative effect on NF- ⁇ B. It has been suggested that it functions as a regulator (for example, see Non-Patent Document 4).
- TLR and IL-1R signaling pathways send signals downstream using the adapter protein MyD88, and as a result, inflammation-related factors including Cox-2 are expressed (for example, see Non-patent Document 7). 9).
- MyD88-dependent pathway there is a MyD88-independent pathway in the TLR3 and TLR4 signal transduction pathways, and this MyD88-independent pathway is responsible for interferon type I (IFN) and IFN-inducible genes such as IP-10. Expression is induced (for example, see Non-patent Documents 10 to 12).
- IFN interferon type I
- IP-10 IFN-inducible genes
- Non-Patent Documents 13 to 15 disclose the MyD88-dependent pathway via TLRZIL-1R involved in inflammatory site force-in production activates NF- ⁇ and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase.
- MAP mitogen-activated protein
- Non-Patent Document 1 Annu. Rev. Immunol. 21, 335-376 (2003)
- Non-Patent Document 2 Annu.Rev. Immunol. 20, 197-216 (2002)
- Non-Patent Document 3 Curr Opin Pharmacol. 3, 396-403 (2003)
- Non-Patent Document 4 J Biol Chem. 276, 27657-27662 (2001)
- Non-Patent Document 5 FEBS Lett. 485, 53-56 (2000)
- Non-Patent Document 6 J Biol Chem. 276, 12485-12488 (2001)
- Non-Patent Document 7 Science.278, 1612-1615 (1997)
- Non-Patent Document 8 Immunity.7, 837-847 (1997)
- Non-Patent Document 9 Mol Cell. 2, 253-258 (1998)
- Non-Patent Document 10 Nature.413, 732-738 (2001)
- Non-Patent Document 11 J Immunol. 167, 5887-5894 (2001)
- Non-Patent Document 12 Immunity. 17, 251-63 (2002)
- Non-Patent Document 13 Cell.109 Suppl, S81-96 (2002)
- Non-Patent Document 14 J Endotoxin Res. 6, 453-457 (2000)
- Non-Patent Document 15 Mol Cell. 11, 293-302 (2003)
- An object of the present invention is to provide a non-human animal model of a TLR ligand and an IL-1 responsive disorder in which production of IL-6 in response to the TLR ligand and IL-1 is impaired, a powerful TLR ligand and an IL (1)
- NF- ⁇ BlZp50-deficient mice have a similar phenotype to LR ⁇ - ⁇ -deficient mice in terms of TLRZIL-1R-mediated responses, and endotoxin-induced IL-12 ⁇ 40 and GM- Expression of other genes, such as CSF, was found to be absent in I ⁇ - ⁇ -deficient macrophages.
- TLRZIL-1R-mediated responses include at least two levels of gene expression that require inducible I ⁇ B ⁇ . Some may be adjusted.
- the present invention has been completed based on the above findings.
- the present invention provides (1) a method in which all or a part of an endogenous gene of a non-human animal encoding 1 ⁇ is inactivated by gene mutation such as disruption or deletion, and the like.
- -Express ⁇ A TLR ligand and IL1 non-responsive model non-human animal, characterized in that TLR ligand and IL1 response to IL1 are impaired, and (2) TLR ligands LPS, BLP, PGN, MALP-2, R-848 or CpG DNA, the TLR ligand and IL1 non-responsive model non-human animal according to (1), or (3) atopic skin
- the present invention also provides (5) a method using the non-human animal according to any one of the above (1) to (4), a test substance, and TLR ligand or IL-1 or a substance containing them. , Measuring and evaluating the degree of production of IL6 in response to the TLR ligand or IL1 or the contents thereof in the non-human animal, and responding to the TLR ligand or IL1 or the contents thereof.
- an immune cell derived from a non-human animal according to any one of (1) to (4), a test substance, and a TLR ligand or IL-1 or TLR ligand or IL1 in response to the content of TLR ligand or IL1 or IL6 in these immune cells is measured and evaluated using these components. Promoter or suppression of response to inclusions Quality method for screening.
