Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C59/00—Compounds having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms and containing any of the groups OH, O—metal, —CHO, keto, ether, groups, groups, or groups
  • C07C59/40—Unsaturated compounds
  • C07C59/76—Unsaturated compounds containing keto groups
  • C07C59/90—Unsaturated compounds containing keto groups containing singly bound oxygen-containing groups
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P15/00—Drugs for genital or sexual disorders; Contraceptives
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P15/00—Drugs for genital or sexual disorders; Contraceptives
  • A61P15/06—Antiabortive agents; Labour repressants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
  • A61P17/06—Antipsoriatics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
  • A61P27/02—Ophthalmic agents
  • A61P27/06—Antiglaucoma agents or miotics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C405/00—Compounds containing a five-membered ring having two side-chains in ortho position to each other, and having oxygen atoms directly attached to the ring in ortho position to one of the side-chains, one side-chain containing, not directly attached to the ring, a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, and the other side-chain having oxygen atoms attached in gamma-position to the ring, e.g. prostaglandins ; Analogues or derivatives thereof
  • C07C405/0008—Analogues having the carboxyl group in the side-chains replaced by other functional groups
  • C07C405/0025—Analogues having the carboxyl group in the side-chains replaced by other functional groups containing keto groups

Definitions

• This invention relates to certain stereoisomers of AH13205, ( ⁇ ) - trans-2- [4- (1-hydroxyhexyl) phenyl] -5-oxo- cyclopentaneheptanoic acid and their use as EP 2 receptor agonists.
• the invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising these stereoisomers, and the use of these stereoisomers and compositions to treat various diseases .
• Prostanoids comprise prostaglandins (PGs) and thromboxanes (Txs) and their receptors fall into five different classes (DP, EP, FP, IP and TP) based on their sensitivity to the five naturally occurring prostanoids, PGD 2 , PGE 2f PGF 2 ⁇ , PGI 2 and TxA 2 , respectively (Cole an, R.A., Prostanoid Receptors. IUPHAR compendi um of receptor characterisa tion and classifica tion, 2 nd edition, 338-353, ISBN 0-9533510-3-3, 2000) .
• EP receptors for which the endogenous ligand is PGE 2
• EPi for which the endogenous ligand is PGE 2
• EP 3 for which the endogenous ligand is PGE 2
• EP 4 the endogenous ligand
• EP 2 agonists have been shown to be effective in the treatment of a number of conditions, including (but not limited to) dysmenorrhoea (WO 03/037433), pre-ter labour (GB 2 293 101), glaucoma (WO 03/040126), ocular hypertension (WO 03/040126), immune disorders (WO 03/037433 ) , osteoporosis (WO 98/27976, WO 01/46140), asthma (WO 03/037433), allergy (WO 03/037433), bone disease (WO 02/24647), fracture repair (WO 98/27976, WO 02/24647), fertility (Breyer, R.M., et al . , Ann . N. Y. Acad. Sci .
• This structure has three chiral carbon atoms and hence eight possible stereoisomers.
• the groups on the cyclic pentanone are in a trans relationship, this gives rise to four stereoisomers which are the major ones and when the groups are in a cis relationship, gives rise to four minor stereoisomers .
• the four major stereoisomers have the following structures:
• the present inventors have also devised a stereoselective synthesis route for the stereoisomers of interest.
• the present invention provides a compound selected from one of the following: (i)
• the present invention provides trans-2- [4- (1-hydroxyhexyl) phenyl] -5-oxo-cyclopentaneheptanoic acid, of which at least 90% by weight is selected from one of the following forms:
• trans-2- [4- (1-hydroxyhexyl) phenyl] -5-oxo- cyclopentaneheptanoic acid is in one of the four forms shown.
• the present invention provides 2-[4-(l- hydroxyhexyl) phenyl] -5-oxo-cyclopentaneheptanoic acid, of which at least 80% by weight is in one of the following forms : (i)
• At least 90, 95, 97, 99, 99.5 or 99.9% by weight of the 2- [4- (1-hydroxyhexyl) phenyl] -5-oxo- cyclopentaneheptanoic acid is in one of the four forms shown.
• the invention provides a compound selected from one of the following forms:
• the invention provides trans-2- [4- (1- hydroxyhexyl) phenyl] -5-oxo-cyclopentaneheptanoic acid, of which at least 90% by weight is selected from one of the following forms:
• the present invention provides 2-[4-(l- hydroxyhexyl) phenyl] -5-oxo-cyclopentaneheptanoic acid, of which at least 80% by weight is in one of the following
• the above six aspects also relate to salts, solvates, chemically protected forms and prodrugs of the compounds described.
• a seventh aspect of the invention provides a method of making a compound, comprising the following steps: (a) asymmetrically reducing 1- (4-bromophenyl) hexan-1-one with (-) -DIP chloride to produce (S) -1- (4-bromophenyl) hexan- l-ol (S-BPH) ; (b) converting the S-BPH into (S) -1- (4-bromophenyl) -1- ( tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy) exane; (c) treating the (S) -1- (4-bromophenyl) -1- ( ert- butyldimethylsilyloxy) hexane with tert-butyllithium, followed by 1:2 pentynyl copper -.hexamethylphosphorus tria ide, followed by condensation with 2- (6- carbomethoxyhexyl) cyclopent-2-en-l-one to produce a diaste
• An eighth aspect of the invention provides a method of making a compound, comprising the following steps: (a) asymmetrically reducing 1- (4-bromophenyl) hexan-1-one with (+) -DIP chloride to produce (R) -1- (4-bromophenyl) hexan- l-ol (R-BPH) ; (b) converting the R-BPH into (R) ⁇ 1- (4-bromophenyl) -1- (- tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy) hexane; (c) treating the (R) - 1- (4-bromophenyl) -1- ( ert- butyldimethylsilyloxy) hexane with tert-butyllithium, followed by 1:2 pentynyl copper -.hexamethylphosphorus triamide, followed by condensation with 2- (6- carbomethoxyhexyl) cyclopent-2-en-l-one to produce a diaste
• the term "substantially” means that the compound produced is at least 90% by weight of a single stereoisomer of a compound. Preferably the compound produced is 95, 97, 99, 99.5 or 99.9% by weight of a single stereoisomer of a compound.
