WO2005079022A1 - パケット通信ネットワーク、経路制御サーバ、経路制御方法、パケット転送装置、アドミッション制御サーバ、光波長パス設定方法、プログラム、および記録媒体 - Google Patents
パケット通信ネットワーク、経路制御サーバ、経路制御方法、パケット転送装置、アドミッション制御サーバ、光波長パス設定方法、プログラム、および記録媒体 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005079022A1 WO2005079022A1 PCT/JP2004/017083 JP2004017083W WO2005079022A1 WO 2005079022 A1 WO2005079022 A1 WO 2005079022A1 JP 2004017083 W JP2004017083 W JP 2004017083W WO 2005079022 A1 WO2005079022 A1 WO 2005079022A1
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- packet
- destination
- optical wavelength
- address
- wavelength path
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
- H04L45/42—Centralised routing
Definitions
- Packet communication network Packet communication network, routing control server, routing control method, packet transfer device, admission control server, optical wavelength path setting method, program, and recording medium
- the present invention relates to a path control technique for a packet communication network, and more particularly to a path control technique for setting a desired path by controlling a router or a packet transfer device constituting a large-scale network such as a photonic network.
- one route control server is arranged for a target network, and the route control server unifies all route controls in the network.
- the route control server unifies all route controls in the network.
- JP 2003-298631, JP 2002-247087, JP 2001-24699 Kogura, Petri Aukia, Muran Kodialam, Pramod VNLoppol, TVLakshman, Helena barin, Bemhard ⁇ uter, RATES: A Server for MPLb Traffic Engineering, IEEE Network, p.34-41, IEEE, 2000).
- a route control method When such a route control method is applied to a large-scale network, a method is considered in which the network is divided into a plurality of areas, a route control server is arranged in each area, and only each area is controlled.
- a packet transfer device having an IP transfer function has been installed as a terminal device of a photonic network, and a connectionless type logically constructed on a connection type network.
- Optical wavelength path control technology that uses a network and allocates optical wavelength path resources only between packet transfer devices with high traffic demand while ensuring the route reachability between packet transfer devices by IP transfer is being studied (for example,
- Junichi MURAYAMA al. Fraific-Driven Optical IP Networking Architecture, IEICE TRANS. COMMUN., VOL.E86-B, NO.8 AUGUST 2003, etc.).
- an optical wavelength path is provided between user terminals according to the user request.
- Optical wavelength path control technologies are also being studied (eg, Motohiro Tsuji, Takeshi Yagi, Junichi Murayama, Kazuhiro Matsuda, Hiroyuki Ishii, "Evaluation of Optical Cut-Through Method in TSN", The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, 2003 IEICE General Conference, B-7-82, March 2003, Kenichi Matsui, Takeshi Yagi, Masaki Kaneda, Yuichi Naruse, Junichi Murayama, "Study of cut-through optical path method in terabit class super network", Information Network Study Group (Co-host, NS'CS Study Group), Session A-4-30, September 2003, etc.).
- each route control server independently performs route control only in an individual area as described above, a packet passing through a plurality of areas becomes a control target in a certain area, and optimal route control is performed.
- a packet passing through a plurality of areas becomes a control target in a certain area, and optimal route control is performed.
- it will not be controlled in another area.
- the number of packets changes, such a situation is likely to occur because the control is not synchronized between the route control servers.
- the path control server explicitly specifies communication quality between routers.
- MPLS Multiprotocol Label Switching
- optical GMPLS Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching
- the present invention is intended to solve such a problem, and provides a packet communication network, a route control server, a route control method, and a program capable of appropriately controlling the route of a packet passing through a plurality of areas throughout the network. It is intended to be.
- the above-described optical wavelength path control technology has a problem that a bandwidth-guaranteed network service that can flexibly expand its communication capacity in response to a user request cannot be realized.
- optical wavelength path control technology it is difficult to respond to a bandwidth guarantee request from a specific user because the optical wavelength path resources are allocated in consideration of only the traffic demand between packet transfer devices. . Also, according to the latter of the above-mentioned optical wavelength path control techniques, there is a problem that data cannot be transferred when a user request is rejected.
- the present invention is intended to solve such a problem, and utilizes a photonic network to realize a network service capable of guaranteeing a bandwidth in response to a user request, a packet communication network, and a packet transfer.
- Equipment and admission control server It is intended to be.
- a packet communication network emphasizing the present invention is provided with a plurality of routers connected in a net-like manner via communication links, and the packet communication network divided and provided.
- a plurality of routing servers arranged in each area to control routers in the area, and the routing server obtains destination information of the packet from header information of the packet notified from the router in the area.
- a server-to-server information transmitting / receiving unit for transmitting / receiving data to / from another routing server, and a packet output interface at the router based on the destination information and the transfer management information.
- a packet control unit that determines the output interface of the packet, and the destination information, the transfer management information, and the power included in the inter-server information from the other route control servers.
- a header information acquisition unit that acquires header information from a packet and notifies the routing control server of the packet, and connects the arriving packet to the output interface from the output interface corresponding to the bucket based on the decision made by the routing control server.
- an output interface control unit for outputting to the communication link.
- another packet communication network of the present invention accommodates a plurality of user terminals and includes a transmission link having an optical wavelength path multiplex transmission function and a wavelength switch having an optical wavelength path switching function.
- the lower layer frame When transmitting the lower layer frame to the external network, the lower layer frame is transferred after being decapsulated into the upper layer packet, and based on the address management table for managing the correspondence between the upper layer packet address and the destination lower layer frame address, Upper layer on the user terminal side corresponding to A plurality of packet forwarding devices for transferring the lower layer frame of the optical wavelength path side that corresponds to the packet with the lower layer frame address mutual conversion process, the light source user terminal power received via the packet forwarding device In response to a wavelength path connection request, an admission control server that sets up an optical wavelength path connecting the source and destination packet transfer devices among the optical wavelength paths of the photonic network, and an optical wavelength path of the photonic network.
- a frame transfer device connected to the wavelength path, receiving the lower layer frame from the source packet transfer device, and transferring the lower layer frame to the packet transfer device corresponding to the upper layer packet address of the upper layer packet in the lower layer frame.