- the present invention provides (7) administering a test substance to the non-human animal according to any one of the above (1) to (4), and treating the non-human animal with atopic dermatitis-like inflammatory skin.
- the present invention relates to a method for screening a therapeutic agent for measuring the degree of a lesion, 'preventing atopic dermatitis-like inflammatory skin lesions characterized by evaluating'.
- FIG. 1 shows that ⁇ ⁇ B- ⁇ is specifically induced by TLRZIL-1R stimulation.
- a lOOng ml ⁇ BLP, lO ⁇ g ml ⁇ PGN, 30ng ml " 1 MALP-2, ⁇ R—848, 3 M CpG DNA, lOng mrtL-l j8, 10 g ml ⁇ LPS, lOOng ml- 1 flagellin, Peritoneal macrophages and primary lung cells were stimulated with lOng ml-iTNF-a for 2 hours.
- RNA (dO / zg) was extracted and subjected to Northern blot analysis to obtain ⁇ B- ⁇ , Bel-3, I The expression of ⁇ B- ⁇ and ⁇ -actin was examined.
- MEFs of wild-type mice and MyD88-deficient mice were stimulated with 10 ng mrtL-lj8 and 10 g ml'PS for a predetermined period.
- Total RNA (10 ⁇ g) was extracted and subjected to Northern blot analysis for expression of I ⁇ B- B, Cox-2, IP-10, and ⁇ -actin.
- FIG. 2 is a view showing target destruction in the mouse I ⁇ - ⁇ gene.
- a It is a figure which shows the structure of a ⁇ gene, a targeting vector, and a predicted disrupted gene. The black box indicates the exon site of IkBB.
- FIG. 4 shows the results of Southern blot analysis of mice born by crossing the teguzygote with restriction enzymes: ⁇ , EcoRI.
- B Genomic DNA was also extracted from the mouse tail, digested with EcoRI, subjected to electrophoresis, and hybridized with the radiolabeled probe shown in a.
- FIG. 3 shows the immune response of I ⁇ B ⁇ deficient cells and the kinetics of I ⁇ I induction.
- a, b, c, d Peritoneal macula phage from wild-type mice and I ⁇ - ⁇ -deficient mice were ligated with PGN, R-848, and C pG DNA at a given concentration in the presence of 30ng ml ⁇ IFN-y.
- the concentrations of IL-6, TNF-a, and NO in the culture supernatant were measured.
- the numerical value shown is the average value SD from the results of three tests. ND not detected.
- e.MEFs derived from wild-type mice and I ⁇ - ⁇ -deficient mice were And 10 ng mTNF- ⁇ . Twenty-four hours later, the supernatant was collected and examined for IL-6 by ELISA. The numerical value shown is the average value SD from the results of three tests. ND not detected.
- Peritoneal macrophages were stimulated with lOng m LPS for a predetermined period. Total RNA ⁇ / zg) was extracted and Northern blot analysis was performed to examine the expression of IL-6, TNF-a, and j8-actin. g.
- FIG. 4 shows that the cells were not restored when- ⁇ ( ⁇ was introduced into the cells.
- 8 was determined by ELISA.
- the values shown are the mean SD of the results of three tests h.I ⁇ produced by stimulating wild-type peritoneal macrophages resolved by electrophoresis with LPS
- Fig. 4 shows a double RNA product representing mRNA transcripts derived from ⁇ , IL6 and TNF-a.The results of two separate experiments using wild-type cells derived separately are shown.
- FIG. 4 shows the results of in vitro analysis of I ⁇ B- ⁇ on the IL-6 promoter.
- Luciferase reporter constructs either mouse IL6 promoter or ELAM1 promoter, along with either control or I ⁇ -expression plasmid, were transiently transfected into RAW 264.7 cells. Luciferase activity was expressed as a fold increase relative to the background exhibited by lysates prepared from non-transfate cells. Data are representative of three independent experiments. Cells were stimulated with the indicated concentration of LPS in all three experiments.