• a ninth aspect of the invention provides a method of making a compound comprising the following steps: (a) asymmetric addition of 1- (4-bromophenyl) -1- ( tert- butyldimethylsilyloxy) hexane to 5-oxo-cyclopentenecarboxylic acid, ⁇ 3- [N-benzenesulfonyl-N- (3, 5-dimethylphenyl) amino] -2- bornyl ⁇ ester in the presence of an organo-copper agent and an organolithium agent to give the -1, 2- trans product; (b) conversion of the 3- [N-benzenesulphonyl-N- (3, 5- dimethylphenyl) -amino] -2-bornyl group to a methyl group by reaction with methanol to give 2- ⁇ - [1- (tert- butyldimethylsilyloxy) hexyl] phenyl ⁇ -5-oxo- cyclopentanecarboxylic
• a tenth aspect of the invention provides a method of making a compound comprising the following steps: (a) asymmetric addition of (S) -1- (4-bromophenyl) -1- ( tert- butyldimethylsilyloxy) hexane to 5-oxo-cyclopentenecarboxylic acid, (1R, 2S, 3R, 4S) - ⁇ 3- [N-benzenesulfonyl-N- (3,5- dimethylphenyl) amino] -2-bornyl ⁇ ester in the presence of an organo-copper agent and an organolithium agent to give (lR,2S)-2- ⁇ 4-[l-(S)-(tert- butyldimethylsilyloxy) hexyl] phenyl ⁇ -5-oxo- cyclopentanecarboxylic acid, (1R, 2S, 3R, 4S) - ⁇ 3- [N- benzenesulfonyl-
• An eleventh aspect of the present invention provides a compound obtainable by or obtained by the methods of any one of the seventh to tenth aspects.
• a twelfth aspect of the invention provides a method of making a compound according to any one of the the first to sixth aspects of the invention, comprising one or more steps as described in the general synthesis section below.
• a further aspect of the present invention provides a compound of any one of the first to sixth aspects, or a compound made (or obtainable) by the methods of any one of the seventh to tenth or twelfth aspects, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in a method of therapy.
• Another aspect of the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of any one of the first to sixth aspects, or a compound made by the methods of any one of the seventh to tenth or twelfth aspects, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
• a further aspect of the present invention provides the use of a compound of any one of the first to sixth aspects, or a compound made by (or obtainable by) the methods of any one of the the seventh to tenth or twelfth aspects, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of a condition alleviated by agonism of an EP 2 receptor.
• aspects of the present invention provide methods of synthesizing the compounds of the invention, or relevant intermediates, by the methods set out below.
• Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of treating a condition which can be alleviated by agonism of an EP 2 receptor, which method comprises administering to a patient in need of treatment an effective amount of a compound of any one of the first to sixth aspects, or a compound made by (or obtainable by) the methods of any one of the seventh to tenth or twelfth aspects, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• Conditions which can be treated by agonism of an EP 2 receptor are discussed above, and particularly include dysmenorrhoea, pre-term labour, glaucoma, osteoporosis, asthma, allergy, bone disease, fracture repair, infertility, male sexual dysfunction, female sexual dysfunction, periodontal disease, gastric ulcer and renal disease.
• EP receptor agonists are known to be able to inhibit T-cell activation and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, although the EP receptor involved in mediating these effects in human T-cells has not been previously defined.
• the present inventors have discovered that EP 2 agonists inhibit human T-cell activation (proliferation) and inhibit the release of multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin 2 (IL-2) tumour necrosis factor (TNF ⁇ ) and interferon gamma (IFN ⁇ ) .
• IL-2 interleukin 2
• TNF ⁇ tumour necrosis factor
• IFN ⁇ interferon gamma
• EP 2 receptor agonists will be useful in treating immune and inflammatory disorders, including but not limited to psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, dermatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, transplant rejection, inflammatory bowel disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, graves disease, scleroderma, multiple sclerosis, Type I diabetes, and transplant rejection, and in particular psoriasis (Griffiths, C, Current Drugs Targets - Inflamma tion & Allergy, 3, 157-161, (2004); Lebwohl, M. , Lancet, 361, 1197- 1204 (2003); Salim, A. & Emerson, R., Curr. Opin . Investig. Drugs, 2(11), 1546-8 (2001)). Therefore, a further condition which can be alleviated by agonism of an EP 2 receptor is psoriasis.
• EP 2 receptor agonists inhibit the release of the pro- inflammatory cytokine, TNF ⁇ from human monocytes and alveolar macrophages. This profile of activity adds further evidence to the view that that EP 2 receptor agonists will be useful in treating immune and inflammatory disorders and in particular, inflammatory lung diseases (including, but not limited to: asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary fibrosis and cystic fibrosis) )
• aspects of the present invention relate to the use of EP 2 agonists to treat conditions ameliorated by the inhibition of IL-2 TNF ⁇ and/or IFN ⁇ production and the use of an EP 2 agonist in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of a condition alleviated by inhibition of IL-2 production .
• the present invention also provides methods of stimulating EP 2 receptors and/or inhibiting the production of IL-2, TNF ⁇ and/or IFN ⁇ , in vi tro or in vivo, comprising contacting a cell with an effective amount of a compound of the first to third aspects, or a compound made (or obtainable) by the methods of the fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh or ninth aspects .