- the address management table of the packet transfer device serving as the source and destination stores the upper layer packet address of the user terminal and the lower layer frame address corresponding to the optical wavelength path. Register the correspondence, and if there is a bandwidth guarantee request at this time, A bandwidth-guaranteed cut-through optical wavelength path that passes through only one or more wavelength switches between the source and destination packet forwarding devices. It has a path setting function unit for setting an optical wavelength path connecting between a packet transfer device serving as a source and a packet transfer device via a network.
- the routing control server that manages the routers in each area transmits the transfer management information to a packet having the destination information based on the inter-server information notified from the other routing control servers. Can be performed based on the route.
- the packet transfer control is unified by each route management route control server, and appropriate route control can be realized in the entire network.
- an optical wavelength path that can be occupied by a user between specific user terminals in response to a bandwidth guarantee request from the user is defined as a transmission source and a destination. Since the setting is made between the packet transfer devices, the communication capacity can be flexibly expanded, and a bandwidth-guaranteed network service can be provided.
- an optical wavelength path passing through the frame transfer device is set between the source and destination packet transfer devices, so that the transfer resources of the IP transfer route are shared.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a packet communication system according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram showing a functional configuration of a route control server and a router working on the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a configuration example of area information of a route control server.
- FIG. 4 is a configuration example of routing information of a path control server.
- FIG. 5 is a configuration example of packet information of a path control server.
- FIG. 6 is a flowchart showing a route control process in a route control server that is active in the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is an explanatory diagram showing a route control operation in the packet communication network.
- FIG. 8 is a flowchart showing an inter-server information process in the routing control server according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 9 is a configuration example of output IZF information.
- FIG. 10 is a configuration example of intra-area routing information.
- FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustrating a network model of a communication network according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 12 is an example of a network configuration of a communication network according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 13 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a packet transfer device installed in a communication network according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 14 is a block diagram showing a configuration of an admission control server installed in a communication network according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 15 is a configuration example of an address management table of the packet transfer device.
- FIG. 16 is another configuration example of the address management table of the packet transfer device.
- FIG. 17 is a configuration example of an IPv4 transfer table of the packet transfer device.
- FIG. 18 is a configuration example of a destination packet transfer device specifying table of the admission control server.
- FIG. 19 is an example of an initial environment of a communication network working on a second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 20 is an example of a network environment after a lightwave path is allocated in a communication network according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a packet communication network to which a first embodiment of the present invention employs a routing server and a norator.
- a plurality of routing servers 1 (1A, IB, 1C, ID) and a plurality of routers 2 (2A, 2B, 2C, 2D) are also configured.
- the route control server 1 is a route control server device that is entirely implemented by a computer and is a control device that determines a transfer destination route based on header information of a packet arriving at the router 2.
- Router 2 is interconnected with other routers in a network via a communication link, here a broadband communication link or a narrowband communication link, and notifies the routing server 1 of the header information of the arriving packet. Output the packet to the communication link of the determined output I / F Communication device.
- the entire network is divided into a plurality of areas 9 (9A, 9B, 9D, 9D), and each area 9 has one or more routers 2 (2A, 2B, 2C, 2D). ) Is arranged.
- routers 2A-2D are respectively arranged in areas 9A-9D.
- the route control server 1 (1A, IB, 1C, ID) is arranged for each area 9 and is connected to one or more routers 2 arranged in the area 9 and the route of the router 2 is connected. Perform control.
- each route control server 1 when performing route control on a packet arriving at the router 2, exchanges information between servers including destination information of the packet and transfer management information on transfer control.
- the routing control server 1 performs routing control based on the server-to-server information.
- FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram showing a functional configuration of the route control server 1 and the router 2 working in the present embodiment.
- FIG. 2 shows only the routing servers 1A and 1B and the routers 2A and 2B, the other routing servers 1C and 1D and the routers 2C and 2D have the same configuration.
- the path control server 1 is composed of a path control server device entirely configured by a computer, and includes a control unit, a storage unit, and a communication interface unit as a physical configuration (not shown). I have.
- the control unit includes a microprocessor such as a CPU and its peripheral circuits, and reads and executes a program stored in a storage unit in advance, so that the hardware and the program cooperate with each other to execute various functional units.
- the functional units include a destination information acquisition unit 11, a route control unit 12, an inter-server information transmission / reception unit 13, a packet control unit 14, and the like.
- the destination information obtaining unit 11 is a functional unit that obtains header information of a packet arriving at the router 2 from the router 2 and outputs destination information of the packet.
- the route control unit 12 is a functional unit that generates server-to-server information including the destination information from the destination information obtaining unit 11 and the transfer management information that is previously associated with the destination information.
- the inter-server information transmitting / receiving unit 13 is a functional unit that transmits / receives inter-server information to / from another routing control server 1 via the communication line 10.
- the packet control unit 14 is a functional unit that determines an output interface (hereinafter, referred to as an output IZF) for transferring the packet based on the destination information and the transfer management information from the route control unit 12.
- an output IZF an output interface
- the storage unit 15 is formed of a storage device such as a hard disk or a memory, and stores various pieces of processing information necessary for processing in the control unit and a program 15D executed by the control unit.
- the program 15D is taken from a communication line or a recording medium and stored in the storage unit 15 in advance.
- This processing information includes area information 15A for managing the route control server 1 and the norator 2 installed in each area 9, routing information 15B for managing the area through which the packet passes for each destination router of the packet, and packet information for the packet. For each destination address, there is packet information 15C that manages the control contents for the packet.
- the router 2 is composed of a communication device composed entirely of a computer or a dedicated chip, and includes, as functional units, a header information acquisition unit 21 and an output interface control unit (hereinafter referred to as an output I / F control unit).
- the header information obtaining unit 21 obtains the header information from a packet arriving from a packet transmission device (not shown) or another router, and notifies the routing control server 1 that manages the area of the header information. It is a functional unit.
- the output I / F control unit 22 outputs each packet to a predetermined output interface based on the output I / F information notified from the route control server 1, and sends the packet to the transfer destination router via the corresponding communication link.
- This is a functional unit that transfers packets.
- the area information 15A is information for managing the route control server 1 and the norator 2 installed in each area 9.
