WO2005065893A2 - Redundanter roboter und verfahren zum positionieren desselben - Google Patents
Redundanter roboter und verfahren zum positionieren desselben Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005065893A2 WO2005065893A2 PCT/EP2005/000235 EP2005000235W WO2005065893A2 WO 2005065893 A2 WO2005065893 A2 WO 2005065893A2 EP 2005000235 W EP2005000235 W EP 2005000235W WO 2005065893 A2 WO2005065893 A2 WO 2005065893A2
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- Prior art keywords
- rotation
- axis
- effector
- rigid element
- rotary drive
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B25—HAND TOOLS; PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS; MANIPULATORS
- B25J—MANIPULATORS; CHAMBERS PROVIDED WITH MANIPULATION DEVICES
- B25J9/00—Programme-controlled manipulators
- B25J9/16—Programme controls
- B25J9/1628—Programme controls characterised by the control loop
- B25J9/1643—Programme controls characterised by the control loop redundant control
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B25—HAND TOOLS; PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS; MANIPULATORS
- B25J—MANIPULATORS; CHAMBERS PROVIDED WITH MANIPULATION DEVICES
- B25J9/00—Programme-controlled manipulators
- B25J9/02—Programme-controlled manipulators characterised by movement of the arms, e.g. cartesian coordinate type
- B25J9/04—Programme-controlled manipulators characterised by movement of the arms, e.g. cartesian coordinate type by rotating at least one arm, excluding the head movement itself, e.g. cylindrical coordinate type or polar coordinate type
- B25J9/041—Cylindrical coordinate type
- B25J9/042—Cylindrical coordinate type comprising an articulated arm
Definitions
- the invention relates to a robot and a method for positioning the same with the features mentioned in the preambles of claims 1 and 13.
- robots are used in a wide variety of industrial manufacturing processes, which have a wide variety of kinematics depending on their application.
- So-called "pick-and-place” tasks are often taken over by robots, in which objects have to be gripped by the robot in one place and placed in another place. It is desirable to grasp the objects (goods) quickly to be able to transport and store at the target location within the shortest possible time while maintaining a high positioning accuracy. It is also desirable to keep the proportion of empty runs of the robot as low as possible.
- other tasks such as bombarding certain objects with laser radiation, can also be provided.
- a gripping element is not required for such tasks, but a device for generating laser radiation is required.
- the robot comes into contact with the objects (goods) to be processed in different ways.
- This coming into contact with the objects is realized by the at least one effector of the robot, which can be, for example, a laser or a gripping device.
- An effector can, however, also be another device through which the robot acts in a suitable manner on the object to be processed (or transported).
- SCARA robot which is known, for example, from US Pat. No. 4,702,668, two horizontally operating arms, which are connected to one another in a rotatable manner, are used to position the effector.
- a first arm is rotatably connected at its first end to a base and a rotary drive, the second end of the first arm being rotatably connected to one end of the second arm.
- the common axis of rotation of the two arms also has a second rotary drive.
- the effector is located at the other end of the second arm.
- the effector of the robot is positioned by means of the at least two rotary drives using known methods, such as, for example, “point-to-point”, “synchro-point-to-point” or “continuous path”.
- the moving drives are used for the recording
- the SCARA robot's moment of inertia is relatively high due to high machining forces.
- the SCARA robot is energetically unfavorable, especially at large distances with a high proportion of movement of the upper arm (first arm) due to its large inertia, which is mainly due to the mass of the second
- dispensing with the second rotary drive is not possible, as this would mean that the effector arranged on the second arm (forearm) could no longer be specifically positioned.
- the SCARA robot In order to be able to arrange the “pick and place” fields next to one another (ie the robot base next to both fields), the SCARA robot must be dimensioned larger, which on the one hand results in a cost disadvantage, on the other hand leads to an unused work area of over 50%. Furthermore, the mass of the larger robot arm has an energetically disadvantageous effect.
- US 6,275,748 B1 and US 6,593,718 B1 robots with 3 rigid, movably arranged arms are known, the 3 axes of rotation, over which the arms are held, each having rotary drives.
- the first and the second arm and the second and the third arm each have a common axis of rotation.
- the effector arranged at the end of the third arm can also be positioned using known methods, such as “point-to-point”, “synchro-point-to-point” or “continuous path”.
- This concept is similar to that of the Scara robot, only that 3 arms are now provided instead of the 2 arms.
- the moment of inertia and thus the energy consumption is relatively high.
- 6,593,718 B1 are energetically unfavorable, particularly in the case of large distances with a high proportion of movement of the upper arm (first arm) due to its great inertia, which is primarily due to the mass of the second rotary and third drives.
- N In order to eliminate the aforementioned disadvantages, N.
- Scherm proposed "Dynamics and control of underactuated manipulation systems: A discrete time approach", 34th control engineering colloquium, Boppard, 2000, to improve the concept of the SCARA robot to distort the rotary drive arranged outside the basic axis of rotation of the robot and to implement control of the robot or positioning of the robot's effector only by means of the one rotary drive.
- the so-called delta robot which has mainly parallel kinematics and a relatively low weight, as a result of which it can achieve extremely short cycle times, which are in the range of 0.4 seconds.
- This Delta robot consists of an immovable base, which is mounted on a ceiling.