- b A predetermined amount of the I ⁇ B- ⁇ expression vector was transiently introduced into untreated RAW 264.7 cells together with a certain amount of the IL6 reporter plasmid. Data are representative of three independent experiments.
- c A reporter construct, either the wild-type or mutant IL6 promoter, was transiently introduced into P19 embryonal carcinoma cells with either control or I ⁇ - ⁇ expression plasmids. For each case, the luciferase activity was normalized by dividing the rate of increase of I ⁇ -expressing cells relative to the knock ground indicated by the lysate by the rate of increase of motta-expressing cells.
- ChIP ⁇ is untreated (1) or treated with LPS. (+) (1 / zg ml- 1 for 3 hours) Chromatin obtained from RAW 264.7 cells was used together with the indicated antibody.
- Precipitated DNA at the IL-6 ⁇ B site (left), the ⁇ region of the IL6 gene (center), or the ELA Ml promoter (right) was measured by PCR (ChlP). Data are representative of two independent experiments. e. Unstimulated peritoneal macrophages or LPS-stimulated (10 ng ml- 1 ) peritoneal macrophages were immunoprecipitated with the specified antibody. Then, immunoprecipitation lysate was subjected to immuno-plating together with I ⁇ B-II.
- FIG. 5 is a view showing the response of TLRZIL-1R in NF- ⁇ B1-deficient mice and the results of microarray analysis of I ⁇ - ⁇ -deficient cells.
- the concentrations of IL-6 and TNF- ⁇ in the culture supernatant were measured by ELISA.
- the values shown in the figure are the average SD of the results of three tests. b.
- cFull-length ⁇ B- ⁇ (Full) or deletion mutant ⁇ - ⁇ ( ⁇ was introduced into wild-type and NF- ⁇ -deficient MEFs using retrovirus into cells. Also, 10 ng ml The same strain of non-cell-introduced cells was stimulated using iTNF, the concentration of IL 6 in the culture supernatant was measured by ELISA, and the indicated value is the SD of the results of three tests d.
- FIG. 2 is a view showing IL-118-induced activation of a signal transduction pathway in MEFs.
- a Overview of 16-week-old I ⁇ B- ⁇ -deficient mice (right) and wild-type mice (left).
- b. the predetermined period stimulated MEFs at lOng ml _1 IL- 1 18.
- a nuclear extract was prepared, and the DNA binding activity of NF- ⁇ B was measured by EMSA using an NF- ⁇ B-specific probe.
- Cell extracts using anti-phosphoric acid, ⁇ 38 and ERK antibodies were subjected to Western blotting, and the activities of JNK, p38 and ERK were also measured.
- FIG. 7a is a diagram showing the results of gene expression analysis of LPS-inducible genes using statistically selected genes.
- a Experimental genealogy and gene phylogeny obtained from the results of Affimetrix microarray analysis comparing gene expression profiles of wild-type macrophages and I ⁇ -deficient macrophages responsive to lOOng ml ⁇ LPS. "Expressed” genes are shown in red, and “lowly expressed” genes are shown in blue. The relative expression levels are shown in the right column.
- FIG. 7b b. Diagram showing mRNA transcripts derived from I ⁇ B- ⁇ , GM-CSF and IL-12p40 after LPS stimulation of wild-type peritoneal macrophages separated by electrophoresis It is. Two separate experiments using wild-type cells from different sources were quantified by Phospholmager, and the mRNA levels of a given gene in arbitrary units against ⁇ -actin were graphed (left: I ⁇ B- ⁇ and IL). 12 ⁇ 40, GM-CSF on the right) 0 c. NF- ⁇ site of promoter Zenhansa to be searched. The position corresponding to the transcription start site when mapped is shown. d.
