WO2005079814A1 - Composition pharmaceutique utilisee pour le traitement de l'avortement spontane recurrent et procede associe - Google Patents
Composition pharmaceutique utilisee pour le traitement de l'avortement spontane recurrent et procede associe Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2005079814A1 WO2005079814A1 PCT/CN2004/000135 CN2004000135W WO2005079814A1 WO 2005079814 A1 WO2005079814 A1 WO 2005079814A1 CN 2004000135 W CN2004000135 W CN 2004000135W WO 2005079814 A1 WO2005079814 A1 WO 2005079814A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- chromosome
- pharmaceutical composition
- rsa
- male individuals
- fibronectin
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
- A61K31/7088—Compounds having three or more nucleosides or nucleotides
- A61K31/713—Double-stranded nucleic acids or oligonucleotides
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
- A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
- A61P37/06—Immunosuppressants, e.g. drugs for graft rejection
Definitions
- the invention relates to a medicine and a method for treating recurrent spontaneous abortion. Background technique
- Abortion is a phenomenon in which embryos and their appendages are eliminated by the pregnant woman before 28 weeks of pregnancy. According to the time of abortion, those who occur before 12 weeks are called early abortion, and those who occur after 12 weeks are called late abortion. Divided into two types of spontaneous abortion and induced abortion according to the cause. Induced abortion refers to the method of terminating pregnancy through surgery or drugs. There are two types of abortion.
- Recurrent spontaneous abortion refers to the phenomenon of aborted fetuses and abortion within the same gestational week more than two times in a row.
- the incidence of recurrent spontaneous abortions in pregnant women is 2-3%.
- it can be divided into early RSA and late RSA; according to whether there is a normal pregnancy history before abortion, it can be divided into primary RSA and secondary RSA.
- the two classifications are combined to divide RSA into: early primary RSA, late primary RSA, early secondary RSA and late secondary RSA.
- recurrent spontaneous abortion including chromosomal abnormalities, endocrine disorders, abnormal anatomical structures of reproductive organs, bacterial or viral infections, maternal and infant blood group incompatibility, and environmental pollution.
- recurrent spontaneous abortions including chromosomal abnormalities, endocrine disorders, abnormal anatomical structures of reproductive organs, bacterial or viral infections, maternal and infant blood group incompatibility, and environmental pollution.
- RSA unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortions
- immune factors are considered to be the main cause of recurrent spontaneous abortions of unknown causes [Ksouri H, Zitouni M, Achour W, Makni S, Ben Has sen A ., Recurrent pregnancy loss related to immune disorders, Ann Med Interne (Paris). 2003 Sep; 154 (4): 233-47.].
- RSA related to immune factors is called immune RSA.
- Couple HLA is highly compatible (increased sharing of human leukocyte antigens (HLA)), inhibits maternal production of anti-paternal cytotoxic antibodies (APCA), anti-idiotypic antibodies (Ab2), Mixed lymphocyte reaction blocking antibodies (MLR-Bf) and other blocking antibodies (blocking antibodies, BA) that prevent the mother's immune system from attacking the embryo; (2) cells derived from helper T cells 1 (Thl) Factor and natural killer cells (NK) overactivation (Overactivity of T helper-1 (Th-1) cytokines); (3) abnormally increased levels of antiphosphokipid antibodies (APA): Antibodies are a group of autoimmune antibodies, including anticardiolipin antibodies, lupus anticoagulants and anticardiolipin [aCL] antibodies, etc.
- Lymphocyte immunotherapy is the most widely used treatment method for immunological RSA. Since Taylor and Faulk first infused an unexplained RSA patient with a mixed leukocyte suspension from a spouse in 1981, immunotherapy of RSA has been carried out in China [Gatenby PA, Cameron K, Simes RJ. Treatment of recurrent spontaneous abortion by immunization with paternal lymphocytes: results of a controlled trial. Am J Reprod Immunol. 1993 Mar; 29 (2): 88-94,].