• the compounds described above may show selectivity for EP 2 receptors relative to the other three EP receptors, i.e. EPi, EP 3 and EP 4 . This selectivity allows for targeting of the effect of the compounds of the invention, with possible benefits in the treatment of certain conditions .
• Figure la shows the CD spectrum of prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) (0.7 mg/mL) in ethanol using a 1.0 cm pathlength cuvette.
• Figure lb shows the UV spectrum of PGE 2 (0.7 mg/mL) in ethanol using a 1.0 cm pathlength cuvette.
• Figure 2a shows the CD spectrum of (R) -1- (4-bromophenyl) hexan- l-ol (R-BPH) (solid line in figure) (0.7 mg/mL) and (S)-l-(4- bromophenyl) hexan-1-ol (S-BPH) (dashed line in figure) (0.7 mg/mL) in ethanol using a 1.0 cm pathlength cuvette.
• Figure 2b shows the UV spectrum of R-BPH (solid line in figure) (0.7 mg/mL) and S-BPH (dashed line in figure) (0.7 mg/mL) in ethanol using a 1.0 cm pathlength cuvette (N.b. solid and dashed lines almost overlie each other in this figure) .
• Figure 3a shows the CD spectrum of each of the four trans- stereoisomers of Example 4 (compounds A, C, E and G) (all 19 mg/mL) in ethanol using a 0.1 cm pathlength cuvette.
• Figure 4 shows the variation in percentage of [ 3 H]PGE 2 displaced with concentration of five test compounds in an assay of binding ability to human EP 2 receptors
• Figure 5 shows the variation in concentration of cAMP following stimulation by five test compounds in an assay of human EP 2 receptor stimulation
• Figure 6 shows the effect on human myometrial activity of AH13205
• Figure 7 shows the variation in % inhibition of electrical field stimulation (EFS) induced contractions with concentrations of AH13205 and delivery vehicle or delivery vehicle alone in an assay of human myometrial activity
• Figure 8 shows the variation in % of control electrical field stimulation (EFS) induced contractions with concentrations of three test compounds in an assay of human myometrial activity
• Figure 9 shows the variation in IL-2 production with concentration of 4 test compounds in a lymphocyte assay
• Figure 10 shows the variation of IL-2 production with concentration of 3 EP 2 receptor agonists in a lymphocyte assay
• Figure 11 shows the variation of Interferon gamma release with concentration of 3 EP 2 receptor agonists in a lymphocyte assay
• Figure 12 shows the variation of TNF ⁇ production in response to 3 EP 2 receptor agonists in a lymphocyte assay
• Figure 13 shows the variation of cell proliferation in response to 3 EP 2 receptor agonists in a lymphocyte assay
• Figure 14 shows the variation of TNF ⁇ production in response to 3 test compounds in a monocyte assay
• Figure 15 shows the variation of TNF ⁇ production in response to 2 test compounds in an alveolar macrophage assay.
• a reference to carboxylic acid also includes the anionic (carboxylate) form (-COCT) , a salt or solvate thereof, as well as conventional protected forms.
• a reference to a hydroxyl group also includes the anionic form (-0 " ) , a salt or solvate thereof, as well as conventional protected forms of a hydroxyl group .
• a corresponding salt of the active compound for example, a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt.
• a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt examples are discussed in Berge, et al . , J. Pharm . Sci . , 66, 1-19 (1977).
• a salt may be formed with a suitable cation.
• suitable inorganic cations include, but are not limited to, alkali metal ions such as Na + and K + , alkaline earth cations such as Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ , and other cations such as Al 3+ .
• suitable organic cations include, but are not limited to, ammonium ion (i.e. NH 4 + ) and substituted ammonium ions (e.g. NH 3 R + , NH 2 R 2 + , NHR 3 + , NR 4 + ) .
• Examples of some suitable substituted ammonium ions are those derived from: ethylamine, diethylamine, dicyclohexylamine, triethylamine, butylamine, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperazine, benzylamine, phenylbenzylamine, choline, meglumine, and tromethamine, as well as amino acids, such as lysine and arginine .
• An example of a common quaternary ammonium ion is N(CH 3 ) ⁇ + .
• solvate is used herein in the conventional sense to refer to a complex of solute (e.g., active compound, salt of active compound) and solvent. If the solvent is water, the solvate may be conveniently referred to as a hydrate, for example, a mono-hydrate, a di-hydrate, a tri-hydrate, etc.
• chemically protected form is used herein in the conventional chemical sense and pertains to a compound in which one or more reactive functional groups are protected from undesirable chemical reactions under specified conditions (e.g. pH, temperature, radiation, solvent, and the like) .
• specified conditions e.g. pH, temperature, radiation, solvent, and the like.
• well known chemical methods are employed to reversibly render unreactive a functional group, which otherwise would be reactive, under specified conditions .
• one or more reactive functional groups are in the form of a protected or protecting group (also known as a masked or masking group or a blocked or blocking group) .
• a carboxylic acid group may be protected as an ester for example, as: an C ⁇ _ 7 alkyl ester (e.g., a methyl ester; a t-butyl ester); a C ⁇ - 7 haloalkyl ester (e.g., a C ⁇ _ 7 trihaloalkyl ester) ; a triC ⁇ _ 7 alkylsilyl-C ⁇ -7 alkyl ester; or a C 5 -2 0 aryl-C ⁇ _ alkyl ester (e.g. a benzyl ester; a nitrobenzyl ester) ; or as an amide, for example, as a methyl amide .
• an C ⁇ _ 7 alkyl ester e.g., a methyl ester; a t-butyl ester
• a C ⁇ - 7 haloalkyl ester e.g., a C ⁇ _ 7 trihaloalkyl ester
• prodrug it may be convenient or desirable to prepare, purify, and/or handle the active compound in the form of a prodrug.