- Wild-type and NF- ⁇ B1-deficient mouse peritoneal macrophages were stimulated with lOng ml-PS for a predetermined period.
- Total RNA ⁇ / zg was extracted, and the expression of a given probe was examined by Northern blot analysis.
- FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram illustrating a multi-step gene expression mechanism by TLRZIL-1R signal via ⁇ B- ⁇ .
- the TLR ligand and IL1 non-responsive model non-human animal of the present invention include those in which all or part of the endogenous gene of the non-human animal encoding I ⁇ B ⁇ is disrupted due to genetic mutation such as 'deletion' substitution. Is activated, loses the function of expressing ⁇ - ⁇ , impairs the function of expressing I ⁇ - ⁇ expressed in wild type, and responds to TLR ligand and IL-1
- the TLR ligand is not particularly limited as long as it is a non-human animal in which L6 production is impaired.
- the TLR ligand include lipopolysaccharide (LPS; TLR4 ligand) which is a glycolipid specific to the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria.
- Bacterial lipoprotein (BLP; TLR1ZTLR2 ligand), relatively short to the repeating polysaccharides of N-acetyldarcosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid, which are the skeletal structures of bacterial cell walls, and peptide dalican (PGN; TLR2 ligand) with a peptide chain attached ), Macrophage-activating lipopeptide (MALP-2; TLR6ZTLR2 ligand) derived from a bacterium belonging to the genus Mycoplasma, synthetic compound R-848 (TLR7 ligand), and DNA derived from a bacterial unmethylated CpG motif (CpG DNA ; TLR9 ligand).
- BLP Bacterial lipoprotein
- non-responsiveness means that the responsiveness of a living body or cells, tissues or organs constituting the living body to stimulation by the TLR ligand ⁇ IL1 is reduced or almost lost. I do. Therefore, in the present invention, the TLR ligand and IL-1 non-responsive model non-human animal are defined as those in which the reactivity of the living body or cells, tissues or organs constituting the living body is reduced by the stimulation with the TLR ligand ⁇ IL-1. Non-human animals such as mice, rats, and egrets that have lost or are almost lost. Among them, non-human animals exhibiting atopic dermatitis-like inflammatory skin lesions are preferred.
- the TLR ligand ⁇ IL1 may be stimulated in a living body to which a TLR ligand such as LPS ⁇ IL-1 is administered to a living body, or a TLR ligand ⁇ IL1 such as LPS may be contacted with cells separated from the living body.
- a stimulus in a test tube to be touched can be exemplified.
- Non-human animals that have lost the function of expressing I ⁇ B- ⁇ of the present invention include, in addition to ⁇ - ⁇ mice, for example, I ⁇ - ⁇ - /, which lack the function of the I ⁇ -gene.
- Examples include rodents such as rats.
- non-human I ⁇ - ⁇ -human animals born according to Mendel's law include litter-type wild-type animals for which accurate comparison experiments can be performed. It is preferable in that it can be obtained together with.
- a method for producing such an animal in which the function of the I ⁇ - ⁇ gene is deficient will be described below by using an example of ⁇ - ⁇ _ / mouse.
- the I ⁇ - ⁇ gene is obtained by amplifying a mouse gene library by PCR or the like, and screening the obtained gene fragment using a probe derived from the mouse I ⁇ - ⁇ gene. Can do.
- the screened I ⁇ B- ⁇ gene can be subcloned using a plasmid vector or the like, and identified by restriction enzyme mapping and DNA sequencing. Next, all or part of the gene encoding I ⁇ - ⁇ was replaced with a pMCl neo gene cassette or the like, and the diphtheria toxin A fragment (DT-A) gene or simple herpes virus was inserted at the 3 ′ end.
- the target vector is prepared by introducing a gene such as the thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) gene.
- the thus produced targeting vector is linearly transformed, introduced into ES cells by an electoporation (electroporation) method or the like, and homologous recombination is carried out.
- ES cells that have undergone homologous recombination with an antibiotic such as G418 or ganciclovir (GANC) are selected.