- lymphocytes Most immunogens use husband's lymphocytes. Methods: Isolate and extract lymphocytes from the spouse's venous blood and inject it intradermally; also use the husband's concentrated leukocytes or whole blood for intravenous injection; if inactivated cells are irradiated with 200rad X-rays and then injected intradermally, the resistance can be reduced. Host response. Immunizations are usually performed 2 to 4 times before pregnancy, with intervals of 2 weeks each, and booster immunizations 1 to 3 times after pregnancy. Twenty years after the development of lymphocyte immunotherapy for RSA, a large number of domestic and foreign scholars have found that the therapeutic effect of this method is uncertain and the side effects are large.
- lymphocyte therapy has some serious side effects, such as sensitization of red blood cells, decreased platelets, and intrauterine growth retardation. And because this method uses living cells with intact nuclear material, some blood-borne diseases such as AIDS can be transferred from one individual to another.
- the inventors have established an efficient and safe method of RSA immunotherapy based on in-depth research on the pathogenesis of early secondary RSA in immunity. Summary of invention
- the invention provides:
- a pharmaceutical composition for treating recurrent spontaneous abortion in an individual which is characterized by containing a therapeutically effective amount of chromosome 2 from a spouse of the individual or containing fibronectin
- fibronectin FN
- a pharmaceutical composition for treating recurrent spontaneous abortion in an individual characterized in that it contains a therapeutically effective amount of chromosome 2 from a plurality of male individuals or a mixture of fragments containing fibronectin-encoding genes.
- a method for treating recurrent spontaneous abortion in an individual which comprises administering to the individual in need of treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a substance capable of reducing the level of antinuclear antibodies in the body.
- the RSA treatment pharmaceutical composition and treatment method provided by the present invention have been clinically verified, and the treatment effect is exact (effectiveness is above 95%), and no obvious side effect is found. Detailed description of the invention
- the present inventors conducted clinical epidemiological research on early secondary RSA, and found that among a variety of related factors, the flow of humans has the highest correlation with early secondary RSA, and most of them have gestational weeks with secondary spontaneous abortions and aborted pregnancy The weeks are the same or similar, and there is a significant statistical difference compared with the control group (the results are shown in Table 1). Therefore, the present inventors speculate that the flow of people is the cause of early secondary RSA.
- fibronectin bands existed between the trophoblastic layer and decidua of the control specimens, and fibronectin bands also existed between the trophoblasts, while fibronectin was not present outside the trophoblastic cells of the RSA patient specimens. Therefore, the inventors believe that the fibronectin band outside the trophoblast layer is the main structure constituting the placental immune barrier, and the destruction of the immune barrier function caused by the absence of the fibronectin band is the cause of immune RSA.
- the inventors used a kit for detecting fibronectin antibodies to detect anti-FN antibodies in the serum of 30 patients with early secondary RSA with a history of abortion The results were not statistically different from the control group. Surprisingly, the inventors found that the levels of antinuclear antibodies against chromosome 2 (containing the FN-encoding gene) in these patients' serum (measured as described in Example 2) were significantly higher than those in the control group (see Table 2 ) .
- the inventors proposed the following hypothesis on the pathogenesis of immune RSA: During the manual intervention of pregnancy such as induced abortion, embryonic cells rupture, and the spouse-derived .FN encoding gene is presented to the mother as an antigen
- the immune system produces antinuclear antibodies against FN-encoding genes.
- antinuclear antibodies against the FN-encoding gene enter trophoblasts, combine with the FN gene in the expressed state, and block the gene, preventing fibronectin outside the embryonic trophoblast from forming normally. Integrity is destroyed, the mother rejects the embryo, the embryo stops developing, and abortion occurs.