- the delta robot also has four arms and four (rotary) drives. Three arms, consisting of upper and lower arm, connect the base with the moving platform at the lower end, which carries the effector.
- the arm geometry always keeps the platform parallel to the base.
- the parallel kinematics of the arms enable high rigidity and acceleration.
- the fourth arm is used to transmit torque and allows the effector to rotate. Due to the mandatory ceiling mounting of the Delta robot, its areas of application are restricted.
- the delta robot is unable to enter workrooms that only have side access.
- the Delta robot cannot be used even when approaching a side wall.
- This is disadvantageous because the (laterally) removal of workpieces from machines is used in many assembly or machining processes, in which the orientation of the workpieces is ensured once by a robot or a robot system in order to maintain this defined local position in all subsequent processes to be able to.
- the delta robot cannot be used for such tasks because of the aforementioned disadvantages. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a robot and a method for positioning the effector of a robot which overcomes the aforementioned disadvantages in “pick and place” tasks.
- the robot according to the invention is intended to perform “Pick - and place "tasks can be implemented and can also be positioned with high accuracy using the method according to the invention.
- the robot according to the invention should be able to be used more energetically advantageously in “pick and place” tasks than the robots according to the prior art.
- a particular advantage of the invention is that the robot according to the invention can be used, for example, to carry out “pick and place” tasks particularly quickly, very precisely and more energetically than in the prior art.
- the invention is based on the idea and the disadvantages of the SCARA robot (high moment of inertia) and the underactuated SCARA robot (insufficient positionability, numerous movements). For this purpose, the model of the underactuated SCARA robot was further developed.
- the idea of the invention is to combine two essentially horizontally arranged robot arms ( to connect the second and third rigid element) at their ends by means of an axis of rotation (third axis of rotation) which has only a small dimensioned drive (third rotary drive), the second end of the second arm being connected to a rotary drive (second rotary drive) and rotatably mounted (around egg ne second axis of rotation).
- the second end of the third arm has an effector.
- the axis of rotation connected to the second rotary drive (second axis of rotation) is connected to a fuselage (first rigid element), which in turn is rotatably mounted (about a first axis of rotation) and has a further (first) rotary drive, the two axes of rotation (first and second axes of rotation) are arranged spaced apart. Due to the third axis with a small dimensioned drive (with respect to the nominal output torque), which connects two rigid elements with each other, the moment of inertia and thus also the energy consumption of the robot according to the invention is significantly reduced despite good positionability.
- the known methods such as “point-to-point”, “synchro-point-to-point” or “continuous path” are not used for positioning the effector, but a new one, hereinafter It is characteristic of the positioning method according to the invention that during the time in which the effector is to stand still (for example for gripping or placing an object) the robot arm closest to the base (first rigid element) remains in motion, ie one Rotates around the first axis of rotation at a non-zero angular velocity.
- the second and third rigid elements are moved in such a way by means of the second rotary drive and possibly also by means of the third rotary drive, that they're shifting the location the second n Compensate the axis of rotation (due to the rotation of the first rigid element).
- Such a compensating movement can generally last a maximum of 1/3 (ie approx. 33.3%) of a revolution of the first rigid element. However, this period is usually sufficient, for example, to carry out "pick and place" tasks of the robot on an object (eg grasping or placing an object).
- the main advantage is energy savings due to the smaller dimension drive in the third axis and in that the kinetic energy of the system (due to the avoidance of the standstill of the arms - ie at least the first and second rigid element) is not completely lost, so that it is possible (while gripping an object) that is stored in the arms of the robot to use kinetic energy to accelerate the (seized) object and effector.
- a smaller dimensioning of the drive in the third axis can take place because the robot arms (first and second rigid element) for gripping or placing an object (and thus for the effector to stand still) ) itself is not braked to a standstill and therefore subsequently to the transp location of the object does not have to be accelerated from a standstill.
- the forces required in the third axis of rotation are significantly lower, so that in the third rotary axis arranged rotary drive can be dimensioned significantly smaller with respect to its nominal output torque.
- the movement in which the effector stands still, even though the arm (3 rigid elements) is in motion, will be referred to below as zero space movement.
- the movement in which the effector is moved is referred to below as the transport movement.
- the robot according to the invention has at least one linear vertical drive and a base which has a first, vertically arranged axis of rotation with a first rotary drive, the first axis of rotation being fixedly connected to a first rigid, essentially horizontally arranged element which is rotatable is connected via a second, vertically arranged axis of rotation to a second, essentially horizontally arranged rigid element, the second axis of rotation being arranged at a distance from the first axis of rotation and having a second rotary drive, and the second rigid element being rotatably movable with a third via a third axis of rotation , substantially horizontally arranged rigid element is connected, wherein the third axis of rotation is arranged spaced from the second axis of rotation and has a third rotary drive and the third rigid element is connected to an effector and the at least a linear vertical drive is connected to the base, the effector or one of the axes of rotation, the third rotary drive having a nominal output torque less
- the third rotary drive has a nominal output torque less than or equal to 25% of the nominal output torque of the second rotary drive. In a particularly preferred embodiment variant of the invention, it is sufficient
- r is the length of the distance from the center of the effector to the center of gravity, which is defined by the third rigid element, an optional vertical drive, the effector and the load capacity, and I the length of the third rigid element, m the mass of an optional vertical drive, the Effector and the possibly existing load and t is the maximum time for executing a zero space movement.