• prodrug refers to a compound which, when metabolised (e.g., in vivo), yields the desired active compound.
• the prodrug is inactive, or less active than the active compound, but may provide advantageous handling, administration, or metabolic properties .
• a reference to a particular compound also include prodrugs thereof.
• R is: C ⁇ -7 alkyl (e.g., -Me, -Et, -nPr, -iPr, -nBu, -sBu, -iBu, -tBu); C ⁇ - aminoalkyl (e.g., aminoethyl; 2- (N,N-diethylamino) ethyl; 2- (4-morpholino) ethyl) ;
• C ⁇ _7 hydroxy or polyhydroxt alkyl e.g. 2-hydroxyethyl, 2.3-dihydroxypropyl (glyceryl)
• acyloxy-C ⁇ _7alkyl e.g., acyloxymethyl; acyloxyethyl; pivaloyloxymethyl; acetoxymethyl; 1-acetoxyethyl; 1- (1-methoxy-l-methyl) ethyl-carbonxyloxyethyl; 1- (benzoyloxy) ethyl; isopropoxy-carbonyloxymethyl; 1-isopropoxy-carbonyloxyethyl; cyclohexyl-carbonyloxymethyl; 1-cyclohexyl-carbonyloxyethyl ; cyclohexyloxy- carbonyloxymethyl ; 1-cyclohexyloxy-carbonyloxyethyl ; (4-tetrahydropyranyloxy) carbonyloxymethyl; 1- (4
• prodrugs are activated enzymatically to yield the active compound, or a compound which, upon further chemical reaction, yields the active compound (for example, as in ADEPT, GDEPT, LIDEPT, etc.).
• the prodrug may be a sugar derivative or other glycoside conjugate, or may be an amino acid ester derivative.
• treatment pertains generally to treatment and therapy, whether of a human or an animal (e.g. in veterinary applications) , in which some desired therapeutic effect is achieved, for example, the inhibition of the progress of the condition, and includes a reduction in the rate of progress, a halt in the rate of progress, amelioration of the condition, and cure of the condition.
• Treatment as a prophylactic measure i.e. prophylaxis is also included.
• terapéuticaally-effective amount pertains to that amount of an active compound, or a material, composition or dosage form comprising an active compound, which is effective for producing some desired therapeutic effect, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, when administered in accordance with a desired treatment regimen.
• Suitable dose ranges will typically be in the range of from 0.01 to 20 mg/kg/day, preferably from 0.1 to 10 mg/kg/day, although the dose may be as low as from about 0.00001 to 1 mg/day in the case of the topical ocular administration.
• compositions may be formulated for any suitable route and means of administration.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or diluents include those used in formulations suitable for oral, rectal, nasal, topical (including buccal, ocular and sublingual) , vaginal or parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intradermal, intrathecal and epidural) administration.
• the formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. Such methods include the step of bringing into association the active ingredient with the carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.
• conventional non-toxic solid carriers include, for example, pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, cellulose, cellulose derivatives, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharin, talcum, glucose, sucrose, magnesium carbonate, and the like may be used.
• the active compound as defined above may be formulated as suppositories using, for example, polyalkylene glycols, acetylated triglycerides and the like, as the carrier.
• Liquid pharmaceutically administrable ' compositions can, for example, be prepared by dissolving, dispersing, etc, an active compound as defined above and optional pharmaceutical adjuvants in a carrier, such as, for example, water, saline aqueous dextrose, glycerol, ethanol, polyoxol esters and the like, to thereby form a solution or suspension.
• a carrier such as, for example, water, saline aqueous dextrose, glycerol, ethanol, polyoxol esters and the like
• the pharmaceutical composition to be administered may also contain minor amounts of non-toxic auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents and the like, for example, sodium acetate, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine sodium acetate, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine oleate, etc.
• composition or formulation to be administered will, in any event, contain a quantity of the active compound (s) in an amount effective to alleviate the symptoms of the subject being treated.
• Dosage forms or compositions containing active ingredient in the range of 0.25 to 95% with the balance made up from non- toxic carrier may be prepared.
• a pharmaceutically acceptable non- toxic composition is formed by the incorporation of any of the normally employed excipients, such as, for example, pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, cellulose, cellulose derivatives, sodium crosscarmellose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharin, talcum, glucose, sucrose, magnesium carbonate, and the like.
• excipients such as, for example, pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, cellulose, cellulose derivatives, sodium crosscarmellose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharin, talcum, glucose, sucrose, magnesium carbonate, and the like.
• Such compositions take the form of solutions, suspensions, tablets, pills, capsules, powders, sustained release formulations and the like.
• Such compositions may contain l%-95% active ingredient, more preferably 2-50%, most preferably 5-8%.
• Parenteral administration is generally characterized by injection, either subcutaneously, intramuscularly or intravenously.
• Injectables can be prepared in conventional forms, either as liquid solutions or suspensions, solid forms suitable for solution or suspension in liquid prior to injection, or as emulsions.
• Suitable excipients are, for example, water, saline, dextrose, glycerol, ethanol or the like.
• the pharmaceutical compositions to be administered may also contain minor amounts of non-toxic auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents and the like, such as for example, sodium acetate, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine oleate, triethanolamine sodium acetate, etc.
• compositions suitable for transdermal administration include gels, pastes, ointments, creams, lotions, and oils, as well as patches, adhesive plasters, bandages, dressings, depots, and reservoirs.
• Ointments are typically prepared from the active compound and a paraffinic or a water-miscible ointment base.
• Creams are typically prepared from the active compound and an oil-in-water cream base.
• the aqueous phase of the cream base may include, for example, at least about 30% w/w of a polyhydric alcohol, i.e., an alcohol having two or more hydroxyl groups such as propylene glycol, butane- 1,3-diol, mannitol, sorbitol, glycerol and polyethylene glycol and mixtures thereof.