- FN is a large-molecule multifunctional glycoprotein found in connective tissue, cell surfaces, cytoplasm, and other body fluids. FN bands have been found outside embryonic trophoblasts, but they are thought to be connected only to the placenta and decidua [Ronald F. Feinberg, Harvey J. Kliman, and Charles J. Lockwood, Is Oncofetal Fibronectin a Trophoblast Glue for Human Implantation? American Journal of Pathology, Vol. 138, No. 3, March 1991], trophoblasts play a role in the movement and invasion of decidua [Chakraborty C, Gleeson LM, McKinnon T, Lala PK., Regulation of human trophoblast Migration and invasiveness.
- the present invention proves that the immune recurrent spontaneous abortion is directly related to the level of antinuclear antibodies in the patient's body, and the immune recurrent spontaneous abortion can be treated by reducing the level of antinuclear antibodies in the body.
- the present invention therefore provides a method for treating recurrent spontaneous abortion in an individual, which comprises administering to the individual in need of treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a substance capable of reducing the level of antinuclear antibodies in the body.
- the substance capable of reducing the level of antinuclear antibodies in the body may be, for example, chromosome 2 from a spouse of the individual to be treated or a fragment containing a fibronectin-encoding gene, or chromosome 2 from a plurality of men or a fiber containing fibronectin. A mixture of fragments that encode genes.
- the level of antinuclear antibodies in an immune RSA individual can be reduced and maintained at a safe pregnancy level for a certain period of time.
- the present invention relates to the use of a substance capable of reducing the level of antinuclear antibodies in the body in the preparation of a medicament for treating recurrent spontaneous abortion.
- the substance capable of reducing the level of antinuclear antibodies in the body is in particular derived from male chromosome 2 or a fragment containing a fibronectin-encoding gene.
- the chromosome 2 or a fragment thereof may be a spouse from an individual to be treated, or a mixture of chromosome 2 or a fragment thereof from a plurality of male individuals.
- the invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition for treating recurrent spontaneous abortion in an individual, which is characterized by containing a therapeutically effective amount of chromosome 2 from a spouse of the individual or a fragment containing a fibronectin-encoding gene, or containing a therapeutically effective Amounts of chromosome 2 or a mixture of fragments containing fibronectin-encoding genes from multiple males.
- the clinical use proves that the pharmaceutical composition and treatment method of the present invention can effectively treat immune RSA.
- an isolated, intact chromosome 2 is used.
- No. 2 chromosome isolated from M-phase cells is used.
- the inventor believes that due to the increase in the level of antinuclear antibodies against FN-encoding genes in immune RSA patients, the FN bands outside the embryonic trophoblast cells cannot form properly. Therefore, injecting patients can reduce the antinuclearity in vivo. Substances with antibody levels reduce their levels (for example, injection of spouse-derived chromosome 2 containing the FN-encoding gene as an antigen to neutralize the corresponding antinuclear antibody) is not sufficient to block the FN gene being expressed. In this way, the FN-encoding gene of the embryo can be expressed normally during pregnancy, forming a FN band outside the trophoblast cells, and the embryo's immune barrier is well formed. This allows the embryo to survive the previous gestational weeks of miscarriage and develop normally.
- a therapeutically effective amount of a mixture of chromosome 2 or fragments thereof from a plurality of male individuals is used.
- the number of the plurality of male individuals is, for example, at least about 3, preferably at least about 5, and more preferably about 10, 20, 30, or more.
- the present invention relates to a mixture of chromosome 2 or fragments thereof from a plurality of male individuals as a medicine, the use of the mixture in the preparation of a medicament for treating RSA, and a method for treating RSA by administering an effective amount of the mixture to a patient.
- the following concepts described in the present invention have the following meanings:
- Spouse Refers to a sexual partner of an aborted pregnancy in an RSA individual.
- Chromosome 2 refers to human chromosome 2 or similar chromosomes containing FN-encoding genes in other mammals. In the latter case, the number of the chromosome in the chromosome of the animal is not necessarily 2 as long as it contains the FN-encoding gene.
- Antinuclear antibody refers to antibodies against various nuclear components, particularly antibodies determined in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.