- the routing server "1A” is associated with the routing server that manages the area "9A”
- the router "2A” is also assigned as the router located in the area "9A”. Attached.
- the routing information 15B is information for managing an area through which the packet passes for each destination router of the packet.
- the area "9A ⁇ 9B ⁇ 9C" is associated as the area route through which the packet to the destination router "2C" passes.
- the packet information 15C is information for managing the transfer control contents for the packet for each destination address of the packet.
- “priority” is associated with the transfer management information of the packet having the destination IP address “2A—A” (indicating the address A of the norator 2A), and the packet having the transfer management information “normal” is assigned. It is easy to see that the transfer control is given priority.
- FIG. 6 is a flowchart showing the route control operation in the route control server 1.
- FIG. 7 is an explanatory diagram showing a route control operation in the packet communication network.
- FIG. 8 is a flowchart showing an inter-server information processing operation in the route control server 1.
- a case will be described as an example where a packet arriving at router 2A in area 9A is transferred to router 2C in area 9C via router 2B in area 9B.
- the header information acquisition unit 21 extracts the header information from the packet.
- the routing control server 1A managing the area 9A is notified of the header information.
- the destination information obtaining unit 11 of the routing control server 1A obtains the header information notified from the router 2A (step 500), and obtains the destination information of the packet from the header information. Acquires the destination IP address "2C-A" (step 501).
- the route control unit 12 acquires the route information corresponding to the destination information acquired by the destination information acquisition unit 11 with reference to the routing information 15B (Step 502).
- “9A ⁇ 9B ⁇ 9C” is acquired as the area route corresponding to the destination router “2C” of the destination IP address “2C_A”.
- step 503 it is determined whether or not a subsequent area other than the area following the area “9A” managed by the path control server 1A exists in the area route (step 503). In this case (step 503: NO), the process proceeds to step 506 described later.
- the route control unit 12 sets the server including the destination IP address “2C_A” read from the bucket information 15C and the transfer management information “priority”. Inter-server information including inter-server information is generated (step 504).
- the inter-server information transmitting / receiving unit 13 refers to the area information 15A, confirms the route control servers “1B, 1C” that respectively manage the subsequent areas “9B, 9C” included in the area route, and transmits the inter-server information. Then, it transmits to these route control servers “1C, 1D” via the communication line 10 (step 505).
- the packet control unit 14 outputs an output I / F corresponding to the packet having the destination information. Then, as shown in FIG. 9, output I / F information for setting the correspondence between the destination IP address and the output I / F is generated (step 506), and a series of route control processing ends.
- the transfer management information S of the destination IP address “2C—A” indicates “priority”
- “1” is set as the output I / F corresponding to the broadband communication link as the output communication link for the router 2B. ing.
- the output I / F information determined in this way is notified from the packet control unit 14 to the router 2A, and based on this output I / F information, the packet arriving at the output IZF control unit 22 is Is transferred from the corresponding output IZF to the communication link. As a result, the packet having the destination IP address “2C—AJ” is transferred from the output IZF “1” to the router 2B via the broadband communication link.
- the server-to-server information transmitting / receiving unit 13 receives the server-to-server information from the route control server 1A via the communication line 10, and executes the server-to-server information processing of FIG. Start.
- the route control unit 12 obtains destination information, here the destination IP address “2C_A”, from the information between the receiving servers (step 510), and refers to the routing information 15B to refer to the destination router of the destination IP address “2C_A”. “9B ⁇ 9C” is acquired as the area route corresponding to “2C” (step 511).
- step 512 it is determined whether or not a subsequent area other than the area subsequent to the area “9B” managed by the path control server 1B exists in the area route (step 512), and the subsequent area does not exist. In this case (step 512: NO), since there is no need to perform the packet transfer processing to the subsequent area, a series of server-to-server information processing ends.
- step 512 if there is a subsequent area (step 512: YES), a communication link is set for the next subsequent area based on the destination information and the transfer management information notified by the server-to-server information.
- the output I / F of the packet is determined, the output I / F information is generated, and a series of inter-server information processing ends.
- the transfer management information indicates “priority”
- an output I / F corresponding to the wideband communication link is set as an output communication link for the router 2C of the packet having the destination IP address “2C_A”.
- the route control server 1B determines the destination area of the packet based on the destination information notified by the server-to-server information, and sets an area as shown in FIG. Based on the internal routing information, it selects a router in its own area through which the packet passes.
- the router “2B” associated with the destination area is selected as the passing router.
- the router “2C” is associated with the destination area “9C” as the next router, and the link from the router “2B” to the router “2C” is selected according to the above transfer management information.
- a communication link is selected and its output IZF is set to the passing router "2C".
- the Next router may be selected by some method.
- This selection method includes (1) random selection, (2) storing the number of previous router selections and selecting the router with the least number of selections, and (3) router switching. It is conceivable to select the router with the least transmission load or CPU load, or (4) select the router with the least traffic transfer on the link toward the router.
- the output I / F information determined in this way is notified from the packet control unit 14 of the routing server 1B to the router 2B, and arrives at the output I / F control unit 22 based on the output IZF information.
- the output packet is output from the corresponding output I / F to the communication link.
- the packet having the destination IP address “2C_A” is transferred from the output I / F “l” to the router 2C via the broadband communication link.
- the inter-server information processing in Fig. 8 is started in the same manner as in the route control server 1B.
- the routing control server 1C is the destination area of the packet having the destination IP address “2C_A”, and there is no area following the area “9C” on the area route corresponding to the destination router “2C”.
- Step 512: N ⁇ a series of server-to-server information processing ends without performing packet transfer processing to the subsequent area.
- the routing control server 1A has the packet information 15C as shown in FIG. 5, as shown in FIG. 7, among the packets arriving at the router 2A, the destination IP address is “ For the packet indicating “2C-A”, the transfer management information “priority” is notified to the path control servers 1C and 1D via the communication line 10.
- the packet is transferred from the router 2A to the router 2B via the broadband communication link, and further transferred from the router 2B to the router 2C via the broadband communication link.