• the topical formulations may desirably include a compound which enhances absorption or penetration of the active compound through the skin or other affected areas. Examples of such dermal penetration enhancers include dimethylsulfoxide and related analogues.
• Formulations suitable for vaginal administration may be presented as pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or spray formulations containing in addition to the active compound, such carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate .
• Eye drops for topical ocular administration preferably comprise between 0.001 and 20% of the active agent with the remainder made up from well known carriers such as water or saline, or other additives as discussed below.
• Typical ocular compositions may include: (a) antimicrobial preservatives - suitable preservatives include: benzalkonium chloride, thi erosal, chlorobutanol, methyl paraben, propyl paraben, phenylethyl alcohol, edetate disodiu , sorbic acid, ona er, or other agents known to those skilled in the art.
• Such preservatives are typically employed at a concentration between about 0.001% and about 1.0% by weight; (b) solubilising agents, such as Polysorbate 20, 60 and 80; Pluronic F-68, F-84 and P-103; Tyloxapol; Cremophor; sodium dodecyl sulfate; glycerol; PEG 400; propylene glycol; cyclodextrins; or other agents known to those skilled in the art.
• solubilising agents such as Polysorbate 20, 60 and 80; Pluronic F-68, F-84 and P-103; Tyloxapol; Cremophor; sodium dodecyl sulfate; glycerol; PEG 400; propylene glycol; cyclodextrins; or other agents known to those skilled in the art.
• co-solvents are typically employed at a concentration between about 0.01% and about 2% by weight; and
• viscosity agents such as polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, methyl cellulose, hydroxy propyl methylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxy propyl cellulose or other agents known to those skilled in the art. Such agents are typically employed at a concentration between about 0.01% and about 2% by weight .
• ⁇ inactive ingredients' include sodium chloride, sodium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate and/or anhydrous, polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated caster oil, tromethamine, boric acid, mannitol, edetate disodium, sodium hydroxide and/or hydrochloric acid to adjust pH and purified water.
• Ocular formulations containing prostaglandins are described in, amongst others: US 5,889,052; US 4,599,353; US 6,011,062; US 6,235,781; US 5,849,792; US 5,631,287, which are herein incorporated by reference.
• Formula 1 wherem represents a defined stereochemistry at each chiral centre, and the groups on the pentanone are trans to one another, may be synthesised from compounds of formula 2:
• R' represents a C ⁇ _ 7 alkyl group (a monovalent moiety obtained by removing a hydrogen atom from a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon compound having from 1 to 7 carbon atoms, e.g. methyl (Ci) , ethyl (C 2 ) , propyl (C 3 ) , butyl (C 4 ) , pentyl (C 5 ) , hexyl (C ⁇ ) , heptyl (C 7 ) ) by reduction of the double bond and deprotection of the acid and alcohol using standard techniques e.g.
• the reduction may be carried out with hydrogen, palladium on charcoal in a solvent such as ethyl acetate at normal temperature and pressure.
• a particularly preferred alcohol protecting group is a silyl group, such as tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) , which can be removed, for example, with aqueous acid and a co-solvent, which conditions may also deprotect the acid group.
• TDMS tert-butyldimethylsilyl
• X is a leaving group, such as halide or mesylate, and R' is as in formula 2, in the presence of a strong base, such as Li Oi-Pr at room temperature.
• the four enolates of formula 3 may be generated from cyclopent-2-enone (formula 5) :
• the compounds of formula 6 may be generated in situ from the reaction of compounds of formula 7 :
• the single stereoisomers of compound 9 can by made from a compound of formula 10:
• alkylatmg agents for the propargyl alcohol (and are illustrated below) , but preparation of the alkylatmg agents require additional step.
• An example of this is alkylation of the ortho ester of bromobutyrate (Patterson, J.W., et al . , Syn thesis, 1985,
• the compounds of formula 12 can be synthesised from cyclopent-2-enone (formula 5) :
• Formula 13 with the same stereochemistry at the chiral centre, in the presence of a transition metal catalyst, preferably Rh(I), in the presence of a chiral ligand, preferably BINAP.
• Suitable conditions include the use of 3% catalyst and chiral ligand in aqueous dioxane at 60 °C for 20 hours.
• Compounds of formula 13 may be generated from compounds of formula 8, with the same stereochemistry at the chiral centre, by standard techniques. Such techniques include first treatment with a lithium exchange reagent, for example t-butyl lithium, in a solvent, for example THF, at a suitable temperature (for butyl lithium in THF, -78°C) . This is followed by treatment with an appropriate boron reagent, for example B (O ⁇ " Pr) 3 followed by hydrolysis, e.g. by potassium hydroxide (Thompson, W.J. and Gaudino, J., J. Org. Chem . , 49, 5237-5243 (1984)).
• a lithium exchange reagent for example t-butyl lithium
• THF solvent
• an appropriate boron reagent for example B (O ⁇ " Pr) 3
• hydrolysis e.g. by potassium hydroxide (Thompson, W.J. and Gaudino, J., J. Org. Chem . ,
• a further alternative route to the four compounds of formula 1 is from compounds of formula 15:
• Suitable conditions include the use of 3% catalyst and chiral ligand in aqueous dioxane at 60°C for 20 hours, i.e. similar reaction conditions used for the coupling of compound 5 with compounds of formula 13.
• a compound of formula 17 may be formed from compound 18 in which the -OH group on the 4-hexyl-phenyl side chain is protected by an alcohol-protecting group.
• a particularly preferred alcohol- protecting group is a silyl group, such as tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) , which can be removed, for example, with aqueous acid and a co-solvent, for example THF.