- the weight of the effector should also take into account the weight of a lifting unit (vertical linear drive) which may be arranged on the effector and any axis which may be present for the rotation of the effector.
- the two first rigid elements are formed by a rigid disk which is fixedly connected to the first drive
- the first rigid element Via a fourth vertically arranged axis of rotation with a fourth, substantially horizontally arranged rigid element rotatably connected, the fourth axis of rotation having a fourth rotary drive and the same distance from the first axis of rotation as the second axis of rotation and with respect to the first axis of rotation compared to the second Axis of rotation is arranged and the fourth rigid element is rotatably connected via a fifth axis of rotation to a fifth, substantially horizontally arranged rigid element, the fifth axis of rotation has a fifth rotary drive and the third rigid element and the fifth e rigid element are each connected to an effector and the second element has the same length as the fourth element and the third element has the same length as the fifth element and the nominal output torque of the third rotary drive correspond
- the at least one linear vertical drive can also be connected to the base or one of the other axes of rotation, preferably the first axis of rotation.
- the basic model therefore has five drives, namely a drive that connects the first rigid element to the base, a drive between the first rigid and second rigid element, a small-sized drive between the second rigid and third rigid element and two drives for the effector.
- the extended model with two robot arms provided that each effector has a rotary and linear vertical drive, has a total of nine drives, namely the drive between the base and the first rigid element, the two drives between the first rigid element and the second or fourth rigid element and the Drive (small size) between the second element and third element and the drive (small size) between the fourth element and fifth element and the four drives for the two effectors.
- all drives or the rotary axes and lifting axes connected to these drives have brakes.
- the behavior of the robot according to the invention is particularly well suited for “pick and place” tasks. The positioning of the at least one effector of the robot is described below:
- the positioning of the effector can be divided into two categories, on the one hand in the zero-space movement, in which the effector stands still, although the first rigid element of the robot is in motion (rotates), and on the other hand the transport movement, in which the effector is moved.
- the zero space movement is described in more detail. Basically, only two axes, each with a rotational degree of freedom in this plane, are required for positioning in a plane. A maximum of two possible angular positions of the two axes can be assigned for each coordinate in the plane. If the robot has three axes in this plane, a large number of possible angular divisions of the axes can be assigned to a coordinate. This is comparable to a suspension bridge that is on both ends is immovable, but the individual elements in between can still be moved. Just like the suspension bridge, the robot arm can move the arm between its fixed base and the effector, which is supposed to stand still in the room. The difference is that the suspension of both ends is a prerequisite for the suspension bridge, and the goal for the robot is that the free-standing effector is at a standstill.
- the third rigid element is particularly relevant for understanding the processes involved in the zero-space movement.
- the effector i.e. the end of the third rigid element to stand still in the room
- the third rigid element moves in a circular path (partial circle) around the effector.
- This movement (the third axis of rotation on a circular arc around the stationary effector) can take place at a constant speed (i.e. constant angular speed), or an acceleration can occur which is in the same direction or opposite to the direction of the speed (braking process).
- a body rotates at a constant speed, only a centripetal force acts on it. This points in the radial direction away from the center of rotation and thus acts along the third rigid element.
- a force that acts along an elongated body is called a normal force.
- a transverse force is called transverse force.
- the third axis is arranged at the end of the third rigid element closer to the base; the force vector of the centripetal force therefore points through this axis. For this reason, it is possible to neutralize the effect of the centripetal force by a force of the same magnitude that is applied to the third axis and is opposed to the centripetal force: the third axis of rotation has a rotational degree of freedom. However, the axis is determined in translation. As a result, no moments can be transferred from the second to the third rigid element. The output torque of the third drive is also low.
- the common center of gravity of the third rigid element, effector and a stroke axis on the effector is advantageously very close to the effector. This favors that the required output torque of the third drive can remain low.
- the acceleration of the third rigid element by a force on the third axis creates a rotation of the rigid element, the center of which is not in the center of the effector, but in the vicinity of the aforementioned center of mass r ⁇ B4].
- the distance from the undesired center of rotation to the center of the effector is small.
- the positional deviation of the effector from its actual rest position is also small. This slight deviation must be compensated for by the third drive, as well as by a force that also originates in the third axis.
- the controller calculates a suitable path movement of the robot arm for the transport movement, ie the control of the robot from a starting point to a destination. There is also information about the mechanical structure of the arm, the angular position of the axes at the starting point and the coordinates of the target point.
- the courses of the required engine torques are determined in advance. If the appropriate current is now introduced into the drives (first and second drive) to generate the desired torque curve, the robot moves according to the calculated path. In practice, however, a whole series of 15 disturbances occur, which move the robot from its course during the transport movement and cause the target point to be missed. This includes friction, material compliance, bearing play and thermal expansion. That is why a robot has a control loop. This permanently measures the required process variables such as angular positions and speeds of the axes. The deviations during the movement are forwarded to the control, which can make an adjustment or path correction immediately. A power reserve of the drives (first and second drive) is now always taken into account when calculating the path by the control. These power reserves can be used during the web movement
- the third axis is now equipped with such a poorly performing drive that it is of negligible importance for path planning (during the transport movement). His contribution to the acceleration of the robot (during the transport movement) and thus his contribution to a short one
- the third drive during the transport movement only to compensate for interference and during zero space movement (only in the case of an accelerated rotation of the third axis of rotation about the effector) for the initiation of a. Moment is needed, whereby the third drive can advantageously be dimensioned very small. Since the zero space movement is shorter in time than the transport movement (the operating time of the third drive for the control is therefore less than 50% overall), the third drive can be loaded significantly beyond the manufacturer's nominal torque in the short usage phase. The possible torque increase is in the range of 25 to 50% above the nominal torque. This also means that the third drive can be dimensioned small.