- the transfer management information “normal” is notified to the path control servers 1 C and 1 D via the communication line 10. Thereby, the packet is transferred from the router 2A to the router 2B via the narrow-band communication link, and further transferred from the router 2B to the router 2C via the narrow-band communication link.
- the routing control server 1 that manages each area uses the destination information of the header information notified from the router 2 in the area and the transfer management information corresponding to the destination information as another server-to-server information. Since the route control server is notified, the route control server that has received the notification can perform the route control based on the transfer management information for the packet having the destination information based on the inter-server information. As a result, even if a packet passes through a plurality of areas managed by different routing control servers, its packet transfer control is unified by each routing management routing control server, and appropriate routing control can be realized in the entire network.
- end-to-end communication quality can be ensured even when packets pass through areas controlled by multiple routing servers. It becomes possible.
- the inter-server information is transmitted from the first routing server 1A to all the routing servers IB and 1C that manage the subsequent area.
- the present invention is not limited to this.
- the first route control server 1A sends the route control server management information only to the route control server 1B in the next succeeding area.
- the information between the receiving servers may be sequentially transferred to the route control server 1C in the next succeeding area.
- the server-to-server information only needs to include at least the destination information of the packet and its transfer management information, for example, the transfer priority and the size of the communication band.
- the information between the servers is defined by including the destination IP address and DSCP (Differentiated Service Code Point) value, and the amount of packets included in the flow defined by the pair of the destination and destination IP addresses in the server-to-server information. Row-by-row control can be performed.
- label information may be included as the inter-server information in addition to the destination information of the packet and the transfer management information thereof.
- the destination information of the LSP (Label Switching Path) and its transfer management information are included in the inter-server information as label information. can be force s perform the control of the label units.
- the destination information of the wavelength path includes the information between servers, thereby enabling control on a wavelength path basis. .
- FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustrating a network model of a communication network according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
- a photonic network 8A is assumed as a connection type network
- an IPv4 in IPv6 network 8 is assumed as a connectionless type network.
- a wavelength switch is adopted as the connection switching device.
- the lower layer is composed of the IPv6 network 9
- the IPv6 frame is applied as the lower layer frame
- the upper layer is composed of the IPv4 network 8B
- the upper layer packet is composed of the upper layer packet.
- IP v4 packets are applied.
- the IPv6 network 9 corresponds to the cell 9 (9A-9D) in the first embodiment described above.
- the communication network of FIG. 11 includes a packet transfer device 3 (3A, 3B, 3C, 3D) and a frame transfer device.
- a transmission device 2, wavelength switches 5A and 5B, and an admission control server 4 are provided.
- the packet transfer device 3 is a PE (Provider Edge) router that accommodates a plurality of user terminals, is connected to the optical wavelength path of the photonic network 8A, and manages the correspondence between the IPv4 packet address and the destination IPv6 frame address. Based on the management table, it converts and forwards the IPv4 packet on the user terminal side corresponding to the IPv4 packet address and the IPv6 frame on the optical wavelength path side corresponding to the IPv6 frame address.
- PE Provide Edge
- the frame transfer device 2 is a device corresponding to the router 2 in the first embodiment, that is, an electric P (Provider) router, and is connected to the optical wavelength path of the photonic network 8A to transfer the source packet. It receives the IPv6 frame from the device 3 and transfers it to the destination packet transfer device 3 corresponding to the IPv4 packet address in the IPv6 frame.
- an electric P Provider
- the wavelength switches 5A and 5B are optical P (Provider) routers that can be used as optical cross-connect switches (OXC: Optical Cross-connect), and are installed in the photonic network 8A to switch optical wavelength paths. .
- OXC optical Cross-connect
- the admission control server 4 becomes the source and destination of the optical wavelength path of the photonic network 8A in response to the optical wavelength path connection request from the source user terminal received via the packet transfer device 3. An optical wavelength path connecting the packet transfer devices 3 is set.
- the packet transfer device 3A accommodates user terminals 6A and 6B via a user network 7A
- the packet transfer device 3B accommodates user terminals 6C and 6D via a user network 7B.
- the packet transfer device 3C accommodates user terminals 6E and 6F via a user network 7C
- the packet transfer device 3D accommodates user terminals 6G and 6H via a user network 7D.
- a terminal device is provided in a photonic network 8A including a transmission link having a multiplex transmission function of an optical wavelength path and a wavelength switch having an optical wavelength path switching function.
- a packet transfer device 3 having an IP transfer function as an IP address
- an IP transfer type packet communication terminal as a user terminal
- accommodating a plurality of user terminals with these packet transfer devices 3 the photonic network 8 A logical IP network is built on A.
- FIG. 12 is an example of a network configuration of a communication network according to the present embodiment.
- the packet transfer device 3A accommodates the user terminals 6A and 6B via links 101 and 102, and is connected to the wavelength switch 5A via a transmission link 116.
- the packet transfer device 3B accommodates the user terminals 6C and 6D by the links 103 and 104 and, at the same time, is connected to the wavelength switch 5A by the transmission link 117.
- the packet transfer device 3C accommodates the user terminals 6E and 6F by the links 105 and 106 and is connected to the wavelength switch 5B by the transmission link 118.
- the packet transfer device 3D accommodates the user terminals 6G and 6H by the links 107 and 108, and is connected to the wavelength switch 5B by the transmission link 119 at the same time.
- the frame transfer device 2 is connected to the wavelength switches 5A and 5B by transmission links 120 and 121.
- the wavelength switches 5A and 5B are connected by a transmission link 122.
- the admission control server 4 is connected to the packet transfer devices 3A to 3D by links 109 to 112, connected to the wavelength switches 5A and 5B by links 113 and 114, and further connected to the frame transfer device 2 by link 115.
- the user terminal 6A is identified by the address: IPv4 # 1, and the user terminal 6B is identified by the address: IPv4 # 2.
- the user terminal 6C is identified by an address: IPv4 # 3, and the user terminal 6D is identified by an address: IPv4 # 4.
- the user terminal 6E is identified by an address: IPv4 # 5
- the user terminal 6F is identified by an address: IPv4 # 6.
- the user terminal 6G is identified by an address: IPv4 # 7, and the user terminal 6H is identified by an address: IPv4 # 8.