• TDMMS tert-butyldimethylsilyl
• Compounds of formula 18 may be formed from compounds of formula 19 by removal of the carboxymethyl group and hydrolysis of the heptanoate ester. This may be achieved, for example, by reaction with lithium iodide and 2,4,6- trimethyl pyridine (collidine) .
• Compound 19 can be synthesised by addition of the heptyl- ethyl ester side chain to a compound of formula 20.
• a suitable base for this reaction is NaH in anhydrous solvent, such as DME.
• ethyl heptanoate activated at the 7- position
• the resultant compound gives a compound of formula 19.
• the ethyl heptanoate is activated with a halogen atom in the 7- position. More preferably, this halogen atom is a bromine atom.
• a catalyst is preferably sodium iodide.
• Compounds of formula 20 maybe formed from compounds of formula 21 via a transesterification reaction.
• Formation of the methyl ester of compound 20 may be achieved by heating compound 21 with methanol in a sealed vessel.
• Compounds of formula 21 can be formed by 1,4-addition to an unsaturated carbonyl compound of formula 22.
• Formula 22 This can be achieved by reaction of an organometallic reagent of formula 23 with a copper (I) compound followed by addition to a compound of formula 22.
• M in formula 23 represents an element which is less electronegative than copper.
• M is Li, MgX, BR 2 and ZnX, where X is a halogen atom.
• the copper (I) reagent used in the coupling reaction of compounds of formulae 22 and 23 is preferably an anionic cuprate and is more preferably LiCu- (2-Th) CN (known as lithium 2-thienylcyanocuprate) .
• a compound of formula 23 may be formed by reaction of a halide of formula 24 by standard organometallic formation reactions .
• X is a halogen atom and is preferably I or Br.
• Compounds of formula 22 may be formed from readily available starting materials by the method described in Tetrahedron 1996, 52, 971-986.
• the selectivity of the compound for agonising EP 2 receptors over the other EP receptors can be quantified by dividing the Ki for EP 2 (see below) by the Ki for the other EP receptors (see below) .
• the resulting inverse ratio is preferably 10 or more, more preferably 100 or more.
• Nmr spectra were recorded on either a Bruker AV300 or Bruker DPX400. Mass spectra were recorded on a Waters ZMD Single Quadrapole Mass Spectrometer. Optical rotations were measured on a Perkin Elmer Polarimeter 341.
• Example 1 Synthesis of two mixtures each containing 4 stereoisomers of methyl esters of AH13205
• Compound 2b (4g; m.p. 70-71°C) was made from (+) -DIP chloride [B-chlorodiisopinocampheylborane] (13.5g) and l-(4- bromophenyl) hexan-1-one (lOg) by an analogous method to that described in Example 1 (a) (ii) .
• Compound 3b(18.5g) was made from R-BPH (2b) (12.5g) by an analogous method to that described in Example 1 (b) (i) .
• This known compound which is commercially available, was prepared in three steps from ethyl 2-oxocyclopentane carboxylate by the methods of Bagli, J. et al., J. Org. Chem . , 1972 , 37 , 2132-2138 and Bernady, K . F . , J. Org . Chem . , 1980 45 , 4702-4715 .
• a slurry of copper (1) pentyne (2.5g) in anhydrous diethyl ether (56ml) was treated with hexamethylphosphorous triamide (8ml) and the mixture stirred at room temperature for several minutes to form a solution.
• This freshly prepared solution was now added dropwise to the aryllithium solution at -78°C and left for a further hour at -78°C, whereupon a solution of 2- (6-carbomethoxyhexyl) cyclo- pent-2-en-l-one (5) (4g) in anhydrous diethyl ether (40ml) was added.
• the reaction mixture was held at -78°C for 15 minutes then at -25°C to -10°C for a further hour.
• Methyl ester (0.45g) in 4:1 v/v tetrahydrofuran in water (40ml) was treated with 1M lithium hydroxide in water (1.37 ml, 1.2equiv.) added dropwise and the solution was stirred overnight at ambient temperature. The solution was concentrated in vacuo, diluted with water, acidified to pH ⁇ l and extracted into ethyl acetate. The extract was dried over magnesium sulphate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo at 30 °C to give the acid as an oil.
• the reaction was concentrated down under vacuum to remove THF, and more water added; the stirred solution was treated dropwise with 1M hydrochloric acid to give pH ⁇ l, and the solution then equilibrated with ethyl acetate; the aqueous layer was removed, and the ethyl acetate layer washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulphate, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum.
• the residual oil was transferred to a weighed vial in a little ethyl acetate, and solvent removed under a stream of nitrogen; the sample was then placed in a drying pistol and pumped on overnight at 30°C/lmbar.
• the chiral purity of the product was assessed by re- esterifying a small sample of each of the four separated acid isomers and then analysing the esters by analytical chiral HPLC.
• About 5 mg of acid was dissolved in ether and treated with a freshly prepared solution of diazomethane in ether, to give a permanent yellow colour. After standing for 30 minutes at ambient temperature the solution was blown to dryness under nitrogen and re-dissolved in ethanol for chiral HPLC.
• the conditions used for the analysis were; analytical ChiralPak AD column (25 cm by 0.46 cm), 100% ethanol as stationary phase, flow rate of 0.25 ml/min UV detection (230 nm) at ambient temperature.
• Typical retention times for each isomer were: Peak 1, mixture 1 acid: 23.5 min; Peak 2, mixture 1 acid: 56 min; Peak 1, mixture 2 acid: 23.7 min; Peak 2, mixture 2 acid: 35 min, The chiral purity of each sample was essentially 100%.
• the absolute stereochemistry of AH13205 stereoisomers was determined by assigning the absolute configuration of the acid side chain-cyclopentanone junction using circular dichroism.
• the four stereoisomers of AH-13205, which all have the trans-configuration of the two side chains on the cyclopentanone have been separated (peak 1, mixture 1 acid; peak 2, mixture 1 acid; peak 1, mixture 2 acid and peak 2, mixture 2 acid); these are oils at room temperature.