- the transport movement will be described in more detail below. In principle, many different transport movements are possible.
- the dimensioning of the robot and the end of the zero-space movement are decisive for the selection of the movement.
- the second and third rigid elements fold inwards, in the direction of the first axis of rotation (hereinafter also referred to as the inner curve), or outwards, away from the first axis of rotation (hereinafter also referred to as the external curve), a different movement must be selected.
- the second axis of rotation first delivers its maximum power to accelerate the retracting movement. Due to the impulse initiation during the transition phase from the zero space movement, the effector receives a strong acceleration in the direction of the second axis. The speed component in this direction is therefore very strong in the effector.
- the second drive increases the speed component of the effector very strongly in this direction. The effector moves much faster than the second axis after just a few moments.
- the effector quickly approaches the second axis.
- the movement of the effector is now somewhat distorted from its straight path, in the direction of the first axis of rotation. Since the second axis of rotation is also on a circular path (circular arc) around the first axis of rotation, however, the effector is oriented more towards the new position of the second axis of rotation.
- the curvature of the path of the effector is greater than that of the path of the second axis of rotation.
- the effector will not swing directly under the second axis of rotation, but will be shifted a little in the direction of the first axis of rotation.
- This is taken into account when dimensioning the robot, in which the third rigid element is preferably shorter than the second rigid element.
- this is further taken into account by the fact that at the point in time at which the effector is located between the second and first axes of rotation, the third axis of rotation has already been moved significantly further forward in the direction of movement of the second axis of rotation. No special control measures are required for this.
- the momentum from the initial phase of the movement is sufficient if the drive line is correctly selected by the second drive.
- the movement continues until the effector and the third axis of rotation are on the line of the speed vector of the second axis of rotation at this time (this is the tangent through the second axis of rotation at this time).
- the effector has thus overtaken the second axis of rotation; the second and the third rigid element lie one above the other.
- the angular position is approximately 180 ° (according to the definition). In this position, the effector cannot move further forward from the second axis of rotation, since the position of the rigid elements two and three in this direction cause an inhibition.
- the speed component of the effector which points in the longitudinal direction of the rigid elements two and three, is completely absorbed by a normal force which arises from the inhibition in the rigid elements and counteracts the direction of movement.
- This counterforce has gradually built up before the 180 ° position. It has already brought about braking and has redirected the direction of movement of the effector in such a way that the effector no longer approaches the first axis, but rather moves away from it. This remains during the 0 ° position Obtained speed component, since it is not influenced by the inhibition.
- the speed of the second axis of rotation must be reduced so much by the power of the second drive that the effector and third axis move on a circular path (circular arc) around the second axis of rotation at almost the same speed.
- the 180 ° position of the third axis of rotation remains approximately unchanged. Only when the third axis of rotation has arrived behind it in the direction of movement of the second axis of rotation can it be seen that the speed of rotation of the effector about the second axis of rotation was slightly greater than that of the third axis of rotation and gradually left the 180 ° position of the third axis of rotation has been.
- the effector has thus overtaken the second rigid element, its speed vector now points in the direction of the first axis of rotation. At this point in time, the second axis of rotation is accelerated again by the second drive. This also causes the effector to accelerate.
- this process mainly results in a path deviation of the effector, the effect of which increases the further the angle at the third axis of rotation falls in the amount of 90 °.
- the deviation takes place in the direction of the movement of the second axis of rotation.
- the power of the second drive must be selected so that the effector is increasingly directed towards the target coordinate. Now a time for the power reversal of the second drive is selected, which causes the effector to brake.
- the robot reaches the target point in exactly the manner required to initiate a zero-space movement is.
- the prerequisites for the initiation of a zero-space movement from the transport movement or the prerequisites for the initiation of a transport movement from the zero-space movement will be explained in more detail later.
- the outer swing movement will be explained in more detail below.
- This movement is slightly slower than the inner swing movement. It can be used when the zero-space movement ends by the second and third rigid elements buckling in the direction away from the first axis of rotation.
- the start of this transport movement is decisive here.
- the drive power of the second drive which in the first moments Is largely responsible for the transport time.
- the motor will preferably be loaded beyond its rated power for the first time (in the range of a few first hundredths of a second) up to its power limit.
- the motor torque has a supporting effect in the initial phase of the buckling movement, i.e. in the direction of the angular movement of the second axis of rotation.
- the acceleration of the effector is in the direction of the second.
- Axis of rotation increased.
- there is a low speed component which results in a path deviation of the effector in the direction away from the first axis of rotation.
- This deviation increases with increasing proximity of the effector to the second axis of rotation, since the second and third rigid elements are folded in ever further and it is undesirable.