- the packet transfer device 3A is identified by the address: IPv4 # 9 and the address prefix: IPv6_ # 1
- the packet transfer device 3B is identified by the address: IPv4 # 10 and the address prefix: IPv6_ # 2. .
- the packet transfer device 3C is identified by an address: IPv4 # U and an address prefix: IPv6_ # 3
- the packet transfer device 3D is identified by an address: IPv4 # 12 and an address prefix: IPv6_ # 4.
- the frame transfer device 2 is identified by IPv6 # 5.
- the packet transfer devices 3A-3D and the frame transfer device 2 have optical wavelength paths 81-84 as connections.
- the optical wavelength path for connecting the packet transfer device and the frame transfer device is the default optical wavelength path.
- the packet transfer devices 3A and 3D terminate optical wavelength paths, and identify each optical wavelength path by assigning an optical wavelength path identifier 7178 to the optical wavelength path termination interface.
- the user terminal 6A under the packet transfer device 3A communicates with the user terminal 6 under the other packet transfer device, for example, the user terminal 6E under the packet transfer device 3B, via the packet transfer device 3A. Exchange.
- the IPv4 packet transmitted from the user terminal 6A is encapsulated into an IPv6 packet by the packet transfer device 3A, and is photonic according to the IPv6 transfer table and the IPv4 transfer table in the packet transfer device 3A.
- the data is transferred to the frame transfer device 2 or the destination packet transfer device 3C via the optical wavelength path on the network 8A.
- the frame transfer device 2 checks the header of the IPv6 packet received from one optical wavelength path, and outputs the IPv6 packet to another optical wavelength path according to the IPv6 transfer table.
- the destination packet transfer device 3C extracts an IPv4 packet from the received IPv6 packet, checks the header of the IPv4 packet, and transfers the packet to the destination user terminal 6E.
- the admission control server 4 directly transmits the IPv6 packet from the source packet transfer device to the destination packet transfer device without passing through the frame transfer device 2.
- an optical wavelength path 83 is provided between the packet transfer device 3A and the packet transfer device 3C, and these are cut-through optical wavelength paths.
- the communication network emphasizing this embodiment is a logical network on a photonic network including a transmission link having a multiplex transmission function of an optical wavelength path and a wavelength switch having a switching function of an optical wavelength path. It is composed of an IP network that has been constructed in a typical manner. Then, as a terminal device of the photonic network, a plurality of packet transfer devices for accommodating a plurality of user terminals and connecting to the optical wavelength path of the photonic network are arranged, and the admission control server requests a bandwidth guarantee from the user.
- An optical wavelength path is dynamically set between a packet transfer device serving as a transmission source and a destination according to the presence or absence of a packet transmission device.
- FIG. 13 is a block diagram showing the configuration of the packet transfer devices 3A-3D installed in the communication network according to the present embodiment.
- the packet transfer device 3A-3D includes a reception frame processing unit 32, a packet processing unit 33, a forwarding processing unit 34, a transmission frame processing unit 37, an optical wavelength path setting request transmission function unit 38, and a server connection function unit 39. It is provided.
- the reception frame processing unit 32 has a function of transferring the received IPv4 packet to the packet processing unit, extracts an IPv4 packet from the received IP in IPv6 packet, and transfers the IPv4 packet to the packet processing unit 33. It has a function and a function of, when an IPv4 packet indicating an optical wavelength path setting request and an optical wavelength path opening request is received from a user, transferring the packet to an optical wavelength path setting request transmitting function unit 38 described later. are doing.
- the packet processing unit 33 has a function of extracting the destination IPv4 packet address from the IPv4 packet extracted by the reception frame processing unit 32.
- the forwarding processing unit 34 includes an address management table 35 and an IPv4 transfer table.
- the address management table 35 has a function of deriving a destination IPv6 packet address corresponding to a destination IPv4 packet address of an IPv4 packet.
- IPv6 packet address information for identifying a destination packet transfer device is described in a prefix portion, and information for identifying an output optical wavelength path at the time of transfer is described in other portions.
- the IPv4 forwarding table 36 has a function of guiding an output link to the user network corresponding to the destination IPv4 packet address of the IPv4 packet.
- the forwarding processing unit 34 has a function of deriving a destination IPv6 packet address corresponding to the destination IPv4 packet address extracted by the packet processing unit 33, and cannot detect the destination IPv6 packet address when searching the address management table 35.
- the function to guide the output link to the user network by searching the IPv4 forwarding table 36 and the function of the source admission control when the SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) reference request is received from the admission control server 4 A function to generate an SNMP reference response describing the information of the address management table 35 addressed to the server 4 and transfer it to the server connection function unit 39, and when an SNMP setting request is received, address management is performed according to the information of the SNMP setting request. Rewrites Table 35, generates an SNMP setting response to the sender's admission control server, and sends it to the server connection function unit 39. And a function of feed.
- the transmission frame processing unit 37 adds the IPv6 packet address prefix held by itself to the destination IPv6 packet address.
- the optical wavelength path setting request transmission function unit 38 receives the IPv4 packet indicating the optical wavelength path setting request and the optical wavelength path release request from the reception frame processing unit, and receives the IPv6 packet address prefix held by itself.
- a source IPv6 packet address is generated from the link and the identifier of the link for which connectivity with the admission control server 4 is secured, and the IPv6 packet address prefix held by the admission control server 4 and the admission control server 4 Generates a destination IPv6 packet address from the identifier of the link with which connectivity is ensured, encapsulates the IPv4 packet indicating the optical wavelength path setting request and the optical wavelength path release request into an IP in IP v6 packet, and connects to the server. It has the function of transferring to section 39.
- the server connection function unit 39 outputs the IP in I Pv6 packet received from the optical wavelength path setting request transmission function unit 38 to the link described in the destination IPv6 packet address, to the admission control server 4.
- the forwarding function the function to forward the SNMP reference request and the SNMP setting request from the admission control server 4 to the forwarding processing unit 34, the SNMP reference response and the SNMP setting forwarded from the forwarding processing unit 34 It has a function of transferring the response to the admission control server 4.
- FIG. 14 is a block diagram showing a configuration of the admission control server 4 installed in a communication network according to the present embodiment.