- GANC ganciclovir
- the confirmed ES cell clone is microinjected into a mouse blastocyst, and the kakar blastocyst is returned to the foster mother mouse to produce a chimeric mouse.
- a heterozygous mouse F1 mouse; I ⁇ - ⁇ + /
- RNA is isolated from the mouse obtained by the above method, and Northern blotting is carried out. There is a method of examining the expression of I ⁇ - ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ in the mouse by Western blotting or the like.
- the fact that the produced I ⁇ - ⁇ mice are unresponsive to TLR ligand and IL-1 can be performed, for example, by comparing LPS with macrophages, mononuclear cells, and the like of I ⁇ B- ⁇ mice.
- immune cells such as dendritic cells in vitro or in vivo, and measuring the production of IL-6, IL-12p40, GM-CSF, etc. in such cells, or in the elderly stage (for example, 10 weeks of age, preferably Can be confirmed by observing the degree of development of atopic dermatitis-like inflammatory skin lesions in mice aged 15 weeks or older).
- the non-human animal of the present invention As a method for screening a substance promoting or suppressing a response to the TLR ligand or IL 1 of the present invention or a substance containing the same, the non-human animal of the present invention, a test substance, a TLR ligand or IL-1 Or using these components, in the non-human animal Measuring the degree of production of IL6 in response to TLR ligand or IL1 or a content thereof, and assessing the degree of IL6 production and the immune cells such as macrophages, spleen cells, and dendritic cells derived from the non-human animal of the present invention.
- test substance Using a test substance and a TLR ligand or IL 1 or a substance containing them, a method for measuring and evaluating the degree of production of IL 6 in response to the TLR ligand or IL 1 or these substances in the immune cells
- the embodiment of the screening method of the present invention which is not particularly limited as long as it is not so limited, will be described below with reference to examples.
- An immune cell such as a macrophage obtained from the model non-human animal of the present invention, a test substance, and a TLR ligand or IL-1 or a component thereof are cultured together, and IL 6 in the immune cell is cultured.
- a screening method for measuring and evaluating the degree of production, or a method of administering a test substance to a model non-human animal of the present invention as a whole, and then immunizing the non-human animal with TLR ligand or IL-1 The screening method for culturing in the presence of the above components and measuring and evaluating the degree of IL-6 production in the immune cells, and the TLR ligand or IL-1 or their inclusion in the model non-human animal of the present invention.
- the screening method for assessing the degree of IL-6 production in the immune cells by culturing the immune cells that also provide the power of the non-human animal in the presence of the test substance after the administration of the product And the model of the present invention
- a TLR ligand or IL1 or a substance containing them and / or a test substance are administered to a human animal simultaneously or either, and the degree of IL-6 production in immune cells obtained from the non-human animal is measured.
- a screening method for evaluation can be mentioned.
- a test substance is administered to a non-human animal of the present invention, and the atopic skin in the non-human animal is administered.
- the method is not particularly limited as long as it is a method for measuring and assessing the degree of inflammatory skin lesions like inflammation.
- administering of the test substance may be performed before or after the onset of atopic dermatitis-like inflammatory skin lesions. However, if symptoms are improved by pre-symptomatic administration, they are useful as prophylactic drugs, and if symptoms are improved by post-symptomatic administration, they are useful as therapeutic drugs.
- Methods for measuring and assessing the degree of inflammatory skin lesions include eyelid edema, lip and face edema, facial and neck, forelimb flexion, eczema and hair loss on the chest, and pruritic behavior due to the forelimbs And methods for observing the presence or absence of exudation, blood clots, and erosion by visual inspection, etc. Can do.
- Stimulation with IL-1 or LPS induces I ⁇ B- ⁇ in macrophage cell lines and fibroblasts, and TLR4, a receptor for IL1R and LPS, shares an intracellular signaling pathway.