- the output torque is therefore quickly reduced.
- the circular path (circular arc) of the second axis of rotation also has a disadvantageous effect. Their curvature runs in the opposite direction than the curvature of the effector path.
- the effector approaches the second axis of rotation; however, the paths will not overlap. Additional measures must be taken so that the effector does not move on a path that is too far from the second axis of rotation.
- the third rigid element is preferably only slightly shorter than the second, in a preferred embodiment the length of the third rigid element is between 90% and 100% of the length of the second rigid element.
- the effector In the 180 ° position of the third axis of rotation, the effector must therefore be moved very close to the second axis of rotation.
- the drive torque is switched off shortly after the start of the transport movement, as described.
- the direction of action of the drive power of drive two may even have to be reversed and the angular velocity of the second axis of rotation reduced. This slows the path of the third axis of rotation and does not move as quickly as the effector.
- the start of the moment initiation and the amount of the power must be calculated exactly here, since there is a sensitive area of the movement. Even a small change in torque has a major influence on the position of the zero space movement to be started.
- the moment initiation must be selected so that the effector no longer gets under the second rigid element, but rather quickly increases its distance. Furthermore, the path of the effector must increasingly approach a straight course with a direction towards the target coordinate. The transition to zero-space movement can then take place since the third axis approaches the 0 ° position (that is, 0 ° between the second rigid element and the third rigid element).
- the entire robot arm i.e. all rigid elements
- the kinetic energy of the robot arm should be retained, which means that the arm should continue to be moved during the zero-space movement. It is important to consider the effector. This must. come as quickly as possible from a high speed to a complete rest position on a coordinate calculated in advance. Regardless of the type of transport movement that was carried out before and the coordinate that is to be approached, all transitions have certain features that make it possible to ensure that the effector comes to a quick standstill:
- the braking process is also based on the fact that the speed vector of the effector points along the second and third rigid elements at the moment of the braking phase.
- the braking force also shows along the two rigid elements; it is a normal force in rigid elements two and three. This normal force can take the form of a tensile or compressive force.
- the effector In order for the arm to reach the 0 ° position of the third axis of rotation taking into account the aforementioned conditions, the effector must be near the second axis of rotation during the transport movement. For this purpose, the third axis of rotation must be folded in very far, in the range of at least approximately 150 ° in amount.
- the effector also has a speed vector that points away from the second axis of rotation. If the effector were a point mass and the second and third rigid elements were massless, the effector would perform a linear path movement along the speed vector. The second and third rigid elements would take up positions which favor the rectilinear path of the effector, since this is the body with mass.
- This behavior which also determines the angular movements of the second and third axes of rotation, would continue until the maximum range of the second and third rigid element was reached. This is the case with the 0 ° position of the third axis of rotation.
- the removal movement of the effector from the second axis of rotation ends immediately.
- the second and third axes of rotation have a high angular velocity at the time of the 0 ° position.
- the axes swing through.
- the removal movement of the effector is reversed, the distance from the second axis of rotation to the effector is shortened. This shortening is advantageous.
- the second axis of rotation moves at the peripheral speed of the first rigid element. This movement is about
- the distance between the effector and the second axis of rotation also decreases as described at the beginning of the zero space movement and compensates for the approach of the second axis to the target coordinate.
- the approach speed from the effector to the second axis of rotation must be precisely matched to the approach movement from the second axis of rotation to the target coordinate.
- the second and third rigid elements have a mass that is not negligible, but is small in relation to the mass of the effector.
- This mass proves to be a disturbance variable in the rectilinear removal movement of the effector from the second axis of rotation and in the approach movement. Furthermore must. during the removal movement, the speed of the effector is reduced to such an extent that the subsequent approach movement corresponds exactly to the approach movement of the second axis of rotation to the effector. This is achieved during the approach movement by braking the angular velocity of the second axis of rotation by the second drive. However, this will make the straight line of the
- the end of the zero-space movement forms the basis for a new transport movement.
- the second and third rigid elements are fully stretched, so the third axis of rotation is in the 0 ° position. Further removal of the second axis of rotation from the effector is not possible. Thus the effector is accelerated immediately.
- the impulse introduction into the effector leads approximately to a speed which corresponds to the speed of the second axis of rotation.
- Rigid elements two and three are also in motion.
- the second axis of rotation rotates in the opposite direction to the third axis of rotation. This leads to a shortening of the distance from the effector to the second axis of rotation and thus to a further acceleration of the effector.
- the direction of rotation of the third rigid element usually changes during the zero space movement. Therefore, each zero-space movement ends with a different direction of rotation of the third axis of rotation. Accordingly, a suitable transport movement must be selected that is suitable as a connecting movement.
- the method for positioning an effector of a robot at a predefined location for a predefined time interval by: moving the effector to the predefined location at the beginning of the time interval, the second axis of rotation and the third axis of rotation using the first and the second rotary drive are aligned such that the second axis of rotation, the third axis of rotation and the effector are on a straight line at the beginning of the time interval and the first rigid element rotating about the first axis of rotation has an angular velocity other than zero at the beginning of the time interval,
- That part of the effector which is in contact with a workpiece to be machined is preferably positioned at the predefined location for the predefined time interval.
- a robot that is at rest requires a starting movement that either changes to a transport movement or a zero-space movement.