- the admission control server 4 includes an external device connection function unit 40 and a route setting function unit 41.
- the external device connection function unit 40 has a function of specifying the address information of the packet transfer device, the frame transfer device, and the wavelength switch and the output link to the address, and receives the information from the packet transfer device, the frame transfer device, and the wavelength switch.
- a function of transferring the received packets and signals to the route setting function unit 41 and a function of transferring the packets and signals transmitted from the route setting function unit 41 to the packet transfer device, the frame transfer device, and the wavelength switch. Have.
- the route setting function unit 41 has an optical wavelength path setting determination function unit 42, a destination packet transfer device identification table 43, a route analysis function unit 44, and an external device management function unit 45.
- the optical wavelength path setting determination function unit 42 has a function of holding contracted user information of the bandwidth guarantee service and determining whether to permit the user described in the optical wavelength path connection request to allocate the optical wavelength path.
- the destination packet transfer device identification table 43 indicates, for the destination IPv4 packet address described in the optical wavelength path connection request, the user terminal having the destination IPv4 packet address. It has the function of deriving the destination IPv6 packet address prefix of the destination packet transfer device containing the terminal.
- the route analysis function unit 44 has a function of managing the route information by storing the resource status of each device in the network.
- the external device management function unit 45 periodically sends an SNMP reference request to the packet transfer device and the frame transfer device, and periodically sends a signal to the wavelength switching device, thereby periodically acquiring route information. It has a function to change the route information by sending an SNMP setting request (table control packet) to the packet transfer device and the frame transfer device, and sending a signal to the wavelength switch.
- the route setting function unit 41 uses the optical wavelength path setting determination function unit 42 to Judge whether optical wavelength paths can be assigned by referring to the source IPv4 packet address.
- the destination IPv6 packet address prefix is specified by referring to the destination IPv4 packet address of the packet using the destination packet transfer device specifying table 43.
- the packet transfer device to which the optical wavelength path is to be assigned is specified.
- the route analysis function unit 44 specifies an optical wavelength path resource to be assigned, and the external device management function unit 45 changes the route information to secure the assigned optical wavelength path resource.
- an entry for deriving the destination IPv6 packet address prefix and the assigned optical wavelength path identifier for the destination IPv4 packet address or the source and destination IPv4 packet addresses is added to the address management table of the packet transfer device.
- the identifier of the cut-through optical wavelength path is described.
- the identifier of the optical wavelength path connected to the frame transfer device is described.
- route analysis function unit 44 cannot specify the optical wavelength path resource to be allocated and In this case, it is assumed that the setting of the optical wavelength path is not permitted.
- the route setting function unit 41 When receiving the IP in IPv6 packet describing the optical wavelength path release request from the external device connection function unit 40, the route setting function unit 41 transmits the optical wavelength path setting judgment function unit 42 and the destination packet transfer.
- the destination IPv4 packet address prefix is identified by referring to the destination IPv4 packet address of the packet using the device identification table 43.
- the packet transfer device to release the optical wavelength path is specified, and the path analysis function unit 44 specifies the optical wavelength path resource to be released, and the external device management function.
- the optical wavelength path resource is released by changing the route information by the unit 45.
- the source packet transfer device and the destination packet transfer device are transmitted to a specific destination user terminal or between specific user terminals.
- the communication capacity can be expanded flexibly.
- FIG. 15 is a configuration example of the address management table 35 of the packet transfer device 3A.
- IPv6 packet address formats are also shown.
- the address management table 35 has a function of deriving a destination IPv6 packet address for a destination IPv4 packet address.
- An IPv6 packet address is composed of an address prefix and an optical wavelength path identifier. For example, an IPv4 packet having IPv4 # 3 as the destination IPv4 packet address and an IPv4 packet having IPv4 # 4 as the destination IPv4 packet address are transmitted to the packet transfer device 3B identified by IPv6_ # 2 by the optical wavelength path. Transferred using identifier 71.
- IPv4 # 5 an IPv4 packet having IPv4 # 5 as the destination IPv4 packet address and an IPv4 packet having IPv4 # 6 as the destination IPv4 packet address are identified by IPv6 # 3.
- the packet is forwarded to another packet forwarding device 3C, and the optical wavelength path identifiers used in the forwarding differ between 71 and 72.
- FIG. 16 shows another example of the configuration of the address management table 35.
- the destination IPv4 address and the IPv6 packet address are managed in association with each other.
- the source and destination IPv4 addresses are managed in association with the IPv6 packet address.
- FIG. 17 is a configuration example of the IPv4 transfer table 36 of the packet transfer device 3A.
- This IPv4 forwarding table 36 has a function of guiding an output link to a destination IPv4 packet address.
- FIG. 18 is a configuration example of the destination packet transfer device identification table 43 of the admission control server 4.
- This destination packet transfer device identification table 43 indicates, for the destination IPv4 packet address described in the optical wavelength path connection request, the destination IPv6 address of the destination packet transfer device accommodating the user terminal holding the destination IPv4 packet address. It has a function to derive the packet address prefix.
- FIG. 19 shows an example of an initial environment of a communication network according to the present embodiment.
- the user terminal 6A under the packet transfer device 3A communicates with the user terminal 6E under the packet communication device 3, and the user terminal 6B under the packet transfer device 3A communicates with the user terminal 6F under the packet communication device 3.
- the case of communication will be described as an example.
- the user terminal 6A requests bandwidth guarantee to the communication network for communication with the user terminal 6E
- the user terminal 6B requests bandwidth guarantee to the communication network for communication with the user terminal 6F. Let's do it.
- the user terminal 6A When starting communication with the user terminal 6E, the user terminal 6A generates and transmits an optical wavelength path setting request packet describing the source address: IPv4 # 1 and the destination address: IPv4 # 5.
- the packet transfer device 3A receives the optical wavelength path setting request packet from the user terminal 6A by the reception frame processing unit 32.
- the receiving frame processing unit 32 extracts the optical wavelength path setting request packet and transfers it to the optical wavelength path setting request transmitting function unit 38.