- Immune RSA refers to early secondary recurrent spontaneous abortion with anti-nuclear antibody titer greater than 1: 64 in the serum.
- Antibody titer (level) It refers to the maximum dilution of the serum of the antibody-positive sample determined by ELISA.
- Pregnancy safety level refers to anti-nuclear antibody levels that are at least about 30%, preferably at least about 40%, more preferably at least about 50%, 60%, 70% or more lower than the original antinuclear antibody levels in patients with RS A, or antibody drops Degree is less than about 1:64.
- Isolated refers to the separation of chromosome 2 from other cellular material (including proteins, other chromosomes, etc.).
- the content of other cellular matter is 10 wt% or less, preferably the content of other cellular matter is 10 wt% or less, and more preferably 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, or even 1 wt% or less.
- the content of other chromosomes is preferably ⁇ 10%, more preferably ⁇ 1%.
- M phase (mitosis phase): The period from the beginning to the end of cell division.
- Chromosome fragment A fragment of chromosome 2 containing a gene encoding fibronectin and retaining the activity of reducing the level of the antinuclear antibody of the present invention.
- a chromosome mixture containing chromosome 2 or a chromosome fragment thereof can be used, for example, a mixture of all chromosomes from which other cellular components have been removed.
- the present invention preferably uses an isolated chromosome 2 or a fragment thereof.
- Chromosome 2 in the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may be derived from any kind of somatic cells, preferably peripheral blood lymphocytes.
- Peripheral blood lymphocytes can be isolated by methods well known to those skilled in the art.
- the source cells, such as peripheral blood lymphocytes are preferably cultured in vitro for a period of time before the chromosomes are isolated.
- common cell culture media such as RPMI-1640 or DMEM.
- Nutrient solution and fetal bovine serum at 5% C0 2, 37 ° C ⁇ 0.5.
- Lymphocytes are cultured in a C-cell incubator for a suitable period of time, usually 3 to 5 days.
- colchicine a cell culture medium, preferably colchicine, to prevent mitosis of the cells and stop the cells.
- the culture medium preferably colchicine
- All chromosomes can be extracted by rupturing the cells by chemical or physical methods well known to those skilled in the art, such as freeze-thaw cells, alkaline cell lysate, hypotonic methods, and the like. The preferred method is the hypotonic method.
- Methods known to those skilled in the art can be used to further isolate and extract the entire chromosome 2 or to cut and purify the chromosome fragment containing the FN-encoding gene by enzymatic digestion.
- the chromosome or chromosome fragment is used to prepare a formulation immediately after extraction. It can also be made into a lyophilized powder by methods well known to those skilled in the art, and stored at low temperature such as -70 C for future use.
- the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is usually prepared as an injection.
- This injection can be prepared by mixing conventional sterilized water for injection or physiological saline with an appropriate amount of chromosome 2 or a chromosome fragment containing the FN-encoding gene according to a conventional method.
- concentration of chromosome 2 or a fragment thereof in the preparation is about 2 to 15 chromosomes / oil microscope fields, preferably 5 to 10 chromosomes / oil microscope fields, and more preferably 10 chromosomes / oil microscope fields.
- the immunological RS A When the immunological RS A is treated with the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention, it is generally administered by subcutaneous injection, preferably subcutaneous injection of the upper arm.
- the dosage and number of injections per session can be determined by the clinician to reduce the patient's peripheral blood antinuclear antibody levels to a safe range for pregnancy. For example, each injection of 0.5 to 2 ml of an injection containing the above-mentioned concentration of chromosome 2 or a fragment thereof is usually injected 3 to 5 times, preferably 4 times, within 30 days.
- the level of antinuclear antibodies in the peripheral blood is measured, and if it falls within the safe range of pregnancy, you can conceive.
- the safety level of antinuclear antibody pregnancy can be maintained for about 3 months after a course of treatment, and the pregnancy can be safely performed during this period.