- a wide variety of movement sequences come into consideration here, a preferred embodiment variant of a start movement which merges into a transport movement being described below.
- the third rigid element moves undefined in the plane defined by the third axis of rotation.
- an increasing centrifugal force acts on the third rigid element, so that it gradually aligns itself along the second rigid element in the direction of the second axis of rotation (0 ° position of the third axis of rotation).
- the first axis of rotation now executes the intended constant rotary movement with a defined angular velocity.
- the axes of rotation two and three are each in the 0 ° position.
- the second axis of rotation is now strongly accelerated by the second drive counter to the direction of rotation of the first axis of rotation.
- the third rigid element Due to the rotation of the second axis of rotation, the third rigid element is no longer aligned along the force of the centrifugal force in the effector. This causes the effector to move further and further away from the first axis of rotation.
- the acceleration of the second axis of rotation must therefore be so high that the second axis of rotation passes through the 180 ° position before the effector has moved so far from the first axis of rotation that the third axis of rotation at this point in time by more than 70 ° the 0 ° Position in the direction of rotation of the first axis of rotation. This is necessary so that the rotational movement of the second axis of rotation does not lead to a further distance of the effector from the first axis of rotation.
- FIG. 1 shows a top view of a robot according to the invention with three rigid elements in a schematic representation
- FIG. 2 shows a schematic sectional representation of a robot according to the invention with three rigid elements
- Figure 3 is a plan view of a robot according to the invention with five rigid elements in a schematic representation
- 4-17 is a schematic representation of the positioning method according to the invention with different positions of the rigid elements during a transport and during a zero space movement, in detail:
- FIG. 4 shows a schematic representation of the individual positions of the rigid elements at the beginning of an inner swing movement (transport movement)
- 5-11 are schematic representations of different positions of the rigid elements during the inner swing movement in supervision
- FIG. 13-16 are schematic representations of different positions of the rigid elements during the zero space movement in supervision and FIG. 17 is a schematic representation of the individual positions of the rigid elements at the end of the zero space movement in supervision.
- Figures 1 and 2 show the basic model of a robot according to the invention in top view and in a sectional view.
- the robot is connected to a fixed object, for example a base, via the base 12. However, it is not absolutely necessary for the robot to stand on a surface. Likewise, the robot according to the invention can also hanging on a ceiling.
- the base 12 has a first axis of rotation 10 with a first rotary drive 16, preferably an electric motor.
- the first rigid element 18, which is designed as a circular fuselage disc, is firmly connected to the first rotary drive 16.
- the axis of rotation 10 with the rotary drive 16 is arranged in the center of the circular rigid element 18.
- the second axis of rotation 20 with a second rotary drive 22, which is formed by an electric motor, is arranged on the lateral edge (periphery) of the rigid element 18.
- the rigid element 18 is fully rotatably supported about the axis of rotation 10.
- the first rigid element 18 is connected via the axis of rotation 20 to the second rigid element 24 (upper arm), which forms the first movable robot arm.
- the second rigid element is connected to the third rigid element (lower arm), which forms the second robot arm, via the third axis of rotation 30.
- the third axis of rotation 30 has a small-dimensioned third rotary drive 31, the nominal output torque M 3 of which is only 20% of the nominal output torque M 2 of the second rotary drive 22 in the exemplary embodiment.
- the third rotary drive 31 only has a weight which is approximately 10% of the weight of the second rotary drive 22.
- the effector 28 which in the exemplary embodiment is designed as a gripper, is arranged on the forearm 26 of the robot.
- the effector 28 is connected to a vertical drive 14 and to a rotary drive 36 via an axis of rotation 32.
- all three axes of rotation 10, 20, 30 are rotatably supported, that is to say that any number of revolutions can be carried out without overturning and tearing off current-carrying cables.
- the axis of rotation 32 for the rotation of the effector 28 is also rotatably supported in its entirety. Full rotatability can be achieved in different ways according to the prior art. For example, hose bushings with bearings and seals can be used for the pneumatic hoses to the effector.
- the transmission of the power lines on the axes in question can be done, for example, by slip rings or inductively . or be solved in another suitable manner.
- the axis 10, 20, 30 it is not absolutely necessary for the axis 10, 20, 30 to be rotated fully in order to implement the zero-space movement according to the invention (ie an effector 28 which is at rest despite the axis of rotation 10 being in rotation), but it would be necessary in this case, in each case after one Transport and zero space movement to bring the robot (i.e. all 3 rigid elements 18, 24, 26) to a complete standstill and then to execute a movement with the opposite direction of rotation of the axis of rotation 10, for example exactly the previous movement backwards.
- This has the disadvantage of longer cycle times.
- it is advantageous that a gripping time is available during the complete standstill of the robot, which goes beyond the time of the zero space movement, which can be advantageous in some applications.
- the moment of inertia of the arms is advantageously significantly lower due to the small-sized rotary drive 31 in the axis of rotation 30. This enables much shorter cycle times. Contrary to the SCARA robot, the speed advantage is particularly evident in wide movements through the work area.
- Figure 3 shows a preferred embodiment of a robot according to the invention with two robot arms (each upper arm and forearm).
- the first rigid element 18 has a fourth axis of rotation 40, which is connected to a rotary drive 42.