- TLR4 a receptor for IL1R and LPS
- peptide darican TLR2 ligand
- BLP bacterial lipoprotein
- flagellin flagellin
- MALP-2 TLR6ZTLR2 ligand
- mRNA of I ⁇ B- ⁇ is significantly induced in peritoneal macrophages or lung-derived normal cells. No induction was observed (Fig. La).
- I ⁇ B- ⁇ and Bcl-3 were induced in response to TNF-a as well as the TLR ligand ⁇ IL-1.
- TLRZlL-1R TLRZlL-1R
- I ⁇ B-— induction of I ⁇ B-— is regulated by a MyD88-dependent or MyD88-independent pathway.
- MEFs embryonic fibroblasts
- I ⁇ B- ⁇ has been shown to be an inducible protein in the MyD88-dependent pathway of TLRZIL-1R signaling.
- I ⁇ - ⁇ -deficient mice were generated by targeted gene disruption.
- a targeting vector was constructed in which two exons encoding the central part of ⁇ - ⁇ were replaced with a neomycin resistance (neoR) gene (Fig. 2a).
- neoR neomycin resistance
- Fig. 2a Homologous recombination has occurred in embryonic stem (ES) cells.
- Mice with mutant alleles were generated using ES cells, confirmed by lot analysis and correctly targeted ( Figure 2b).
- Homozygous mice were born according to expected Mendelian law.
- the expression of I ⁇ B- ⁇ mRNA in the mutant mice was examined by Northern blot analysis.
- LPS-induced inflammation-related molecules in peritoneal macrophages was analyzed.
- wild-type macrophages produced TNF- ⁇ and oxalate (NO) in response to LPS (FIG. 3a).
- LPS-induced production of ⁇ NF- ⁇ and NO was normal but IL-6 production was significantly reduced in ⁇ - ⁇ -deficient mice.
- IL-6 production stimulated by other TLR ligands, such as CpG DNA, R-848, PGN, MALP-2, and BLP was also significantly inhibited in I ⁇ B ⁇ -deficient cells ( Figure 3b, 3c, and 3d).
- I ⁇ B B-deficient cells lacked IL1-responsive IL-6 production.
- TLRZIL-1R mitogen-activated protein
- IL-J3 ⁇ 41-5NF- ⁇ B and MAP kinase It was similar in both type- and I ⁇ B ⁇ -deficient cells (FIGS. 6b and 6c).
- full-length I ⁇ B- ⁇ or deficient mutant I ⁇ - ⁇ was transformed into I ⁇ ⁇ - ⁇ -deficient MEFs treated with medium or IL1.
- full-length I ⁇ B- ⁇ restored a decrease in IL-6 production in I ⁇ B- ⁇ -deficient cells.
- No (FIG. 3g) suggesting that I ⁇ B- ⁇ expression, as well as NF- ⁇ B and MAP kinase activation, was also required for TLRZlL-1-mediated IL-6 production.
- a luciferase reporter plasmid having a promoter of either the IL6 or ELAM1 gene was used as a control or I ⁇ .
- RAW264.7 cells were introduced together with the ⁇ - ⁇ expression vector.
- LPS stimulated the activity of both the IL6 and ELAM1 promoters in a dose-dependent manner.
- ELAM1 which is a force that further promotes the promoter activity of IL6 in RAW264.7 cells, did not show such a tendency (FIG. 4a).
- Vigorous enhancement was observed in unstimulated cells Therefore, it was examined whether ectopic expression of ⁇ - has a positive effect on the activity of the IL-6 promoter in unstimulated RAW264.7 cells. It was observed that the basal activity of the IL-6 promoter was upregulated even in unstimulated cells by increasing the amount of I ⁇ - ⁇ introduced (FIG. 4b).
- the ⁇ 50 subunit was easily detected at the IL 6 ⁇ site of unstimulated cells.
- the IL-6 ⁇ B site co-immunoprecipitated with ⁇ -I ⁇ B-—, but also at the ELAM1 ⁇ site at the 3 ′ end of the IL-6 gene.