- another course of treatment is performed after pregnancy to consolidate the treatment effect.
- the pharmaceutical composition and treatment method of the present invention have been clinically tested, and more than 300 patients have been treated with a cure rate of more than 95%. No side effects have been found so far.
- the gene immunotherapy of the present invention is compared with the existing lymphocyte immunotherapy (Table 3). Table 3 Comparison of immunotherapy of the present invention with lymphocyte immunotherapy
- Lymphocytes were cultured in a 5% CO 2 incubator for 4 days. On the third day, add 40 to 0.1 ml of a 40 g / ml colchicine solution into each culture flask, and continue the culture for one day. On the fourth day, the adherent cells were blown up, the suspension was centrifuged at 5,000 rpm for 10 minutes, the supernatant was discarded, and the precipitated cells were retained.
- the patients were subcutaneously inoculated 4 times on June 25, 1999, July 12, 1999, July 28, 1999, and August 12, 1999.
- the present invention was prepared using the method of Example 3 using their spouse chromosomes. Pharmaceutical composition.
- the local reaction intensity of the skin after the first three inoculations was ++++, and the fourth reaction intensity was ++.
- the patient's peripheral blood antinuclear antibody ice level decreased to 1:64.
- the drug and method of the present invention have been approved for clinical trials in many hospitals in China.
- the total treatment was more than 300 patients treated with early secondary RSA, a history of induced abortion, and elevated peripheral blood specific antinuclear antibodies (> 1: 64). Patients, the cure rate was> 95%. Except for local redness, swelling, heat, pain and other normal treatment responses at the subcutaneous inoculation site of the upper arm, no side effects were found.
- the therapeutic effect of the method of the present invention is compared with the results of lymphocyte immunotherapy reported in the literature as follows.
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE602004022993T DE602004022993D1 (de) | 2004-02-20 | 2004-02-20 | Pharmazeutische zusammensetzung zur behandlung von wiederholt auftretendem spontanabort und verfahren dafür |
PCT/CN2004/000135 WO2005079814A1 (fr) | 2004-02-20 | 2004-02-20 | Composition pharmaceutique utilisee pour le traitement de l'avortement spontane recurrent et procede associe |
EP04712990A EP1719516B1 (en) | 2004-02-20 | 2004-02-20 | A pharmaceutical composition used for treating recurrent spontaneous abortion and method thereof |
US10/585,623 US7902162B2 (en) | 2004-02-20 | 2004-02-20 | Medicament and method for treating recurrent spontaneous abortion |
CNA2004800299183A CN1867342A (zh) | 2004-02-20 | 2004-02-20 | 反复自然流产的治疗药物及治疗方法 |
AT04712990T ATE441422T1 (de) | 2004-02-20 | 2004-02-20 | Pharmazeutische zusammensetzung zur behandlung von wiederholt auftretendem spontanabort und verfahren dafür |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/CN2004/000135 WO2005079814A1 (fr) | 2004-02-20 | 2004-02-20 | Composition pharmaceutique utilisee pour le traitement de l'avortement spontane recurrent et procede associe |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2005079814A1 true WO2005079814A1 (fr) | 2005-09-01 |
Family
ID=34876878
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/CN2004/000135 WO2005079814A1 (fr) | 2004-02-20 | 2004-02-20 | Composition pharmaceutique utilisee pour le traitement de l'avortement spontane recurrent et procede associe |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7902162B2 (zh) |
EP (1) | EP1719516B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1867342A (zh) |
AT (1) | ATE441422T1 (zh) |
DE (1) | DE602004022993D1 (zh) |