- the fourth rigid element 44 (second upper arm) is connected to the first rigid element 18 via the axis of rotation 40.
- the fourth rigid element 44 is connected to the fifth rigid element 46 (second forearm) via the axis of rotation 50, which has a small-dimensioned fifth rotary drive 51 whose nominal output torque M 5 in the exemplary embodiment is only 20% of the nominal output torque M 4 of the fourth rotary drive 42 is.
- a second effector 28 is arranged, which has an axis of rotation 32 with a rotary drive 36 and a linear vertical drive 14.
- the robot according to the invention has two arms (consisting of the elements 24 and 26 or 44 and 46), the drives 31, 51 of the axes of rotation 30 and 50 being small compared to those according to the invention Drives 22, 42 (and of course also for the first rotary drive 16) are formed. Due to the opposite arrangement of the axes of rotation 20 and 40, a collision of the arms is almost impossible, since centrifugal forces of the rotating rigid element 18 counteract an approach of the arms. Furthermore, the dwell time in areas at risk of collision can be easily planned by coordinating the gripping movements due to similar zero space movements. All axes of rotation 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 are preferably rotatably supported over their entire circumference.
- Another advantage of the robot according to the invention is its short stroke, as a result of which the overall height at the load point is relatively small, so that the arm can also penetrate laterally into workrooms with a very low height. Furthermore, the kinetic energy of the system is not lost every time the effector is at rest, since, as already prescribed, the (rigidly largest) first rigid element continues to rotate during the “pick and place” tasks even in the idle phase of the effector 28, while the two rigid elements 24 and 26 compensate for this rotary movement It is furthermore advantageous that only one control is necessary for the two arms in the exemplary embodiment according to Figure 3.
- FIGS. 4-17 show a schematic illustration of the positioning method according to the invention of a robot of the basic model (FIGS. 1 and 2) with different positions of the rigid elements 18, 24, 26 during a transport (FIG. 4-12) and during a zero space movement (FIG . 12-17).
- the center of gravity 37 is actually the center of gravity which is formed by the first rigid element 18 and that part of the first rotary drive 16 which is also moved during the rotation of the first rigid element 18.
- the center of gravity 38 is actually the center of gravity which is formed by the second rigid element 24 and those parts of the second rotary drive 22 and the third rotary drive 31 which are also moved during the rotation of the second rigid element 24.
- the center of gravity 39 is the center of gravity which is formed by the third rigid element 26, an optionally present vertical drive 14, the effector 28, an optionally present load and that part of the third rotary drive 31 which is during the rotation of the third rigid element 26 is also moved.
- the effector 28 moves much faster than the second axis 20 after only a few moments.
- the effector 28 thus quickly approaches the second axis 20 (FIGS. 5-7).
- the movement of the effector 28 is now deflected somewhat from its rectilinear path, in the direction of the first axis of rotation 10.
- the movement continues until the effector 28 and the third axis of rotation 30 are essentially on the line of the speed vector of the second axis of rotation 20 at this point in time (this is the tangent through the second axis of rotation 20 at this point in time).
- the effector 28 has thus overtaken the second axis of rotation 20 (FIGS. 7 and 8); the second and third rigid elements 24, 26 lie one above the other (FIG. 8).
- the angular position is approximately 180 ° (according to the definition). In this position, the effector 28 cannot move further forward from the second axis of rotation 20, since the position of the rigid elements 24, 26 (two and three) in this direction cause an inhibition.
- the remaining speed component of the effector 28 acts transversely to the third rigid element. If the 180 ° position of the third axis 30 is maintained by corresponding corrective measures of the second drive 22, the effector 28 and the third axis 30 execute a rotational movement about the second axis 20. With this rotation, the angular rotation of the effector 28 should run somewhat faster than that of the third axis 30.
- the third axis 30 gradually leaves its 180 ° position
- the second axis of rotation 20 is now accelerated again by the second drive 22 (FIG. 9).
- this process results in a slower deflection of the third axis 30, and an acceleration of the effector 28, the effect of which increases, the further the angle at the third axis of rotation 30 in the amount of 90 ° drops.
- the deviation takes place in the direction of the movement of the second axis of rotation 20.
- the robot reaches the target point (P1) , see Fig. 12, in exactly the manner required to initiate zero-space motion.
- the third drive 31 is also required for the regulation during the transport movement (FIGS. 4-12).
- the controller calculates a suitable path movement of the robot arm for the transport movement, ie the control of the robot from a starting point to a target point (P1).
- a suitable path movement of the robot arm for the transport movement ie the control of the robot from a starting point to a target point (P1).
- the controller calculates a suitable path movement of the robot arm for the transport movement, ie the control of the robot from a starting point to a target point (P1).
- the third axis 20 is now equipped with such a low-power drive that it is of negligible importance for path planning (during the transport movement). His Performance contribution for the acceleration of the robot (during the transport movement) and thus also its contribution to a short cycle time of the robot is negligible.