• the samples were stored at room temperature and were dissolved in 100% ethanol and diluted to the concentrations as shown in table 1 prior to analysis.
• a 1.0 cm pathlength quartz cuvette was used for the analysis of PGE 2 , R-BPH and S-BPH.
• a 0.1 cm pathlength quartz cuvette was used for the analysis of the four AH13205 stereoisomers. Ethanol volumes were measured with a Gilson micropipette, for which they are in calibration if used quickly.
• the stereoisomeric samples (peak 1, mixture 1 acid; peak 2, mixture 1 acid; peak 1, mixture 2 acid and peak 2, mixture 2 acid) have two or three transitions of interest, one due to the n—> ⁇ * transition at -290 nm and one due to the aromatic ring ⁇ —> ⁇ * transition at about 260 nm and the next transition below this region.
• PGE 2 was used as a model for the n—> ⁇ * part of the molecule and R-/S-BPH to model the 10 ⁇ -> ⁇ * part .
• the ⁇ * absorbances were found to be weak and did not interfere with the analysis of the n ⁇ * band.
• the induced CD for PGE 2 is expected to be dominated by the 15 acid group chain ⁇ - to the carbonyl. Analysis using the standard octant rule shows that this chain lies in the -z, +y and -x octant thus making -xyz (and therefore the expected CD curve) negative. This was observed experimentally (Table 2) . Peak 1, mixture 1 acid and peak 1, mixture 2 acid samples showed negative CD curves and therefore have the same absolute stereochemistry at the side chain junction as PGE 2 . Peak 2, mixture 1 acid and peak 2, mixture 2 acid samples showed positive CD curves and therefore have the opposite absolute stereochemistry from PGE 2 at this junction.
• the affinity or pKj . of each compound for each receptor was calculated from the concentration causing 50% radioligand displacement (IC 50 ) using the Cheng-Prusoff equation: /C,
• the following describes an in vitro assay to determine the effect of compounds on cyclase production, that is, to determine their functional efficacy at the EP 2 receptor.
• HEK cells stably expressing the human EP2 receptor were used for these assays.
• HEK-EP2 cells were cultured in 96-well, poly-L-lysine coated plates at a density of 50,000 cells/well, and grown to confluence in humidified 95%0 2 /5%C0 2 at 37°C.
• Culture medium was DMEM supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum, lOO ⁇ /ml penicillin, lOOng/ml streptomycin, 2.5 ⁇ g/ml fungizone, 2mM glutamine, 250 ⁇ g/ml geneticin and 200 ⁇ g/ml zeocin.
• Radioligand displacement assay Plates were thawed quickly at 37 °C, and neutralised with 25 ⁇ l 1M sodium hydroxide. 30 ⁇ l of supernatant was transferred to 96-well Millipore (MAFNOB) plates coated with 0.1% Polyethylenimine. These supernatants were diluted by addition of 90 ⁇ l cAMP assay buffer (50mM Tris, 5mM EDTA, pH 7.0). A cAMP standard curve (10 _11 M to 10 ⁇ 5 M) was constructed. 15 ⁇ l of 3 ' : 5 ' -cAMP-dependent protein kinase (final concentration 8 ⁇ g/well) , and 15 ⁇ l [ 3 H]-cAMP (final concentration 2nM/well) were added to each well.
• MAFNOB 96-well Millipore
• Radioactivity was determined using the Microbeta Trilux scintillation counter.
• cAMP accumulation was determined from the standard curve, and the values plotted as pmoles cAMP/well.
• Sections of human myometrium were prepared from samples of surgically removed uterus longitudinal myometrial muscle strips (2mm wide by 10mm long) were then cut and suspended between stainless steel hooks in organ chambers containing oxygenated (95% 0 2 /5% C0 2 ) Krebs solution at 37 °C.
• the composition of the Krebs solution was as follows: NaCI (118.2mM), KC1 (4.69mM), MgS0 4 .7H 2 0 (1.18mM), KH 2 P0 4 (1.19mM), glucose (11. ImM), NaHC0 3 (25.0mM), CaCl 2 .6H 2 0 (2.5mM), indomethacin 3xlO "6 M.
• Tissues were placed under a tension equivalent to 25mN and left overnight at room temperature. The following day the tissues were maintained at 37 °C, washed and placed under a tension of 15mN then allowed to equilibrate for a period of at least 30 minutes. Responses were recorded using isometric transducers coupled to an Apple Macintosh computer via a MacLab interface. After 60 minutes, the muscle sections of the human myometrium were stimulated electrically (15ms pulse width, for 10s every 100s at 15V and 0.5-40Hz) using parallel platinum wire electrodes and a Multistim D330 pulse stimulator. Upon electrical stimulation, the strips of human myometrial smooth muscle responded with a rapid contraction.
• test compounds lxlO -7 to lxl0 ⁇ 4 M, incubated for at least 15 minutes at each concentration
• SNP sodium nitroprusside
• EC5 0 concentration of test compound required to produce half- maximal effects
• Example 7 Inhibition of IL-2 , TNF ⁇ and IFN- ⁇ production
• Lymphocytes are mononuclear leukocytes, which participate in specific immune responses to foreign antigens and in the manifestation of auto-immune diseases.
• T lymphocytes produce IL-2, a key factor for lymphocyte activation and proliferation, in response to antigen stimulation via the CD3-T cell receptor complex and the pathway involved in this response is the NF-AT .
• This response can be demonstrated in vitro by using selective monoclonal antibodies with specificity to the CD3 molecules on T cells.
• a lymphocyte assay was designed to model this response and to determine the effect of test compound on IL-2 production by anti-CD3- stimulated T cells isolated from peripheral blood.