- the optical wavelength path setting request transmission function unit 38 When the optical wavelength path setting request transmission function unit 38 receives the optical wavelength path setting request packet, the optical wavelength path setting request transmission function unit 38 has connectivity with the IPv6 packet address prefix: IPv6 # # 1 held by itself and the admission control server 4. From the reserved link identifier 109, a source IPv6 packet address: IPv6— # 1-109 is generated.
- IPv6— # 6 the destination IPv6 packet address: IPv6— # 6— Generate 109.
- the optical wavelength path setting request transmission function unit 38 encapsulates the IPv4 packet indicating the optical wavelength path setting request and the optical wavelength path release request into an IP in IPv6 packet, and transfers it to the server connection function unit 39.
- the server connection function unit 39 outputs the IP in I Pv6 packet received from the optical wavelength path setting request transmission function unit 38 to the link 109 described in the destination IPv6 address, and thereby transfers the packet to the admission control server 4.
- the admission control server 4 receives the IP in IPv6 packet in which the optical wavelength path setting request information is described by the external device connection function unit 40.
- the external device connection function unit 40 transfers the IP in IPv6 packet to the route setting function unit 41
- the route setting function unit 41 decapsulates the received IP in IPv6 packet, and uses the optical wavelength path setting determination function unit 42 to send the packet's source IPv4 packet address: IPv4 #
- IPv6 # 3 The destination IPv6 packet address prefix: IPv6 # 3 is specified by referring to IPv4 # 5.
- the source packet transfer device 3A and the destination packet transfer device 3C are specified as targets to which the optical wavelength path is to be assigned.
- the route analysis function unit 44 specifies an optical wavelength path resource to be assigned, and the external device management function unit 45 changes the route information to secure the assigned optical wavelength path resource.
- the external device management function unit 45 stores the destination IPv4 packet address: IPv4 # 5 for the destination IPv6 packet address prefix: IPv6— # 3 and the assigned optical wavelength in the address management tape of the packet transfer device 3A. Add an entry leading to path identifier 72.
- the user terminal 6B At the start of communication, the user terminal 6B generates an optical wavelength path setting request packet and transmits it to the packet transfer device 3A in the same manner as above, and this is transmitted from the packet transfer device 3A to the admission control server 4. Will be transferred.
- the route setting function unit 41 of the admission control server 4 uses the optical wavelength path setting determination function unit 42 to transmit the source IPv4 packet address of the packet: S, detects that bandwidth guarantee is not requested from the user terminal 6B, and rejects the optical wavelength path setting.
- the route setting function unit 41 refers to the destination IPv4 packet address: IPv4 # 6 of the packet by using the destination packet transfer device.
- the source packet forwarding device 3A and the destination packet forwarding device 3C are specified as targets to which the optical wavelength path is to be assigned by simultaneously referring to the source IPv6 packet address prefix: IPv6— # 1.
- the route analysis function unit 44 specifies an optical wavelength path resource via the frame transfer to be assigned, and the external device management function unit 45 changes the route information to secure the assigned optical wavelength path resource. I do.
- the external device management function unit 45 stores the destination IPv4 packet address: IPv4 # 6 for the destination IPv6 packet address prefix: IPv6_ # 3 and the assigned optical wavelength path to the address management tape of the packet transfer device 3A. An entry leading to identifier 71 is added.
- the address management table of the packet transfer device 3A has the registered contents as shown in FIG. 15, and at this time, a transfer path as shown in FIG. 20 is set.
- a transfer path 86 is set from the user terminal 6A to the user terminal 6E via the packet transfer device 3A, the optical wavelength path (cut-through optical wavelength path 83), and the packet transfer device 3C.
- a transfer route 87 is set from the user terminal 6B to the user terminal 6F via the packet transfer device 3A, the optical wavelength path 81, the frame transfer device 2, the optical wavelength path 83, and the packet transfer device 3C.
- the user terminal 6A transmits an IPv4 bucket having the source IPv4 packet address: IPv4 # 1, and the destination IPv4 packet address: IPv4 # 5. .
- the packet transfer device 3A receives the IPv4 packet from the link 101 in the reception frame processing unit 32.
- the reception frame processing unit 32 transfers the received IPv4 packet to the packet processing unit 33.
- the packet processing unit 33 extracts the destination IPv4 packet address: IPv4 # 5 and passes it to the forging processing unit 34.
- the forwarding processing unit 34 searches the address management table 35 using the IPv4 # 5 extracted by the packet processing unit 33 as a search key. At this time, the destination IPv4 packet address for the entry added by the admission control server 4 in the above-mentioned operation: destination IPv6 packet address for IPv4 # 5 Pre-status: IPv6— # 3, and the assigned optical wavelength An entry leading to path identifier 72 is detected.
- the transmission frame processing unit 37 uses the IPv6 packet address prefix: IPv6_ # 1 held by the packet transfer apparatus 3A itself and the optical wavelength path identifier 72 held by the destination IPv6 packet address: IPv6_ # 3_72 to determine the transmission source. IPv6 packet address: Generates IPv6_ # 1_72.
- IPv4 packet is encapsulated into an IP in IPv6 packet, and the encapsulated IP in IPv6 packet is output to the optical wavelength path 83 described in the destination IPv6 packet address: IPv6_ # 3_72.
- IP in IPv6 packet is transferred to the packet transfer device 3C via the optical wavelength path 83. Then, the packet transfer device 3C decapsulates the packet into an IPv4 packet and transfers the obtained IPv4 packet to the user terminal 6F based on the destination IPv4 packet address: IPv4 # 5.
- IPv4 packet having the destination IPv4 packet address: IPv4 # 6 transmitted from the user terminal 6B is encapsulated into an IP in IPv6 packet by the packet transfer device 3A, and then the destination IPv6 packet address: IPv6 — # 3— Output to optical wavelength path 81 described in 71.
- the IP in IPv6 packet is transferred to the frame transfer device 2, where it is output to the optical wavelength path 83, reaches the packet transfer device 3C, and its destination IPv4 packet address: based on the IPv4 # 6, the user terminal Transferred to 6E.
- an optical wavelength path that can be occupied by the user in response to a bandwidth guarantee request from the user is set between the source and destination packet transfer devices.