- peritoneal macrophages and MEFs were obtained from NF- ⁇ BlZp50-deficient mice and analyzed for LPS-induced cytoforce in production.
- LPS-induced TNF- ⁇ production in NF- ⁇ Bl-deficient macrophages in the presence of IFN-y was much more variable than in wild-type cells.
- IL6 production in response to LPS was impaired (Cell. 80, 321-330 (1995), Proc Natl Acad Sci US A. 97, 12705-12710 (2000), And Figure 5a).
- LPS-inducible genes regulated by ⁇ - ⁇ were searched for by microarray analysis. Many LPS-inducible genes were significantly affected by the loss of ⁇ - ⁇ ! (Fig. 7a). Next, some of these genes were subjected to Northern blot analysis to confirm the accuracy. Among these genes, LPS-induced expression of GM-CSF, IL-12p40, G-CSF, C / EBP- ⁇ and endothelin 1 was reduced in I ⁇ - ⁇ -deficient macrophages (Fig. 5e). ), IL-6 and ⁇ - ⁇ regulate the expression of the above genes.
- I ⁇ - ⁇ plays an important role in TLRZIL-1R-mediated immune response.
- ⁇ - ⁇ is preceded in the same manner as NF- ⁇ B and MAP kinase activation for its proper production. It is considered necessary.
- TLRZIL-1R-mediated IL-6 expression may be regulated in a two-step mechanism.
- the results of microarray analysis indicated that ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ - ⁇ may regulate LPS-inducible genes other than IL6. Further analysis to elucidate the molecular basis of I ⁇ B- ⁇ dependent gene expression will provide new insights into the MyD88-dependent immune response mediated by TLRZIL-1R.
- Genomic DNA having the I ⁇ - ⁇ gene was isolated from the 129ZSV mouse genomic library and characterized by restriction enzyme mapping and sequence analysis. Encodes the central part of ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ - 2. 2. Replacing the Okb fragment with the neoR cassette allows targeting A plasmid vector was constructed and the simple virus thymidine kinase transcribed by the p GK promoter in the genomic fragment was introduced to perform negative selection (FIG. 2a). This targeting vector was transfected into embryonic stem cells (E14.1). A colony having dual resistance to G418 and ganciclovir was selected and screened by PCR and Southern blotting.
- mice Two different homologous recombinants were microinjected into C57BLZ6 female mice, and the heterozygous F1 generation was bred to obtain I ⁇ B- ⁇ -deficient mice. Mice that also obtained these different clonality showed the same phenotype.
- Six- to eight-week-old ⁇ -deficient mice and their littermate wild type were used in the experiments of the present invention. All animal experiments were performed with the approval of the Laboratory Animal Research Committee attached to the Institute for Microbial Diseases (Osaka University, Osaka, Japan).
- LPS from Salmonella Minnesota Re 595 and PGN from S. aureus were purchased from Sigma and Fluka, respectively.
- MALP-2 and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides were prepared according to the method described in the literature (J Immunol. 164, 554-557 (2000), Nature. 408, 740-745 (2000)).
- Flagellin and R-848 were also provided by Drs. A. Adrem and H. Tomizawa, respectively.
- Polyclonal antibodies to I kappa B- zeta was obtained by immunizing Usagi and have use the C-terminal portion of murine I kappa Beta zeta proteins expressed in bacteria.
- Each antibody against phosphoric acid ERK, JNK and p38 was purchased from Cell Signaling.
- Antibodies to each of ERK were obtained from Santa Cruz. Recombinant TNF- ⁇ and IL-113 were obtained from Genzyme. NF- ⁇ BlZp50-deficient mice or MyD88-deficient mice were prepared according to the method described in the literature (Cell. 80, 321-330 (1995), Proc Natl Acad Sci US A. 89, 1473-1476 (1992)).