- the third drive 31 can therefore be disregarded for the first calculation of the path by the control. However, since interference also occurs in the third axis 30, the drive 31 must be available for the control, which allows these disturbing moments and forces to be compensated for in the third axis 30.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Robotics (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Manipulator (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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DE112005000166.0T DE112005000166B4 (de) | 2004-01-08 | 2005-01-10 | Roboter und Verfahren zum Positionieren mittels einer Nullraumbewegung |
JP2006548255A JP2007517677A (ja) | 2004-01-08 | 2005-01-10 | ロボットとその位置決めの方法 |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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DE102004001822.7 | 2004-01-08 | ||
DE102004001822 | 2004-01-08 |
Publications (2)
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WO2005065893A2 true WO2005065893A2 (de) | 2005-07-21 |
WO2005065893A3 WO2005065893A3 (de) | 2007-04-19 |
Family
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Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/EP2005/000235 WO2005065893A2 (de) | 2004-01-08 | 2005-01-10 | Redundanter roboter und verfahren zum positionieren desselben |
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Country | Link |
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JP (1) | JP2007517677A (de) |
DE (1) | DE112005000166B4 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2005065893A2 (de) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20110059985A1 (en) * | 2007-10-23 | 2011-03-10 | Schmidts Thomas M | Novel formulation |
WO2012171940A3 (de) * | 2011-06-15 | 2013-09-06 | Technische Universität Berlin | Verfahren zum betreiben eines roboters, roboter, translationsroboter, robotersystem und verfahren zum betreiben des robotersystems |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7374525B2 (en) * | 2006-01-25 | 2008-05-20 | Protedyne Corporation | SCARA-type robotic system |
DE102022115462B3 (de) | 2022-06-21 | 2023-07-06 | Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. | Robotermanipulator mit Aufgaben-Nullraum |
DE102022125564B3 (de) | 2022-10-04 | 2023-10-12 | J.Schmalz Gmbh | Verfahren zum Handhaben von Gegenständen und Handhabungsanlage |
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US5294873A (en) * | 1992-10-27 | 1994-03-15 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Kinematic functions for redundancy resolution using configuration control |
US20030123971A1 (en) * | 2001-12-28 | 2003-07-03 | Dainippon Screen Mfg. Co., Ltd. | Substrate processing apparatus and substrate processing method |
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DE2852821B1 (de) * | 1978-12-07 | 1980-04-30 | Walter Reis Maschinenbau, 8753 Obernburg | Manipulator |
US4699563A (en) * | 1984-05-31 | 1987-10-13 | Seiko Instruments & Electronics Ltd. | Horizontal articulated robot |
US4702668A (en) * | 1985-01-24 | 1987-10-27 | Adept Technology, Inc. | Direct drive robotic system |
DE3513705A1 (de) * | 1985-04-16 | 1986-10-23 | Manutec Gesellschaft für Automatisierungs- und Handhabungssysteme mbH, 8510 Fürth | Industrieroboter mit schwenkarm |
US5015821A (en) * | 1988-02-15 | 1991-05-14 | Amada Company, Limited | Computer controlled welding robot |
JP3403942B2 (ja) * | 1998-07-14 | 2003-05-06 | 三菱電機株式会社 | 産業用ロボット |
JP2000072248A (ja) * | 1998-08-27 | 2000-03-07 | Rorze Corp | 基板搬送装置 |
US6256555B1 (en) * | 1998-12-02 | 2001-07-03 | Newport Corporation | Robot arm with specimen edge gripping end effector |
JP2001096480A (ja) * | 1999-09-28 | 2001-04-10 | Tatsumo Kk | 水平多関節型産業用ロボット |
JP2003117877A (ja) * | 2001-10-17 | 2003-04-23 | Japan Servo Co Ltd | 多関節型の産業用ロボット |
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2005
- 2005-01-10 WO PCT/EP2005/000235 patent/WO2005065893A2/de active Application Filing
- 2005-01-10 DE DE112005000166.0T patent/DE112005000166B4/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-01-10 JP JP2006548255A patent/JP2007517677A/ja active Pending
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US5294873A (en) * | 1992-10-27 | 1994-03-15 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Kinematic functions for redundancy resolution using configuration control |
US20030123971A1 (en) * | 2001-12-28 | 2003-07-03 | Dainippon Screen Mfg. Co., Ltd. | Substrate processing apparatus and substrate processing method |
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HIRAKAWA A R ET AL: "Trajectory planning of redundant manipulators for minimum energy consumption without matrix inversion" ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION, 1997. PROCEEDINGS., 1997 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ALBUQUERQUE, NM, USA 20-25 APRIL 1997, NEW YORK, NY, USA,IEEE, US, Bd. 3, 20. April 1997 (1997-04-20), Seiten 2415-2420, XP010235907 ISBN: 0-7803-3612-7 * |
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Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20110059985A1 (en) * | 2007-10-23 | 2011-03-10 | Schmidts Thomas M | Novel formulation |
WO2012171940A3 (de) * | 2011-06-15 | 2013-09-06 | Technische Universität Berlin | Verfahren zum betreiben eines roboters, roboter, translationsroboter, robotersystem und verfahren zum betreiben des robotersystems |
CN103648731A (zh) * | 2011-06-15 | 2014-03-19 | 柏林工业大学 | 用于驱动机械手的方法、机械手、平移机械手、机械手系统以及用于驱动机械手系统的方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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DE112005000166D2 (de) | 2006-11-30 |
WO2005065893A3 (de) | 2007-04-19 |
JP2007517677A (ja) | 2007-07-05 |
DE112005000166B4 (de) | 2015-09-24 |
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