WO (1) | WO2005079814A1 (zh) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN111254111A (zh) * | 2020-02-29 | 2020-06-09 | 贵州医科大学 | 靶向治疗习惯性流产和免疫性不孕的细胞及其制备方法 |
Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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DE2836362A1 (de) * | 1978-08-19 | 1980-03-06 | Behringwerke Ag | Diagnostisches mittel |
WO1983000877A1 (en) * | 1981-08-31 | 1983-03-17 | Icl Scient | Glucose oxidase immunohistochemical detection of antinuclear antibodies |
US5281522A (en) * | 1988-09-15 | 1994-01-25 | Adeza Biomedical Corporation | Reagents and kits for determination of fetal fibronectin in a vaginal sample |
US5468619A (en) * | 1991-11-04 | 1995-11-21 | Adeza Biomedical Corporation | Screening method for identifying women at increased risk for imminent delivery |
JPH09218202A (ja) * | 1995-12-08 | 1997-08-19 | B M L:Kk | 抗核抗体の検出方法及び検出用キット |
WO2002042769A1 (fr) * | 2000-11-22 | 2002-05-30 | Matsuura, Eiji | Procede de detection d'un anticorps anti-laminine-1 et sa mise en application |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4444879A (en) | 1981-01-29 | 1984-04-24 | Science Research Center, Inc. | Immunoassay with article having support film and immunological counterpart of analyte |
CA2358146A1 (en) | 2001-09-19 | 2003-03-19 | Leila Bocksch | A method of inhibiting immunologically mediated abortions |
-
2004
- 2004-02-20 WO PCT/CN2004/000135 patent/WO2005079814A1/zh active Application Filing
- 2004-02-20 EP EP04712990A patent/EP1719516B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-02-20 AT AT04712990T patent/ATE441422T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2004-02-20 CN CNA2004800299183A patent/CN1867342A/zh active Pending
- 2004-02-20 DE DE602004022993T patent/DE602004022993D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-02-20 US US10/585,623 patent/US7902162B2/en active Active - Reinstated
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2836362A1 (de) * | 1978-08-19 | 1980-03-06 | Behringwerke Ag | Diagnostisches mittel |
WO1983000877A1 (en) * | 1981-08-31 | 1983-03-17 | Icl Scient | Glucose oxidase immunohistochemical detection of antinuclear antibodies |
US5281522A (en) * | 1988-09-15 | 1994-01-25 | Adeza Biomedical Corporation | Reagents and kits for determination of fetal fibronectin in a vaginal sample |
US5468619A (en) * | 1991-11-04 | 1995-11-21 | Adeza Biomedical Corporation | Screening method for identifying women at increased risk for imminent delivery |
JPH09218202A (ja) * | 1995-12-08 | 1997-08-19 | B M L:Kk | 抗核抗体の検出方法及び検出用キット |
WO2002042769A1 (fr) * | 2000-11-22 | 2002-05-30 | Matsuura, Eiji | Procede de detection d'un anticorps anti-laminine-1 et sa mise en application |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
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KANO TAKASHI ET AL: "The incidence of endometriosis and adenomyosis in patients with Habitual abortion in relation to immunological abnormalities.", NIPPON SANKA FUJINKA GAKKAI ZASSHI, vol. 42, no. 2, 1997, pages 113 - 118, XP008084812 * |
OGASAWARA MAYUMI ET AL: "Clinical significance of beta2 glycoprotein I dependent Anticardiolipin antibody, lupus anticoagulant and antinuclear antibidies in patients with Recurrent miscarriages.", REPRODUCTIVE IMMUNOLOGY., October 1998 (1998-10-01), pages 272 - 276, XP008079514 * |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN111254111A (zh) * | 2020-02-29 | 2020-06-09 | 贵州医科大学 | 靶向治疗习惯性流产和免疫性不孕的细胞及其制备方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ATE441422T1 (de) | 2009-09-15 |
US7902162B2 (en) | 2011-03-08 |
EP1719516A4 (en) | 2007-03-28 |
CN1867342A (zh) | 2006-11-22 |
EP1719516A1 (en) | 2006-11-08 |
DE602004022993D1 (de) | 2009-10-15 |
EP1719516B1 (en) | 2009-09-02 |
US20090131345A1 (en) | 2009-05-21 |
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