• This assay uses a sub-optimal dose of an anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (0KT3, 25ng/ml) immobilised to a 96-well plate to stimulate a T cell response.
• the level of IL-2 released into the cell culture supernatants was quantified using a standard sandwich ELISA.
• other cytokines such as TNF ⁇ and IFN- ⁇ can also be measured in the same assay.
• the assay can be extended to 72-hour time point when lymphocyte proliferation in response to anti-CD3 antibody can be observed, hence the effect of immune modulatory compounds examined.
• Monocytes are peripheral mononuclear phagocytes that participate in inflammatory responses. TNF ⁇ production by monocytes plays an important role in inflammatory responses and can cause considerable tissue damage if the level remained unchecked. Inhibition of TNF ⁇ secretion by activated monocytes may provide an attractive therapy for the treatment of inflammatory conditions .
• LPS lipopolysaccharide
• Lymphocytes were then seeded to a 96-well plate pre-coated with anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (OKT3) at 25 ng/ml and immediately, the test compounds (Peak 1, mixture 1 acid; Peak 1, mixture 2 acid; AH-13205 racemate; PGE 2 ) in appropriate dilutions were added to corresponding wells according to the experimental design.
• the plate was incubated for 24 hours at 37°C with 5% C0 2 in air and supernatants were recovered for ELISA analysis at the end of incubation period.
• the levels of IFN- ⁇ was assessed by using the ProteoPlex 16 well human cytokine array assay kit according to the manufacturer' s instruction.
• the assay was set up in the same way as for the measurement of IL-2 release, except that the cells were cultured for 72 hours in the presence or absence of test compounds .
• a novel tetrazolium compound solution supplied by Promega in the format of Cell Proliferation Assay Kit was added to individual wells according to the manufacturer's instruction. The plate was then placed back in the incubator for the remaining 4 hours and the colorimetric reaction was measured using a spectrophotometer at an absorbent wavelength of 490 nm (SpectraMax, Molecular Devices) according to the manufacturer's instruction.
• Monocyte assay was set up in the same way as for the measurement of IL-2 release, except that the cells were cultured for 72 hours in the presence or absence of test compounds .
• a novel tetrazolium compound solution supplied by Promega in the format of Cell Proliferation Assay Kit was added to individual wells according to the manufacturer's instruction. The plate was then placed back in the incubator for the remaining 4 hours and the colorimetric reaction was measured using a
• the cells were plated onto 96-well plates and pre-treated for 1 hour at 37 °C / 5%C0 2 with the test compound (Peak 1, mixture 1 acid; Peak 1, mixture 2 acid; AH-13205 racemate) , followed by the addition of LPS (lOOng/ml) to initiate the reaction.
• the plate was incubated for 24 hours and supernatants were recovered for the measurement of TNF ⁇ production by ELISA.
• Human lung parenchyma was cut into small pieces and perfused with ice-cold phosphate buffered saline (PBS) to remove contaminating blood and mucus.
• the tissues were then chopped with scissors in the presence of Minimum Essential Medium supplemented with penicillin, streptomycin, L-glutamine and DNase (0.25 mg/ml). The chopped tissues were shaken gently to dislodge the macrophages.
• a crude cell suspension was then obtained by the removal of the tissues with a sterile filter (150 ⁇ m pore size) . The resulting cell suspension was spun and the cell pellet collected. Contaminating red blood cells were depleted with a red blood cell lysis buffer and the remaining cells washed twice with PBS by centrifugation.
• Alveolar macrophages were then purified from this cell preparation by using a positive selection method for CD14- molecule bearing cells using a VarioMacTM Separator and respective positive selection reagents and columns supplied by Miltenyi Biotec Ltd according to the manufacturer's instruction .
• alveolar macrophages were resuspended in complete culture medium consisting of RPMI1640 supplemented with 10% foetal calf serum, L-glutamine and antibiotics.
• the cells were then plated into 24 well plates (4xl0 5 cell/well) and incubated overnight at 37 °C with 5% C0 2 in air to allow cell adherence.
• the exhausted medium was then removed from the plates and the plates rinsed briefly with fresh medium before the addition of test compound solutions .
• the test compounds were incubated with the cells for 30 minutes before the addition of E . Coli LPS (1 ⁇ g/ml) .
• the assay plates were incubated in a humidified incubator at 37 °C with 5% C0 2 in air for 24 hours.
• TNF ⁇ The release of TNF ⁇ by the cells into the culture supernatants was quantified using an ELISA kit (DuoSet ® human TNF ⁇ ELSIA Development System) supplied by R + D Systems (Europe) according to the manufacturer's instruction. Indomethacin at 3 ⁇ M was included in all treatments to inhibit the possible release of endogenous prostaglandin E 2 .
• Figure 9 shows the results of IL-2 production by three test compounds given as mean of four donors (except peak 1, mixture 2 acid which was tested in one donor only) . These results are summarized in table 7.
• Compound Mean Log EC 5 o
• Mean EC50 ⁇ M
• Peak 1 Mixture 1 acid -6.006 0.986 AH13205, racemate -5.549 2.823 PGE 2 -7.554 0.028
• Table 7
• Figure 11 shows the results from two donors of interferon gamma release by Peak 1, Mixture 1 acid. These results show that EP 2 agonists concentration-dependently inhibit interferon gamma release.
• Figure 12 shows the results given as mean of three donors of TNF ⁇ production by three EP2 receptor agonists. These results are summarized in table 9.
• Figure 14 shows the results given as mean of three donors.
• Figure 15 shows the results given as mean of three donors, These results are summarized in table 12.
• Table 12 These results show that the EP 2 agonists concentration- dependently inhibited TNF ⁇ production by macrophages.
• the order of potencies based on their respective EC 50 values is PGE 2 > Peak 1, Mixture 1 acid.

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