- peritoneal macrophages or MEFs induced by thioglycolic acid were cultured in 96-well plates (macrophages were 5 ⁇ 10 4 cells per 1 ⁇ l, MEFs were 1 ⁇ 10 4 cells) in the presence of a predetermined concentration of a predetermined ligand.
- ELISA was performed according to the manufacturer's manual, and the concentrations of TNF- ⁇ and IL-6 in the culture supernatant were measured (for TNF-a, Genzyme —6 is made by R & D).
- the NO concentration was measured by the Griess method according to the instructions of the manufacturer (DOJINDO).
- MEFs (1 ⁇ 10 6 ) were stimulated with lOng ml- 1 IL-1 ⁇ for a predetermined period.
- nuclear extracts were purified from cells, incubated in the presence of a specific probe for the DN ⁇ binding site of NF- ⁇ , and subjected to electrophoresis. , Visualized by autoradiography.
- the reporter plasmid was composed of the 5 'flanking region (1240Z + 40) of the mouse IL-6 gene and was used in FIGS. 4a and 4b.
- the reporter plasmid used in FIG. 4c is from the literature (Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 90, 10193-10197 (1993), Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 89, 1473-1476 (1992)).
- the luciferase reporter plasmid derived from the ELAM1 promoter was a gift from DT Golenbock. Full-length I ⁇ B— ⁇ (Full) or deletion mutant I ⁇ B— ⁇ lacking the C-terminal site (AC, J Biol Chem. 276,
- ChIP assay was performed basically according to the protocol described in the manual (Upstate Biotechnology). Briefly, 2 ⁇ 10 6 RAW264.7 cells or 5 ⁇ with LPS (1 ⁇ g ml for 3 hours), IL-118 (lOng ml for 3 hours) or TNF-a (lOng ml for 3 hours) 10 5 the MEFs were stimulated respectively, with formaldehyde, were solid boss 60 min at 37 ° C. These cells were lysed, sheared by sonication, and incubated in the presence of specific antibodies, followed by incubation in the presence of protein A agarose saturated with salmon sperm DNA (Upstate Biotechnology). did. The precipitated DNA was analyzed by quantitative PCR (35-40 cycles) using the following primers.
- Peritoneal macrophages and MEFs were stimulated with a given ligand for a given period.
- the cells were lysed in a lysis buffer containing 1.0% Nonidet P40, 150 mM NaCl, 20 mM Tris-Cl (pH 7.5), 5 mM EDTA and a protein inhibitor (Roche).
- the cell lysate was lysed by SDS-PAGE and transferred onto a PVDF membrane.
- the cell lysate was pre-cleared with Protein G Sepharose TM (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) for 2 hours, and incubated at 4 ° C in the presence of Protein G Sepharose TM containing 1.0 g of the specified antibody. Incubate for 12 hours under agitation. Wash the immunoprecipitate four times with lysis buffer, elute by boiling in Laemmli sample buffer, and use ⁇ - ⁇ - ⁇ as described above. [0047] (9) Gene chip analysis
- microarray analysis (Affimetrix) responding to LPS was performed according to the method described in the literature (Blood. 102, 4123-4129 (2003)).
- a color image of gene expression was created using GeneSpring 6.0 (Silicon Genetics) software.
- the concept that gene expression in the TLR and IL 1R signal transduction pathways has only one stage of conventionally considered NF- ⁇ B or AP-1 activity (one-stage expression control)
- One more step, the pre-induction of ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ - ⁇ expression is essential, and a new concept, such as “two-step (multi-step) regulation of TLR and IL-1R signal response” is proposed.
- a new concept such as “two-step (multi-step) regulation of TLR and IL-1R signal response” is proposed.
- TLRZIL-1R see Figure 8
- mice since ⁇ - ⁇ -deficient mice exhibit atopic dermatitis-like symptoms, the pathological analysis in the local area and the detailed analysis of gene expression control will be combined in the future, and the cause remains unknown for some time. It is hoped that this will lead to the construction of a new treatment strategy for some intractable diseases.
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