- the communication capacity can be expanded flexibly, and a network service with guaranteed bandwidth can be provided.
- an optical wavelength path via the frame transfer device is set between the source and destination packet transfer devices.
- the transfer resources are shared, so that it is possible to reduce the cost of acquiring the transfer resources while securing the reachability of the communication and to improve the scalability.
- the source packet transfer device 3A uses the address management table in FIG. 15 to determine the optical wavelength path that can be occupied by the user for a specific destination user terminal.
- the packet transfer device 3A uses the address management table shown in Fig. 16 and the admission control server 4 associates the source and destination IPv4 addresses with the IPv6 address of the optical wavelength path and sets the packet.
- the admission control server 4 associates the source and destination IPv4 addresses with the IPv6 address of the optical wavelength path and sets the packet.
- the network model of FIG. 11 has been described as an example.
- the present invention is not limited to this.
- the number of packet communication devices, user terminals, wavelength switches, transmission links, frame transfer devices, etc. Regarding the connection relation, the same operational effects as described above can be obtained, which can be changed as needed.
- the packet communication network empowered by the present invention is useful when constructing a service provider network that requires broadband and scalability of the number of bases.
- the present invention it is possible to provide a broadband Internet connection service to a large number of subscribers.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP04818361A EP1718000A1 (en) | 2004-02-18 | 2004-11-17 | Packet communication network, route control server, route control method, packet transmission device, admission control server, light wavelength path setting method, program, and recording medium |
JP2005513234A JPWO2005079022A1 (ja) | 2004-02-18 | 2004-11-17 | パケット通信ネットワーク、経路制御サーバ、経路制御方法、パケット転送装置、アドミッション制御サーバ、光波長パス設定方法、プログラム、および記録媒体 |
US10/535,006 US20060053221A1 (en) | 2004-02-18 | 2004-11-17 | Packet communication network, route control server, route control method, packet transmission device, admission control server, light wavelength path setting method, program, and recording medium |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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JP2004-041250 | 2004-02-18 | ||
JP2004041250 | 2004-02-18 | ||
JP2004-044191 | 2004-02-20 | ||
JP2004044191 | 2004-02-20 |
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WO2005079022A1 true WO2005079022A1 (ja) | 2005-08-25 |
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PCT/JP2004/017083 WO2005079022A1 (ja) | 2004-02-18 | 2004-11-17 | パケット通信ネットワーク、経路制御サーバ、経路制御方法、パケット転送装置、アドミッション制御サーバ、光波長パス設定方法、プログラム、および記録媒体 |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US20060053221A1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1718000A1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JPWO2005079022A1 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2005079022A1 (ja) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JP2008067056A (ja) * | 2006-09-07 | 2008-03-21 | Kansai Electric Power Co Inc:The | ネットワークシステム |
JP2013207698A (ja) * | 2012-03-29 | 2013-10-07 | Fujitsu Ltd | ネットワーク制御装置 |
Families Citing this family (7)
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US7701934B2 (en) * | 2004-11-02 | 2010-04-20 | At&T Intellectual Property I, L.P. | System and method for managing devices within a private network via a public network |
US8031627B2 (en) * | 2008-07-10 | 2011-10-04 | At&T Intellectual Property I, L.P. | Methods and apparatus to deploy and monitor network layer functionalities |
US9491085B2 (en) * | 2010-05-24 | 2016-11-08 | At&T Intellectual Property I, L.P. | Methods and apparatus to route control packets based on address partitioning |
US8699484B2 (en) | 2010-05-24 | 2014-04-15 | At&T Intellectual Property I, L.P. | Methods and apparatus to route packets in a network |
US9071544B2 (en) * | 2011-07-28 | 2015-06-30 | Qlogic, Corporation | Method and system for managing network elements |
US9860614B2 (en) | 2015-05-13 | 2018-01-02 | Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. | System and method for hybrid photonic electronic switching |
US11240305B2 (en) * | 2016-07-28 | 2022-02-01 | At&T Intellectual Property I, L.P. | Task allocation among devices in a distributed data storage system |
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JP2000316025A (ja) * | 1999-03-03 | 2000-11-14 | Hitachi Ltd | 通信品質保証型ネットワークシステム |
JP2003069619A (ja) * | 2001-08-27 | 2003-03-07 | Fujitsu Ltd | ラベル転送ネットワークにおける経路変更方法並びにラベルスイッチングノード及び管理ノード |
JP2003234763A (ja) * | 2002-02-07 | 2003-08-22 | Nippon Telegr & Teleph Corp <Ntt> | トラヒック分散制御方法及びシステム |
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JP3790655B2 (ja) * | 2000-03-06 | 2006-06-28 | 富士通株式会社 | ラベルスイッチネットワークシステム |
US6965592B2 (en) * | 2001-01-24 | 2005-11-15 | Tekelec | Distributed signaling system 7 (SS7) message routing gateway |
-
2004
- 2004-11-17 US US10/535,006 patent/US20060053221A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2004-11-17 EP EP04818361A patent/EP1718000A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2004-11-17 WO PCT/JP2004/017083 patent/WO2005079022A1/ja not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2004-11-17 JP JP2005513234A patent/JPWO2005079022A1/ja active Pending
Patent Citations (3)
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JP2000316025A (ja) * | 1999-03-03 | 2000-11-14 | Hitachi Ltd | 通信品質保証型ネットワークシステム |
JP2003069619A (ja) * | 2001-08-27 | 2003-03-07 | Fujitsu Ltd | ラベル転送ネットワークにおける経路変更方法並びにラベルスイッチングノード及び管理ノード |
JP2003234763A (ja) * | 2002-02-07 | 2003-08-22 | Nippon Telegr & Teleph Corp <Ntt> | トラヒック分散制御方法及びシステム |
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JP2008067056A (ja) * | 2006-09-07 | 2008-03-21 | Kansai Electric Power Co Inc:The | ネットワークシステム |
JP2013207698A (ja) * | 2012-03-29 | 2013-10-07 | Fujitsu Ltd | ネットワーク制御装置 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP1718000A1 (en) | 2006-11-02 |
JPWO2005079022A1 (ja) | 2007-08-02 |
US20060053221A1 (en) | 2006-03-09 |
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